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Combined Phase I/Ii Archaeological Survey Assunpink Creek Restoration City of Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey Technical Report

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Combined Phase I/Ii Archaeological Survey Assunpink Creek Restoration City of Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey Technical Report COMBINED PHASE I/II ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ASSUNPINK CREEK RESTORATION CITY OF TRENTON, MERCER COUNTY, NEW JERSEY TECHNICAL REPORT U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT CITY OF TRENTON CONTRACT NO: GS-10F-0410R, ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING (SIN 899-1) Prepared by: J. Patrick Harshbarger, M.A. James S. Lee, III, M.A., RPA Richard W. Hunter, Ph.D., RPA Prepared for: Wallace, Roberts & Todd, LLC 1700 Market Street, 28th Floor Philadelphia, PA 19103 January 20, 2012 COMBINED PHASE I/II ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ASSUNPINK CREEK RESTORATION CITY OF TRENTON, MERCER COUNTY NEW JERSEY TECHNICAL REPORT U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT CITY OF TRENTON CONTRACT NO: GS-10F-0410R ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING (SIN 899-1) Prepared for: J. Patrick Harshbarger, M.A. James S. Lee, III, M.A., RPA Richard W. Hunter, Ph.D., RPA DRAFT Prepared by: Wallace, Roberts & Todd, LLC 1700 Market Street, 28th Floor Philadelphia, PA 19103 JANUARY 2012 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY This report presents the findings and recommendations of a combined Phase I and II archaeological survey conducted for the Assunpink Creek Restoration Project in the City of Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey. The preferred alternative for this project will result in the removal of a reinforced-concrete box culvert that currently carries the creek underground between South Broad and South Warren Streets in downtown Trenton. The “day- lighting” project will realign the creek into a natural channel with stabilization of the creek embankments. The project is being sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District (USACE) with participa- tion by the City of Trenton. As part of the USACE’s planning phase, Hunter Research, Inc., as a subconsultant to Wallace Roberts & Todd, LLC, conducted the archaeological survey for project compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and its implementing regulations (36 CFR 800). The archaeological scope of work included development of a research methodology and health and safety plan, literature review, consideration of historic contexts, field investigations, artifact analysis, synthesis of data, and preparation of this technical report, which presents the collected data and makes recommendations concerning National Register eligibility and project effects. To the extent possible, this report makes use of, and builds upon, the findings of previous reports associated with the project vicinity, particularly the research and docu- mentation compiled for the Old Mill Hill Society under a grant from the New Jersey Historical Commission (Hunter Research, Inc. 2002) and the planning for the rehabilitation of the South Broad Street Bridge sponsored by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (Hunter Research, Inc. 2003b; AECOM 2009, 2010). This and prior studies have confirmed that the study area in the vicinity of the South Broad Street crossing of the Assunpink Creek has a long and distinguished history. The location served as an important fording point within the regional Native American trail network. Trenton’s origins as a colonial settlement also derived from this crossing point, and Mahlon Stacy’s gristmill, the first major industrial structure in the embryonic Quaker settlement that would become Trenton, was erected here in the late 1670s. Throughout the colonial period, the gristmill at this location was the primary element in the settlement pattern driving the growth of Trenton as a market town. The Assunpink crossing also was at the core of First and Second Battles of Trenton, fought respectively on December 26, 1776 and January 2, 1777. These engagements were integral to restoring the military reputation of George Washington and turning the military tide that ultimately saw the Continental Army triumph over British forces and secure American independence. Trenton’s first true steps toward embrac- ing industrialization took advantage of the Assunpink’s waterpower to support the growth of an early textile industry in the first half of the 19th century. Land here has since been developed and redeveloped for industrial purposes, and the immediately surrounding area has experienced an equally complicated sequence of residen- tial, commercial and public recreational usage. The historical significance of the events that occurred along this stretch of the Assunpink are indisputable, but the ability of the setting to convey its significance has been greatly diminished by the removal of most of the physical fabric of the 18th and 19th centuries due to urban renewal, most of which took place in sweeping fash- i MANAGEMENT SUMMARY (CONTINUED) ion south of the South Broad Street Bridge during the late 1950s and 1960s. The only above-ground resource over 50 years old surviving in the immediate study area is the South Broad Street Bridge, which has previ- ously been determined eligible for inclusion in the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places under Criteria A and C, and which may also be considered a potential contributing resource to a proposed expansion of the Mill Hill Historic District (National Register and New Jersey Register, 1977) by moving the district’s boundary line from the east to the west side of South Broad Street. Today, the historic stone-arched bridge is difficult to appreciate since so much of it is buried by the earth fill that has been placed against its side walls. The present visible portion of the South Broad Street Bridge is a 60-foot wide stone arch, but the entire structure is estimated to measure 160 feet long, including a second arch span, approximately 28-foot long, buried under the fill at the southern end of the bridge, and the probability that a third smaller arch likely exists deeply buried between the two longer arches. In some measure, the bridge, although properly categorized as a structure using the National Register of Historic Places categorizations, also has the characteristics of an archaeological site since so much of it is now a subsurface feature that spans the remains of buried mill raceways. Archaeological fieldwork was undertaken in June and July of 2011. Four of six test trenches were targeted on the south bank to determine the degree to which remains survived of the mills that once lined this section of the creek. Results of test trenches on the south bank eliminated with a high level of certainty large areas of the archaeological study area from further consideration as potentially significant areas of archaeological sensitiv- ity. Within the test trenches, no significant mill remains were identified above a depth of approximately 6 to 9 feet above sea level. Features identified below that level consisted of one or two courses of stone masonry that may represent the lower foundations of a mill wall or raceway, and a wooden floor that may form the base of a raceway, turbine pit or powerhouse. The diagnostic value of these features is limited. Subsurface testing of the north bank involved the excavation of two test trenches. The north bank was historically an area of marshy wetland up until the mid- to late 19th century when the riverbank was capped with filled and built over. Several late 19th-century foundations were encountered, all relating to outbuildings and structures located to the rear of residential and commercial properties fronting on to South Broad and East Lafayette Streets. These remains and the underlying riverbank deposits are not considered archaeologically significant. Based on the archaeological fieldwork, the study area, with some qualifications, is judged to have a low poten- tial to yield significant archaeological resources due to the demonstrated record of deep ground disturbance indicated by testing. This evaluation is offered with a caveat that there are some limited areas where a moder- ate to high potential may still remain, but these areas could not be tested or proved to have significant ground disturbance due to site constraints. The principal of these areas are located in the very southeast and southwest corners of the site and immediately adjacent to the west face of the South Broad Street Bridge. Archaeological studies undertaken by the New Jersey Department of Transportation found potentially significant remnants of the South Broad Street Bridge and raceway system immediately adjacent to the bridge at the northwest angle formed by South Broad Street and Factory Street. Mill and raceway remains could also exist in a narrow strip ii MANAGEMENT SUMMARY (CONTINUED) of land between the bridge’s western face and the approximate location of the Veolia Energy Trenton utility lines that run parallel to South Broad Street. At the southwest corner of the study area, the Moore’s Flour Mill site could not be thoroughly investigated due to environmental contamination, but a test boring did encounter what was interpreted as masonry that might be a foundation of the mill. Section 106 criteria of adverse effects were applied to the undertaking based on the preferred alternative of day- lighting the creek through full removal of the culvert and re-contouring the stream bed between South Broad and South Warren Streets. A recommendation of this study is that adverse effects can be avoided or minimized by a project design and landscaping that is compatible with the historic South Broad Street Bridge and the Mill Hill Historic District. In fact, it is this consultant’s belief that the project creates an important opportunity to enhance the bridge’s historic character and increase appreciation of what is currently a hugely undervalued historic and cultural resource. Avoidance of adverse effects can be achieved through improved grading, land- scaping, and alternative mitigations, including an intentional plan of interpretation, quite possibly through the placement of outdoor signage within the park area that will be created by day-lighting the Assunpink. Another recommendation is that careful consideration be given to the alternatives currently being discussed for relocating the Veolia Energy Trenton lines so that a proposed new utility bridge to carry the lines across the newly day-lit stream does not visually detract from the historic bridge or have an adverse impact on the bridge’s setting.
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