Going for Gold Though Few Ever Strike It Rich, the Legendary Lure of This Lustrous Metal Is Enough to Keep People Panning for Pay Dirt the World Over

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6 Pastor, Martyr, Spy 18 Peter the Great 24 Greenland 30 Building Hoover Dam Dietrich Bonhoeffer The adventurous tsar A rugged Arctic nation An engineering wonder

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GOING FOR GOLD THOUGH FEW EVER STRIKE IT RICH, THE LEGENDARY LURE OF THIS LUSTROUS METAL IS ENOUGH TO KEEP PEOPLE PANNING FOR PAY DIRT THE WORLD OVER

SUMMER 2015 ASIA/PACIFIC – WINTER 2015

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FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 8 GOING FOR GOLD 5 BUILDING CHARACTER Thoughfeweverstrikeitrich,thelegendarylureof JustAskYourGrandmother thislustrousmetalisenoughtokeeppeoplepanning forpaydirttheworldover. 6 PROFILE DietrichBonhoeffer By Allen Abel BY THE NUMBERS 18 PETER THE GREAT 16 Topgold-producingcountriesand Theadventuroustsartookanisolatedcountry reservesintheworld andwilleditintoagreatpower. By David Holzel 23 THE DIXON DRILLER 24 WARMING UP TO GREENLAND 34 THE DIXON BRAND PROMISE Fromdogsleddingtoglaciergazing,thisrugged CommitmenttoQuality Arcticnationisrichinadventuresforevery ageandtaste. 36 HEALTH & FITNESS By Andrew Myers Cycling:ALow-ImpactWorkout 30 BUILDING HOOVER DAM 38 INVENTIONS Anengineeringwonder,itwasanAmerican GoodandNumb triumphovertheGreatDepression. By Eugene Finerman

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 3 SUMMER 2015 ASIA/PACIFIC – WINTER 2015

Publisher Dixon Valve & Coupling Company

Editor Sue De Pasquale

Editorial Board Richard L. Goodall, CEO, Dixon Bob Grace, President, Dixon Taylor Goodall, Vice President, Distribution, Dixon Scott Jones, Vice President, Sales & Marketing, Dixon Mark Vansant, Vice President, Dixon Hazen Arnold, US Marketing Director Joseph Dawson, Marketing Specialist Bill Harr, Global Marketing Director Karen R. Hurless, Art Director

Editorial & Design Mid-Atlantic Media

Director of Custom Media Jeni Mann

TIMELESS VALUES Designers Cortney Geare If you turn to page 30, you’ll see a picture of my grandfather, Howard W. Goodall. Lindsey Bridwell

This photo was taken during the construction of Hoover Dam, about 15 years Please submit address changes and requests for new subscriptions to: after he started Dixon. He enjoyed designing hose couplings for many industries, Dixon Valve & Coupling Company with construction being a main outlet. Thus, the building of Hoover Dam offered Attn: Marketing Department 800 High Street him a prime opportunity to network in the construction market. Chestertown, MD 21620 USA [email protected] H.W. was a very interesting fellow. He only had an eighth-grade 410.778.2000, ext. 1220 Fax: 800.283.4966 education (not uncommon in the early 1900s), but he clearly had a knack for BOSS is produced three times a year by Dixon business. In fact, he ended up owning the company that gave him his first job. Valve & Coupling Company and Mid-Atlantic Once he launched Dixon, he would spend many weeks in a row calling on Custom Media. The acceptance of advertising does not constitute endorsement of the customers at job sites, where he would collect ideas that he used to products or services by Dixon Valve & Coupling Company. The publisher reserves the right to improve Dixon’s offerings. reject any advertisement that is not in keeping with the standing or policies of Dixon Valve & A man of strong personal integrity and business values, Howard W. Goodall Coupling Company. Copyright 2015, all rights reserved. Reproduction of any part of BOSS set the tone that is still paramount to Dixon nearly 100 years later. Much has without written permission is prohibited. changed over the decades but H.W.’s founding commitment—of working closely Dixon Valve & Coupling Company with distributors and understanding end users’ requirements—is alive and well 800 High Street Chestertown, MD 21620 at Dixon, the same today as back when Hoover Dam was being built. 877-963-4966 Fax: 800-283-4966 Well-designed hose couplings and superior customer service remain www.dixonvalve.com crucial to Dixon’s success. But H.W.’s most enduring legacy is his imprint on the Email questions or comments about BOSS to: company’s core values. [email protected] Thanks for reading, ON THE COVER South Africa, Randfontein, 1997: Randfontein Gold Mine Photo credit: Graeme Williams Africapictures.net/Newscom

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4 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 BUILDING CHARACTER/ BY MICHAEL JOSEPHSON

Just Ask Your Grandmother

> Huge companies have been don’t use these examples to justify the most treasured quality in the brought down by massive dishonesty, self-serving business lies to inflate next decade. irresponsible debt and shameless profits, conceal problems or evade laws. Reprinted with permission from You Don’t Have self-dealing. The more we learn about I challenge you to think of a to Be Sick to Get Better, Josephson Institute of these situations, the more likely we are situation where it’s ethical to lie for a Ethics. © 2004 to conclude that moral compromise is business purpose. And by the way, an integral part of corporate life. clever deceivers are no better than liars. It seems that lying is simply a Ask your grandmother. necessary tactic for executives driven on There’s more to life than profits and the one hand by a lust for vast rewards, promotions. For the sake of your family and on the other by an abiding fear of and your peace of mind, don’t let the losing their place at the table. And, cynics convince you that honest people lower down in the corporation, it seems can’t survive in business. In fact, the way many workers just want to keep their things are going, integrity is likely to be jobs, so they do what they’re told. It’s doubtlessly true that in some companies it is really hard to consistently do the right thing. But temptation is not moral ambiguity. Today’s executive can go through hundreds of pages of laws and spend hundreds of thousands of dollars on lawyers and accountants to find ways to justify conduct that every grandmother knows is flat-out wrong. The greatest defense against scandal and disgrace is not an army of lawyers and accountants but simple integrity. Just be honest! Don’t make this more difficult than it is. White lies may be acceptable, trading off honesty for kindness in certain social situations (e.g., telling your wife she doesn’t look a day older, or your husband that you love the ugly sweater he bought), but

“The greatest defense against scandal and disgrace is not an army of lawyers and accountants but simple integrity.”

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www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 5 PROFILE/BY BEN MUSACHIO

Pastor, Martyr, Spy Bravely standing up to the Nazis in his German homeland, Dietrich Bonhoeffer paid the ultimate price

> In April 1945, as the Allies pinched exhibiting a peace that impressed his the battered Third Reich from both the prison guards. “This is the end, for East and the West, Dietrich Bonhoeffer me the beginning of life,” he had sat in a Nazi prison camp. famously uttered just a few A leading theologian, the days earlier. picture-alliance/dpa/Newscom 39-year-old Lutheran pastor had Two weeks after Bonhoeffer’s Dietrich Bonhoeffer (undated photo) vocally opposed Adolph Hitler and his execution, the Allies liberated the prison regime from its earliest days. In a radio at Flossenbürg. A week after that, Hitler newfound empathy for those address soon after Hitler’s rise to power, committed suicide. suffering oppression. Bonhoeffer had passionately warned Even as a child, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Back in Germany, Bonhoeffer grew his homeland against blindly idolizing exhibited a deep religious faith—all the increasingly alarmed by Hitler’s rise the Führer (“leader”). He predicted more notable since his family wasn’t to power. He was especially appalled at that Hitler would instead turn out to be particularly devout. how easily the German Lutheran Verführer—a misleader or seducer. In Growing up in Berlin with six Church gave in to the Nazi supremacist the ensuing years, through his other siblings, young Dietrich took agenda. In April 1933, he bravely influential writings and his sermons, his share of ribbing. When his older implored the church to oppose Hitler’s Bonhoeffer became a leading voice brother Klaus taunted him by saying persecution of the Jews, declaring that in the Nazi resistance. that the church was “a poor, boring, the church must not simply “bandage Now he would pay the ultimate feeble, petty bourgeois institution,” the victims under the wheel, but jam price. At dawn on April 9, 1945, he was Dietrich confidently responded: the spoke in the wheel itself.” awakened, stripped naked and led to “In that case, I shall have to Bonhoeffer became active in the the hangman’s noose, all the while reform it!” rival Confessing Church, which In 1924, at age 18, disowned the “official” state-sanctioned Two of Bonhoeffer’s most influential works: The Cost of Bonhoeffer journeyed to Lutheran church in Germany. As the Discipleship and Life Together Rome to further his faith. snow melted in the spring of 1935, he He spent the next years began work at an underground back in Germany Confessing Church seminary in pursuing theological Finkenwalde—a position he held studies, and then traveled until the Gestapo shut it down. to the United States for During these years, Bonhoeffer postgraduate work at risked his life by publicly opposing Union Theological the Nazis’ stranglehold on faith and Seminary in New York. Lutheranism, even as many other Aryan While teaching Sunday intellectuals toed the party line. He also school in Harlem, he penned two of his most influential developed a lifelong love works: The Cost of Discipleship (which for African-American remains a classic Christian text today) spirituals—and a and Life Together.

6 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 Hoping to build international with him, and he was sentenced to moved to the Buchenwald concentration support, Bonhoeff er left for the United Tegel Prison, Berlin, on April 5, 1943. camp and then to Flossenbürg, where he States in June 1939, but soon regretted Collared for minor off enses, he fooled was condemned to death. his decision. “I must live through this his interrogators into thinking he knew Th ough Bonhoeff er died young, his diffi cult period in our national history nothing of any deeper conspiracy. Over teachings would go on to have a lasting with the people of Germany,” he wrote to friends. Th ough returning would put him at grave risk, he took the last “Silenceinthefaceofevilisitselfevil.Notto steamer scheduled to cross the Atlantic actistoact.” before World War II. Convinced that Hitler himself must be stopped, the gentle pastor the next 18 months, he continued to infl uence, inspiring Martin Luther began working with anti-Nazi write (his Letters and Papers from Prison King Jr. and the civil rights movement, conspirators in 1940. For cover, he would be published posthumously) and the anti-communist democratic joined a German military intelligence correspond with his fi ancée. movement in Eastern Europe and the organization, posing as a Nazi agent But then came a failed plot anti-apartheid movement in while secretly drumming up support on Hitler’s life, on July 20, 1944— South Africa. for an anti-Hitler conspiracy through popularized in the fi lm Valkyrie. In “Silence in the face of evil is itself visits to other countries. the aft ermath, Bonhoeff er’s connection evil,” Bonhoeff er famously wrote. “God Eventually, Bonhoeff er’s association with the conspirators was discovered. will not hold us guiltless. Not to speak is with the German resistance caught up In February 1945, he was clandestinely to speak. Not to act is to act.”

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www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 7 GOING FOR GOLD THOUGH FEW EVER STRIKE IT RICH, THE LEGENDARY LURE OF THIS LUSTROUS METAL IS ENOUGH TO KEEP PEOPLE PANNING FOR PAY DIRT THE WORLD OVER

BY ALLEN ABEL © Kerrick James/Corbis © Kerrick

8 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2014 STRINGER/INDONESIA/REUTERS/Newscom MUHAMMADYAMIN/REUTERS/Newscom

Aerial views show the Grasberg open pit mine, in Indonesia’s Papua province. The mining operation is run by the U.S.-based Freeport McMoRan Corp.

HAVING cut his teeth in Life for those working at Grasberg the gold mining industry in western isn’t easy, as Prentice and his colleagues Australia, Andrew Prentice had been discovered during their multi-day stay. exposed over the years to many large “We experienced all aspects of living operations in isolated locations. But and working in such a remote and nothing prepared him for what he rugged location,” he says. “We witnessed found atop a remote mountaintop in a large earth tremor, somewhere around West Papua, Indonesia. 7 on the Richter scale, several landslides Th e Grasberg mining operation and also felt fi rsthand the near freezing there, run by Freeport McMoRan conditions at the Grasberg open-cut Corp., is so massive that its human- mine at the top of the peak.” hewn mile-wide crater can be seen But for those toiling away in the from space. mines at Grasberg, the lure of the gold “I was in awe,” recalls Prentice, buried there would seem to outweigh managing director for Dixon Asia the risks and hardships. It’s been that Pacifi c, who made the trip to provide way since the fi rst gleaming fl ake of technical and sales support for Dixon gold was discovered. products used in mining. “With nearly ©iStockphoto.com\Goruppa 20,000 employees living and working in such a remote location, the operation “Gold” resembles managing a small city on the top of the highest peak you can imagine—4,300 meters (14,000 feet) in the air, amongst glaciers and thick rain forest.”

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 9 akg-images/Newscom

Miners with pneumatic drill working in one of the Crown Gold Mines in Johannesburg, South Africa, c. 1930.

everything from Oscar statuettes to Olympic medals to the delicious Indian dessert called burfi . It’s worth noting, however, that 78 of every 100 ounces that are taken from the ground are used to make jewelry. Picture History/Newscom Picture Gold Diggers Miners pose for a photograph near Nevada City in California during the Gold Rush. Th e process of discovering, extracting and refi ning gold is as old as the To obtain the estimated 171,000 it ever has been, with billions and pharaohs, with some modern twists. metric tonnes (377,000,000 pounds) of billions of people of every nation, tribe Th e atomic weightiness of gold is the gold that have been unearthed over the and social stratum laying claim to at basis for “placer” mining, which, in its past 5,000 years, muckers and mushers least a gold chain, a gold bracelet, basic form, entails nothing more than have frozen to death in the Klondike, a gold necklace or a few shares of swishing sand from a riverbed with panned for pay dirt in muddy streams gold-mining stock. some water in a pan and waiting for the from California to the Congo, ravaged Of course, all that glitters is not particles of gold to settle to the bottom the great civilizations of pre-Columbian gold, Shakespeare sagely said. But all or “pan out.” America and scraped bare the summits that is gold does glitter, forever—it But the world is far too hungry of forbidding mountains from Papua to never rusts, corrodes or fades. Gold for gold to be content with a few Peru … all in search of El Dorado. conducts electricity perfectly, is grains from sloshings. On an industrial A very, very few struck it rich. nonpoisonous and edible, can be scale, gold production involves Many more were crushed in cave-ins, hammered and drawn into sheets and massive operations in city-sized open drowned in torrents or shot down in wires only a few atoms thick, and has pits and vast underground tunnels in cold blood by rival prospectors. been minted as coinage since the days some of the world’s most remote and Yet the Gold Rush never ended. It of King Croesus of Lydia in the sixth inaccessible corners, using machinery never will. Th e lust is as strong today as century B.C. It can be used to gild that can shovel, truck, pipe, crush and

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10 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 convey hundreds of thousands of tons of raw ore every day. At Grasberg, the largest gold The key to liberating gold from production operation in the world, there are more than 500 km (310 miles) its less lustrous companion minerals of underground tunnels to support production and operations, notes is the infamous and deadly chemical Prentice. For workers traveling from the mid-mountain town of Tembagapura cyanide, an 18th-century discovery that up to the open-cut mine, the daily trip to work is arduous, requiring first was put to practical use in South a long drive up the mountain, through underground tunnels and along African mines in the 1890s. treacherous dirt roads. “Some folks even take a cable car from the processing plant to the mine site to begin work each day,” he says. 2,900 degrees Fahrenheit. Impurities are A Steep Price The key to liberating gold from its poured off, and the process is repeated less lustrous companion minerals is the until only molten gold of 99.99 percent No nation is more manic for gold than infamous and deadly chemical cyanide, perfection remains. India, although it has its rivals. In an 18th-century discovery that first was Depending on the market price of Calcutta, generations of impoverished put to practical use in South African gold, a concentration of as little as one dust-sweepers called Newaras, some as mines in the 1890s. Most commonly, gram of pure gold per ton of rock can young as 12, whisk the pavements of the a solution of sodium, potassium or make the entire operation profitable. jewelry district at dawn, gathering calcium cyanide is used to dissolve gold But while bars of glowing bullion are enough specks to sell for a dollar or two out of crushed rock, producing a muddy being stacked in vaults and sculpted to sustain themselves for another day. pulp that then is treated at high heat into ornaments, the leftovers of the In South Africa, the world’s with carbon or zinc and hot water to extraction—millions of tons annually sixth-largest producer of gold in 2013 leach or precipitate the precious metal. of sand, stone, cyanide, mercury and (trailing China, the United States, Further refining takes place at a myriad of other friendly and/or Russia, Australia and Peru, but ahead of a smelter where a witches’ brew of hazardous chemicals—need to be Canada, Mexico, Uzbekistan and chemicals is added to the gold neutralized and bulldozed into Ghana), desperately poor “zama-zama” precipitate and heated to more than man-made Himalayas of dross. miners risk their lives to sift through the

A worker watches a lift that he is controlling while a giant dry grinding ball mill spins behind him in Mill 6 at Newmont Mining’s Carlin gold mine operation near Elko, Nevada, on May 22, 2014. Right: Molten gold is being poured into ingots. RICK WILKING/REUTERS/NewscomRICK ©iStockphoto.com\slovegrove

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 11 MUHAMMADYAMIN/REUTERS/Newscom

Aerial views of the Grasberg Mine

men, none can match the snow-crusted equatorial peak named Mount Carstensz in Indonesia. It was there, in 1936, that a party of Dutch climbers found themselves 14,000 feet above sea level on a tropical alp abundantly rich in copper ore and its geological fellow traveler, pure gold. Today, the operation known as the Grasberg Minerals District—which Andrew Prentice visited—is mined by Freeport-McMoRan, headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. From this largest gold reserve in the world, PT Freeport Indonesia extracted more than 1 million ounces of gold in 2013.

MUHAMMADYAMIN/REUTERS/Newscom In some ways, the crushing, sorting, shipping and smelting of ore that Freeport does today is easy, compared dust of abandoned, crumbling pits To a few lucky souls, the mother to the early engineering challenges and shafts. But it gets worse: Around lode comes much more easily. In 2013, posed by Grasberg. Johannesburg, thousands of illegally an amateur Australian prospector Grasberg is 63 miles from the trafficked “gold boys” toil deep waved a metal detector at a patch of dirt Arafura Sea, yet in such altitudinal underground in brutally enforced in the state of Victoria and discovered isolation that there was not even a slavery, digging, hauling, crawling a 12-pound nugget worth more than rough track hacked to the mountaintop and dying for the ore that feeds the $200,000. before the Dutch arrived. It took world’s insatiable appetite for the But of all the “Them thar’ hills” that 17 days for Freeport engineers to precious metal. have made a Midas out of ordinary safari to the site in 1960 in a region so

12 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 STATES OF GOLD Today...

Data by state shows that most U.S. gold production takes place in Nevada and Alaska. Utah and Colorado are close followers, and South Dakota and California are also signiﬁ cant sources of the yellow metal. Au

...and Yesterday

North Carolina: 1799 Georgia: 1828 California: 1848 Colorado: Late 1850s South Dakota: Conrad Reed fi nds The nation’s second Gold is fi rst The Pike’s Peak Gold Late 1870s a 17-pound “glittering gold rush starts in discovered by James Rush in Colorado Gold discoveries in stone” in Little present-day Lumpkin Marshall, setting off signals the fi rst the Native American Meadow Creek, County and soon the California Gold major push into the territory in the Black Cabarrus County, on spreads through the Rush that would draw Rocky Mountains. Hills of South Dakota his father’s farm. North Georgia gold-seeking “49ers” start a new gold rush By 1804, the Mountains. from across the in the late 1870s. Carolina Gold Rush U.S. and around is underway. the world.

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 13 to carry 240,000 tons of concentrated ore a day back down the mountain to The quest to find the next Grasberg is a new port on the coast. Today, the Grasberg Minerals one of our planet’s most lucrative, District encompasses three operating mines: the Grasberg open pit (where frustrating and blood-stirring pursuits. operations are expected to continue through 2017), the DOZ underground “There’s no one to ask the way to go—you mine and the Big Gossan underground mine, a tabular, near vertical ore body. can only ask the rock,” says IAMGOLD’s Prentice’s work at the massive operation—which took him on site Craig MacDougall. surveys throughout Grasberg’s mining, production, processing and power generation departments—was aimed far removed from the industrialized and ice of the peak; “the toughest at identifying opportunities to improve world that, according to corporate road-building project attempted productivity and operator safety lore, one engineer was able to trade anywhere in the world,” in the words through the correct selection and use a metal hammer to a local chieftain of George A. Mealey, former president of Dixon products (See box, p. 10). for the right to build a helicopter of Freeport. “Through our local distributor in landing pad. Then came the largest aerial Indonesia,” he explains, “Dixon supplies The first challenge was to build tramway in the world, an entirely new a wide range of products to the site— a nearly vertical freeway to Grasberg city to house thousands of workers, from hose couplings, clamps and valves —75 miles of hell from the quicksand containment ponds, heavy-machinery used in underground production to of the mangrove swamps to the snows yards, training facilities and a pipeline petroleum handling equipment used to

Mill at Yanacocha, Peru, run by the Newmont Mining Corp. Courtesy of Newmont Mining Corporation

14 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 fuel trucks, along with fi re protection products used at the mine and also the township.” Of course, Grasberg isn’t the only gold mining operation with notable production. Th e second-largest gold mine in the world—Yanacocha, Peru— is run by the Newmont Mining Corporation of Colorado, which has extracted more than 20 million ounces of gold since the 1980s. In third place is the Goldstrike complex of open-pit and underground mines in northeastern Nevada. Th e Barrick Corporation of Toronto reported in 2013 that at least 12 million ounces of gold remain to be extracted from Goldstrike. Th is will hardly be enough to satiate the universal hunger for gold. Th e quest to fi nd the next Grasberg is one of our planet’s most lucrative, frustrating and blood-stirring pursuits. “It’s a game where you’re the ultimate detective,” says Craig MacDougall, senior vice president of exploration at Toronto-based IAMGOLD. “Th ere’s no one to ask the way to go—you can only ask the rock.” IAMGOLD, which operates mines STAFF/REUTERS/Newscom/Adam Tanner STAFF/REUTERS/Newscom/Adam in Surinam, Burkina Faso, Mali and the Canadian province of Quebec, took its A miner operates an $18 million mining shovel to remove rock and dirt from an open-pit mine at name from the self-description of King the Goldstrike Mine in northeastern Nevada, the most productive gold mine in U.S. history. Musa I of Mali, the real-life Midas of the 14th century. Accompanied by tens of still rely on local knowledge—in West one fl ake of gold. It’s been going on like thousands of gold-liveried slaves, Musa Africa, we go where the local people are this for centuries, which is strange for decamped for Cairo and Mecca with actively mining, or we ask them to show a metal where we still have every ounce a fl otilla of camels burdened down with us the old areas where their people used that has ever been minted. It doesn’t gold. He gilded the villagers he met to fi nd gold. rust, it doesn’t wear out, but we still with 24-karat dust. “Th ese people have so little want to fi nd more and more. “We still do a lot of boot and available to them that they will do “In the eyes of a layman, you just hammer work,” MacDougall says. “We everything from raising crops to pick up a rock and look to see if it’s still send guys into the fi eld to look at panning every fl ake of gold out of the things and take samples. Th at’s been a Sahara just to survive. Th ey will do mainstay since the Klondike days. We some very dangerous things for literally

INSECT ALLIES Gold prospectors of the 21st century have unsuspected their exoskeletons, and to excrete allies. In 2012, an Australian entomologist named Aaron Stewart the useless and no-good gold and silver published research showing that termite nests located close to that mess up their body chemistry. known underground concentrations of gold ore displayed higher “Drilling is expensive,” Stewart says. concentrations of gold than nests farther away. “If termites can help narrow down the area that needs to be It turns out that some species of termites and ants are able drilled, then exploration companies could save a lot of money.” to accumulate the zinc and magnesium that they need to solidify “Termite” ©iStockphoto.com\defun

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 15 BY THE NUMBERS $ $ Super Pit, Australia’s largest $ open-cut gold mine. TOP 10 GOLD RESERVES IN THE WORLD

#1 GRASBERG 106,231,000 oz gold Papua, Indonesia

#2 SOUTH DEEP 81,413,000 oz gold Near Johannesburg, South Africa

#3 LIHIR 64,100,000 oz gold Niolam (aka Lihir) Island, Papua New Guinea

#4 MURUNTAU 50,000,000 oz gold Kyzyl Kum Desert, Uzbekistan

#5 OLYMPIADA 47,500,000 oz gold Central Siberia, Russia

#6 OYU TOLGOI 46,340,000 oz gold ©iStockphoto.com\AarreRinne ©iStockphoto.com\AarreRinne South Gobi Desert, Mongolia

TOP GOLD-PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN 2013 #7 PUEBLO VIEJO 40,085,000 oz gold China/mine production: 420 MT (metric tons) 1. Dominican Republic Australia: 255 MT 2. MPONENG United States: 227 MT #8 3. 39,557,000 oz gold Russia: 220 MT 4. Near Johannesburg, South Africa Peru: 150 MT 5. #9 CADIA EAST South Africa: 145 MT 6. 37,600,000 oz gold Canada: 120 MT 7. New South Wales, Australia Mexico: 100 MT 8. #10 OBUASI Uzbekistan: 93 MT 9. 29,830,000 oz gold Ghana: 85 MT 10. Ghana, Western Africa

SOURCE: http://goldinvestingnews.com/43146/ Source: https://www.goldrushexpeditions.com/mining- 2013-top-gold-producing-countries.html com-reveals-the-worlds-top-10-biggest-gold-reserves/

16 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 Excavator parked in an open-cast pit at change of shift

unfi lled for three months or longer, due to a shortage of highly trained personnel. “Th is industry has a lot of diff erent players,” says MacDougall. “Some are professionals; some are dreamers. Th ere will always be a certain amount of cowboy and swashbuckling, and at the other end of the spectrum, ©iStockphoto.com\Falcor people understand that if you run your business on good, solid fundamentals, shiny,” MacDougall says. “But when you The Search Goes On you can build a successful company use the analytical techniques of science, Aft er 5,000 years of digging, sift ing, for the long term.” you can discern very subtle diff erences. panning and praying, golden-eyed “All the gold which is under or We take all kinds of measurements and dreamers in 2015 fi nd a market as wide upon the earth is not enough to give do geochemical sampling beyond just open today as it was in the days of in exchange for virtue,” wrote Plato, but assaying for gold content. We look at Solomon, Midas and Tut. Th e Centre few have heeded his words. From the alteration assemblages, do microscopic for Economics and Business Research Andean foothills to the mountaintops work—look at diff erent characteristics reported in December 2014 that more of Indonesia, the immemorial search of the trace element geochemistry.” than one-third of mining jobs stay goes on.

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www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 17 Peter the great The adventurous tsar took an isolated country and willed it into a great power

BY DAVID HOLZEL

Peter the Great in 1717. An imposing figure at 6 feet, 8 inches tall, he served as emperor of Russia from 1682 until his death in 1725.

4 s u mm e r 18 BOSS 2015 History Archive/Newscom World he storehouse had been born into on June 9, 1672, locked for years. That can seem about as alien as only made the question the moon. Tof what was inside more tantalizing “Russia was an empire of to 16-year-old Peter Alekseyevich villages, a collection of simple Romanov. He and his companions log houses centered on a broke in, and in the misty gloom, church whose onion dome Peter—tsar of Russia—found an gathered up the prayers and old boat about 20 feet long, its passed them along to heaven,” timbers rotting. writes Robert K. Massie in his Long forgotten on this royal estate biography Peter the Great. outside Moscow, the vessel, so different At the time of Peter’s birth, from the riverboats that plied Russia’s Russia had a population of inland waterways, ignited the teenager’s 8 million, about the same as fierce curiosity. Could it be repaired, he contemporary Poland. While asked one companion, a Dutch trader the tsar was known as the who was the young tsar’s makeshift absolute ruler, Russia’s tutor. The Dutchman believed it could. Orthodox Church, which In 1688, when this story took place, traced its authority to the Russia’s foreign residents were restricted Greek Orthodox Church of

to “the German suburb” outside Constantinople, was more History Archive/Newscom World Moscow. There, the old Dutch trader powerful. The state barely A chromolithograph captures Peter the Great in his found another countryman, a carpenter, touched life in the village. younger years. who repaired the boat, fitted it with The Church, in its quest for masts and sails and took it on rollers purity, isolated Russia. The Russia of Feodor. A sickly youth, Feodor died to a nearby river. Peter’s birth was defensive and inward in 1682. Peter was named tsar—he was And so on an early summer day, looking, as it strove to exclude foreign robust and lively, unlike another older Peter saw a boat tack against the wind influences and heretical thoughts. half-brother, Ivan, who was passed over. for the first time. Soon he was learning If Russia was, according to the Ivan’s mother’s family feared the loss of from his Dutch teachers how to handle Orthodox Church, spiritually power would bring ruin to them and the vessel himself. “And mighty vulnerable, it also was a land revolted. They were supported by the pleasant it was to me,” he later wrote. surrounded by powerful physical streltsy, “the shaggy, bearded pike men That boat opened up the world for enemies—Turks, Poles, Lithuanians who guarded the Kremlin and were a teenager of boundless energy who and Swedes. Its vast grasslands Russia’s first professional soldiers,” as was looking to escape the cramped and provided no natural defenses. Russia, Massie describes them. bloody world of politics in Moscow. It whether from the religions or armies In the Kremlin, the citadel that was led the young tsar to the sea, to Western of Europe and Asia, was always home to the tsar and the Orthodox ideas and the creation of the Russian under attack. patriarch, the streltsy massacred the navy. In the process, Peter the Great, as In 1676, when Peter was 4, his relatives and supporters of Peter’s he was called by the end of his reign, father, Tsar Alexis, died, and the crown mother, hacking them to death as the recreated Russia, turning a vulnerable, passed to Peter’s 15-year-old half-brother, 10-year-old watched. The political inward-looking land into a great, expansive European empire. That boat opened up the world for Isolated and Vulnerable a teenager who was looking to escape For people of our time, who only know the cramped and bloody world of politics Russia as the largest country on Earth, a superpower or a force to be reckoned in Moscow. It led the young tsar to the with, a European country on the far east of the continent and a place where, for sea, to Western ideas and the creation so long, the individual counted for less than the state, the Russia that Peter was of the Russian navy.

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 19 playing general. Following a pattern he The streltsy revolt marked Peter for often used when trying to master a skill, he entered his regiment as a drummer life. From then on, the tsar had a loathing boy, and promoted himself only when of the Kremlin, Moscow, the Orthodox satisfied he had met the requirements of a higher rank. Church and the ancient rites of the In this way, Peter challenged the old Russian ways of doing things. “From Moscow nobility. the beginning, Peter set this example,” according to Massie, “degrading the importance of birth, elevating the outcome was that, in 1682, Ivan was adolescence, shunning most of the necessity for competence.” crowned co-ruler with Peter. Power responsibilities of royalty but taking As Peter grew older, the war games shifted to Ivan’s sister Sophia (Peter’s advantage of its perks. grew more elaborate, with imposed half-sister), who was proclaimed regent. Answering to no authority, he was discipline and live ammunition. His free to follow his interests, and he army spent a year building a fort of An Extended Adolescence mastered skills and areas of knowledge earth and timber and then bombarded that touched his boundless curiosity. The streltsy revolt marked Peter for it, to see if they could knock it down. He befriended foreigners and learned of life. Biographer Massie writes that Technical knowledge for Peter’s the world outside Russia. His favorite from then on, the tsar had a loathing “army” came from foreign officers in the of the Kremlin, Moscow, the Orthodox childhood game was war. German suburb. It was there—among Church and the ancient rites of the Peter began attracting and the pipe-smoking Dutch, Germans and Moscow nobility. welcoming boys his age to his play Scotsmen—that he learned to enjoy Peter’s mother removed him and army. Boys of low birth were embraced alcohol. Just as he was indefatigable in a younger sister to a small estate outside alongside the sons of nobility, whose building a boat or constructing a fort, Moscow. Meanwhile, in the capital, families saw an association with the Peter took to drinking with gusto and half-sister Sophia ruled, while half- young tsar as good for their fortunes. good humor. Still in his teens, he brother Ivan carried out the formalities But Peter was not a boy who jumped to established the Drunken Synod, required of a tsar. Peter only returned to the capital for state occasions. A 1717 painting by Jean-Marc Nattier depicts the Battle of Poltava, in which Peter the Great defeated the Swedish king Charles XII. Oil on canvas, 90 x 112cm. Otherwise, Peter began an extended

A steel engraving, colored by W. Steelink after Johannes Bosboom, depicts Peter the Great as a carpenter. akg-images/Newscom akg-images/Newscom

20 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 © Corbis

An engraving of Peter the Great supervising the building of St. Petersburg

multi-day-long revels whose symbols in an attempt to end Russia’s isolation Baltic, had its window on Europe and mocked the Church and which he led from the sea. The attack ended in replaced Sweden as the dominant until the end of his reign. failure. But it convinced Peter that power in Northern Europe,” Nicholas In 1693, Peter’s love of ships drew Russia needed a large, modern navy, V. Riasanovsky writes in A History him to the open sea. In those days, all of and he set about building it. The next of Russia. Russia had only one seaport, Archangel, year he returned to Azov and with In the process, Peter reformed near the White Sea. Archangel is 130 the aid of 30 Russian ships, captured Russia’s army. He took a force that miles south of the Arctic Circle and the fortress. disbanded every winter and he built frozen six months of the year. From Ivan died in 1696, leaving Peter as a standing army, a professional fighting there, Russia conducted its meager sea sole ruler of Russia. The country would force manned by soldiers who served trade. But it was still the sea. And at the be at war for all but a single year until for life and were cared for by the state. height of summer, Peter and his retinue the end of Peter’s reign. For most of the By the end of Peter’s reign, the army had started out on the 1,000-mile journey time, the enemy would be Sweden. 200,000 men, a number slightly smaller from Moscow to see the sea for the first In 1700, Peter looked north to gain than that of the continent’s powerhouse, time. He wrote his mother letters of a foothold on the Baltic. To do that, he France. The burgeoning army expanded what he saw there and signed them would need to defeat the Swedes, who the population of Russians who lived in “Skipper Peter.” were the preeminent northern power. service to the state. And so, Massie writes, “impelled by Peter launched what became known as Peter’s gains in the war allowed him the will of this strange sea-dreamer, the the Great Northern War. Begun with to turn his back on Moscow and build a huge landlocked nation stumbled the disastrous Battle of Narva, it came glittering European capital on the Baltic. toward the oceans.” to an end 21 years later when a treaty He established St. Petersburg in 1703. gave Russia lands on the Baltic that He discovered his love for European Peter Rules had previously been ruled by Sweden— culture and technology early, on his including present-day Estonia. Grand Tour of Europe in 1697. Peter’s extended adolescence ended Russia agreed to pay Sweden 2 million Disguised (largely unsuccessfully) as in 1695 when at age 23 he set his sights Riksdaler and returned to the Swedes Peter Mikhail, the tsar accompanied a on the Black Sea, controlled by the most of Finland, which Russia Russian delegation to win assistance Ottoman Empire. No longer playing had captured. from the kings of Europe for Peter’s war war, he led an overland march to “Russian victory over Sweden meant against the Turks. In this, Peter was capture the Turkish fortress of Azov Russia was firmly established on the unsuccessful, but particularly in the

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 21 Peter the Great on his deathbed, in a 1725 painting by Ivan Nikitin.

Netherlands and England, he was able tsar or, at worst, the anti-Christ. Known to soak up the social and scientifi c for his ruthlessness (his own son, advances of Protestant Europe, as well whom he suspected of treason, died as technological skills like shipbuilding. aft er being severely tortured, and Peter He brought to Russia Western had at least two of his mistresses tried innovations like coff ee houses and on false charges of adultery), he newspapers, Western dress and nonetheless left an indelible legacy. education. And he infamously required Peter died in February 1725, at his noblemen to shave their beards, the age of 52, from kidney failure. levying a tax on those who refused. During the course of his 42-year reign, Like Peter’s other reforms, the tsar’s the giant of a man had transformed beard edict was met with fi erce Russia from an isolated medieval nation suspicion. “Traditionalists objected on to a major European power. Th e cultural the ground that shaving impaired the revolution that Peter oversaw replaced image of God in men and made the antiquated social and political systems Russians look like such objectionable with ones that were modern, scientifi c beings as Lutherans, Poles, Kalmyks, and westernized. Today, many existing Tartars, cats, dogs and monkeys,” institutions of Russian government Riasanovsky writes. trace their origins back to his Th roughout Peter’s reign, there were momentous reign. many who believed that he was, at best, a foreigner installed in place of the real akg-images/Newscom

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22 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 THE DIXON SUMMER 2015 Dates in History To read The Dixon Driller on a monthly basis, visit our website: DRILLER www.dixonvalve.com 1863:OnJuly4,theConfederacy “Published once a moon since 1932” istornintwowhenGeneralJohn “Published once a moon since 1932” C.PembertonsurrenderstoUnion GeneralUlyssesS.Grantat PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT Vicksburg,Mississippi.The Type 35 Loading Arm Swivel Vicksburgcampaignwasoneof Applications: usedtotransfer •O-ringseals theUnion’smostsuccessfulof fuelfromstoragetankstofuel •Multipleconfigurationsavailable thewar. cargovehicles basedoncustomerrequirements 1877:OnJuly9,theAllEngland Size Features and Benefi ts: CroquetandLawnTennisClub •4" •Heavy-dutycastlugtappedfor beginsitsfirstlawntennis handleorcounterbalanceuse Material tournamentatWimbledon,then •Longradiuselbowimprovesthe Aluminum anouter-suburbofLondon. ﬂowintotheAPIloadcoupler Twenty-oneamateursshowedup andprovidesspacingbetween For additional information, please call Dixon Specialty tocompeteintheGentlemen’s theloadarmandthetanktruck Products at 888.226.4673, or visit dixonvalve.com. Singlestournament—theonly •Canbeusedwithﬂange eventatthefirstWimbledon. extensions Thewinnerwastotakehome a25-guineatrophy.

Did you know that... 1908:OnJuly26,theFederal BureauofInvestigation(FBI)is TRIVIA bornwhenU.S.AttorneyGeneral Thereare moreEnglishwords Night vision gogglesaregreen The White Housewasoriginally CharlesBonaparteordersagroup beginningwiththeletter“s” becausethehumaneyecan calledthePresident’sPalace.It ofnewlyhiredfederalinvestigators thanwithanyotherletter. differentiatemoreshadesofgreen wasrenamedtheWhiteHouseby toreporttoChiefExaminerStanley There are morelivingorganismsin thananycolor. PresidentTheodoreRoosevelt W.FinchoftheDepartmentof ateaspoonfulofsoilthanthere Your brainismoreactivewhen in1901. Justice.Oneyearlater,theOfficeof arepeopleonEarth. it’ssleepingthanwhenyouare Earthistheonlyplanetnotnamed theChiefExaminerwasrenamed If the humaneyewere watchingtelevision. afteraRomangodorgoddess. theBureauofInvestigation,andin adigitalcamera,itwouldhave The volcanic rockknownas It costsaboutthreecentstomake 1935itbecametheFederalBureau 576megapixels. pumiceistheonlyrockthatcan bothaU.S.$1billandapenny. ofInvestigation. The longestMonopolygame ﬂoatinwater. 1943: OnJuly25,BenitoMussolini, inhistorylastedfor70 The San Franciscocablecars www.sotruefacts.com straightdays. aretheonlymobileNational fascistdictatorofItaly,isvoted The expiration dateonbottled Monumentintheworld. outofpowerbyhisownGrand waterisforthebottle,not A fi refl yisactuallyabeetle, Councilandarresteduponleaving thewater. notaﬂy. ameetingwithKingVittorio Emanuele,whotellsIlDucethat thewarislost. ON THE LIGHTER SIDE An elderly coupleishaving Hereplies,“Tothekitchen.”She “Well,”shereplies,“Ialsowould 1969:OnJuly20,President problemsrememberingthings, askshimforabowloficecream likewhippedcreamontop.Iknow RichardNixon,alongwithmillions sotheygotothedoctortoget andhereplies,“Sure.” youwillforgetthat,soyoubetter ofothers,watchesastwo writeitdown.” checkedout.Theydescribefor Shethenaskshim,“Don’tyou Americanastronautswalkon thedoctortheproblemstheyare thinkyoushouldwriteitdownso Withirritationinhisvoice,hesays, themoon.Laterthatevening, havingwiththeirmemory.After youcanremember?” “Idon’tneedtowritethatdown, Nixonrecordedsuccinctlyin checkingthecoupleout,thedoctor Icanrememberthat.” hisdiarythat“thePresidentheld Hesays,“No,Icanrememberthat.” tellsthemtheyarephysicallyokay, aninterplanetaryconversation Hefumesoffintothekitchen. butthattheymightwanttostart “Well,”shesays,“Ialsowouldlike withApollo 11astronautsNeil Whenhereturns20minuteslater writingthingsdowntohelpthem somestrawberriesontop.Youhad ArmstrongandEdwinAldrin hehandsheraplateofbaconand remember.Thecouplethanksthe betterwritethatdownbecause ontheMoon.” eggs.Shestaresattheplatefor doctorandleaves.Laterthatnight Iknowyou’llforget.” amomentandsays,“Youforgot www.history.com whilewatchingTV,theoldman Hesays,“Icanrememberthat; mytoast.” getsupfromhischair.Hiswife youwantabowloficecream asks,“Whereareyougoing?” withstrawberries.” (excerptedfromPretty Good Joke Book) www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 23 WARMING UP TO GREENLAND FROM DOG SLEDDING TO GLACIER GAZING, THIS RUGGED ARCTIC NATION IS RICH IN ADVENTURES FOR EVERY AGE AND TASTE

BY ANDREW MYERS Mads Pihl - greenland.com

24 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 hose who’ve ever caught a glimpse of the Northern T Lights, even for the briefest NORTHERN LIGHTS moment, will never forget their fiery charm. In Greenland, the Northern Lights are visible on every clear night three seasons a year—autumn, winter and spring. In summer, they would be there, too, but for the round-the-clock midnight sun outshining them. On most nights, they appear a ghostly emerald green, but they can also venture into fiery reds or even purples on the very best nights. “The Northern Lights are, without question, spectacular in Greenland,” says Sarah Woodall, an American who Mads Pihl - greenland.com works as a tourism consultant for Visit Northern Lights, Destination Arctic Circle Greenland, the national tourist board (www.greenland.com). Though Greenland likely doesn’t The Northern Lights are, of course, offers a distinctive vantage on the leap to mind as a tourist mecca, this one of Greenland’s star attractions, but country’s rugged beauty. Tour leaders, rugged land three times the size of they are just one of what are known as known as mushers, provide entrée into Texas that stretches almost to the top of “The Big Arctic Five,” which include the history of dog sledding and the the world is emerging as a surprisingly adventurous dog sledding tours, unique collaboration between man popular destination, and not just for the spectacular displays of ice and snow, and animal that is sled dog life. Northern Lights. Greenland is rich in incomparable whale watching and, of “Dog sledding experiences adventures for every age and every taste. course, an engaging culture with roots range from light day trips to more Some 60,000 visitors each year travel to stretching back thousands of years. extreme adventures,” Woodall says. this stunning Arctic land. While that Today Greenland offers a unique blend “You can take a few hours’ tour around number may not at first impress, of Inuit and global influences—and is the backcountry just outside town, consider that Greenland has only 56,000 like no other place on Earth. or you can take a longer excursion permanent residents and the figure Greenland’s centuries-old dog that includes overnight stays in takes on added significance. sledding tradition remains vibrant and small lodges.”

The “The Big Artic Five” icons located on the opposite page are directly associated with Greenland’s national brand, “Pioneering Nation,” a campaign based on Greenland’s five core attractions. They are specifically meant to promote Greenland. Visit greenland.com.

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 25 DOG SLEDDING Mads Pihl - greenland.com

Coffee break on the dog sled trail

NORTH GREENLAND NATIONAL Lodges are simple but Chief among the ice highlights is PARK cozy, and all provisions are the Greenland ice sheet, easily accessed carried aboard the dog sleds, from the town of Kangerlussuaq in as the Inuit hunters have the Arctic Circle region, where a lone done for ages. The prime unpaved back road leads almost directly season for dog sledding is to the ice sheet’s edge (a two-hour drive March and April, when the by all-terrain vehicle). Ilulissat Eqip Sermia winter snows linger but the sun The Greenland ice sheet is in EAST has emerged from its months- constant motion, albeit at a glacial GREENLAND long slumber beneath the horizon. pace. The lucky visitor will bear witness ARCTIC For the quintessential Greenlandic to massive chunks of ice breaking free CIRCLE Kangerlussuaq experience, try wearing traditional Inuit with a thunder as they crash to the

Tasiilaq gear made of animal fur. Whether you land or water below, a process known choose modern or traditional gear, affectionately as calving. Once the Nuuk however, trail outfitters will have it all. icebergs hit the water, it is possible to CAPTIAL Third of The Big Arctic Five is hear them “breathe” as they pop and REGION Greenland’s magnificent ice and snow. release oxygen while floating alongside

Narsarsuaq Contrary to its verdant name, one another. 80 percent of Greenland is covered in The best-known spot for iceberg SOUTH GREENLAND a perpetual sheet of ice that towers two gazing is the Ilulissat Icefjord on WORLD VIEW miles thick in places. Greenland’s western coast, which is

HOW’S THE WEATHER? Greenland has an arctic climate with average temperatures that do not exceed 10° C (50° F) in the warmest summer months. However, in the southern part of the country and the innermost parts of the long fjords, temperatures can rise to more than 20° C (68° F) in June, July or August. The cold season in Greenland lasts from December to April, with average daily temperatures falling below -3° C (26° F).

“Greenland Map” ©iStockphoto.com\woewchikyury

26 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 A TRUE TASTE OF THE ARCTIC

reenland boasts a distinctive cuisine that is focused on Gsustenance from the land and the sea, but increasingly includes fresh elements raised during the short-but-sweet growing season in South Greenland, affectionately known as the “Garden of Greenland.” The traditional foods of Greenland are largely dependent on the game that roams the rocky coasts, namely reindeer and musk ox. “Most of our Greenlandic specialties here are wild-caught. Mads Pihl - greenland.com They are absolutely sustainable and organic in the truest sense of the word. Nothing is mass-produced,” says tourism consultant Sarah Woodall. Reindeer meat with crowberry sauce is a local favorite. On the domesticated side, the South Greenland lamb is absolutely delicious, she says. From the sea, whose cold waters produce fish of exceptional quality, the salmon is a highlight and, surprisingly, not available anywhere else in the world. “We don’t export our salmon, so to taste such a unique flavor one must come to Greenland,” Woodall says. The halibut, shrimp, trout and mussels are exceptional, as well. In the spring, the Greenlandic tradition calls for lumpfish roe. “With some crème fraîche and Norbert Eisele-Hein imageBROKER/Newscom chopped red onion on a blini, it’s delicious,” says Woodall. Top, cooking musk oxen; bottom, rich bits of mattak, For those who want to experience exotic Greenland dining, humpback whale meat, an Inuit specialty traditional whale and seal meats are still eaten and are available in fish markets and restaurants. Mattak is a small but rich bite of whale skin with blubber. Suaasat is the national soup, a flavorful broth with boiled seal meat. “Whale and seal meats are delicacies here. They are very lean and maybe one of the most nutrient rich foods available,” Woodall says, “For the gastronomically adventurous, they represent a true taste of the Arctic.”

Musk oxen with crowberries Mads Pihl - greenland.com

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 27 GETTING TO— AND AROUND— GREENLAND Remote as Greenland seems, it is accessible year-round. Using Iceland as a stepping-stone, North Americans can easily reach Greenland’s hot spots via flights ICE & SNOW with Air Greenland and Air Iceland.

Should you find yourself in Mads Pihl - greenland.com Europe, it is also possible to reach Greenland from Copenhagen, The Iluliartoq lake at the ice edge near Kangerlussuaq Denmark. The spring travel season starts in March, with the popular summer season beginning in filled with freshly minted icebergs. of humpback whales that returns year June and lasting through fall. “Photos simply cannot do justice to after year to feed there. Cruises along the scenic its beauty, scale and significance,” The whales are fascinating coast are available from the late Woodall says. creatures to observe, Woodall spring to early fall. Nearly half of A few hours north by boat from says, whether seen at a distance Greenland’s 60,000 tourists each Ilulissat is a glacier known as Eqip or within meters. When the year come by cruise ship, tracing Sermia. Visitors can stay in the mighty animals surface to breathe, the coast and disembarking for Glacier Lodge Eqi, an eco-lodge with they release a show-stopping mist, a few hours here and there in an on-site chef, which is located just as their blowholes pop open with select towns along the way. across from the glacier. Boat tours to a powerful whoosh. As for accommodations, other Greenlandic glaciers are also Last but not least of The Big Arctic Greenland boasts two four-star available from the towns of Nuuk, Five, of course, are the people of hotels, but there are plenty of Narsarsuaq and Tasiilaq. For a truly Greenland. Greenland, where Danish options, including small hotels, spectacular introduction to the ice, and Kalaallisut are the primary bed-and-breakfasts and even home however, Woodall recommends a languages, prides itself on being a stays with a local host family. “flightseeing” tour by small plane nation of pioneers. From the Inuit who Getting from city to city is not or helicopter. ventured here across North America so easy as hopping in the car and In summer months, Greenland is some 5,000 years ago and shaped a life heading out. There are no roads renowned for whale watching. Many in this challenging environment; to Erik between towns, so tourists and are drawn to the fish-rich waters near the Red and his Viking cohort who residents alike must take either Nuuk, the capital city, to see the pod landed in South Greenland in the a flight or the coastal ferry to get from place to place. Summer in Tasiilaq. Right: a whale diving off the Greenland coast

WHALES Mads Pihl - greenland.com ©iStockphoto.com\Mlenny PIONEERING PEOPLE Mads Pihl - greenland.com Images G/Newscom alliance/Arco Therin-Weise/picture

An icefjord cruise near Ilulissat. Right: A group of people in traditional clothes, Holsteinborg

10th century; to the Danes who the people’s remarkable ability to adapt “With all this open space, physical claim it as a self-governing territory to the land, to the sea, to the changing beauty and engaging people, Greenland today, Greenland has always climate and, most of all, to the global is meant for adventure,” Woodall says. embraced a pioneering spirit of culture that makes this place such “Some people just book a fl ight and self-reliance and adventure. a compelling destination. Th at spirit walk out into the nature. Greenland As ever, the operative word for is alive and well and extends to all is freedom.” Greenlanders is adaptation. It is in who visit.

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www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 29 Building Hoover Dam An engineering wonder, it was an American triumph over the Great Depression

BY EUGENE FINERMAN

“TEN YEARS AGO the place where New Deal. Yet the dam was rightfully we are gathered was an unpeopled, named for Herbert Hoover. Now forbidding desert. In the bottom of remembered as the hapless president a gloomy canyon, whose precipitous in charge during the collapse of the walls rose to a height of 1,000 feet, American economy, Hoover had flowed a turbulent, dangerous river.” enjoyed the highest regard as secretary So began President Franklin D. of commerce (1921–28). In that capacity, Roosevelt, speaking in Nevada to he was the advocate and arbiter of the a crowd of 10,000 and a radio audience plan to build a dam on the Colorado of millions. What had once been a River. Hoover brought a unique insight desolate chasm now was the site of to the project. Before his life in public “the greatest dam in the world,” and the service, he had made his name and president had come there to celebrate fortune as an engineer. He fully its completion. Today we know Hoover understood all the project’s challenges— Dam as a national landmark, but in and he was engrossed by them. 1935 it was an engineering wonder. River seems too placid a term for H.W. Goodall at Hoover Dam during Beyond the heroic feat of harnessing the Colorado, a 1,400-mile torrent. the construction the Colorado River, the dam had Its wild power carved out the Grand a psychological importance to the Canyon, but such raw energy also Valley. During one of its periodic floods, American people. It seemed a triumph defied man’s attempts to utilize the the Colorado raged through those over the Depression. river. In the early 20th century, channels, inundating the valley and The construction of Hoover Dam Southern California had built channels creating California’s largest lake: the is remembered as a hallmark of the on the river to irrigate the Imperial 350-square-mile Salton Sea. That disaster proved the futility of half measures and wishful thinking. If the river was ever to be controlled, it required the construction of a dam. But where would that dam be located? The Colorado flowed through seven states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. All had to agree to a federal project on their land and the subsequent allocation of the river’s waters. In 1922, Secretary Herbert Hoover helped forge that agreement: the Colorado River Compact. Then began the groundwork—literally: Government surveyors spent four years along the river’s route looking for the most promising site for a dam. Geology was

Black Canyon showing conditions at the dam site prior to beginning of excavation between the cofferdams, 1933. Courtesy of U.S. Department of Reclamations of the Interior - Bureau Building Hoover Dam An engineering wonder, it was an American triumph over the Great Depression

BY EUGENE FINERMAN

What had once been a desolate chasm now was the site of “the greatest dam in the world,” and the president had come there to celebrate its completion. ©iStockphoto.com\photoquest7 ©iStockphoto.com\photoquest7 Everett Collection/Newscom Everett Courtesy of U.S. Department of Reclamations of the Interior - Bureau

Before the dam could be built the Colorado River had to be diverted through tunnels. This piece of equipment, named a “jumbo rig,” was designed to speed up the tunnel drilling process. Built on the back of a 10-ton truck, 24 to 30 drills could be operated at once. Right: Drillers excavating the dam foundation on the Nevada side of Boulder Dam, 1933.

not the only consideration. California, The work at Black Canyon would with its burgeoning population, had the The work at not begin until 1931, but the loudest demand for the water and the unemployed began streaming into electricity that would be generated by Black Canyon nearby Las Vegas a year early. The the dam. The sale of that electricity aspiring laborers camped out in would recoup the dam’s cost. So politics would not begin public parks. Some were able to find and geology had to find a juncture: immediate work: the laying of rail It was the Black Canyon, along the until 1931, but the lines from Las Vegas to the canyon. Arizona and Nevada borders. In January 1931, the Bureau of Such a project would be under the unemployed began Reclamations opened bidding for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamations. Its construction of the dam. Described in surveyors and engineers undertook a streaming into a 100-page book, the project would feasibility study of the site. Their report require building a 700-foot-high dam; was favorable but contained significant nearby Las Vegas at the time, the world’s highest dam was and daunting concerns. The chosen site only 420 feet. In addition, two power was a desolate canyon, 30 miles from a year early. plants were to be built. All this was any roads. Factories would have to be to be completed in seven years. built in the middle of the desert. The The government would provide the dam itself would be the world’s largest construction material. As a guarantee and a masterpiece of engineering; When Herbert Hoover was of performance, a $5 million bond taming the Colorado required nothing elected president that same year, the would be required of the construction less. With the exception of wars, the unemployment rate was 4 percent. firm. In the economy of 1931, no single construction of the dam would be the When he was voted out of office four construction company could afford that most expensive undertaking by the years later, the rate was 23 percent. bond. However, a group of firms formed federal government to date. Yet, the The brilliant engineer proved a joint venture to bid on the project. dam was possible; it certainly would a tone-deaf politician. He consistently They named themselves Six Companies benefit the Southwest, and the costs underestimated the growing Depression, and calculated their lowest possible eventually would be recouped. In 1928, claiming “prosperity is just around the offer. It was $48,890,995 (about $748 with a booming economy and limitless corner.” However oblivious he was to million today)—and the winning bid. optimism, Congress and President the Depression, Hoover remained In the spring of 1931, Six Coolidge could afford the world’s most committed to Boulder Dam. It would Companies could hire 3,000; four times expensive dam. The construction of provide employment, stimulate the that many people applied. The average Boulder Dam was approved. economy and foster future growth. wage was $.65 an hour ($11 an hour

32 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 food. Neither Six Companies nor the government had anticipated that men would bring their families, too. So schools had to be improvised. Millions of tons of concrete were being poured into trapezoidal blocks, which held steel pipes inside, through which cool water flowed to speed the concrete curing process. (Once the concrete block had stopped contracting, the pipes were filled with grout.) In turn, the blocks formed interlocking columns, and the dam began to take shape. It was convex; the curving arch would face the water.

Courtesy of U.S. Department of Reclamations of the Interior - Bureau At the same time, two power plants were being built. One was on the Nevada side, the other in Arizona. Setting the foundation Water from the river would power its turbines, which then would produce 2 billion watts of electricity. That would today). Men worked eight-hour shifts, three-quarters of a mile in length. serve the needs of 1 million people. every day of the week. The first phase Fifteen million cubic yards of debris On February 6, 1935, the last bucket of the project was the diversion of the were removed. That debris would be of concrete was molded into the dam. Colorado River. Its waters would be used in an earthen dam to block the The construction was not quite finished; diverted around the dam construction river and divert its waters into the some grouting was needed, and there and flow out farther downstream. To tunnels. By November 1932, the tunnels were cosmetic touches as well. But its channel that water, four tunnels were had been completed—11 months majestic structure was evident. Boulder dug and blasted through solid rock. ahead of schedule. Dam was 726 feet high, 1,244 feet wide Each tunnel was 56 feet in diameter and With the river diverted, and 660 feet thick at the base, tapering construction now began on the dam. to a thickness of 45 feet at the top. Generators at Hoover Dam power house, 1937 The work started with the excavation It surpassed the masonry of the Great of the riverbed, digging down through Pyramid of Egypt, the first man-made 40 feet of mud and silt to bedrock. structure to do so. The diversionary A half million cubic yards of river tunnels were plugged, and the Colorado bottom was dredged. The dam now River began to fill behind the dam and had its foundation of solid rock. At the form a lake—a process that would take same time, the walls of the canyon were two years. That lake, which would store being blasted smooth by jackhammers 9.2 trillion gallons of water, would be and dynamite—work done by men named for the director of the Bureau of suspended by ropes, harnesses and Reclamations: Edward Mead. tenuous luck. Above the canyon the Boulder Dam was dedicated on company had constructed a factory for September 30, 1935. The American making concrete. Through a series of public saw it as a triumph, a testament aerial cables, a 20-ton bucket of to the American spirit even in those concrete could be transported anywhere dark times. The dam seemed like within the construction site. As the a reassuring promise. Its look was construction got underway, the buckets modern, clean and streamlined, ready arrived every 78 seconds. for the future. In 1947, the dam was The work was nonstop: three renamed for Herbert Hoover. He had eight-hour shifts a day, every day of the described the dam as “the greatest week, and the workforce was now 5,000. engineering work of its character ever Those workers lived on the site in a attempted by the hand of man”—and community called Boulder City. The he was alive to enjoy some credit for

Everett Collection/Newscom Everett government subsidized housing and that achievement.

www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 33 THE DIXON BRAND PROMISE/ Commitment to Quality Hose ﬁ ttings, valves backed by 100 years of innovation, quality Reprinted with permission from BIC Magazine, April 2015.

> “Because we are a manufacturer and industry as one of its primary markets To that end, Dixon opened an have control of the processes and product, for almost as long. innovation and training center three we have a high level of con dence all “Our value proposition has always years ago at its headquarters in of our products are of the best quality been to be the easiest company to do Chestertown, Maryland. rough its they can be.” business with,” explained Grace. alliance with distributors, the company — Bob Grace, president, Dixon “We are a domestic manufacturer with hosts not only the distributors and a very broad product mix, and support their salespeople but also actual end Not many companies have that with a lot of eld training. Our users on-site. 100 years of history, but Dixon, a training ensures the safe and proper use “We look at how our products leading manufacturer and supplier of of our products, and we are willing to can be improved to make the lives of hose ttings, valves and accessories, will do that at our expense to ensure end users easier,” said Grace. “Our celebrate that milestone in 2016. And customers are using products in the innovation center is sta ed with the company has served the oil and gas proper manner.” engineers whose jobs are to ensure we

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34 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2015 are solving people’s challenges and “Crude-by-Rail Campaign,” which is Along with product expansion, the developing new products.” a line of products to facilitate safe company is adding 70,000 square feet to In 2012, Dixon acquired Eagle and e cient unloading of crude its quick coupling building in Dallas, America which specializes in the into re neries. North Carolina. design, manufacturing and testing of “ at was a need that came from “We are looking to the future,” bellows seal gate and globe valves. the eld, and we designed product said Grace. “We continue to invest in Bellows seal valves help eliminate around it to meet those needs,” automated machinery to keep up fugitive emissions of toxic or regulated explained Grace. with growing demand from our uids, and prevent corrosive or harmful atmospheric conditions from “ We look at how our products can be improved to make entering the process. ey also — Bob Grace, president, Dixon minimize maintenance and reduce the lives of end users easier.” life cycle costs in process plants including steam, cryogenics, heat As with these and other customers. And, we’re exploring new transfer oil and vacuum systems. products, Dixon’s high quality has valves and dry disconnects used in Bellows seals are considered zero- remained consistent. Dixon products alternative transportation fuels emission devices as de ned by undergo rigorous testing including like LNG.” the EPA. regular inspections, hydrostatic Dixon also manufactures API testing, and lab or eld tests, all For more information, couplers, swivels and dry disconnects. examples of Dixon’s commitment visit www.dixonvalve.com or e company has introduced a to quality control. call 877-963-4966.

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WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2015 ᔢ BOSS 35 HEALTH/BY ANDREW MYERS

Pedal Pushers z

n a

Cycling offers a fun and effective low-impact workout S

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> The older we grow, the more we need golfers, tennis players and m o

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o to exercise. Yet the viable options for skiers combined. No matter t o

p physical exertion dwindle as we age. how you slice it, millions of k c o t S Cycling stands among just a handful of people are mounting up i © activities that can truly be considered and pushing the pedals lifetime sports. toward better health. “Even if you haven’t ridden for It is hard to argue 30 years, you can still pick it up quickly against the benefits. Cycling and get a good, low-impact workout,” burns calories, increases says Kristine Karlson, MD, an assistant muscle strength and tone, professor of family medicine at the and improves endurance feel right if you haven’t exercised,” Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and cardiovascular health— Karlson encourages. in Lebanon, New Hampshire. Karlson is all by way of a low-impact If you think cycling may be for you, the author of “Getting Started With sport that is easy on the joints. avoid getting mired in the dizzying Cycling” for the American College of “Cycling is one of those activities array of gear that is available these Sports Medicine (ACSM). the joints love, so if you have knee, hip days—the uniforms, saddlebags, clip-on Physical health experts have long or ankle problems, it could be your shoes and so forth. Focus first on the championed cycling. Judging by the solution,” Karlson says. basics: Choose the right style of bike legions of Lycra-clad weekend warriors The benefits of even a moderate and the right fit for you. on the roads, and the many cars laden level of cycling can be tremendous. “If you are just beginning, you with bikes heading for trails unknown, According to the ACSM, breaking belong in a bike shop. Don’t just pick Americans across the age spectrum a sweat just 30 minutes five times a the blue one. You want to take your are taking note. week is plenty to see a fitness reward. time; test ride. Get properly fitted for In 2008, the National Sporting Just start out short and easy, and keep a bike,” Karlson says. Goods Association pegged the number expectations in check. For beginners, the best choice is of American riders at 54.9 million and “It may be hard at first, but probably an upright style that combines rising, noting that cyclists outnumbered eventually you get to where you don’t facets of racing and mountain bikes, a style that is less physically demanding on the back and neck. While not as “If you are just beginning, you belong in a bike speedy as a road bike, or as rugged or shop. You want to take your time; test ride. agile as a mountain bike, it is a versatile choice that will accommodate the Get properly fitted,” Karlson says. widest array of riding needs. Above all, Karlson insists on the right seat, known in cycling as a saddle. With upright-style bikes, the rider’s weight gets concentrated on the hips and the right saddle becomes paramount. There are saddles designed specifically for men and for

36 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 “Th e right saddle can make all the You can forgo the biking shoes that FEEL THE BURN diff erence in the world. It’s not all about clip into the pedals, but a set of metal cushiness. Some people buy gel pads toe cages will allow you to push and Cycling is a great way to burn only to slide all over the place and end pull as you ride to get the most power calories, with the amount up with blisters,” Karlson explains. out of every stroke. A repair kit with depending on how vigorously If the bike you like doesn’t have basic tools, replacement inner tube and you work out. A person who a good seat, be ready to pony up a few a pump is also a must-have. weighs about 160 pounds extra bucks for a better one. Th ey are Last but not least, grab a few items will burn about: easy to replace and most bike shops will that aren’t for the bike at all. Bring off er a discount on the upgrade if you sunblock and thoroughly review the • 288 calories an hour cycling buy a bike as well. latest safety tips. Th e League of at a leisurely pace With proper bike and saddle, there American Bicyclists’ Ride Smart • 614 calories an hour while are a few other items of gear that even program is a great resource at: mountain biking on off-road the beginner should not be without. www.bikeleague.org/ridesmart. trails and hills First up is a helmet; only the most “Th en,” Karlson says, “just get out • 509 to 826 calories an hour foolhardy riders go without one these there and ride!” on a stationary bike, days. Hydration is important, too, so a depending on the setting. water bottle and frame-mounted holder are a good idea, but there are wearable types that also work just fi ne. SOURCE: LIVESTRONG.COM “Bike chain” ©iStockphoto.com\ajt “Bike chain” ©iStockphoto.com\ajt

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www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2015 4 BOSS 37 INVENTIONS/BY ALAN H. FEILER Good and Numb How anesthesia transformed modern medicine

> “Gentlemen, this is no humbug!” Europe, Asia and the declared surgeon John Collins Warren, Americas, species of as he turned away from an operating Solanum plants table to address an amphitheater containing tropane of awestruck medical students at alkaloids were used Massachusetts General Hospital on for anesthesia. Incan Oct. 16, 1846. shamans and members Warren was serving as supervising of other Native surgeon during a watershed moment American societies had in the annals of medicine. A young patients chew on coca dentist named William T.G. Morton leaves while operations had just successfully administered were performed. anesthesia to a surgical patient, Edward In 1525, ether was Gilbert Abbott, who required the first used on animals Collection/NewscomEverett removal of a tumor from his neck. After by Swiss physician Daguerreotype believed to be a re-enactment of the first Paracelsus. Some demonstration of ether anesthesia by Dr. William T.G. Morton breathing in the ether vapor, Abbott at Massachusetts General Hospital on October 16, 1846 “sank into a state of insensibility,” 15 years later, German Warren noted later. botanist Valerius Cordus Victoria in 1853 during the birth Morton branded his sulfuric synthesized diethyl ether by distilling of her eighth child, Prince Leopold. ether concoction “Letheon” after the ethanol and sulfuric acid, noting its The queen would later write in underworld river of Lethe. According to medicinal properties. her journal that “the effect was Greek mythology, drinking from the More than two centuries later, an soothing, quieting and delightful river ameliorates disturbing memories. English chemist named Joseph Priestley beyond measure.” Prior to the momentous Abbott isolated the gas nitrous oxide. (It would Today, only nitrous oxide is still operation, surgeons had little other than not be used in surgeries, however, until used among the original famed opium and alcohol to offer patients who decades later, in the 1860s.) anesthetics. Chloroform and ether had to endure the excruciating pain of Interestingly, four years before the have been replaced by safer surgery. That all changed with the 1846 Letheon breakthrough, an general anesthetics. advent of “anesthesia,” a term that American surgeon/pharmacist named The field of general and regional would later be coined by Oliver Wendell Crawford W. Long operated on a patient anesthesia and sedation continues to Holmes Sr., from the Greek, meaning “without sensation.” Prior to the momentous Abbott operation, surgeons Holmes exulted in the invention: had little other than opium and alcohol to offer patients “The fierce extremity of suffering has been steeped in the waters of who had to endure the excruciating pain of surgery. forgetfulness, and the deepest furrow in the knotted brow of agony has been smoothed for ever.” under the influence of ether. However, evolve, allowing medical personnel to Of course, the dream of inducing Long failed to announce his discovery conduct important, lifesaving unconsciousness and muscle relaxation until 1849, thereby leaving Morton with procedures throughout the world. during medical procedures dates long credit for the first public demonstration Dr. Warren was absolutely right: before that autumn day in Boston. of ether anesthesia. This is no humbug! Crude anesthetics to dull the senses Meanwhile, the use of chloroform in and induce sleep have been around anesthesia spread during this period. since ancient times. Throughout Most notably, it was given to Queen

38 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2015 OUR WEBSITE IS YOUR 24-7-365 CONNECTION TO THE LATEST SAFETY & TECHNICAL INFORMATION.

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