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The Poetic Geographies of Anna Akhmatova and Lina Kostenko

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The Poetic Geographies of Anna Akhmatova and Lina Kostenko 1 Lyrics of Home and Nation: The Poetic Geographies of Anna Akhmatova and Lina Kostenko Sharisa Joy Aidukaitis Norfolk, Virginia B.S. Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 2015 MA. Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Virginia, 2017 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures University of Virginia May 2020 2 © 2020 Sharisa Aidukaitis All rights reserved. 3 To my dad, whose memory and undying faith in me sustained me through the process. 4 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1: Spatial Theory and Historiography ............................................................................. 17 Chapter 2: A heart in Leningrad and a soul in Russia: The poetic geography of Anna Akhmatova ............ 50 Leningrad/Petersburg ................................................................................................................ 55 The Russian Empire ................................................................................................................ 111 Ukraine ................................................................................................................................ 112 Crimea ................................................................................................................................. 123 Tashkent and Asia ............................................................................................................... 126 Moscow ............................................................................................................................... 136 Other regions of the Russian Empire ................................................................................... 144 Russia as beloved homeland ................................................................................................ 151 The rest of the world ............................................................................................................... 156 Chapter 3 The Ukraino-centric Poetic Geography of Lina Kostenko ......................................... 167 Ukraine in Kostenko’s poetry ................................................................................................ 175 Villages ................................................................................................................................ 192 The Carpathian Mountains .................................................................................................. 198 The Steppe ........................................................................................................................... 201 The Dnipro River ................................................................................................................. 203 Chornobyl’ .......................................................................................................................... 205 Kyiv ..................................................................................................................................... 208 History, Myth, and Ukrainian Geography ........................................................................... 213 Russia ...................................................................................................................................... 222 Other (Post-) Soviet Republics ............................................................................................... 233 Depictions of the rest of the world .......................................................................................... 235 The Earth and Universe .......................................................................................................... 253 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 261 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................ 268 Appendix I: Charts ...................................................................................................................... 279 Appendix II: Mapping project reference and screenshots .......................................................... 281 5 Introduction Anna Akhmatova (Gorenko) (1889-1966) and Lina Kostenko (b. 1930) stand among the pre-eminent modern Russian and Ukrainian poets, respectively. Their verses have inspired, motivated, and entertained vast audiences at home and abroad. They have risen to great popularity, and have become voices for their own people, taking upon themselves the role of poet-prophet. These two women used their poetic voices to stand up against the various injustices of their respective societies, and they won the hearts of thousands of their countrymen. They are among the most popular, widely known, and studied poets of their respective countries. The unique combination of similarities and differences between these two poets makes them fascinating candidates for an in-depth comparison. Akhmatova and Kostenko lived in different times and places, experiencing distinct cultural phenomena and social pressures; they grew up in different regions and countries; they wrote their poetry in different languages. Yet while they are separated by a generation, geography, and geo-political issues, they are united by several key factors that make the present study relevant. Both rose to prominence and popularity as the quintessential female poet of her respective time and country. Both were active in their social communities, writing about the issues of the day. They both experienced the oppressions of the Soviet Union, both of them being forced into periods of literary silence at the hands of the state. Both have been termed “internal exiles,” or people who did not support the government, but who nevertheless chose to remain loyal to their homeland and stay with their people. Finally, both of these poets have connections to both Ukraine and Russia, yet they ultimately choose to align themselves with one or the other nation. The poets’ personal connections to both Ukraine and Russia present a vital foundation to this dissertation. Anna Akhmatova was born in Odesa, Ukraine to a Ukrainian father and Russian 6 mother. When she was an infant, the family moved to Russia, where she spent her childhood in Tsarskoe Selo. She was educated in both St. Petersburg and Kyiv, but she never embraced a Ukrainian national identity: she aligned herself with the Russian Empire and chose to write her poetry in Russian. Lina Kostenko was born just outside of Kyiv, Ukraine to Ukrainian parents. She was educated in Moscow, yet, while fluent in Russian, chose to embrace the Ukrainian language and culture. Commenting on the results of these poets’ cultural and identity decisions, Michael Naydan writes, “Kostenko becomes for Ukrainian literature exactly what Akhmatova…would have become had the latter written in Ukrainian” (Naydan, “Echoes,” 7). These two poets, as a result of their personal choices and familial and cultural influences, selected their own national identities, with Akhmatova aligning herself with the Russian Empire and Kostenko adhering to Ukraine.1 As a result, they became, respectively, the famous Russian and Ukrainian poets that they are today. Once the poets had chosen their national identities, they took upon themselves the role of spokeswomen for their people. In Akhmatova’s famous cycle Rekviem, she describes her taking upon herself the mantle of poet-prophet and role of mouthpiece for her people. В страшные годы ежовщины я провела семнадцать месяцев в тюремных очередях в Ленинграде. Как-то раз кто-то ‘опознал’ меня. Тогда стоящая за мной женщина с голубыми губами, которая, конечно, никогда не слыхала моего имени, очнулась от свойственного нам всем оцепенения и спросила меня на ухо (там все говорили шепотом): - А это вы можете описать? 1 Another Ukrainian connection shared by Akhmatova (Gorenko) and Kostenko is the -enko root in their surnames. This -enko suffix is the most prevalent marker (aka “onomastic formant”) of a Ukrainian surname (Slavutych, 181). This suffix traces its roots to the Cossack days, as the majority of Cossack surnames bore the -enko suffix (Bilousenko). 7 И я сказала: - Могу. Тогда что-то вроде улыбки скользнуло по тому, что некогда было ее лицом (Akhmatova, 188).2 In the midst of the terrible suffering under Stalin’s Terror, Akhmatova realized that hope could come to both her and her countrymen through her poetry. She assumed this role of poet-witness to record what she experienced and observed, in order to preserve memory for future generations and to speak out against evil. Her verses became a beacon and a lifeline to those suffering with her. Much as in the way Akhmatova in her cycle Rekviem voices her commitment to being a voice for her people, Kostenko likewise declares her poetic duty to speak for her people. Яка різниця—хто куди пішов? Хто що сказав, і рима вже готова. Поезія—це свято, як любов. О, то не є розмовка побутова! І то не є дзвінкий асортимент метафор, слів,—на користь чи в догоду. А що, не знаю. Я лиш інструмент, 2 “In the terrible years of the Yezhov terror, I spent seventeen months in the prison lines of Leningrad. Once, someone ‘recognized’ me. Then a woman with bluish lips standing behind me,
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