LA INFLUENCIA ICONOGRÁFICA DE PAQUIMÉ EN LA PRODUCCIÓN CONTEMPORÁNEA DE CERÁMICA Y TATUAJE EN CHIHUAHUA Tesis Presentada Po

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LA INFLUENCIA ICONOGRÁFICA DE PAQUIMÉ EN LA PRODUCCIÓN CONTEMPORÁNEA DE CERÁMICA Y TATUAJE EN CHIHUAHUA Tesis Presentada Po LA INFLUENCIA ICONOGRÁFICA DE PAQUIMÉ EN LA PRODUCCIÓN CONTEMPORÁNEA DE CERÁMICA Y TATUAJE EN CHIHUAHUA Tesis presentada por Mariana Azucena Villarreal Frías para obtener el grado de MAESTRA EN ESTUDIOS CULTURALES Tijuana, B. C., México 2018 CONSTANCIA DE APROBACIÓN Director(a) de Tesis: Dr. Miguel Olmos Aguilera Aprobada por el Jurado Examinador: 1. 2. 3. AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco principalmente a las personas que me han brindado apoyo emocional: A mis padres Lupita y Mario, mi hermana Rosalinda (el lado opuesto de la moneda) y mis amadas sobrinas Danna y Melanny: este es el motivo de mi ausencia. A Emanuel: mi compañero de vida en este camino y los siguientes. A mis amistades Mario, Marce, Sandra, y quienes contribuyeron y me apoyaron para poder estudiar en Tijuana: les agradezco siempre sus palabras de apoyo. A Momo, mi gatita mascota, quien vino conmigo desde Chihuahua y se encargó de dormir por las dos cuando yo no podía. A mis compañeros y compañeras de maestría: gracias por su amistad, la compañía hizo más leve el duro camino. Mi especial agradecimiento a las personas que colaboraron en este trabajo de investigación. A los asesores de esta tesis: Dr. Miguel Olmos Aguilera, director; Dra. Ana Lilia Nieto Camacho, lectora interna; Dr. Francisco Mendiola Galván, lector externo. A los colaboradores en el trabajo de campo: A mi amigo David Ortíz (El Shamuko) y Odalys Anchondo por compartir este tema y su trabajo conmigo: espero que podamos seguir haciendo equipo. También al Antrop. Jorge Carrera Robles y el Mtro. Mauricio Salgado Servín, por abrirme las puertas y recibirme en el INAH sede Chihuahua y en el Museo de las Culturas del Norte y Zona Arqueológica de Paquimé. Así como al personal del Fodarch por permitirme la experiencia de participar como jurado en el XX Concurso de Cerámica de Mata Ortíz. A las familias ceramistas, a las personas tatuadas y expertas en el tema que colaboraron proporcionando información relevante para esta investigación: Ana Villa y Rubén Lozano, por recibirme en su casa en Mata Ortíz y a las personas que accedieron a brindarme una entrevista y compartir su experiencia con quien lea esta tesis: Sarahí Aguirre, Diana Acosta, Erick Barraza, Maham Barraza, Elvira Bugarini, Gerardo Cota Guillén, Martín Cota Guillén, Rafael Cruz, César Domínguez, Guillermo Dozal, Sila Yin García, Reina Grisol Garibay Silveira, Karina Gutiérrez, Gloria Hernández, Ivonne Olivas, Penélope Padilla, Alberto Peña, Michelle Porras, Raúl Ramírez Kigra, Keila Ramos, Jonathan Renova, Nelsy Requena, Gaby Reyes, Gloria Reyes, José Antonio Rodríguez, Gustavo Salgado, Socorro Sandoval, Pabla Talavera Quezada y Sabino Villalba. Por último, pero no menos importante, al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt) que ha financiado este proyecto y mi estancia en Tijuana, asimismo al Colegio de la Frontera Norte por contribuir a mi formación académica. RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se analiza la transformación e influencia de la iconografía de Paquimé en la producción contemporánea de cerámica, en la comunidad de Mata Ortiz, Casas Grandes, y el tatuaje, ambos consolidados en el estado de Chihuahua, México; para profundizar en los factores principales que han contribuido a la preservación dicha iconografía y la manera en que influye en la producción contemporánea de las culturas mestizas mencionadas. Debido a lo anterior, se tratará la apropiación cultural y las valoraciones estéticas atribuidas a los signos iconográficos mencionados, así como la manera en que se mercantiliza la cultura y el patrimonio. Las fuentes de información utilizadas son principalmente imágenes de vasijas y tatuajes pertenecientes a los tres casos de estudio, información bibliográfica de carácter histórico - arqueológico, y entrevistas realizadas a ceramistas y personas tatuadas. El análisis de la información recabada se basa en el método de Panofsky, para el estudio de obras de arte, en el cual se hace un análisis pre-iconográfico, iconográfico e iconológico. Palabas clave: iconografía, Paquimé, cerámica, tatuaje, cultura. ABSTRACT In this work, we analyze the transformation and influence of Paquime’s iconography in the contemporary production of pottery, in the community of Mata Ortiz, Casas Grandes, and the tattoo, both consolidated in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, so we can further the study of the main factors that influence the preservation of this iconography and the way it influences the contemporary production of non-indigenous cultures. Therefore, the discussion will focus on cultural appropriation and aesthetic valuations attributed to the mentioned iconographic signs, as well as the way in which the culture and heritage are commercialized. The sources of information used are mainly images of pottery and tattoos belonging to the three cases of study, bibliographic information of historical-archaeological feature, and interviews made to potters and tattooed people. The analysis of the obtained information is based on the Panofsky method for the study of works of art, in which a pre-iconographic, iconographic and iconological analysis is made. Key words: iconography, Paquime, ceramics, tattoo, culture. ÍNDICE GENERAL INTRODUCCIÓN Pregunta de investigación ....................................................................................................... 2 Preguntas específicas 2 Objetivo general ...................................................................................................................... 2 Objetivos específicos 3 Hipótesis ................................................................................................................................. 3 CAPÍTULO 1 CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO, CULTURAL E ICONOGRÁFICO 1.1. La población extinta de Paquimé ..................................................................................... 4 1.1.1. La ciudad de Paquimé 8 1.1.2. Periodo viejo 10 1.1.3. Periodo Medio 12 1.1.4. Periodo Tardío 14 1.1.5. Periodo Españoles 16 1.2. La comunidad ceramista de Mata Ortíz ......................................................................... 16 1.2.1. Los inicios de la cerámica de Mata Ortíz 19 1.2.2. Técnicas y estilos de las vasijas Mata Ortíz 21 1.2.3. El concurso de cerámica de Mata Ortíz 26 1.3. El tatuaje estilo Paquimé ................................................................................................ 28 1.3.1. El ‘cerillazo’ que prendió la motivación creativa 29 1.3.2. El proyecto de investigación: Vasijas, tierra y sangre 30 1.3.3. Los primeros tatuajes “estilo Paquimé” 32 1.3.4. Justificaciones para realizarse un tatuaje “estilo Paquimé” 33 CAPÍTULO 2. MARCO TEÓRICO 2.1. Signo iconográfico ......................................................................................................... 35 2.1.1. Dimensiones para el análisis del signo iconográfico 37 2.1.1.1. Implicaciones estéticas 38 2.1.1.2. La esencia mítica 44 2.1.1.3. Memoria arquetípica 47 2.1.1.4. Niveles de apropiación cultural del signo iconográfico de Paquimé 50 2.1.1.5. Transculturación del signo iconográfico 50 2.2. Mercantilización de la cultura ........................................................................................ 52 2.2.1. Mercantilización del patrimonio 57 CAPÍTULO 3. ESTRATEGIA METODOLÓGICA Y MÉTODO DE ANÁLISIS 3.1. Estrategia metodológica ................................................................................................. 62 3.2. Método de análisis ......................................................................................................... 64 3.2.1. La teoría de Erwin Panofsky 65 3.2.1.1. Nivel pre-iconográfico 65 3.2.1.2. Nivel iconográfico 66 3.2.1.3. Nivel iconológico 67 3.3. Método etnográfico y técnicas para la compilación de imágenes ................................. 69 3.3.1. El método etnográfico 70 3.3.2. Compilación de imágenes 73 CAPÍTULO 4 76 ANÁLISIS PRE-ICONOGRÁFICO E ICONOGRÁFICO 76 4.1. Identificación pre-iconográfica de las imágenes ........................................................... 76 4.2. Análisis y clasificación iconográfica ............................................................................ 76 4.2.1. Clasificación iconográfica de las vasijas de Paquimé 77 4.2.2. Clasificación iconográfica y distinciones de estilo en la cerámica de Mata Ortíz 83 4.2.2.1. Las cosmovisiones globalizadas que configuran el Estilo Tendencias 87 4.2.2.2. El tránsito por los diversos estilos cerámicos de Mata Ortíz 89 4.2.2.3. Clasificación iconográfica de la cerámica de Mata Ortíz 90 4.2.3. Clasificación iconográfica y distinciones de estilo en el ‘tatuaje estilo Paquimé’ 93 4.2.3.1. Estilo ‘Asimilación’ 93 4.2.3.2. Estilo ‘Adaptación’ 94 4.2.3.3. Estilo Representación 96 4.2.3.4. Estilo ‘Plasta de negro’ 97 CAPÍTULO 5 ANÁLISIS ICONOLÓGICO 101 5.1 Apropiación cultural de los signos iconográficos de Paquimé ..................................... 103 5.1.1. La esencia mítica entre las apropiaciones del signo iconográfico 105 5.1.1.1. Esencia mítica de Kokopelli y sus representaciones 108 5.1.2. Distinciones de estilo entre los tres casos de estudio 111 5.1.2.1. Ejemplos de representación interna 112 5.1.2.2. Estilo y ejemplos de representación externa 118 5.1.2.3. Distinciones y asociaciones de estilo entre las cerámicas y el tatuaje 121 5.1.2.4. Procesos creativos 124 5.2. Análisis iconológico de dos signos iconográficos ....................................................... 134 5.2.1. La serpiente de Paquimé 134 5.2.1.1. La caída de la misteriosa ciudad roja 139 5.2.2. La apropiación de guacamayas en Paquimé 142 5.2.3. Expresiones
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