MARCH 3, 2021

ISO Overview and Regional Update

Kerry Schlichting EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Eric Johnson DIRECTOR, EXTERNAL AFFAIRS

ISO-NE PUBLIC ISO New England (ISO) Has More Than Two Decades of Experience Overseeing the Region’s Restructured System

• Regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission • Reliability Coordinator for New England under the North American Electric Reliability Corporation • Independent of companies in the marketplace and neutral on technology

ISO-NE PUBLIC 2 ISO New England Performs Three Critical Roles to Ensure Reliable Electricity at Competitive Prices Grid Market Power System Operation Administration Planning Coordinate and direct Design, run, and Study, analyze, and the flow of electricity oversee the markets plan to make sure New over the region’s where wholesale England's electricity high-voltage electricity is bought needs will be met over transmission system and sold the next 10 years

ISO-NE PUBLIC 3 Numerous Entities Including an Independent Board Provide Oversight of and Input on ISO’s Responsibilities

ISO-NE PUBLIC 4 New England’s Power Grid Is Part of a Larger

• Part of the Eastern Interconnection, one of four large power grids in North America – Interconnected through primarily (AC) transmission • Tied to Québec only through (DC) transmission • 2003 blackout ushered in wide-area monitoring and mandatory reliability standards • Subject to reliability standards set by NERC and NPCC*

* North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC)

ISO-NE PUBLIC 5 Demand Patterns Are Changing

• 7.2 million retail electricity customers drive the demand for electricity in New England (14.8 million population)  Region’s all-time summer : 28,130 MW on August 2, 2006  Region’s all-time winter peak demand: 22,818 MW on January 15, 2004 • Energy efficiency (EE) and behind-the-meter (BTM) solar are reducing peak demand growth; electrification of heating & transportation to increase load  -0.2% annual growth rate for summer peak demand (with EE and BTM solar)  +0.4% annual growth rate for overall electricity use (with EE and BTM solar) • BTM solar is shifting peak demand later in the day in the summertime

Note: Without energy efficiency and solar, the region’s peak demand is forecasted to grow 0.9% annually and the region’s overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow 1.4% annually. Summer peak demand is based on the “50/50” forecast for typical summer weather conditions.

ISO-NE PUBLIC 6 Generation and Demand Resources Are Used to Meet New England’s Energy Needs

• 350 dispatchable generators in the region • 31,500 MW of generating capacity • Over 24,400 MW of proposed generation in the ISO Queue – Mostly wind, solar, and storage proposals • Roughly 7,000 MW of generation have retired or will retire in the next few years • 400 MW of active and 2,850 MW of energy efficiency with obligations in the Forward Capacity Market* – Effective June 1, 2018, demand resources have further opportunities in the wholesale markets

* In the Forward Capacity Market, demand-reduction resources are treated as capacity resources.

ISO-NE PUBLIC 7 New England’s Transmission Grid Is the Interstate Highway System for Electricity

• 9,000 miles of high-voltage transmission lines (primarily 115 kV and 345 kV)

New • 13 transmission interconnections Brunswick Hydro to power systems in New York and Québec Eastern Canada • 21% of region’s energy needs met by imports in 2020 • $11 billion invested to strengthen transmission system reliability since 2002; planned $1.6 billion New York • Developers have proposed multiple transmission projects to access non-carbon-emitting resources inside and outside the region

ISO-NE PUBLIC 8 Many Resources Compete to Supply Electricity in New England’s Wholesale Markets

• Close to 500 buyers and Annual Value of Wholesale Electricity Markets sellers in the markets (in billions) $12 • $5.7 billion in wholesale $10 1.1 1.0 transactions in 2020* $8 9.1 3.6 8.0 – $3 billion in the energy 1.1 $6 1.2 2.2 3.4 6.0 market 5.9 1.2 5.2 2.7 $4 4.5 – $60 million in the ancillary 4.1 4.1 services markets $2 3.0 – $2.7 billion in the capacity market $0 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020* • Extensive analysis and reporting of market results Ancillary Markets Forward Capacity Market * 2020 data are subject to adjustment

ISO-NE PUBLIC 9 Dramatic Changes in the Energy Mix The fuels used to produce the region’s electric energy have shifted as a result of economic and environmental factors

Percent of Total Electric Energy Production by Fuel Type (2000 vs. 2020) 53% 2000 2020

31% 27% 22% 18% 15% 11% <1% <1% 7% 8% 8%

Nuclear Oil Hydro Renewables

Source: ISO New England Net Energy and Peak Load by Source; data for 2020 is preliminary and subject to resettlement Renewables include landfill gas, , other biomass gas, wind, grid-scale solar, municipal solid waste, and miscellaneous fuels. This data represents electric generation within New England; it does not include imports or behind-the-meter (BTM) resources, such as BTM solar.

ISO-NE PUBLIC 10 Natural Gas and Wholesale Electricity Prices Are Linked Monthly average natural gas and wholesale electricity prices at the New England hub

Winter $180 2013/2014 $30

$160 Winter Before the 2014/2015 $25 $140 Recession and Hurricanes Marcellus Shale Winter Winter hit the Gulf 2012/2013 $120 gas boom 2017/2018 $20 Fuel $/MMBtuFuel $100 $15 $80

$60 $10 Electric Energy $/MWh Electric $40 $5 $20

$0 $0

Underlying natural gas data furnished by: Wholesale Electricity at New England Hub (Real-Time LMP) Natural Gas

ISO-NE PUBLIC 11 Lower-Emitting Sources of Energy Supply Most of New England’s Electricity

Sources of Grid Electricity in New England (Annual Net Energy for Load)

Source: ISO New England, generation data and Net Energy and Peak Load by Source Report

ISO-NE PUBLIC 12 Power Plant Emissions Have Declined with Changes in the Fuel Mix

New England Generator Air Emissions - 2001 vs. 2019

ISO-NE PUBLIC 13 States Have Set Goals for Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Some Mandated, Some Aspirational

Percent Reduction in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Economy Wide by 2050*

Rhode New Island Hampshire NEG-ECP 0%

75% – 85% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 100% Legislative Mandate Aspirational Goal

The New England states are promoting GHG reductions on a state-by-state basis, and at the regional level, through a combination of legislative mandates (e.g., CT, MA, RI, ME, and VT) and aspirational, non-binding goals (e.g., NH and the New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers)

MA, RI, NH, ME, and VT use a 1990 baseline year for emissions reductions. CT and the NEG-ECP use a 2001 baseline. For more information, see the following ISO Newswire article: http://isonewswire.com/updates/2019/10/2/the-new-england-states-frameworks-for-reducing-greenhouse-ga.html

ISO-NE PUBLIC 14 States Target Deep Reductions in CO2 Emissions and Increases in Renewable and Clean Energy

ISO-NE PUBLIC 15 Is on the Rise State policy requirements are a major driver

State Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)* 55 for Class I or New Renewable Energy 50 VT: 2020 – 59% ME 45 2025 – 63% MA 2030 – 71% 40 2035 – 75% CT 35 2040 – 75% RI 30 25 20 15 NH

Percentage (%) Requirement 10 5 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Notes: State RPS requirements promote the development of renewable energy resources by requiring electricity providers (electric distribution companies and competitive suppliers) to serve a minimum percentage of their retail load using renewable energy. Connecticut’s Class I RPS requirement plateaus at 40% in 2030. Maine’s Class I/IA RPS requirement increases to 50% in 2030 and remains at that level each year thereafter. Massachusetts’ Class I RPS requirement increases by 2% each year between 2020 and 2030, reverting back to 1% each year thereafter, with no stated expiration date. ’s percentages include the requirements for both Class I and Class II resources (Class II resources are new solar technologies beginning operation after January 1, 2006). New Hampshire’s Class I and Class II RPS requirements plateau at 15.7% in 2025. ’s requirement for ‘new’ renewable energy plateaus at 36.5% in 2035. Vermont’s ‘total renewable energy’ requirement plateaus at 75% in 2032; it recognizes all forms of new and existing renewable energy and is unique in classifying large-scale as renewable.

ISO-NE PUBLIC 16 Comprises Two Thirds of New Resource Proposals in the ISO Interconnection Queue All Proposed Resources Wind Proposals

Hydro Nuclear 99, <1% Uprate ME Natural Gas 37, <1% 222 913, 4% Fuel Cell MW Battery 55, <1% Storage Biomass 3,771, 15% 8, <1%

TOTAL 24,420 MW Solar 4,404, 18% MA Wind Offshore Wind 15,133, 62% CT 4 MW 8,598 MW RI Source: ISO Generator Interconnection Queue (February 2021) CT Offshore Wind FERC and Non-FERC Jurisdictional Proposals; Nameplate Capacity Ratings Note: Some natural gas proposals include dual-fuel units (with oil backup). Offshore Wind 704 MW Some natural gas, wind, and solar proposals include battery storage. 5,605 MW ISO-NE PUBLIC 17 Energy-Efficiency and Renewable Resources Are Trending Up in New England

Energy Efficiency Solar Wind (MW) (MW) (MW)

15,000

10,031

5,600 3,994 2,600 1,400

EE thru 2020 EE in 2029 PV thru 2020 PV in 2030 Existing Proposed Final 2020 CELT Report, EE through 2019 includes Draft 20201 ISO-NE PV Forecast, AC nameplate Nameplate capacity of existing wind resources EE resources participating in the Forward Capacity capacityfrom PV resources participating in the and proposals in the ISO-NE Generator Market (FCM). EE in 2029 includes an ISO-NE region’s wholesale electricity markets, as well Interconnection Queue (February2021) forecast of incremental EE beyond the FCM. as those connected “behind the meter.”

ISO-NE PUBLIC 18 Energy Efficiency Is a Priority for State Policymakers

2020 State Energy-Efficiency Scorecard Ranking of state EE efforts by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy: – Massachusetts 2 – Rhode Island 4 – Vermont 3 – Connecticut 7 – Maine 16 – New Hampshire 18 Source: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy • Billions spent over the past few years and more on the horizon – Nearly $5.3 billion invested from 2012 to 2017 – ISO estimates $10.7 billion to be invested in EE from 2021 to 2029

Source: ISO New England Final 2020 Energy-Efficiency Forecast

ISO-NE PUBLIC 19 Energy Efficiency and Behind-the-Meter Solar Are Reducing Peak Demand and Annual Energy Use

Projected Summer Peak Demand With and Gigaw Projected Annual Energy Use With and Without EE att- Megawa Without EE and PV Savings and PV Savings hours tts (MW) Gross (GWh) 170,000 34,000 Gross peak load 165,000 33,000 Minus PV 160,000 Minus 32,000 155,000 PV 31,000 150,000

30,000 145,000 140,000 29,000 135,000 28,000 130,000 27,000 125,000 Minus Minus PV, 120,000 PV , EE 26,000 EE

The gross load forecast The gross load forecast minus The gross load forecast minus existing and   existing and anticipated BTM (projected regional energy anticipated behind-the- PV and energy-efficiency (EE) use) meter (BTM) solar photovoltaic (PV) resources Note: Summer peak demand is based on the “90/10” forecast, which accounts for the possibility of extreme summer weather (temperatures of a bout 94⁰ F). Source: ISO New England 2020-2029 Forecast Report of Capacity, Energy, Loads, and Transmission (2020 CELT Report) (May 2020)

ISO-NE PUBLIC 20 ISO New England Forecasts Strong Growth in Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Resources December 2020 Solar PV Cumulative Growth in Solar PV

Installed Capacity (MWac) through 2030 (MWac) 12,000 Installed No. of State Capacity 10,031 Installations (MWac) 10,000

Connecticut 682.3 53,758 8,000 Massachusetts 2,502.3 114,487 6,000 Maine 66.9 5,591 3,994 New Hampshire 125.3 10,757 4,000 Megawatts (MW) Rhode Island 223.8 9,688 2,000 Vermont 393.9 15,328 40 New England 3,994.4 199,868 0 Jan. 2010 Dec. 2020 2030

Note: The bar chart reflects the ISO’s projections for nameplate capacity from PV resources participating in the region’s wholesale electricity markets, as well as those connected “behind the meter.” The forecast does not include forward-looking PV projects > 5 MW in nameplate capacity. Source: Draft 2021 PV Forecast(February 2021) and December 2020 Survey Results; MW values are AC nameplate. ISO-NE PUBLIC 21 State Installed Solar PV “Heat Maps”

• Understanding the spatial distribution of existing solar PV resources will be critical to the ISO’s ongoing integration activities within both System Planning and System Operations • Based on the data provided by distribution owners, the ISO has aggregated the installed nameplate capacity by town within each state, and generated heat maps showing the results

Note: Heat map reflects MW of solar PV installed through December 2020.

ISO-NE PUBLIC 22 Rhode Island Installed Solar PV “Heat Map”

Note: Heat map reflects MW of solar PV installed through December 2020. Legend shows color scale of nameplate megawatts per town. ISO-NE PUBLIC 23 Historic Dip in Midday Demand with Record-High Output on May 2, 2020 In Hour Ending 13, behind-the-meter solar reduced grid demand by more than 3,200 MW

ISO-NE PUBLIC 24 Developers Are Proposing Large-Scale Transmission Projects to Deliver Clean Energy to Load Centers • Developers are proposing 10 elective transmission upgrades (ETUs) to help deliver about 3,400 MW of clean energy to New England load centers • Wind projects make up roughly 62% of new resource proposals in the ISO Queue – Most are offshore wind proposals in Lines represent types of ETUs southern New England, but some are private developers have proposed in recent years onshore wind proposals in northern New England and would require transmissionto Source: ISO Interconnection Queue(February 2021) deliver the energy to load centers

ISO-NE PUBLIC 25 What Is a Hybrid Grid? There are two dimensions to the transition, happening simultaneously…

1 A shift from conventional generation to renewable energy

2 A shift from centrally dispatched generation to distributed energy COAL OIL NUCLEAR GAS resources WIND SOLAR STORAGE & OTHER TECHNOLOGIES

Maintaining reliable power system operations becomes more complex with the shift to greater resources that face constraints on energy production

ISO-NE PUBLIC 26 ISO New England Releases Several Publications

2021 update coming soon

2020 Regional Electricity Outlook New England Power Grid Profile New England State Profiles Provides an in-depth look at Provides key grid and market Provides state-specific facts New England’s biggest challenges stats on how New England’s and figures relating to supply to power system reliability, the wholesale electricity markets and demand resources tied solutions the region is pursuing, are securing reliable electricity into the New England electric and other ISO New England at competitive prices and grid and state policies efforts to improve services and helping usher in a cleaner, transforming the resource performance greener grid mix in the region

ISO-NE PUBLIC 27 ISO Website: New Information and New Look The New iso-ne.com Homepage The New isonenewswire.com

ISO-NE PUBLIC 28 FOR MORE INFORMATION… Download the ISO to Go App ISO to Go is a free mobile application that Subscribe to the ISO Newswire puts real-time wholesale electricity pricing ISO Newswireis your source for regular news and power grid information in the palm of about ISO New England and the wholesale your hand electricity industry within the six-state region

Log on to ISO Express ISO Express provides real-time data on New England’s wholesale electricity markets and power system operations

Follow the ISO on Twitter @isonewengland

Follow the ISO on LinkedIn @iso-new-england

ISO-NE PUBLIC 29 ISO-NE PUBLIC 30