Model-Driven Integrative Interpretation of Archaeological and Geophysical Data

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Model-Driven Integrative Interpretation of Archaeological and Geophysical Data __________________________ Bridging the scales: model-driven integrative interpretation of archaeological and geophysical data. ____________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät Der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Vorgelegt von Erica Corradini Kiel Im Juni 2020 Referent: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rabbel Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Berit Valentin Eriksen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 05-10-2020 to my family Zusammenfassung Die geophysikalische Prospektion in Moorgebieten wird wegen der kritischen, instabilen Umgebung und des reichhaltigen, kulturellen Erbes häufig diskutiert. Im Rahmen des interdisziplinären Sonderforschungsbereiches (SFB)1266 ‘TransformationsDimensionen’ befasst sich die vorliegende Dissertation mit der Rekonstruktion der prähistorischen Landschaftstransformation zur Zeit der menschlichen Besiedlung. Das Ziel ist, das Potential konventioneller, geophysikalischer Vermessungsmethoden (spezifischer Widerstand, Bodenradar und Seismik) als Werkzeug für die Standortsuche und Landschaftsuntersuchung in Mooren zu untersuchen. Es werden zwei Fallstudien vorgestellt, in denen multi-geophysikalische Untersuchungen durchgeführt und durch archäologische Ausgrabungen und stratigraphische Informationen validiert wurden. Toteislöcher sind Reliquien der Eisschmelze in ehemaligen Gletscherlandschaften, welche heute insbesondere in Südskandinavien und Norddeutschland verbreitet sind. Im Jahr 2017 führte das Horsens Museum (Dänemark) in Tyrsted ein Rettungsgrabung an einigen Toteislöcher durch. Diese Ausgrabung zeigte eine Feuer Steinansammlung und ein bearbeitetes Rentiergeweih aus der spät paläolithischen Bromme Kultur (12.000-11.000 BCE). Bis heute ist das Inventar der organischen Artefakte aus der Bromme Kultur wegen des Mangels an organischen Überresten und des allgemeinen Mangels an stratigraphischen Beobachtungen weitgehend unbekannt. Die verfügbaren Daten konzentrieren sich auf die Chronozonen des (späten) Allerød und der frühen jüngeren Dryas, aber leider sind die meisten dieser Datierungen nur vorläufig. Daher ist diese Verbindung in einem späten Gletscher Horizont bei Tyrsted einzigartig und hat das Potenzial, neue Informationen in der aktuellen archäologischen Debatte zu liefern. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein ein kleines Toteisloch (Standort 8) mit Bodenradar, elektromagnetischer Induktion und Geoelektrik untersucht, um die Ausdehnung des Merkmals abzuschätzen. Scherwellenreflexion und Refraktionsseismik konnten die gesamte Form und das Bodensediment des ehemaligen Sees erfassen. Außerdem wurde ein seismischer Reflektor sichtbar, der mit dem Übergang zwischen den Sedimenten des Allerød und der jüngeren Dryas in Verbindung gebracht werden kann. Die Erkennung des Bromme- Horizontes ist so möglich. Im Anschluss an die nicht-invasive Untersuchung wurde ein Ort für eine offene Ausgrabung ausgewählt, um die geophysikalischen Ergebnisse zu validieren und einen direkten Vergleich mit der Stratigraphie zu ermöglichen. Diese Ergebnisse erlauben es den Archäologen, wichtige Ausgrabungsgebiete zu identifizieren. Sie können sich auf die Untersuchung der Sedimentschichten des Allerød und der jüngeren Dryas konzentrieren, um die bisher gesammelten Datierung Informationen über den Bromme-Horizont zu verbessern. An der mesolithischen Jäger-Sammler-Siedlung von Duvensee (10000-6500 BCE) wurde ebenfalls eine multi-methodologische Untersuchung durchgeführt, um die ehemalige Landschaft während der menschlichen Besiedlung zu rekonstruieren. Bodenradar, Geoelektrik und Seismik wurden zusammen mit Kernbohrungen, DP-EC logs und Bodenanalysen durchgeführt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass jede dieser Methoden in der Lage ist, zwischen Sedimenten mir unterschiedlicher Korngröße zu unterscheiden, insbesondere zwischen Torf, Seesedimenten (Gyttjas und Ton) und basalen Gletschersandablagerungen. Bodenradar lieferte zudem den Standort von fünf ehemaligen, kleinen Sandhügeln, welche Inseln im prähistorischen See bildeten. Auf diesen Inseln wurden Ansammlungen von mesolithischen Lagern gefunden. In dieser Arbeit werden Tiefenkarten der drei wichtigsten Grenzflächen der Sedimentfazies sowie ein 3D-Modell der zeitlichen Entwicklung des Duvensee-Moores, das mit dem zeitlichen Muster der früheren archäologischen Funde übereinstimmt, präsentiert Bodenradar ist sogar in der Lage, zwischen stark und wenig zersetzten Torf schichten zu trennen, was auch unter Berücksichtigung von Widerstandsveränderungen bei der ERT-Computation deutlich wird. Für jedes Sediment wurden Werte bezüglich des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstands, der dielektrischen Permittivität und der Scherwellengeschwindigkeit bestimmt, die zu Verfügung stehen, um die Untersuchung von Feuchtgebieten zu erweitern und zu verbessern. Seismische Geschwindigkeiten können mit Porosität und Permeabilität korreliert werden. Sowohl die in dieser Studie vorgestellten geophysikalischen Messungen als auch die Sedimentanalysen können nützlich sein, um die Akkumulation von Seesedimenten in Feuchtgebieten abzubilden. Diese Studie leistet somit einen Beitrag zur aktuellen Debatte um Feuchtgebiets- und Kulturerbe management. Die vorliegende Dissertation kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die geophysikalische Prospektion zur Moorgebiet Archäologie als Instrument zur Standorterkennung und Landschaftsinterpretation beiträgt. Zukünftige Forschungen sollten darauf abzielen, unser Verständnis der Beziehung zwischen den Eigenschaften des Moorbodens und deren geophysikalischer Reaktion weiter zu verbessern sowie ein umfassenderes Programm von geophysikalischen Prospektionen, interdisziplinären Feldarbeiten und archäologischen Interpretationen zu fördern. Abstract Geophysical prospecting in wetland environments is continuously under debate because of the critical unstable environment, but at the same time the richness in cultural heritage. This thesis is part of the interdisciplinary project SFB 1266 of the CRC ‘Scales of transformation’ at Kiel University, which focuses on reconstructing the prehistoric landscape transformation during human occupation. It aims to examine the potential for conventional geophysical survey methods (resistivity, ground penetrating radar and seismics) as site prospection and landscape investigation tools in peatland environments. Two case studies are presented in which multi-geophysical investigations have been performed and validated by archaeological excavations and stratigraphic information. Kettle holes are common ice decay features in formerly glacial landscapes like those in Southern Scandinavia and Northern Germany. In 2017 the Horsens Museum (Denmark) carried out a rescue excavation at Tyrsted which revealed Late Palaeolithic flint of the Bromme type (12.000-11.000 BCE) and worked reindeer antlers. Nowadays, the organic artefact inventory from the Bromme culture is largely unknown due to the scarcity of organic remains and the general lack of proper stratigraphic observations. The available dates concentrate in the (late) Allerød and early Younger Dryas chronozones, but unfortunately most of these dating are tentative only. Therefore, this connection in a Late Glacial horizon at Tyrsted is unique and it has the potential to provide new information in the current archaeological debate. The aim is to investigate a small kettle hole (site 8) using ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to estimate the extension of the feature. Shear wave reflection and refraction seismics (SH Seismics) were able to detect the whole shape and the bottom sediment of the former lake. Furthermore a seismic event is visible which can be associated to the transition between the Allerød and Younger Dryas sediment making the detection of the Bromme horizon possible. After the non invasive investigation, a location for an open excavation has been chosen in a way to groundtruth the geophysical results allowing the direct comparison with the stratigraphy. These results allow the archaeologists to identify key excavation areas focused on the investigation of the Allerød and Younger Dryas layers in a way to improve the dating information about the Bromme horizon collected so far. At the Mesolithic hunter-gatherers site of Duvensee (10000-6500 BCE) a multi methodological investigation has been carried out too, aiming to reconstruct the ancient landscape during human occupation. GPR, ERT and SH-Seismic have been performed together with corings, DP-EC logs and soil analyses as well for ground-truthing. It turned out that each method is able to distinguish between sediments that differ in grain size, in particular between peat, lake sediment (gyttjas and clay) and basal glacial sand deposits. GPR delivered the location of five former small sand hills that formed islands in the prehistoric lake where clusters of Mesolithic camps have been found. This study delivers depth maps of the three most important sedimentary facies interfaces and a 3D model of the spatio-temporal development of the Duvensee bog which agrees with the spatio-temporal pattern of the previous archaeological finds. GPR is even able to separate between high and low decomposed peat layers which is also clear considering resistivity variations in the ERT computation. From the association between geophysical properties and soil analyses (e.g. water content and organic matter) different gyttjas were distinguished and sismic velocity was correlated to bulk density. Values concerning electrical resistivity, dielectric permittivity,
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