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Home , 1943 in organized crime, Antonino Calderone, Black Hand (Chicago), Black Hand (extortion), Corleonesi Mafia clan, Cosca

Notes

Introduction

1 . T his book relates to the Sicilian as far as its connection with the is concerned. See the Sicilian specific characters in S. Lupo, Histor y of the Mafia. Translated by A. Shugaar, , Columbia University Press, 2009. 2 . D . M . P . M c C a r t h y , An Economic History of : A National and Transnational Approach , London, , 2011, p. 20. 3 . See the definition of “organized crime” (not of “Mafia”) in A. Block, East Side-West Side, Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 , Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press, 1980, p. 10. 4 . The topic of the “territorial conquest” is dealt by F. Varese, on the Move: How Organized Crime Conquers New Territories , Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2011. A similar topic relates to the busi- nesses run by different regional southern Italian Mafias (the in and the ‘Ndrangheta in ) in Northern : see R. Sciarrone, Mafie vecchie e mafie nuove. Radicamento ed espansione , , Donzelli, 1998. A fine historical comparison between Mafia, C amorra and ‘Ndrangheta in J. Dickie, Blood Brotherhoods: The Rise of the Italian Mafias , London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2011. 5 . See, for example, this view—in my opinion misleading—in A. Blok, Mafia of a Sicilian Village: A Study on Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs , New York, Harper, 1974. 6 . S e e for example C. Sterling, Octopus: The Long Reach of the International , New York, Simon & Schuster, 1991. 7 . President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the Presidentt, Vol. I: The Impactt , Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986, p. 51. 8 . S . R a a b , . The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2005, p. 12. 9 . I do not translate the Italian word paese only as “village,” since Sicilian paesi sometimes have thirty or forty thousand inhabitants. I’ll therefore use the term “small town” or “agro-town”; using the term “village” only to refer to minor paesi , and to the so-called borgate around . 186 NOTES

1 0 . F o llowing the line drawn by A. Block, S pace, Time, & Organized Crime , New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 1994. 1 1 . D . C r i t c hley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The Mafia, 1891–1931 , New York and London, Routledge, 2009, a rare exam- ple of a professional historical essay in English language on the American Mafia, does not quote the most important Italian studies, and among them the Italian edition of the present book, published in 2008. 1 2 . J . L a n desco, Organized Crime in , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968 [I ed. 1929], p. 221. 13 . D. Bell, “Crime as an American Way of Life,” in The Antioch Revieww , 13, Summer 1953, pp. 131–54, was published again in D. Bell, The End of the Ideologies , Glencoe, Free Press, 1964. 1 4 . D . J . K e n n e y a n d J. O. Finckenauer, Organized Crime in America, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 1995, p. 255. 1 5 . V a lachi, in addition to giving testimony before the McClellan Committee, collaborated on a book about his life: P. Maas, T he Valachi Papers , New York, Putnam, 1968. 1 6 . N . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia. Memorie raccolte da Felice Chilanti , Rome, Crescenzi Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963]. 17 . But Critchley’s recent essay, The Origins of Organized Crime, makes exten- sive use of the manuscript found in FBI archives. 1 8 . J . Bonanno, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of , with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003. 19 . In Italian, the literal meaning of the word p entito is penitentt, but we can bet- ter translate it in English as t urncoat. Among the books on which Buscetta collaborated, see the one edited by P. Arlacchi, A ddio Cosa nostra: La vita di , , Rizzoli, 1994. 2 0 . T he report was written by investigators belonging to a special investiga- tive agency, the “Ispettorato interprovinciale di PS per la Sicilia,” created in September 1933. I’ll refer to it as Investigative Report 1938. 21 . See in particular Investigative Report 1938, p. 61. 22 . See in H. Abadinsky, Organize d Crime , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002, p. 31, the transcription of one involving members of the New England Family, celebrated near Boston on October 29, 1989. 23. President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the Presidentt, pp. 26–27. 2 4 . B . T u r k u s a n d S . F e d e r , Inc.: The Story of the Syndicate , London, Gollancz, 1952. 25 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of , Boston and Toronto, Little, Brown, 1975.

1 Amid the Great Flood of Migrants

1 . “ B y Order of the Mafia,” in New York Times (henceforth NYT), October 22, 1888. NOTES 187

2 . “ C h i e f H e n n e s s y Avenged. Eleven of His Italian Assassins Lynched by a Mob,” in NYT, March 14, 1891. Here and elsewhere, I shall try to simplify the reader’s task by citing in these notes only a few names among the many available within the sources. The mayor’s name was Shakespeare; the name of the minor politician was Parkerson. 3 . The first were the Matrangas, the other the Provenzanos. Among the lynched people, in any case, we find one Joseph Macheca, whose name does not seem to be Sicilian, nor even Italian. Born in New Orleans in 1834, he was an important businessman who supported the political fac- tion opposed to the mayor’s faction. See M. L. Kurtz, “Organized Crime in Louisiana,” in Louisiana Historyy , 4, 1983, pp. 355–76, in particular pp. 361–62. 4 . Q u o t e d b y H. S. Nelli, The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the , C hicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976, p. 65. 5 . “ The Origin of the Mafia,” in NYT, May 3, 1891. 6. It appears incredible, but until recent times we find authors who refer to the medieval origins of the Mafia, or to Mazzini as its founder. See for example D. L. Chandler, Criminal Brotherhoods , London, Constable, 1976, pp. 24–30, or W. Balsamo and G. Carpozi Jr., Under the Clock: The Inside Story of the Mafia’s First Hundred Years, Far Hills New York, New Horizon Press, 1988, p. XV. 7. In the Italian system, the Q uestura was under the direct authority of the national government. 8 . See in particular this topic in N. Recupero, La Sicilia all’opposizione (1848–74) , in Storia d’Italia: le regioni dall’Unità a oggi: La Sicilia, edited by M. Aymard and G. Giarrizzo, , Einaudi, 1987, pp. 41–88; and Id., “Ceti medi e homines novi. Alle origini della mafia,” in Polis, 2, 1987. 9 . I refer overall to the so-called Carboneria . See police reports linking Masonry to Mafia in ASPA, QG, b. 7 (1880). 1 0 . R e a lly, the first sources spelled the word maffioso . 11 . Police reports dated February 29, 1876, and September 21, 1875, in APA GP, 1876, b. 35. 1 2 . N . T u r r i s i C o l o n n a , C enni sullo stato attuale della sicurezza pubblica in Sicilia , Palermo, ILA Palma, 1988 [I ed. 1864], p. 48. 1 3 . T h i s e t ymon was first proposed by G. Alongi, La maffia nei suoi fattori e nelle sue manifestazioni. Saggio sulle classi pericolose in Sicilia , Turin, Bocca, 1886, p. 75. We will see later the different interpretation of the eth- nologist G. Pitr è . 1 4 . T u r r i s i s a i d it to : see the latter’s diary, L. Franchetti, Politica e mafia in Sicilia. Gli inediti del 18766 , edited by A. Jannazzo, , Bibliopolis, 1995, p. 58. 1 5 . S e e for example J. Schneider and P. Schneider, C ulture and Political Economy in Western Sicilyy, New York, Academic Press, 1976. 1 6 . E . J . H o b s b a w m , The Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements , New York, Norton, 1965. 188 NOTES

1 7 . L . F r a n c h e t t i , C ondizioni politiche e amministrative della Sicilia , in Inchiesta in Sicilia , edited by L. Franchetti and S. Sonnino, Florence, Vallecchi, 1974 [I ed. 1876]. 1 8 . G . Mosca, Che cos’è la mafia, Rome and Bari, Laterza, 2002 [I ed. 1900], p. 27. 1 9 . S . L u p o , Il giardino degli aranci. Il mondo degli agrumi nella storia del Mezzogiorno, Venezia, Marsilio, 1990. See in particular Luigi Contencin, the most important Italian exporter, interviewed in Citrus Fruit Sales in New York , San Francisco, Pacific Press, October 22, 1897. 20 . G. Blandini’s report (1909) quoted in G. Barone, Lo Stato e le opere pie in Sicilia , in AaVv, Chiesa e società urbana in Sicilia (1890–1920), Acireale, Galatea, 1990, pp. 33–66, in particular p. 48. See also S. Lupo, Sangiorgi Reportt, passim. 2 1 . “ Commercio degli agrumi italiani sui mercati americani,” Bollettino di notizie commerciali, October 1885, p. 817. 22 . Sources in ACS, MGG, MAP, b. 49. 23 . Sangiorgi Reportt , p. 117 and ff. 2 4 . R e port of the prefetto di Palermo, June 26, 1900, in ACS, MI, PG, b. 252. 25. On the Notarbartolo case see S. Lupo, History of the Mafia. Translated by A. Shugaar, New York, Columbia University Press, 2009, cit, Chapter III. 2 6 . G . M a r c hesano, Processo contro R. Palizzolo & C. Arringa dell’avvocato G. M. , Palermo, Sciarrino, 1902, p. 120. 27 . Detective A. Cutrera’s report, January 26 and 27, 1900, in ASPA, QG, b. 20. 28 . Questore Ceola’s Report, April 2, 1909, p. 9, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 29. E. J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983. 3 0 . “ Raffaele Palizzolo Describes the Mafia,” in NYT, July 12, 1908. 3 1 . G . P i t r è , Usi, costumi, usanze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano, Palermo, Il Vespro, 1978 [I ed. 1889], vol. II, pp. 292–94. 3 2 . L . N a t o li (William Galt), I : grande romanzo storico siciliano . Introduzione di U. Eco, Palermo, Flaccovio, 2003 [I ed. 1910]. 33. “Commendator Raffaele Palizzolo,” in NYT, June 14, 1908; “Raffaele Palizzolo Describes the Mafia.” 3 4 . A . T r a i n , Courts, Criminals and the Camorra, London, Chapman and Hall, 1912, p. 227 and p. 232. 3 5 . T r a i n , Courts , Criminals and the Camorra , p. 228. Speranza is quoted by T. M. Pitkin and F. Cordasco, T he : A Chapter in Ethnic Crime , Totowa, NJ, Littlefield, Adams, 1977, p. 224. 3 6 . T he best known Italian of that time, Paolo Vaccarelli, had to choose an Irish name, . 3 7 . A c c o r ding to the other Italian-American journalist Alessandro Mastro- Valerio: Nelli, The Business of Crime , p. 71. 38 . W e find La Mano bianca, Chicago, 1908, very well quoted in R. E. Park and H. A. Miller, Old World Traits Transplanted , New York, Harper & Brothers, 1921. NOTES 189

3 9 . P i t kin and Cordasco, The Black Hand , p. 92. 4 0 . L i n dsay Deninson, quoted in Nelli, The Business of Crime , p. 71. There was something real behind this too: the American press in previous years had referred to an anarchist Spanish group called “Mano negra”—that, how- ever, had no relation with the Black Handers. 4 1 . I n 1 8 8 0 , before the great wave of immigration, the newspaper L’Eco d’Italia expressed its fear of the “incalculable damage” that the southern Italian immigration would cause “to the now respectable Italian-American com- munity”: L. J. Iorizzo and S. Mondello, The Italian-Americans , New York, Twayne, 1971, p. 36. 4 2 . Q u o t e d i n D . G a l l a g h e r , All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of , New Brunswick and London, Rutgers, 1988, p. 28. Tresca arrived in America in 1904. 43 . He was born in 1860 in Padula, in the province of Salerno. When he arrived in America, he was 13 years old. 44. Interview to New York Herald , February 20, 1903, quoted in A. Petacco, Joe Petrosino, New York, Macmillan, 1974 (p. 164 of the original Italian edition). 45. Iorizzo and Mondello, T he Italian-Americans , p. 165 ff. 4 6 . C e o la’s Report, April 28, 1909 (pp. 9–10), in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 4 7 . T he two letters in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 48 . “Eight Held,” in NYT, April 16, 1903. 4 9 . F lynn, who in the following years directed the FBI, told the story in Washington Postt, 1914, and entitled it “Black Hand.” In the articles of April 19 and June 7, Flynn wrote that his informer inside the group, Antonio Comito, had revealed to him that Morello and Ignazio Lupo were the insti- gators of Petrosino’s murder. See also Flynn’s book: W. J. Flynn, The Barrel Mysteryy , New York, James A. McCann, 1919. 5 0 . S e e t he ruling of the Corte di Assise di Palermo, December 19, 1899 in ACS, MGG, MAP, b. 132. Here you find the name of the father, Rocco Lupo, and of the mother, Onofria Saitta. 5 1 . F l ynn, “Black Hand.” 5 2 . G . S e l v a ggi, Rise of the Mafia in New York from 1895 through World War III, Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merril, 1978 [Italian edition: La mia tomba è New York , Roma, Vetta, 1957, p. 51]. T restelle was interviewed by Selvaggi in the 1950s, after he came back to Italy. His story is full of mistakes in regard to the prewar period, and is more interesting in regard to the following years. 5 3 . T r a i n , Courts, Criminals and the Camorra , pp. 236–38. 5 4 . T e lex of the Prefect of Milan, October 3, 1909, in ACS, MGG, MAP, b. 132. 55 . “Rich Italian Gone; Once Mafia Leader,” in NYT, December 5, 1908. 56 . Ceola’s Report, March 24, 1909, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. The name of the man assassinated was Andrea Fendi. See also the statement of another criminal we will speak of: “Intorno al mistero Petrosino . . . Un nostro colloquio col Costantino,” in L’Ora , January 27–28, 1911. 190 NOTES

5 7 . I c i t e t he names of the mafiosi and of the towns: Pietro Inzerillo from Marineo, Ignazio Milone from , Giovanni Pecoraro from Piana dei Greci. Some information on Pecoraro: he was “a broker,” affiliated with the Mafia “of the village of Sancipirrello.” He arrived in America in 1903 to escape a murder sentence. In the house of one Rosario Pecoraro, also from Piana dei Greci, who had come back from America a wealthy man and where he had been a close friend of Ignazio Lupo, a “lettera di scrocco ” ( letter) had been found, signed “the Black Hand” (Q uestore ’ s del- egate report, March 17, 1909, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15). 58 . So described in a police report, July 12, 1916 in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 59 . There is a personal file on Cascio Ferro among police documents dedicated to subversives: ACS, CPC, b. 1141. 6 0 . T he family name of the landlord was Inglese. Cascio Ferro’s other protec- tor was Domenico De Michele Ferrandelli, long-standing mayor of Burgio, deputy of Bivona. See the police report dated March 29, 1909, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 6 1 . “Intorno al mistero Petrosino . . . Un nostro colloquio col Costantino.” 6 2 . “Intorno l’assassinio del detective Petrosino,” in L’Ora , April 9, 1909. 63 . The letter in “Barrel Murder Inquest,” in NYT, May 8, 1903. 64 . Letter of the Italian secretary of state, October 1907, ACS, MI, PG, b. 252. 6 5 . F l ynn, “Black Hand.” 66 . Detective A. Davidson’s Report, June 27, 1908, ACS, MI, PG, b. 252. 67 . Ceola’s Report, March 29, 1909, p. 7, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 6 8 . C e o la’s Report, March, 24, 1909, pp. 5–6, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 6 9 . “Get Counterfeiters after Year’s Chase,” in NYT, January 11, 1910; “Federal Jury Convicts Boscarino,” in NYT, December 11, 1910. 7 0 . S e e t he family tree in D. Critchley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931, New York and London, Routledge, 2009. 7 1 . S o i n C r i t c h l e y , The Origin of Organized Crime, p. 156. Instead, according to Gentile, he was born in 1886. 7 2 . See La mano Bianca, quoted by Park and Miller, Old Word , p. 249. 73. See the list of their intercontinental trips in N. Volpes, Tenente Petrosino. Missione segreta in Sicilia , Palermo, Flaccovio, 1972, pp. 120–34. 74 . Police report, March 16, 1909, p. 4, in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. 75 . Some examples in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. The chief of the police of Monreale knows that the influence of the local Mafia chief Vito Cal ò reaches New York, so he seized two men “affiliated to the local mob or American Black Hand.” Report dated March 17, 1909. A report from states that one Giuseppe Spingola, who returned in 1912 from New York, is reorga- nizing the local . In ACS, PG, 1916–18, b. 236, we find one Calogero Pollara, who comes back from America to the Ficarazzi borgata (village not far from Palermo) with “a lot of money,” trying to enter the citrus racket, and who is elected to the city Council. In the end, he is shot to death. NOTES 191

7 6 . S e e t he many judgments quoted in A. Nicasio, Alle origini della ‘ndrangheta. La picciotteria , Soveria Mannelli, Rubettino, 1990, pp. 32–34. In southern Italian dialects, the word picciotto ( picciotteria is the abstract form) means “young man.” 77 . L. Panepinto, “Ai compagni di Tampa Fla,” in La Plebe , June 1909, in C. Messina (ed.), In giro per la Sicilia con la “Plebe” (1902–1905), Palermo, Herbita, 1985, pp. 379–81. 7 8 . P a r k a n d M i l l e r , Old World Traits, pp. 151–52; R. D. Alba, Italian- Americans: Into the Twilight of Ethnicityy , Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 50. 79 . See Iorizzo and Mondello, T he Italian-Americans , p. 138 ff. 80 . F. J. Ianni and E. Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control in Organized Crime , London, Russell Sage Foundation, 1972. 8 1 . J . M a n gione and B. Morreale, La Storia: Five Centuries of Italian American Experience , New York, HarperCollins, 1992, p. 174. 82 . Ianni and Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business , p. 66 ff. 83 . The letter in “La ‘Mano nera’ nell’Ohio. Rivelazioni sull’assassinio di Petrosino,” in Giornale di Sicilia, January 30–31, 1909. 8 4 . N e l l i , The Business of Crime , p. 78. 85 . Letter dated February 25 [1907] in ASPA, QAG, b. 15. The two had another brother, Francesco, the reports say, who was Ignazio Lupo’s brother-in- law. 8 6 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia. Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 51, footnote. I do not know how important it is, but in Italian-American mobster slang, cocaine was often referred to as “cloth.” 8 7 . G e n t i l e , Vita di capomafia, pp. 53–68. 8 8 . F l ynn, “Black Hand,” p. 24 maggio; see also La mano Bianca, pp. 11–16. 8 9 . “L’enorme impressione destata a Palermo e fuori dall’assassinio del detec- tive Petrosino,” in Il Giornale di Sicilia , March 14–15, 1909.

2

1 . “Methodist Board of Temperance” quoted by H. Mitgang, Once Upon a Time in New York , New York, Free Press, 2000, p. 31. 2 . R . A. Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian , 1880–1950 , New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 24. 3 . J . M a n gione and B. Morreale, L a Storia: Five Centuries of Italian American Experience , New York, HarperCollins, 1992, p. 215. 4 . R. E. Park and H. A. Miller, Old World Traits Transplanted , New York, Harper & Brothers, 1921. 5 . Park and Miller, Old World Traits Transplanted , p. 153 and p. 241. 6 . A . T r a i n , Courts , Criminals and the Camorra , London, Chapman and Hall, 1912, p. 227 and p. 232. 192 NOTES

7 . Here I refer to the classic essay L. Wirth, The Ghetto, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1928. 8 . J . L a n desco, Organized Crime in Chicago , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968 [I ed. 1929], p. 221 and p. 169. 9 . L a n desco, Organize d Crime in Chicago. 1 0 . W . F . W h y t e , Street Corner Society, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1955, pp. 113–15. 1 1 . W hyte, Street Corner Societyy, p. 142. 1 2 . W h y t e , Street Corner Societyy , p. 273 and p. 274. 1 3 . L a n d e s c o , Organized Crime in Chicago , pp. 212–14. 14 . Quoted by Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , p. 213. 1 5 . L a n d e s c o , Organized Crime in Chicago , cit., p. 221. 16 . See the interview in F. J. Ianni and E. Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control in Organized Crime , London, Routledge, 1972, p. 70. 1 7 . L a n desco, Organized Crime in Chicago , cit., p. 214. 1 8 . P . Maas, : the Bull Gravano’s Story of Life in Mafia, London, HarperCollins, 1977, p. 4 and p. 8. 1 9 . Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Streett, p. 103. 2 0 . M . H . H a l l e r , Bootlegging: The Business and Politics of Violence, in Violence in America: The History of Crime, edited by T. R. Gurr, London, Sage, 1989, pp. 146–62 and in particular p. 146. 21 . M. Berger, “Portrait of the Modern Racketeer,” in New York Times (hence- forth NYT), November 10, 1935. 2 2 . M . H . H a ller, Bootleggers and American Gambling, 1920–1950 , in Gambling in America , Commission on the Review of the National Politics toward Gambling, Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, p. 109, quoted by A. Block, East Side-West Side, Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 , Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press, 1980, pp. 131–33. 23 . Quoted by Landesco, Organized Crime in Chicago , p. 214. 2 4 . B o o t legger Tony Mauriello quoted in G. Selvaggi, Rise of the Mafia in New York from 1895 through World War III, Indianapolis, Bob-Merril, 1978 [Italian ed.ition, p. 37]. 2 5 . S o G o r d o n L . H o s t e t t e r , o f t h e E m p l o yers’ Association in Chicago, in H. S. Nelli, The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976, p. 242. 2 6 . B . T u r k u s a n d S . F e d e r , Murder, Inc.: The Story of the Syndicate , London, Gollanz, 1952. 27 . Turkus and Feder, M urder, Inc. , p. 75. 2 8 . R . J . K e lly, T he Upperworld and the Underworld. Case Studies of and Business Infiltrations in the United States , New York, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, 1999, pp. 65–66. 29 . J. Richard (Dixie) Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” in Collier’s Magazine, July 22 and 29, 1939; August 3, 5, 19, and 26, 1939; in particular August 3, p. 44. NOTES 193

3 0 . D a v i s , “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 21. 3 1 . D a v i s , “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 37. 3 2 . S o i n habitants of Cornerville in Whyte, Street Corner Societyy, p. 140. 3 3 . M i t g a n g , Once Upon a Time , p. 8. 34 . The Italians were John Torrio, , Charlie Luciano: Haller, Bootleggers and American Gamblingg. 3 5 . I draw the data from H. Abadinsky, Organized Crime, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002, passim. 3 6 . D . C r i t c h l e y , The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 , New York and London, Routledge, 2009, p. 105. 3 7 . V . W . P e t e r s o n , The Mob. 200 Years of Organized Crime in New York , Ottawa, IL, Green Hill, 1983, pp. 165–67. 38 . Ianni and Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business . One Lupollo married one of Ignazio Lupo’s daughters. 39 . E. Perlmutter, “Lucky Luciano’s Story: Prison and Politics,” in NYT, February 14, 1954. 40 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Boston and Toronto, Little Brown, 1975, p. 3. This book may be considered a sort of autobiography, even though it was published 12 years after Luciano’s death, for it originally derived from a collective effort between Luciano and Gosch at the beginning of the 1960s: see chapter 5 of this book. 41 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 10. 4 2 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 7. 4 3 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 17 and p. 109. 44 . The gambling czar was involved in narcotic trafficking, and the former pusher Luciano continued this business. FBI agents reported he was in Germany in 1930, with Jack Diamond, another infamous New York - ster (former Rothstein’s bodyguard), to deal in morphine: Memorandum, August 18, 1935 in FBI Files: Charles “Lucky” Luciano . 45 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 40. 46 . A case of a non-Sicilian Americanized gangster belonging to the previous generation may be that of John Torrio, who in 1925 returned to New York from Chicago, perhaps to avoid a contrast with . In effect, after the murder of Rothstein, he “became banker and financer for underworld enterprises of New York”: Nelli, The Business of Crime , p. 173. 4 7 . N . G e n t i l e , Vita di capomafia . Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 118. 4 8 . G e n t i l e , Vita di capomafia , pp. 93–94. 4 9 . I t a ly v. Garofalo—S entenza di rinvio a giudizio contro F. Garofalo e altri , January 31, 1966, in AC. DOC, v. 4, 14/1, p. 659 ff. 5 0 . T he police raid in Giornale di Sicilia , July 24, 1926. On the claims of US authorities related to narcotics smuggling see “Per l’esportazione agruma- ria,” in Sicilia Nuova, March 19, 1926. 51 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, p. 6, in FBI Files. 5 2 . C r i t c hley, The Origin of Organized Crime , p. 288, n. 166. 194 NOTES

5 3 . G e n t i l e , Vita di capomafia, pp. 70–71. 5 4 . V . Coco, La mafia dei giardini. Storia delle cosche della Piana dei Colli, Rome and Bari, Laterza, 2013, pp. 62–63. 5 5 . A c c o r ding to any sources, it was even possible that John R. Mac Arthur was their man of straw: R. Raspagliesi, Guido Jung, imprenditore ebreo e minis- tro fascista, Milan, Franco Angeli, 2012, p. 129 ff. 5 6 . A llegra’s Testimony (1937). , the reporter who pub- lished the testimony 25 years later, was destined to be murdered by the Mafia. 5 7 . A l l e g r a ’ s T e s t i m o n y . 5 8 . A l l e g r a ’ s T e s t i m o n y . 59 . Italy v. S. Termini, August 16, 1928, p. 26; police report, April 29, 1926, p. 3 and p. 8, both in ACS, MGG, ES, b. 17. Testimonies on the topic are quoted in G. Nania, S. Giuseppe e la mafia, Palermo, Ed. della battaglia, 2000, p. 94. 6 0 . P r e s i dent’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the Presidentt, Vol I: The Impactt , Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986, p. 52. 6 1 . R . C a m p bell, Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navyy, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977, p. 140. 6 2 . S e e M . P a t t i , La mafia alla sbarra. I processi fascisti a Palermo, Palermo, Istituto poligrafico europeo, 2014, p. 103 ff., and the sources quoted there. Giuseppe Lo Giudice was Giulio D’Agati’s killer. The former’s two brothers, murdered in New York, were Giovanni and Francesco Lo Giudice. 6 3. Mafia Monograph, Part II, pp. 86–87. 6 4 . J. H. Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Familyy, New York, HarperCollins, 1993. 65 . FBI report, December 1957, pp. 40–43, in FBI Files: Charles Gambino. According to Davis, Mafia Dynastyy, Gambino was linked to Masseria. 66 . October 14, 1891: ASTP, Registri dello stato civile, Nascite, ad annum. 6 7 . A c c o r ding to the documents, he was born in January 21, 1905: ASTP, Registri dello stato civile, Nascite, ad annum. 6 8 . O n J u l y 31, from Domenico e Antonina Pisciotta: ASTP, Registri dello stato civile, Nascite, ad annum. 6 9 . L . C u i d e r a , Vivai criminali in Sicilia: I—Castellammare del Golfo, Palermo, Tip del Giornale di Sicilia, 1903, pp. 2–5. 7 0 . C u i d e r a , Vivai criminali in Sicilia , p. 10. 7 1 . “Italian Band Held for Killing of 16,” in NYT, August 16, 1921; “20 Bared, Two at $30 a Piece,” in NYT, September 15, 1921. 72 . His name was Giovanni Bosco. See, in ACS, CPM, b. 38, the prefect of ’s report, October 29, 1934. 7 3 . J . Bonanno, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno , with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003. 74 . See his personal file in ACS, CPM, b. 160. Antonino Minore, born in Castallammare on January 13, 1881, was the son of Mariano Minore and Antonina Cascio. NOTES 195

7 5 . A r o u n d 1915, he was in business with Francesco Cuccia: reports of the police chief of Piana dei greci, June 30 and July 1, 1915, in ASPA, TCP, Associazione a delinquere Cuccia, b. 3205. In Joe Bonanno’s book, Man of Honor , Bucellato’s Christian name is said to be Felice . 76. Questura of Trapani’s report. February 1, 1934 in ACS, CPM, b. 35. 7 7 . S e e t he files on two members of Buccellato’s group: Giovanni Bosco e Giovanni Costantino, in ACS, CPM, b. 38 and b. 53. 7 8 . report, , January 29, 1934 in ACS, CPM, b. 38. Strangely enough, the first part of Bonanno’s autobiography, A Man of Honorr, was entitled just Odyssey y. 79 . “Italian Band Held for Killing of 16.” Vito Buccellato was murdered in 1914, Giuseppe Buccellato in 1921. 8 0 . “125 Murders Now Charged to Band. Police Expects to Arrest Chief of ‘Good Killers’ in Buffalo,” in NYT, August 19, 1921. 8 1 . T he two brothers’ criminal records in MCH, p. 1036 and p. 602. 8 2 . G . T a lese, Honor Thy Fatherr , New York, Ivy Books, 1992 [I ed. 1971], p. 175. 83. See Bonanno, A Man of Honorr, cit; but also Talese, Honor Thy Fatherr. Joe Bonanno’s uncle was named Peter Bonventre. 84. Talese, Honor Thy Fatherr, p. 177. 85 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, pp. 72–73. 8 6 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, p. 209. 87. Garo falo’s testimony in Italy v. Garofalo, pp. 668–71. Martinez himself (p. 671) confirmed that since about 1925, he had been in contact in New York with Bonanno, Garofalo, and other members of the Castellammarese gang (like ). 8 8 . A . B l o c k , Space, Time, & Organized Crime, New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 1994, pp. 153–54. 8 9 . I t a ly v. Garofalo, p. 654. 9 0 . I n I t a l y, the prefect is an official representative of the national government in the provinces (like the questore, but at a higher level). In the Fascist period, the political role of the prefects grew further. 91 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 46. 9 2 . “ Seek Official Link in Alien Smuggling,” in NYT, September 12, 1931. The businessman was named Costa. 93 . President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the Presidentt, p. 52; and, for instance, S. Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press, p. 75, p. 93, and passim. 9 4 . T his was due on one hand to the reopening of the borders after the end of the war, and on the other hand to the alarm over their next closure. 95 . Memorandum by the Fascist leader Francesco Paternostro, August 1926. It was published by M. Di Figlia, Alfredo Cucco. Storia di un federale , Palermo, Quaderni di “Mediterranea,” 2007, pp. 171–82 and in particular p. 177. 9 6 . F . Petrotta, Politica e mafia a Piana dei Greci da Giolitti a Mussolini , Palermo, La Zisa, 2001, p. 100 ff. 196 NOTES

9 7 . T his is at least my English translation of the original text, written in a semi-illiterate Italian. See the original in Patti, La mafia alla sbarra, p. 112. 98 . M. Andretta, “I corleonesi e la storia della mafia,” in Meridiana. Rivista di storia e scienze sociali , n. 54, 2005, pp. 211–32 and in particular p. 227. 99 . Sources on Troja in ACS, MGG, ES, b. 17. 1 0 0 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafifia , pp. 99–106. 101 . Paternostro Memorandum, p. 174 and in general Di Figlia, Alfredo Cucco . 1 0 2 . A . P e t a c c o , Il prefetto di ferro , Milan, Mondadori, 1975, p. 153 ff ; and in par- ticular p. 155 and p. 164. Cucco’s contact in was Leo Di Stefano. 1 0 3 . A r n a l d o C o r t e s i , “ Th e Mafifi a Dead, a New Is Born,” in NYT, March 4, 1928; see also “Mori War on the Mafifi a,” in NYT, January 17, 1928. 1 0 4 . W hyte, Street Corner Society , p. 274. But in general see J. P. Diggins, Mus- solini and Fascism: Th e View from America, Princeton, NJ, Princeton Uni- versity Press, 1972. 1 0 5 . Mitgang, Once Upon a Time, p. 95. 106 . Luigi Barzini’s letter to Mussolini, November 8, 1928, quoted by Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism . 1 0 7 . B lock, Space, Time, & Organized Crime, pp. 153–54. 108 . I cite the case of Giuseppe Barbaccia, a scion of a Mafifi a dynasty in a village of the , Godrano. He was sentenced to life imprison- ment for murder in 1909. He fled to New York and remained there aftft er changing his name. Twenty years later, a detective picked him up and, re- sorting to an expedient, succeeded in convincing him to reveal his true identity. Anyway, it was all in vain. The man was not extradited. See his personal file in ACS, MGG, ES. 1 0 9 . “Perché a New York si commettono delitti,” in L ’Ora , November 18–19, 1930; “Un giovane assassinato a revolverate,” in L’Ora , March 9–10, 1931. 1 1 0 . R e port dated March 31, 1938, in ASPA, QAG, 1938, b. 2167. 1 1 1 . Th e letter also in ASPA, QAG, 1938, b. 2167.

3 History and Myths of Organized Crime

1 . FBI Memorandum dated August 28, 1935 in FBI Files: Charles “Lucky” Luciano. 2 . Berger, “Portrait of the Modern Racketeer.” in N ew York Times (henceforth NYT), November 10, 1935. 3 . J. R. Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” in Collier’s Magazine , August 3, 1939, p. 44. 4 . Davis, “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 36. 5 . D a v i s , “ T h i n gs I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 44. 6 . “Police Mystified in Slaying of ‘Boss,’” in NYT, April 17, 1931. It’s worth remarking how similar the reconstruction was in Palermo newspapers: see for example “Un capo della malavita ucciso a revolverate,” in L’ Ora, May 1–2, 1931. NOTES 197

7 . “Seek Official Link in Alien Smuggling.” 8 . “Racket Chief Slain by Gangster Gunfire,” in NYT, April 16, 1931. Yet, racketeers of various ethnic origins were killed as well: Rothstein, Jack Diamond, Vincent Coll, and so on. 9 . “Aspetti della campagna contro la malavita nel Nord-America,” in L’Ora , September 11–12, 1931; “Maranzano sarebbe stato ucciso quale rappre- sentante di Al Capone a New York,” in L’Or a , September 30–October 1, 1931. 10 . Berger, “Portrait of the Modern Racketeer.” 1 1 . A . B l o c k , East Side-West Side, Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 , Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press, 1980, p. 8. 1 2 . W . F . W h yte, Street Corner Society, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1955, pp. 113–15 explains that second generation Italian-Americans used this pejorative term as well. 13 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Boston and Toronto, Little Brown, 1975, p. 46. 14 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 10. 15 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 46. 16 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 47. 1 7 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 60. 1 8 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 100. 19 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 119 and pp. 100–101. 2 0 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , pp. 133–35. 21 . According to Valachi’s Testimony in MCHH, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64, p. 215, the meeting was held in , on Washington Avenue. I have already said that after Maranzano’s death, the detectives referred to a meet- ing in . The others speak of another site, and maybe of another meeting: N. Gentile, Vita di capomafia . Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 113 ff (“in a mountain hotel”); J. Bonanno, A Man of Honor The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno, with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003, p. 125. (“in a resort near Wappinger Falls, New York”). 22 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 133. 2 3 . B . T u r k u s a n d S . F e d e r , M urder Inc .: The Story of the Syndicate, London, Gollanz, 1952, pp. 72–73, focused on a similar topic: Maranzano went too far in trying to contrast the garment syndicate ruled by Luciano’s Jewish friends Lepke and Gurrah. 2 4 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 144 25 . Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 100. 2 6 . G e n t i l e , V ita di capomafia , p. 111. 2 7 . S e e t he letter dated Palermo, September 25, 1958, in GDF Report 1955–63, pp. 393–95 and in particular p. 394. 2 8 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia , p. 111 and p. 116. 198 NOTES

2 9 . V a lachi’s Testimony, p. 156. R. A. Orsi, T he Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950 , New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 34, confirms: in “the rivalry between Neapolitans and Sicilians was particularly fierce. Sicilians had the reputa- tion of keeping only to themselves.” 30 . Valachi’s Testimony, in MCH, pp. 156–58. 3 1 . V a lachi’s Testimony, p. 219, p. 226, and p. 96. 3 2 . I n v e s t i gative Report 1938, p. 136 ff. Anello’s uncle, Rosario Napoli, was murdered in 1936. 33 . For instance, it seems he never knew that the card burned by his godfather portrayed the image of a saint. 3 4 . V a l a c h i ’ s T e s t i m o n y , p . 2 1 5 . 3 5 . V a lachi’s Testimony, p. 227. 3 6 . Bonanno, A Man of Honorr, pp. 70–71. 3 7 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, pp. 70–71. 3 8 . B onanno, A Man of Honorr, p. 123. 3 9 . B onanno, A Man of Honorr, p. 141. 4 0 . S e e a l s o M . B e r ger, “The ‘Great Luciano’ Is at Last in Toils,” in NYT, April 12, 1936. 41 . Turkus and Feder, Murder, Inc. , p. 63. 4 2 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt, pp. 149–51. Luciano told the story in much the same way in an interview he gave around 1954–55 to J. H. Davis, that was published in J. H. Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Familyy, New York, HarperCollins, 1993. 4 3 . T u r k u s a n d F e d e r , Murder, Inc., p. 73 and, for instance, G. Selvaggi, Rise of the Mafia in New York from 1895 through World War III, Indianapolis, Bob- Merril, 1978; G. Wolf and J. Di Mona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld , London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1974, p. 96; D. Cressey, Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America , New York, Harper & Row, 1969, p. 44. 44 . Detective Ralph Salerno in MCHH , p. 233; A. Block, Space, Time, & Organized Crime , New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 1994, p. 4 ff. 45 . Luciano completely denies the existence of the purge according to Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt, p. 143; Bonanno denies it as well, A Man of Honor ; Gentile, Vita di capomafia , p. 124, refers to a “carnage” but quotes the names of only a couple of murdered men; Valachi’s Testimony, p. 232, minimizes (instead P. Maas, T he Valachi Papers , New York, Putnam, 1968, paradoxically affirms the existence of the purge). 4 6 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, p. 84. 4 7 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, p. 190. 4 8 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, p. 161. 4 9 . W o lf and Di Mona, Frank Costello , p. 11. 5 0 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 150. 5 1 . T h a t a l s o a c c o r d i n g to Gosch and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 134. 5 2 . D a v i s , “ T h i n gs I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 44. NOTES 199

5 3 . D a v i s , “Things I Couldn’t Tell Till Now,” p. 36. 5 4 . W hyte, Street Corner Societyy , pp. 111–15 and in particular p. 115. 5 5 . B lock, E ast Side , p. 129 and passim. 5 6 . S e e a lso Block, East Side , p. 228. 5 7 . B l o c k , E ast Side , p. 44. 58 . I quote only those industries among the many listed by the New York Police Department and the Manhattan District Attorney T. Crain in 1930–31: see Block, East Side , p. 41. 5 9 . H . M i t g a n g , Once Upon a Time in New York, New York, Free Press, 2000. Yet, we know that Marinelli and Luciano himself supported Roosevelt dur- ing the Democratic National Convention: M. Stolberg, Fighting Organized Crime: Politics, Justice, and the Legacy of Thomas Deweyy, Boston, MA, Northeastern University Press, 1995, p. 216. 6 0 . S t o l b e r g, Fighting Organized Crime , p. 49. 6 1 . “Loot of Tammany and the Ended. La Guardia Asserts,” in NYT, October 1, 1937. 6 2 . B e r g e r , “The ‘Great Luciano’ Is at Last in Toils.” 63 . “Lucania is Called Shallow Parasite,” in NYT, June 19, 1936. 64 . Gosh and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 151. 65 . “Friend of Lucania Acts as Accuser,” in NYT, May 26, 1936. 6 6 . S t o lberg, Fighting Organized Crime , p. 116. 67 . “L u c a n i a i s F o r c e d t o A d m i t C r i m e s , ” i n N Y T , June 4, 1936; “Lucania Guilty,” in NYT, June 8, 1936. 6 8 . S t o lberg, Fighting Organized Crime , p. 116. 69 . R. Carter, “The Strange Story of Dewey and Luciano,” in The Daily Compass , September 4, 1951; but see also S. J. Woolf, “Dewey Points a Way to Crush Racketeering,” in NYT, August 29, 1937. 7 0 . S e e “ T . E . D e w e y’s Address,” in NYT, April 29, 1938. 7 1 . “Mayor Denounces Vice Protectors,” in NYT, June 20, 1936. 72 . “Lewis J. Valentine’s Statements. Schultz Dies of Wounds,” in NYT, October 25, 1935. 73 . The informer also alluded to a political connection, citing Marinelli, too, as responsible for the murder of Schultz: Block, East Side , p. 73. 7 4 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia, pp. 131–32. 7 5 . G e n t i l e , Vita di capomafia, p. 140 and pp. 152–53. But on Gentile’s arrest see also FBN, History of Narcotic Traffic, in MCH, pp. 881–94 and in particular p. 891. 76. Lonardo’s testimony in U nited States v. Salerno , pp. 111–19. 7 7 . L o n a r do’s testimony, p. 113. Lonardo’s cousins were John and Dominic DeMarco. 7 8 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia , p. 132. 79 . See also J. B. Jacobs, C. Panarella, and J. Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra, New York, New York University Press, 1994, p. 90: “In our view, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that there exists a national decision making [Cosa Nostra] body].” 200 NOTES

8 0 . L o n a r do’s testimony, p. 112. United State vs Salerno, quoted n. 76. 81 . See the letter, signed Gerald C. Lundy, in FWP, “US Senate Special Commission to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce,” box 2, “Miscellaneous correspondence.” Block was the first to quote it in Space, Time, & Organized Crime , p. 27. It is possible that the expression “Grand Council” drew inspiration from the name (“Gran Consiglio”) of the Fascist Regime’s highest-ranking institution. 8 2 . D . V a lentine, Th e Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s , London and New York, Verso, 2006, p. 19 and p. 16. 83 . In order to confront the source in question with another one, I remark that all of the nine members of the Grand Council are quoted as top echelons by Gentile, V ita di capomafia . 8 4 . T his is the case of Antonino Sirchia; while Angelo Di Vincenzo was said to have always lived “here [in Palermo] and in America within and on behalf of the Mafia”: Investigative Report 1938, pp. 162–63 and p. 191. 85 . See Bonanno’s name in the list of Ispettorato’s informants, date May 15, 1938, in ACS, MI, PS, Segreteria del capo della polizia, Ispettorato generale di PS per la Sicilia, b. 16. I thank Vittorio Coco, who indicated the docu- ment to me. 8 6 . H . S . N e l l i , The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976, p. 238. 87 . See on the two Canebas and on Mancuso MCH, p. 975, p. 976, and p. 987. 88 . It seems that the Eliopoulos brothers, of Greek origin, had almost monopo- lized the trafficking: FBN, B rief History of Illicit Interstate Narcotic Traffic, in MCH, pp. 917–30 and in particular pp. 918–19. 8 9 . F B N , Brief History of Illicit Interstate Narcotic Traffic , p. 917. 90 . Mafia Monograph, Section II, p. 82. 9 1 . R . C a m pbell, Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navyy, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977, p. 139. 92 . “Reles Confesses 5 More Killings,” in NYT, September 17, 1940; “Two in Murder Ring Quickly Convicted,” in NYT, September 20, 1940. 9 3 . D . B e ll, The End of the Ideologies, Glencoe, Free Press, 1964, p. 165. 9 4 . D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y’s statements to the December 1949 Grand Jury, quoted by Block, East Side , p. 184. 95 . Article quoted by Bell, The End of the Ideologies , p. 167. 9 6 . Q u o t e d b y Bell, The End of the Ideologies, pp. 131–32. 97 . Turkus and Feder, M urder, Inc. , p. 13. 98. Turkus and Feder, M urder, Inc. , p. 9. 9 9 . B l o c k , East Side ; but also Block, S pace, Time, & Organized Crime , p. 13. 1 0 0 . B lock, East Side , p. 204. 1 0 1 . B l o c k , East Side , p. 221 ff . and in particular p. 230. 1 0 2 . M e m o r a n dum of information furnished by Seymour Magoon, in Block, East Side, pp. 253–54. 1 0 3 . B l o c k , East Side , p. 192. 104 . “Link Democrats to Murder Ring, Herlands Charges Direct Tie,” in NYT, November 3, 1941. NOTES 201

4 The New World and the Old World at War

1 . M . B e r ger, “Exploded Big Shots,” in New York Times (henceforth NYT), January 4, 1942. 2 . W . F . W hyte, Street Corner Society, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1955, p. xvii. 3 . I . B . C h i l d , Italian or American? The Second Generation in Conflictt, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1943, particularly p. 2 and pp. 88–89. 4 . M. Tucker, “Carlo Tresca,” in The Greenwich Villagerr, April 22, 1922, p. 8. 5 . T r e s c a ’ s s peech in Providence, October 29, 1923, in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. 6 . D . G a l l a g h e r , All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca , New Brunswick and London, Rutgers University Press, 1988, p. 144. 7 . So for instance the Italian American Students League of East Harlem: R. A. Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880–1950 , New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 21. 8 . P o letti’s intervew to G. Puglisi in I protagonisti: La storia dell’Italia attraverso i siciliani illustri. Gli anni difficili dell’autonomia, Palermo, Regione sicili- ana, 1993, pp. 13–46. See in particular pp. 18–19. 9 . Tresca’s change on the matter was due to the bloody conflicts between Stalinists and Anarchists during the Spanish Civil War, and to the murder of Trockij. 1 0 . “ Tresca Slaying,” in NYT, January 13, 1943. 1 1 . S e e p. 4 and passim in the transcription of Taddei’s speech—both in the English and in the Italian versions—entitled T he Tresca Case in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. See there also Tresca’s article “We Accuse Generoso Pope,” in Il Martello , October 28, 1934 (where anyway one finds no reference to Garofalo). 12 . The Assassination of Carlo Tresca, pp. 9–11, in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. Many FBI reports in the same file followed this investigative line: see, among the others, the one dated January 13, 1943. 1 3 . M e m o r a n dum, January 13, 1943, p. 1, in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. 1 4 . S e e e s p e c i a lly two memorandums, dated March 29, 1944, p. 5, and November 4, 1944, in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. 1 5 . J. P. Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America , Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1972. Taddei was threatened and in 1945, as soon as it was possible, went back to Italy. 1 6 . M e m o r a n dum dated March 29, 1944 in FBI Files: Carlo Tresca. 1 7 . J . Kwitny, Vicious Circles , New York, Norton, 1979. 1 8 . W i lliam H. Schneider in MCH – Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearin gs Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64 (henceforth MCH), p. 579. 19 . See a remarkable description of the Buffalo Family by Detective Michael Amico in MCH, pp. 585–614; on Montana in particular see pp. 589–93. 202 NOTES

2 0 . O n B a r b a r a , s e e i n F . S o n d e r n , Jr., B rotherhood of Evil: The Mafia, with a forward by Harry J. Anslinger, New York, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959. 21 . C. Grutzner, “Business Leaders, Mafia Firm,” in NYT, April 17, 1965. See also Mafia Monograph in FBI Files , Section II, p. 82. 22 . Valachi’s Testimony in MCH, pp. 305–306. 2 3 . G . W o lf and J. Di Mona, Fran k Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld , London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1974, p. 119 and passim. 24 . In a call made in 1943 and recorded by a wire tap on Costello’s phone, Aurelio gave the boss full credit for his nomination. See Wolf and Di Mona, Frank Costello, pp. 133–47. 25 . Mafia Monograph , p. 58. 2 6 . D . B e ll, The End of the Ideologies, Glencoe, Free Press, 1964, p. 132. 2 7 . S . B o h e m , “Murder, Inc. Ace Now Army Top Sergeant,” in New York Journal , September 28, 1943. 2 8 . R . C a m p bell, Th e Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navyy, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977.. 29 . FBI Memorandum March 22, 1946, p. 2, in FBI Files: Luciano. 3 0 . Q u o t e d in Campbell, The Luciano Projectt, p. 48. 3 1 . C a m pbell, The Luciano Projectt, p. 65 and passim. 3 2 . C a m p bell, The Luciano Projectt, pp. 89–110. 33 . So one of Haffenden’s men, Felix Sacco, interviewed in “Navy Officer Insists Lucky Luciano Aided War Effort,” in New York World-Telegram, February 26, 1947. 34 . FBI Memorandum March 22, 1946, p. 4, in FBI Files: Luciano. 3 5 . C a m pbell, The Luciano Projectt, pp. 121–23. 3 6 . B e ll, The End of the Ideologies , p. 163. 3 7 . E . K e fauver, Crime in America , Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1951. 38 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Boston and Toronto, Little Brown, 1975, pp. 260–62. 39 . FBI agent E. E. Conroy’s report, March 1, 1946, p. 3, in FBI Files: Luciano. 40 . FBI agent E. E. Conroy’s report, March 1, 1946, p. 2, in FBI Files: Luciano. 4 1 . G . R . M o r m i n o , The Liberation of Southern Italy: Italian-American Prospective , in Italy and America 1943–44 , Naples, La citt à del sole, 1997, pp. 353–73 and in particular p. 360 and 363. 42 . Scotten’s Memorandum, p. 623. 43 . Scotten’s Memorandum, p. 627. 4 4 . R e n n e l’s letter, August 1943, in Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors, Washington, DC, Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1964, p. 210; Rennel, introduction to G. R. Gayre, Italy in Transition , London, 1946. 4 5 . N . G e n t i l e , V ita di capomafia. Memorie raccolte da F.Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], pp. 163–64. 4 6 . A c c o r ding to D. Valentine, T he Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs, New York, Verso, 2006, p. 151. 47 . CAO W. Sullivan’s report, December 19, 1943, referred to the village of Villafrati in ACS, ACC, 689c, box 140, 143/28, File Mafia . NOTES 203

4 8 . T he Allies rescued the carabinieri from the chaotic confusion of public administration after the collapse of the Fascist Regime and reorganized the special police forces created by Mori. 49 . See a list of Mafiosi in the province of Palermo, and different reports on villages like Godrano, Marineo and Villafrati, in ACS, ACC, 689c, box 140, 143/28, File Mafia . 50 . CAO’s W. Sullivan’s report, December 10, 1943, p. 1, in ACS, ACC, 689c, box 140, 143/28, File Mafia . The boss’ name was Santamauro. 51 . Scotten’s Memorandum, p. 626. 52 . Scotten’s Memorandum, p. 627. 53 . See the reports dated August 13, 1943, and December 14, 1943, in a book containing a selection of OSS documents: N. Tranfaglia, Come nasce la Repubblica. La mafia, il Vaticano e il neofascismo nei documenti ameri- cani e italiani, 1943–19477, note di G. Casarrubea, Milano, Bompiani, 2004, pp. 91–99 and pp. 99–106. 54 . Russo was interviewed by the BBC. The interview was broadcast by the RTSI (Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana) on July 6, 1993 as part of a program entitled Gli Alleati e la mafia (The Allies and the Mafia). 5 5 . O S S R e p o r t A u gust 3, 1943, in Tranfaglia, Come nasce la Repubblica , p. 94. 56 . OSS Report April 27, 1944, signed by Scamporino, in Tranfaglia, Come nasce la Repubblica , pp. 117–22 particularly p. 117. 57 . OSS Report April 5, 1945, in Tranfaglia, Come nasce la Repubblica , pp. 157–59, in particular p. 159. 5 8 . R . M a n g i a m e l i , La regione in guerra (1943–1950) , in Storia d’Italia: le regioni dall’Unit à a oggi: La Sicilia , edited by M. Aymard e G. Giarrizzo, Torino, Einaudi, 1987, pp. 485–601, and in particular p. 502; and the letter signed by Andrea Finocchiaro Aprile (the leader of the MIS), December 4, 1943, quoted by F. Renda, Storia della Sicilia dal1860 al 1970 , Palermo, Sellerio, 1987, p. 69. 5 9 . G e n t i l e , Vita di capomafia , p. 165. 60 . Poletti’s intervew, p. 21 and p. 23. 6 1 . M. Patti, La Sicilia e gli Alleati. Tra occupazione e liberazione , Roma, Donzelli, 2013. 6 2 . F . M . O t t a n e l l i , “Fascist Informant and Italian American Labor Leader. The Paradox of Vanni Buscemi Montana,” in Italian American Revieww, 1, 2000, pp. 104–16. 63 . See the two documents quoted and commented upon in Patti, La Sicilia e gli Alleati, pp. 28–47. 64 . FBI Memorandum March 22, 1946, p. 4, in FBI Files: Luciano. 6 5 . M . Corvo, The OSS in Italy: A Personal Memoryy, New York, Praeger, 1990, pp. 22–23. 66 . The document, from British National Archives, London (War Office), is quoted by Patti, La Sicilia e gli Alleati , p. 44. 6 7 . C . D ’Este, Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicilyy, New York, E. P. Dutton, 1988. 204 NOTES

6 8 . C orvo, Th e OSS in Italy, p. 62 ff. 6 9 . M . P a n t a leone, The Mafia and Politics , London, Chatto & Windus, 1966. 7 0 . S e e t he testimonies in question in L. Lumia, Villalba, storia e memoria , , Lussografica, 1990, vol. II, pp. 428–30. 7 1 . G o s c h and Hammer, The Last Testamentt , p. 268. 72 . “Luciano Plea Cites His Aid to US Armies,” in NYT, May 23, 1945. 73 . O’Dwyer told this story during the Kefauver Committee’s hearings: see W. H. Moore, The Kefauver Committee and the Politics of Crime (1950–1952) , Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1974, p. 197. 7 4 . V . W . P e t e r s o n , The Mob: 200 Years of Organized Crime in New York , Ottawa, IL, Green Hill, 1983, pp. 269–70. 75 . FBI Memorandum, April 15, 1946; Conroy’s report, March 1, 1946, p. 3 and p. 9 (both in FBI Files: Luciano). Haffenden soon resigned: according to the same sources, the public made a scandal out of sub-contracts he stipulated with a company in which he was a stakeholder. 7 6 . C a m p bell, The Luciano Projectt, p. 2. 7 7 . Letter to Life, March 13, 1964, in GWP.

5 Looking for and at the Enemy

1 . W . H . M o o r e , The Kefauver Committee and the Politics of Crime (1950– 1952) , Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1974, p. 117; D. Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs, New York, Verso, 2006, p. 86. 2 . “Navy Officer Insists Lucky Luciano Aided War Effort,” in New York World- Telegram , February 26, 1947. 3 . Conroy’s report, March 1, 196, in FBI Files: Luciano. One finds this accusa- tion against the Republicans in Poletti’s interview also, p. 21. 4 . B. Andrews, “Myth of Luciano’s Aid to the War Deflated by US Action on Drug,” in New York Herald Tribune , February 22, 1947. 5 . E. Kefauver, Crime in America , Turin and Garden City, Doubleday, 1951. 6 . See also R.Carter, “The Strange Story of Dewey and Luciano”, in The Daily Compass , September 4, 1951. 7 . We are aware of them thanks to R. Campbell, The Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navyy, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977. 8 . The book is S. Feder and J. Joesten, The Luciano Storyy , New York, McKay, 1954. One finds Joesten’s remarks in a text entitled A Statement Concerning the Book “the Luciano Storyy ,” January 7, 1955, in GWP. 9 . White’s argument in a letter addressed to “John,” New York, January 25, 1955, in GWP. 1 0 . FBN , History of Narcotic Traffic, in MCH – Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64, p. 891. NOTES 205

1 1 . FBN, History of Narcotic Traffic , p. 892. 1 2 . R e p o r t by FBN’s John T. Cusack (1958), memorandum March 13, 1959, pp. 30–33, in FBI Files: Charles Gambino. 13 . The GDF referred in particular to Antonio Sorci AKA “Ninu u riccu” (“the rich man”): GDF Report 1955–63, p. 185. Rosario Mancino, former citrus exporter, belonged to the same ring. 1 4 . F B N list of high echelon narcotics traffickers in MCH, p. 801. 15 . Among the returned migrants who were part of the gang, I have already mentioned Serafino Mancuso as a drug merchant. He had been sentenced in the United States in 1937 to 40 years in prison for narcotics trafficking, and in 1947 had been paroled and sent back to Italy. 1 6 . P r e f e c t A n gelo Vicari’s report, May 12, 1951, in AC, DOC, vol. 4, 14/3, pp. 947–51 and in particular p. 949. 17 . The interview in J. H. Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Familyy, New York, HarperCollins, 1993. 1 8 . E . P e r m u t t e r , “Lucky Luciano’s Story: Prison and Politics,” in New York Times (henceforth NYT), February 14, 1954. 1 9 . F . S o n d e r n , Jr., Brotherhood of Evil: The Mafia, with a forward by Henry J. Anslinger, New York, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959. 2 0 . M o o r e , The Kefauver Committee , p. 114. 2 1 . H . A badinsky, Organized Crime, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002, p. 139. 22 . O’Dwyer had been re-elected mayor one year before; but Truman— promoveatur ut amoveaturr —had later appointed him Ambassador to Mexico. 2 3 . V. W. Peterson, The Mob: 200 Years of Organized Crime in New York, Ottawa, IL, Green Hill, 1983, pp. 268–69. 2 4 . D . B e l l , The End of the Ideologies, Glencoe, Free Press, 1964, pp. 115–17 and 126 ff. See also D. C. Smith, The Mafia Mystique , London, Hutchinson, 1975, in particular p. 141 and pp. 185–86, according to which the McCarthy Committee might be compared to a “Puritan board of Inquiry.” 2 5 . L . Bernstein, The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in America , Boston, University of Massachusetts Press, 2002. 26 . And Elia Kazan, an intellectual who followed a “McCarthyist” logic, did not refer to the Mafia when he put organized crime and Communism in close connection in a famous movie like On the Waterfrontt (1954). 27 . Back in the United States, Genovese had to face the prewar murder charge we already referred to. But the case vanished when both the men who were to testify against him died: the former in prison for what was presented as a suicide, while the latter was more simply shot to death. 2 8 . J . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno , with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003, confirms that the meeting was organized by Stefano Magaddino. 2 9 . Mafia Monograph , in FBI Files, Section II, p. 94. 30 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, p. I and pp. VI–VII. 31 . Mafia Monograph , Section II, p. 111 and passim. 206 NOTES

32 . Mafia Monograph , Section I, p. 107. 33 . Mafia Monograph , Section I, p. 52. 3 4 . Bernstein, The Greatest Menace, p. 9; Robert F. Kennedy, The Enemy Within , New York, Harper & Brothers, 1960, pp. 324–25. 35 . E. Perlmutter, “Valachi Names 5 as Crime Chiefs,” in NYT, October 2, 1963. 36 . Gentile was contacted in Rome in October 21, 1958; “a number of meetings” followed: GDF Report 1958–63, pp. 389–91. 3 7 . D . C r i t c h l e y , The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 , New York and London, Routledge, 2009, cit. 3 8 . S e e C h i l a n t i ’ s s t a t e m e n t s i n N . G e n t i l e , Vita di capomafia . Memorie rac- colte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 43. 3 9 . See FBN, History of Narcotic Traffic , p. 891. 40 . Nino Calderone’s (Pippo’s brother) testimony in P. Arlacchi, Men of Dishonor, Inside the Mafia, an Account of , New York, Morrow, 1993 [p. 158 of the original Italian edition]. 41 . GDF Report 1958–63, p. 280 and pp. 283–84. 4 2 . S e e t he introduction in M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, T he Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Boston and Toronto, Little Brown, 1975. Hammer affirms he worked on the original text of the interview, but admits that the text in question no longer existed when the book was published because Gosch’s wife had accidentally destroyed it. 4 3 . D . G a m b e t t a , Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993. 4 4 . R . T . A n d e r s o n , “From Mafia to Cosa Nostra,” in The American Journal of Sociologyy, November 1965, pp. 302–10. 45. E. Perlmutter, “Mafia Wields Sinister Power,” in NYT, September 29, 1963. 4 6 . S . R a a b, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2005, p. 36. 4 7 . H . A b a d i n s k y , The Mafia in America: An Oral Historyy , New York, Praeger, 1981, pp. 93–140. 4 8 . V . Teresa, My Life in the Mafia , New York, Doubleday, 1973, p. 86. 4 9 . D e C a v a l c a n t e T a pes, The FBI Trascripts on Exhibit in Usa v. De Cavalcante, New York, Lemma Publishers, 1970, p. 1.13 and p. 3.12. 50 . De Cavalcante Tapes, see for example p. 4.29. 5 1 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, p. 164. 5 2 . D e C a v a l c a n t e T a pes, p. 4.24. 5 3 . G . W o lf and J. Di Mona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld , London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1974, p. 12. 5 4 . R a a b, Five Families, pp. 91–92. 5 5 . P . M a a s , The Valachi Papers , New York, Putnam, 1968. 5 6 . R a a b, Five Families , p. 137. 5 7 . V a lachi’s Testimony in MCH, p. 80. 5 8 . V a l a c h i ’ s T e s t i m o n y, p. 82. 59 . Valachi’s Testimony, p. 219, p. 226, and p. 96. NOTES 207

6 0 . V a lachi’s Testimony, pp. 115–17. 61 . Critics indeed (see for instance Smith, The Mafia Mystique, pp. 234–35) exaggerated in remarking that he was a second-tier member of the organi- zation, who as such couldn’t know the secrets he pretended to reveal. 6 2 . D . C r e s s e y, Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America , New York, Harper & Row, 1969. 63 . G. Hawkins, “God and the Mafia,” in Public Interestt, Winter 1969, now in J. E. Conklin (ed.), The Crime Establishment. Organized Crime and American Society , Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1973, pp. 43–72. 6 4 . C o n k l i n , Introduction to The Crime Establishmentt , p. 26. 6 5 . A b a d i n s k y , Organized Crime , p. 46. 6 6 . A b a d i n s k y, Organized Crime , p. 33. 6 7 . N . P i l e ggi, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Familyy, London, Corgi Books, 1987, pp. 40–41. 6 8 . S a l Gravano’s testimony in The Gotti Tapes , London, Arrow Books, 1992, p. 136 and p. 141. 69 . Pistone’s Testimony in United States v. Salerno , p. 102. But see also his auto- biographic book: J. D. Pistone, Donnie Brasco, My Uncovered Life in the Mafia, New York, New American Library, 1987. 7 0 . P . R e u t e r , Disorganized Crime, Cambridge, MA, MIT University Press, 1983, p. 159 and in general chapters 1 and 7 . 7 1 . A b a d i n s k y , The Mafia in America , p. 61. 7 2 . A badinsky, The Mafia in America , p. 71. 7 3 . A badinsky, The Mafia in America , p. 123 and passim.

6 The Last Sicilian Wave

1 . The Italian word is “ragionare.” In Mafia jargon it has various meanings: I could translate it “to argue,” or “to find agreements” as well. 2 . I t a ly v. Caruana, Tribunale di Palermo. Ufficio Istruzione, Or dinanza con- tro Pasquale Caruana e Giuseppe Cuffaro, September 8, 1990, p. 70 ff. The second Sicilian Mafioso’s name was Giuseppe Cuffaro. 3 . F B N , History of Narcotic Traffic, in MCH—Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64, p. 891. 4 . A similar case: Mafia bosses in Pitson, Pennsylvania, from the beginning of the century to the 1950s were from Montedoro, a village in the Sicilian province of Caltanissetta. See Mafia Monograph , in FBI Files, Section II, pp. 9–14. 5 . T here is no evidence that these Badalamentis have anything to do with the Palermitan Badalamenti family I referred to in the first chapter. 6 . Police report, May 24, 1971, in AC. Doc, v. 4, t.14/2, p. 1008. 208 NOTES

7 . GDF Report 1958–63, p. 184. 8 . G DF Report 1958–63, passim. 9 . FBN, History of Narcotics Traffic , p. 885. 1 0 . G DF Report 1958–63, pp. 287–88. 11 . GDF Report, April 5, 1971, in AC. DOC., vol. 4, 14/2, p. 993. 1 2 . F . S o n d e r n , J r . , Brotherhood of Evil: The Mafia, with a forward by Henry J. Anslinger, New York, Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1959. 1 3 . D . G a m betta, Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993. The case was similar to bootlegging, of which we have already spoken; the businessmen involved couldn’t appeal to official law to regulate their disputes. 14 . Italy v. Garofalo, p. 908. 1 5 . S e e M C H , O r g a n i z e d Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64, p. 777. 1 6 . I t a ly v. Garofalo, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro F. Garofalo e altri , January 31, 1966, in AC. DOC, v. 4, 14/1, pp. 643–44. 1 7 . D e C a v a lcante Tapes, Th e FBI Trascripts on Exhibit in Usa v. De Cavalcante , New York, Lemma Publishers, 1970, p. 5.24 and 3.61. 1 8 . B u s c e t t a ’ s T e s t i m o n y A. 19 . GDF Report 1958–63, p. 232. 2 0 . B u s c e t t a ’s Testimony B, I, p. 218. 2 1 . B u s c e t t a ’s Testimony B, I, p. 41. 2 2 . B u s c e t t a ’s Testimony A, p. 251. 2 3 . P . A r l a c c h i , Addio Cosa nostra. La vita di Tommaso Buscetta , Milan, Rizzoli, 1994, p. 60 ff. Anyway Buscetta referred to a meeting at the “Span ò ” restau- rant—not at “Hotel delle Palme.” 2 4 . P . A r l a c c h i , Men of Dishonor, Inside the Mafia, an Account of Antonino Calderone , New York, Morrow, 1993 [p. 72 of the original Italian edition]. 2 5 . I t a ly v. La Barbera, S entenza di rinvio a giudizio contro S. La Barbera e altri , June 23, 1964, in AC. DOC, v. 4, 17, p. 492 ff. 26. See prosecutor ’s counter-argument in Buscetta’s Testimony A, p. 299. 2 7 . A r l a c c h i , Addio Cosa nostra , p. 144 ff. 28 . Local policemen casually arrested them, but soon released them when they showed (false) South American papers. The other two attendees at the meeting were and Pippo Calderone. 2 9 . R . B l u m e n t h a l , Last Days of the Sicilians: At War with the Mafia, the FBI Assault on the Pizza Connection, New York, Times Books, 1988, p. 85. Do not forget that Buscetta arrived in thanks to a well-known nar- cotics merchant like Pietro Davì . 3 0 . B u s c e t t a ’s Testimony A, p. 216. 3 1 . A c c o r d i n g to the United States v. Salerno Indictment, p. 96, “controlling relations between [American] La Cosa Nostra and members of the Sicilian La Cosa nostra” was among the specifics purposes of the Commission; NOTES 209

Lonardo’s Testimony, p. 112, considered the of narcotics one of the principal rules the Commission had to enforce. 3 2 . B lumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians , cit., p. 24. 33 . About the difference between this particular investigation and other inves- tigations of American La Cosa Nostra, see J. B. Jacobs, C. Panarella, and J. Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra , New York, New York University Press, 1994, p. 131. 3 4 . B l u m e n t h a l , Last Days of the Sicilians , cit., p. 7. 35 . Pistone’s Testimony in United States v. Salerno (1986), in J. B. Jacobs, C. Panarella, and J. Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra , p. 105 and p. 109. 3 6 . I t a l y v. Sindona, Sindona. Gli atti d’accusa dei giudici di Milano [1984], Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1986. 3 7 . I t a l y v. Sindona, p. 269, p. 276, and passim. 38 . Marino Mannoia’s and ’s testimonies in Italy v. Andreotti, Memoria presentata dal pubblico ministero nel procedimento penale contro G.Andreotti [1993], in La vera storia d’Italia , edited by S. Montanaro and S. Ruotolo, Naples, Pironti, 1995, pp. 458–62. 39 . Enrico Cuccia’s testimony in Italy v. Sindona, pp. 24–26. Cuccia was at that time the most important Italian banker. The information came from Sindona’s son-in-law, P. A. Magnoni. 40 . Detective Salvatore Certa’s Testimony in Italy v. Accardo, Corte d’Assise di Trapani, Procedimento penale a carico di Accardo Antonino + 86, February 28, 2000. 41 . See for instance cases of gunmen that acted on the both continents at Galante’s and Minore’s orders in F. Viviano, “Uccisi 2 killer della Mafia,” in Repubblica , March 29, 1990. 4 2 . A r l a c c h i , Men of Dishonorr [p. 27 and p. 94 of the original Italian edition]. 4 3 . I t a ly v. Spatola, Tribunale di Palermo, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro R.Spatola + 119, January 22, 1982, p. 365 and passim. 4 4 . B u s c e t t a ’ s T e s t i m o n y A . 45 . See for example the interview Buscetta gave to E. Biagi, Il boss è solo , Milan, Mondadori, 1986, p. 125. 4 6 . B u s c e t t a ’ s T e s t i m o n y A, p. 35 and p. 36. 47 . Giuffre’s Testimony in Italy v. Casamento, Tribunale di Palermo, Direzione distrettuale antimafia—Ordinanza di custodia in carcere di F.Casamento + 29, 2008, pp. 44–45. 48 . The two were Antonino Rotolo and Antonino Cinà (a medical doctor): Italy v. Casamento, pp. 67–69. Filippo Casamento, born in Palermo in 1926, was among the defendants at the Pizza Connection trial: after being expelled to Italy, he illegally returned to the United States in 2004. 4 9 . G . F a l c o n e , Cose di Cosa nostra. A cura di M. Padovani, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991, pp. 27–28. 5 0 . M u t o lo’s Testimony in Italy v. Casamento, pp. 76–77. In addition to Mutolo and Gambino, Rosario Naimo and also attended the meeting (Riccobono was later murdered). 210 NOTES

51 . Prosecution’s Opening Statement in United States v. Badalamenti, p. 148. 5 2 . B u s c e t t a ’s Testimony A, p. 60. 5 3 . I t a ly v. Accardo. 5 4 . A lfano was under surveillance by the same FBI agents who had been involved in the Galante case, who continued to investigate the Knicker- bocker Avenue Sicilian gang. 55 . Conversations quoted in Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians, p. 221 and p. 236. 56 . Quoted in Jacobs, Panarella, and Worthington, B usting the Mob , p. 139.

7 Mafia’s Ideology

1 . G . P i t r è , Usi, costumi, usanze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano, Palermo, Il Vespro, 1978 [I ed. 1889], vol. II, pp. 292–94. 2 . L e t t e r t o Life magazine signed by M. L. Herney. 3 . I t a ly v. Spatola, Tribunale di Palermo, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro R.Spatola + 119, January 22, 1982, p. 485. 4 . S . M . G i l b e r t , Mysteries of the Hyphen. Poetry, Pasta and Identity Politics , in Beyond the Godfather. Italian-American Writers on the Real Italian- American Experience , edited by A. K. Ciongoli and J. Parini, Hanover, University Press of New England, 1997, p. 56. 5 . G . T a lese, Honor Thy Father, New York, Ivy Books, 1992 [I ed. 1971], p. XV. 6 . L. Bernstein, The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in Cold War America , Boston, University of Massachusetts Press, 2002, p. 164 and p. 166. 7 . R. Salerno and J. S. Tompkins, The Crime Confederation, Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1969. 8 . D . C r e s s e y, Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America , New York, Harper & Row, 1969, pp. 16–20. 9 . “One expert, with years of experience as a law enforcement officer,” sen- sationally abandoned the conference. See L. J. Iorizzo, An Inquiry into Organized Crime, Proceedings of the Conference, October 24, 1970 (no information available about publisher). Iorizzo himself, Francis J. Ianni, Salvatore Mondello, and Dwight C. Smith, Jr. attended the conference. The latter, a professor at Albany University, published a book in 1975 according to which the Mafia was only a mystique due to the “specula- tion and theory” originating in the government’s “strategic intelligence”: D. C. Smith, The Mafia Mystique , London, Hutchinson, 1975, p. 19 and passim. 1 0 . J . L . A lbini, The American Mafia: Genesis of a Legend , p. 177. 1 1 . A l b i n i , T he American Mafia , p. 176. 1 2 . V e c o l i , Negli Stati Uniti , in Storia dell’emigrazione italiana, edited by P. Bevilacqua, A. De Clementi, and M. Franzina, Roma, Donzelli, 2001, vol. II, pp. 55–88, in particular p. 84. NOTES 211

1 3 . S o i n 2 0 0 1 P r o f e s s o r J. Scelsa, director of the Italian American Institute of the City University of New York, during a forum on The Sopranos : G. De Stefano, An Offer We Can’t Refuse: The Mafia in the Mind of America , New York, Faber and Faber, 2006, p. 13. 14 . See for instance Puzo’s account of his altercation with in a restaurant in M. Puzo, The Godfather Papers & Other Confessions , New York, Putnam, 1972. 15 . It seems enlightening to read P. Novick, The Holocaust in American Life , Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin, 1999, pp. 7–10 and passim. 1 6 . Puzo, The Godfather Papers. 1 7 . D e S t e f a n o , An Offer We Can’t Refuse , p. 98. 1 8 . P . M a a s , Underboss. Sammy the Bull Gravano’s Story of Life in Mafia , London, HarperCollins, 1977, p. 72. 19 . It’s worth quoting the impressive lecture on this subject held by Nelson Moe at the University of Palermo on April 11, 2006. 2 0 . M . P u z o , The Godfatherr , London, Penguin, 1978, pp. 29–32. 2 1 . P i t r è , Usi e costumi , p. 255. 2 2 . P o l i c e R e port, March 29, 1927, p. 3, in ASPA, TCP, b. 3240. 23 . Mafia Monograph , in FBI Files, Section II, p. 6. 2 4 . P u z o , The Godfather, p. 67. 2 5 . I t i s u s e d by Puzo to refer to don Vito’s enemies, and by outsiders to don Vito’s world: see for instance Puzo, The Godfatherr, p. 68, p. 69, p. 147, p. 170, and p. 241. 2 6 . P uzo, The Godfatherr, p. 368. 2 7 . P uzo, The Godfatherr, p. 39. 2 8 . P u z o , The Godfatherr, p. 179. 2 9 . B. Bonanno, Bound by Honor: A Mafioso’s Storyy, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1999. 3 0 . L . A b b a t e , “Picciotti americani a lezione di mafia,” in ANSA, March 6, 2004. But see also C. Bizzi, La mafia di Castellammare del Golfo , tutor S. Lupo, Tesi di Laurea, Universit à di Palermo, 2008. 3 1 . T a l e s e , Honor Thy Fatherr, pp. 270–71. 3 2 . J . Bonanno, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno , with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003, p. 405. 3 3 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, p. 13 and p. 406. 3 4 . T a l e s e , Honor Thy Fatherr, p. 164; Bonanno, A Man of Honorr, cit., p. 39. 3 5 . B onanno, A Man of Honorr, p. 147. 3 6 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, p. 119. 3 7 . Bonanno, A Man of Honorr, pp. 404–405. 3 8 . B onanno, A Man of Honorr, p. 141. 3 9 . B o n a n n o , A Man of Honorr, p. 404. 4 0 . N . G e n t i l e , Vita di capomafia . Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963], p. 55. 4 1 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia , p. 55. 4 2 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia , p. 101. 212 NOTES

4 3 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia , p. 120. 4 4 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia , p. 79. 4 5 . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia , p. 157. 4 6 . D e C a v a lcante Tapes, The FBI Trascripts on Exhibit in Usa v. De Cavalcante , New York, Lemma Publishers, 1970, p. 3.90 and p. 4.26. 47 . De Cavalcante Tapes, pp. 1.15–17. 48 . F. J. Ianni and E. Reuss-Ianni, A Family Business: Kinship and Social Control in Organized Crime , London, Routledge, 1972, p. 73 ff. 4 9 . I a n n i , A Family Business , p. 72. 5 0 . I a n n i , A Family Business , pp. 66–67 and passim. 51 . Italy v. Spatola, p. 480. 52 . Italy v. Spatola, p. 488 and p. 505. 5 3 . G . S e lvaggi, Rise of the Mafia in New York from 1895 through World War III, Indianapolis, Bob-Merril, 1978. 5 4 . S o i n Processo dei fratelli Amoroso & C., Palermo, Tip. Il Giornale di Sicilia, 1883, p. 43 and p. 69. 55 . “Terranova Charges He Is a Political Goat,” in N ew York Times ( henceforth NYT), December 28, 1929. 5 6 . H . A badinsky, Organized Crime, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002, p. 46. 57 . Buscetta’s Testimony in United States v. Badalamenti, p. 150. Italics mine. 5 8 . B onanno, Bound by Honorr, p. 18. 5 9 . I n H . A b a d i n s k y, The Mafia in America: An Oral Historyy, New York, Praeger, 1981, pp. 92–93. 6 0 . V . Teresa, My Life in the Mafia , New York, Doubleday, 1973, p. 3. 6 1 . P . J e n k i n s , “Narcotics Trafficking and the American Mafia: The Myth of Internal Prohibition,” in Crime, Law and Social Change , 18(3), November 1992, pp. 303–18. 6 2 . Q u o t e d in S. Raab, F ive Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2005, pp. 280–81. 6 3 . T he conversation is dated March 28, 1983. Quoted by Raab, Five Families, p. 266. 6 4 . S . A l e x a n d e r , The Pizza Connection: Lawyers, Money, Drugs and Mafia, New York, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1988, p. 43. 65 . As we know, it was not only an attitude of the Mafia. Bell referred to it by quoting the words of a gangster from Chicago, who told a marshal in Dallas, “something I’m against, that’s dope peddlers, pickpockets, and hired killers”: D. Bell, The End of the Ideologies, Glencoe, Free Press, 1964, cit., p. 118. 6 6 . A m o n g them, Salvatore Catalano and Cesare Bonventre. 6 7 . R . B l u m e n t h a l , Last Days of the Sicilians: At War with the Mafia, the FBI Assault on the Pizza Connection , New York, Times Books, 1988, p. 296. 6 8 . A lexander, The Pizza Connection , p. 7. 6 9 . A l e x a n d e r , The Pizza Connection , p. 68 and p. 73. 7 0 . B l u m e n t h a l , Last Days of the Sicilians , p. 300. NOTES 213

7 1 . B onanno, A Man of Honorr, p. 52. The same version of the story is proposed by the boss’s son, Bonanno, Bound by Honorr, pp. 44–46. 7 2 . B lumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians , pp. 51–52. 73 . Kennedy quoted by Alexander, The Pizza Connection , pp. 30–32. 7 4 . Quoted in Alexander, The Pizza Connection , p. 32. 75 . J. B. Jacobs, C. Panarella, and J. Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra , New York, New York University Press, 1994, pp. 4–5. 76 . I refer, respectively, to Joseph Massimo, boss of the Bonanno Family, and to Vincent the Chin Gigante, boss of the Genovese Family. 7 7 . G . N a t o l i , Italia e USA: esperienze a confronto , in Pentiti. I collaboratori di giustizia, le istituzioni, l’opinione pubblica, edited by A. Dino, Roma, Donzelli, 2006, pp. 39–62, in particular p. 62. Bibliography and Sources

Documentary Sources

U n published

ACS—Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Roma [Italian National Archives]. ACC—Allied Control Commission, 689c, box 140, 143/28, File Mafia . MGG, MAP—Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia, Miscellanea Affari penali, b. 49, b. 132. MGG, ES—Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia, Estradizioni, b. 17. MI, PG—Ministero degli Interni, Polizia Giudiziaria, b. 252 (1907–8), b. 236 (1916–18). MI, Segreteria del capo della polizia, Ispettorato generale di PS per la Sicilia, b. 16. CPC—Casellario Politico Centrale, b. 1141 (Cascio-Ferro Vito). CPM—Confinati Politici e Mafiosi, b.35, 38, 53, 160. ASPA—Archivio di Stato di Palermo. PG—Gabinetto Prefettura. QG—Gabinetto Questura, b. 7 (1880). QAG—A ffari generali Questura, b. 15 (Petrosino’s murder); b. 2167 (1938). TCP—Tribunale civile e penale, b. 3205. ASTP—Archivio di Stato di Trapani Registri dello stato civile, Nascite. FBI Files—Federal Bureau of Investigation, Files available online (Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts). Carlo Tresca. Charles Gambino. Charles “Lucky” Luciano. Mafia Monograph , prepared by the Central Research Section [of the FBI], based on a memo from C. W. Sullivan, July 1958. GWP—George White Papers in Stanford University Library, Special Collections. Ita ly v. Accardo—Corte d’Assise di Trapani, Procedimento penale a carico di Accardo Antonino + 86, February 28, 2000. Ita ly v. Caruana—Tribunale di Palermo. Ufficio Istruzione, O rdinanza contro Pasquale Caruana e Giuseppe Cuffaro , September 8, 1990. 216 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES

Ita ly v. Casamento—Tribunale di Palermo, Direzione distrettuale antimafia— Ordinanza di custodia in carcere di F.Casamento + 29, 2008. Ita ly v. Spatola—Tribunale di Palermo, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro R.Spatola + 119, January 22, 1982. Buscetta’s Testimony A—Tribunale di Palermo, Processo verbale di interrogato- rio di T.Buscetta davanti al giudice Falcone, June 1984. Buscetta’s Testimony B—Tribunale di Palermo, Testimonianza di T.Buscetta al Maxiprocesso, April 1986.

Pu blished

Allegra’s Testimony (1937), M. De Mauro, La confessione del Dott. Melchiorre Allegra. Come io, medico, diventai mafioso in “L’Ora,” January 22–25, 1962 (the original in ASPA, QG, b. 1415). De Cavalcante Tapes, The FBI Trascripts on Exhibit in Usa v. De Cavalcante , New York, Lemma Publishers, 1970. GDF Report 1955–63, Guardia di Finanza, Rapporto relativo agli episodi di con- trabbando di tabacchi e stupefacenti interessanti la Sicilia . . . dal 1955 al 1963 , in AC, DOC (Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia in Sicilia. Documentazione allegata alla relazione conclusiva, Roma, 1971), vol. 4, 14/1. The Gotti Tapes. Included the Testimony of Samuel “the Bull” Gravano, London, Arrow Books, 1992. Investigative Report 1938, in V. Coco and M. Patti, Relazioni mafiose. La mafia ai tempi del fascismo, Rome, XL, 2010, pp. 55–211. Original: R. Ispettorato gen- erale di Ps per la Sicilia—Nucleo centrale Carabinieri reali, Processo verbale di denunzia di 175 individui responsabili di associazione per delinquere (July 16, 1938), in ASPA, QAG—1935—b. 2196. Italy v. Abbate, Mafia, l’atto d’accusa dei giudici di Palermo [1985], edited by C. Stajano, Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1986. Italy v. Andreotti, Memoria presentata dal pubblico ministero nel procedi- mento penale contro G.Andreotti [1993], in La vera storia d’Italia , edited by S. Montanaro and S. Ruotolo, Naples, Pironti, 1995. Italy v. Garofalo, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro F. Garofalo e altri , January 31, 1966, in AC. DOC, v. 4, 14/1. Ita ly v. La Barbera, Sentenza di rinvio a giudizio contro S. La Barbera e altri, June 23, 1964, in AC. DOC, v. IV, 17. Ita ly v. Sindona, Sindona. Gli atti d’accusa dei giudici di Milano [1984], Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1986. MCH—Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations [Chairman: John L. MacClellan], Washington, DC, United States Senate, 1963–64. Presi dent’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the Presidentt, Vol. I: T he Impact , Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES 217

President’s Commission on Law Enforcement, Task Force Report on Organized Crime , 1967, in The Crime Establishment. Organized Crime and American Society, edited by J. E. Conklin, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1973, pp. 27–41. Sangiorgi Reportt (1898–1900), in S. Lupo, Il tenebroso sodalizio. Il primo rap- porto di polizia sulla mafia siciliana. Postfazione di J. Dickie, Rome, XL, 2011, pp. 51–161 (Original in ACS, MI). Scotten Memorandum (1943), in R. Mangiameli, Le allegorie del buongoverno. I rapporti tra mafia e americani nel 1943 , in “Annali” del Dipartimento di scienze storiche della Facolt à di Scienze politiche dell’ Universit à di , 1980, pp. 622–29. Original: The Problem of Mafia in Sicilyy, in Public Record Office, London—Foreign Office, 371/37327. United States v. Salerno (1986) and United States v. Badalamenti (1985–1987)— Different documents, in J. B. Jacobs, C. Panarella, and J. Worthington, Busting the Mob: United States v. Cosa Nostra, New York, New York University Press, 1994.

N ewspapers

NYT— New York Times , 1888 ff. In notes one finds references to articles from: The Daily Compass , Il Giornale di Sicilia , The Greenwich Villagerr, Il Martello, New York Herald Tribune , New York Journal , New York World-Telegram , L’Ora, Pacific Press, Repubblica, Sicilia Nuova , The Washington Postt.

Bibliography

The Life Stories of Mafios i

Abadinsky, H., The Mafia in America: An Oral Historyy, New York, Praeger, 1981. Arlacchi, P., A ddio Cosa nostra: La vita di Tommaso Buscetta , Milan, Rizzoli, 1994. Arlacchi, P., Men of Dishonor, Inside the Mafia, an Account of Antonino Calderone , New York, Morrow, 1993. Biagi, E., I l boss è solo , Milan, Mondadori, 1986. Bonanno, B., Bound by Honor: A Mafioso’s Storyy, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1999. B onanno, J., A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno, with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003. D avis, J. H., Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Familyy, New York, HarperCollins, 1993. Feder, S. and J. Joesten, The Luciano Storyy , New York, McKay, 1954. 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES

Galluzzo, L., T ommaso Buscetta. L’uomo che trad ì se stesso, Quart, Musumeci, 1984. Gentile, N., Vita di capomafia. Memorie raccolte da F. Chilanti, Rome, Crescenti Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963]. Gosch, M. A. and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano, Boston and Toronto, Little Brown, 1975. Maas, P., U nderboss. Sammy the Bull Gravano’s Story of Life in Mafia, London, HarperCollins, 1977. Maas , P., The Valachi Papers , New York, Putnam, 1968. Messick, H., Lansky y, New York, Putnam, 1971. Pileggi, N., Wiseguy. Life in a Mafia Familyy , London, Corgi, 1987. Selvaggi, G., Rise of the Mafia in New York from 1895 through World War III, Indianapolis, Bob-Merril, 1978. Talese, G., Honor Thy Fatherr , New York, Ivy Books, 1992 [I ed. 1971]. Teresa, V., My Life in the Mafia , New York, Doubleday, 1973. Viviano, F., . Il memoriale , Rome, Aliberti, 2008. Wolf, G. and J. Di Mona, Frank Costello: Prime Minister of the Underworld , London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1974.

General—in English

Abadinsk y, H., Organized Crime , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002. A lba, R. D., Italian-Americans: Into the Twilight of Ethnicityy , Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1985. A lbini, J. L., The American Mafia: Genesis of a Legend, New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts, 1971. A lexander, S., The Pizza Connection: Lawyers, Money, Drugs and Mafia , New York, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1988. Anbinder, T., Five Points , New York, Free Press, 2001. Anderson, R. T., “From Mafia to Cosa Nostra,” in The American Journal of Sociologyy, Vol. 71, No 3, November 1965, pp. 302–10. Arlacchi, P., Mafia Business: The Mafia and the Ethic of the Capitalism , London and New York, Verso, 1987. Balsamo, W. and G. Carpozi jr., Under the Clock: The Inside Story of the Mafia’s First Hundred Years , New York, New Horizon Press, 1988. Bell, D., “Crime as an American Way of Life,” in The Antioch Revieww, 13, Summer 1953, pp. 131–54. Bell , D., The End of the Ideologies , Glencoe, Free Press, 1964. Bell, D., “The Myth of the Cosa Nostra,” in The New Leaderr , 46, December 23, 1963, pp. 12–15. B ernstein, L., The Greatest Menace: Organized Crime in Cold War America , Boston, University of Massachusetts Press, 2002. B lock, A., East Side-West Side, Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 , Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press, 1980. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES 219

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G e n e r a l—in Italian

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Abadinsky, Howard, 127, 132–4, 144 on Mafia ideology, 174, 179–82 Adonis, Joe (Joey Doto), 76, 89, 102, See also Calderone, A. on 110, 174 Badalamenti , 30, 45, 60, 104, 135, 147 Badalamenti, Gaetano (born in the Albini, Joseph, 164, 173. See also 19th century), 15 Mafia revisionist current Barsotti, Carlo, 19 Alcamo, 86, 140, 154 Bell, Daniel, 5. See also Mafia Allegra, Melchiorre revisionist current testimony of, 46–50, 56 Bender, Tony, 76 Ambrosoli, Giorgio, 152, 156 Berger, Meyer, 38, 65, 67, 75, 80, 93. AMG (Allied Military Government), See also Luciano, L. 103–7, 111 Biondo, Joe, 72, 83, 116, 124 Anastasia, Albert (Anastasio, Block, Alan A., 68, 81, 90, 119 Umberto), 41, 88–91, 99–100, “power syndacates” and “enterprise 102, 110, 120, 130, 139–40, 151 syndicates,” 77–8, 134, 144 Anastasio, Anthony, 88 Bonanno, Giuseppe-Joe Anastasio, Umberto. See Anastasia, autobiography, 6, 9, 53 Albert background of, 41, 51–5 Anderson, Robert T., 126, 133 Buscetta, T. on, 144, 146 Anello, Francesco, (nickname: first arrival in the United States, maistreddu), 73 41, 48–9, 55 Anslinger, Harry J., 85, 113, 115, and Garofalo, F., 55, 93–7 118, 131 at the Hotel delle Palme Antonini, Luigi, 79, 95–6, 107 summit, 140–1 Apalachin, Mafia summit at, 4–5, on Mafia ideology, 168–82 99, 120–1, 140–2 and Maranzano S., 56–8, 73–6 Aurelio, Thomas, 99 role in the Commission, 139, 141 Avellino, Sal, 177–8 on the word Mafia, 126–8 See also Castellammarese gang Badalamenti, Emanuele, 136 Bonanno, Salvatore-Bill Badalamenti, Family, 15–17 Honor Thy Father, 168–70 Badalamenti, Gaetano (born in 1923) and Mafia ideology, 168–72 background of, 15, 136–7 Bonanno Mafia Family, 53, 132, boss of the Sicilian Commission, 141, 150–1, 153, 159, 169–70, 153–5 173, 178–9 drug trafficking, 146, 150–9 family tree, 52 230 INDEX

Bonanno Salvatore sr., 53 Camarda, Emile, 88, 93 Bontate, Stefano Camorra, 13, 15, 35, 68 Buscetta T. and, 179 Campania, 29, 42, 43, 72, 85, 104 drug trafficking, 153–7 Campbell, Rodney, 100, 115 Bonventre, family, 53, 56, 151 Canada, 37, 57, 136, 146–7 family tree, 52 Caneba, Salvatore, 86 Boston, 3, 35, 77, 129 Caneba, Ugo, 86 Brasco, Donnie. See Pistone, Joe Capone, Al (Alphonse Gabriel), 36, , 143, 146–7, 156–9 41, 44, 80, 81, 85, 97 Bridges, Harry, 102 Caruana, Leonardo, 136, 147 Brod, Mario. See Brod, Max Caruana, Pasquale, 147 Brod, Max, 104, 106 Caruana-Cuntrera clan, 147 Brooklyn, 27, 49–50, 53–7, 61, 79, Cascio Ferro, Vito, 23–4, 26, 58–9. 85–91, 93, 100, 111, 146, 150, 156 See also Petrosino, J. Bruno, Angelo, 84, 177 Castellammarese gang, 51, 57–8, 75, 146 Bruno, Joe, 173 Castellammarese War Buccellato, Family, 54, 153, 155 Americanization/modernization of Buccellato, Francesco (nickname: the mob, 66, 75–7 Rovina), 53–4, 56 Davis, R. on, 66–8 Buccellato, Niccolò Cola, 153–4, 159 ending of, 76 Buchalter, Louis “Lepke,” 39, 44, 76, The Last Testament of Lucky 82, 91 Luciano on, 68–70 Buffalo, 3, 54–7, 127, 129, 139 origin of the name, 67 Mafia Family, 85, 98, 120 relation between Luciano, L. and See also Magaddino S. Masseria, J., 69 Buscemi Montana, Vanni, 107–9, 180 Valachi, J. on, 74 on Mafia ideology, 180 See also Luciano, L. and World War II activities, 107–9 Maranzano, S. See also OSS Castellano, Family, 50 Buscetta, Tommaso-Masino Castellano, Paul, 50, 121, 151, 158, background of, 143 178, 181–2 Bonanno J. and, 144 Catalano, Salvatore “Saca,” 146–7 Bontate S. and, 156, 179 Catalano, Salvatore “Sal,” 150–1 drug trafficking, 143–8 Ceola, Baldassarre, 21, 26, 28 Gambino Mafia Family and, Chicago, 3, 20, 29, 34, 37, 41, 49, 65, 145–50 75, 77, 84–5, 86, 97, 127, 129 on Mafia codes, 143–4 Chilanti, Felice, 124, 172 role in the second Mafia war, 157 Ciaculli, 145, 179 testimony of, 6–7, 143–51, 156–7, , 34, 136, 140, 150, 154 179 Cinisi Mafia Family, 137, 145 Byrnes, Thomas, 11, 15 Cleveland, 3, 45, 49, 83–5, 87, 129 Coco, Vittorio, 46 Calabria, 28, 30, 42–3, 85, 88, 135 Colombo, Joe, 163 Calderone, Antonino Nino: on Coney Island, 67, 68 Badalamenti, 154–5 Coppola, Francesco Paolo “Frank,” Calderone, Pippo, 125 116, 136 INDEX 231

Coppola, Francis Ford, 9, 165–6, 174, Falcone, Giovanni, 156–7, 159, 176. See also The Godfather 174–5, 182 Corleone, 21, 23–6, 29, 58, 153, 155–7 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), Corleone, Michael, 175 45, 50, 61, 82, 87, 95–7, 100–2, Corleone, Vito, 178, 182 111, 114, 118–19, 121–2, 124, Corleonesi gang, 153–60, 169, 179, 182 127–34, 142, 148, 150, 151, Corvo, Max 162–3, 167, 181 World War II activities, 107–9 FBN (Federal Bureau of Narcotics), See also OSS 4, 6, 83, 85–7, 104, 108, 111, 113, Cosa Nostra 115–19, 121–2, 124, 128, 136–7, Buscetta T. on, 143–4 140, 142, 145, 150, 161 origins of the term, 6–8 Feder, Sid, 8–9, 39, 75–6, 80 Valachi J. on, 123–9 Flegenheimer, Arthur. See Schultz, Costantino, Carlo, 24–6 Dutch Costello, Frank (earlierr Francesco Florio, Ignazio, 24 Castiglia), 41, 43–4, 76, 85, 93, Flynn, William J., 22, 26, 31 99–102, 108, 110–11, 114–15, Fontana, Giuseppe, 17, 23–4, 26 118, 120, 128, 139 Forni, Paul, 137 Cressey, Donald R., 5, 131 , 51, 57, 60, 86, 138 Critchley, David, 46, 48–9, 124 Franchetti, Leopoldo, 14, 27 Cuccia, Francesco, 47–8, 58–9 Cucco, Alfredo, 60–1 Gagliano, Tom, 70, 76 Galante, Carmine, (nickname: Big D’Agati, Giulio, 46, 48–50 cigarr), 96, 121–2, 140–2, 150–3, D’Aquila, Salvatore, 27, 49, 71, 172 156, 168–9, 176, 178 role in the New York Mafia, 43–6 Gallo, Joe (nickname: Crazy), 122 Davì, Pietro (nickname: Jimmy the Gambino, Carlo-Charles, 41, 48–51, American), 86, 116 58, 88, 93, 99, 116, 120–1, 139, Davis, Richard “Dixie,” 39–40, 141, 146–8, 150–1, 178 66–8, 75, 77, 80, 123, 125 Gambino, Ernesto, 30 De Cavalcante, Samuel Rizzo, Gambino, Giovanni-John (from 172–3, 179 Cherry Hills), 148, 152, 158 tapes, 127–8, 141 Gambino, Giulio, 30 De Niro, Robert, 165 Gambino Mafia Family, 72, 99, 123, 127, De Stefano, George, 165 133, 141, 147–8, 150–3, 168, 174 DEA (Drug Enforcement drug trafficking, 153–6 Administration), 150. See also family tree, 149 FBN Gambino (from Cherry Hills), family, Detroit, 45, 54, 116, 136, 150, 159 148, 151–2, 158 Dewey, Thomas, 79–82, 90–1, 93, 102, family tree, 149 111, 114–15, 117, 119, 182. See also Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 13, 103, 169 Luciano, L. Garofalo, Francesco-Frank, 55–7, 61, Doto, Joey. See Adonis, Joe 76, 95, 97, 99, 139–41 Genco Russo, Giovanni, 140 East Harlem, 27, 29, 42–3, 72–4, 79, 94 Genova, Francesco. See Motisi, England, 147 Francesco 232 INDEX

Genovese, Vito Hennessy, David G., 11 background of, 41, 43 Herlands, William B., 91, 100, 110, in Italy, 86, 93–5, 104 115–16 and Mangano, 82–3 Hewitt, Henry Kent, 109 postwar period, 120–1 Hill, Henry, 132 role in the New York Mafia, 44, Hines, Jimmy, 40, 68, 80, 82 74–6, 83–5 Hobsbawm, Eric J., 14, 18, 161 and Valachi, 123 Hogan, Frank S., 96 Gentile, Nicola-Nick, 6, 57, 60, 70–2, 76, Hoover, John Edgar, 82, 118–19, 121–2 86–7, 116, 126, 135, 143, 168, 179 Hotel delle Palme, Mafia summit at, on American Mafia organization, 140–1, 150 44, 83–5, 171–2 background of, 30 I Beati Paoli. See Natoli, Luigi transatlantic network, 45–6, 124–5 Ianni, Francis A., 173–4. See also World War II activities, 104–6 Mafia revisionist current Giammona, Antonino, 13, 15–16 Ianni-Reuss, Elizabeth, 173–4. See Gioisa, Carlo, 62–3 also Mafia revisionist current Giuffrè, Antonino, 157, 169 Inzerillo, Antonino, 158 Giuliani, Rudolph, 182 Inzerillo, Family, 148–51, 174–5 Giuliano, Boris, 155–6 drug trafficking, 153–8 The Godfatherr, 9, 164–9, 172–6, 179, family tree, 149 181. See also Mafia ideology Inzerillo, Giuseppe, 158 Gosch, Martin, 8–9, 44, 75, 110, 125. Inzerillo, Pietro, 158 See also Luciano, L. Inzerillo, Salvatore, 148, 153, 155, Gotti, John, 181–2 157–8, 179 Gravano, Salvatore “Sammy Bull,” 37, 165 Jenkins, Philip, 177 Greco, Family, 137, 145, 153 Joesten, Joachim, 115 Greco, Michele (nickname: “the Pope”), 153, 155 Kefauver, Estes, 5 Greco, Salvatore (nickname: Special Senate Committee on ciaschiteddu), 137, 144–6 organized crime, 113–19, 124, Greco, Salvatore (nickname: 131, 162 l’ingegnere), 137 Kennedy, Michael, 99, 179–81 Grillo, Antonino, 46–8, 71 Kennedy, Robert, 122–3

Haffenden, Charles R., 100–3, 108, La Barbera, Angelo, 116 110–11, 114–15. See also Luciano, La Barbera, brothers, 137, 145 L. and World War II La Barbera, Salvatore, 116 Haller, Mark H., 38–40 La Cosa nostra. See Cosa nostra Hammer, Richard, 44, 68, 71, 75, 77, La Guardia, Fiorello, 79, 82, 89, 91, 94 125. See also Luciano, L. Lalli, Sergio, 5, 53, 168–70 Harlem, 39–40, 80 Lampedusa, 62–3 Harney, Malachi L., 111–12, 161, 181 Landesco, John, 5, 35–7 Hawkins, Gordon, 131, 164. See also Lansky, 43, 75, 76, 85, 101–2, 114 Mafia revisionist current Lanza, Joseph “Socks,” 101, 121 INDEX 233

Le Havre, 23, 55 structure, 7, 86–7, 123–4, 128, Lepke. See Buchalter, Louis 131–2 , 43 transatlantic network, 2–3, 6–8, Liverpool, 26, 46 21–7, 45–58, 86, 143–50, Lo Giudice, brothers, 49 153–7, 168 Lonardo, Angelo, 83–5 transplantation theory on, 2 Lonardo, Peppino-Joe, 45 the word, 1, 4–5, 12, 113, 126, Louisiana, 24 143, 163, 170 Lucchese, Family, 132, 177–8 Magaddino, Antonio, 57, 120 Lucchese, Tommaso-Tommy, 41, 76, Magaddino, Family, 53–4, 56, 93, 98 87, 123 family tree, 52 Luciano, Charles “Lucky” (Salvatore Magaddino, Gaspare, 56, 140–1, 146 Lucania) Magaddino, Peter, 55 Americanization/modernization of Magaddino, Stefano-Stephan, 41, the mob, 44, 66, 71–7 48–9, 51, 54, 75, 85, 98, 120, 139, background of, 41, 43 141. See also Castellammarese Berger M. on, 65–6 gang expulsion from Usa and postwar Magliocco, Joseph, 49, 121 career, 114–18 Mancuso, Serafino, 86 and Gosh M. and Hammer R., 75, Mangano, Philip, 85, 88, 93, 120 125 Mangano, Vincenzo-Vincent, 41, and Maranzano S., 66–71 48, 70, 76, 82–5, 87, 89–91, 108, prosecution by Dewey T., 79–82 110, 120, 124, 128, 139. and World War II, 93–4, 101–3, 108–13 See also Mafia transatlantic Lupo, Ignazio, 22, 24, 26–7, 29, 31, 43, network 46, 66 Mangano Mafia Family, 85, 87–8, Lupollo, family, 36, 42, 174. See also 90, 99, 124 Ianni, Francis A. and Ianni- Mangione, Jerre, 34 Reuss, Elizabeth Maranzano, Salvatore Allegra M. on, 47–8 Maas, Peter, 129, 163 background of, 41, 48–9, 51–6 Mafia Bonanno J. on, 75–6 Commission, 6, 48, 71, 75–7, 82–7, illegal emigration business, 57 117, 123, 141, 144, 154–5 illicit liquor enterprises, 57 and Fascism, 58–63 Luciano, L. on, 68–71 first Mafia war, 145 murder of, 65–8 ideology of, 7–9, 37, 71, 148, 160–81 and Valachi, J., 73–4, 129–30 initiation rite, 7, 123, 176 See also Castellammarese War; mythology, 8–9, 109–10, 173–5, Mafia transatlantic network 177–81 Marcantonio, Vito, 79, 94 old/new, 174 Marinelli, Albert C., 65, 82 Italian Parliamentary Committee Marino, Salvatore, 16 of Inquiry on, 124, 145 Marsala, 27, 56 protection and extortion by, 29 , 23, 47, 55, 62, 137–8 revisionist current on, 5–6, 164, Martinez, Vincenzo-Vincent, 56, 173–4 61, 141 234 INDEX

Masseria, Giuseppe-Joe Mafia Family, 127, 158, background of, 27, 41 173 Davis, R. on, 65–7 New Orleans, 3, 11–12, 16, 18, 23–4, Luciano, L. on, 69–70 46, 83, 87 murder of, 68, 74 New York, 3–4, 6, 11, 15–17, 19, 21–7, role in the New York Mafia, 29–30, 33–4, 38–46, 48–51, 53–4, 43–6, 71 56, 60–6, 70–1, 76–87, 89, 93–7, See also Castellammarese war 99–101, 108–11, 114–16, 118–21, Mazzini, Giuseppe, 12 123–4, 129, 133, 138–9, 141, Mazzini Society, 94–6. 146–8, 151–3, 156, 158–9, See also Tresca, Carlo 163, 167, 172, 174, 179 McCarthy, Joseph Raymond, 119 Notarbartolo, Emanuele, 17, 23, 26 McClellan, John L., 123, 127, 163 Milan, 86, 145–7, 151–2, 156 O’Dwyer, William, 89, 91, 100, Milano, Frank, 85 110–11, 118–19 Miller, Arthur, 95 Operation Husky, 103. See also AMG Miller, Herbert A., 34–5 Orlando, Calogero, 45 Minore, Antonino, 53, 56 Orsi, Robert A., 37 Minore, Salvatore “Totò,” 153, 159 OSS (Office of Strategic Services), MIS (Movement for the Independence 105–10. See also Operation of Sicily), 105–6. See also Husky Separatism Monreale, 16 Pagliarelli, 46, 49 Montana, John C., 98, 120 Palermo, 3, 6, 11, 13, 15–17, 18, 21–4, Montreal, 135, 147 26–8, 30, 34, 43, 45–50, 51, 55–8, Morello, Giuseppe-Joe (nickname: 60, 62–3, 67, 71, 73, 85–7, 103–5, Piddu or Fritteddu), 21–7, 110, 116, 124, 136–8, 140–1, 42–6, 66, 71. See also Mafia 143–8, 153–60 transatlantic network maxi-trial, 159, 182–3 Mori, Cesare, 58, 60–1, 66 Palermo, Vito, 127–8, 133–4, 176 Morreale, Ben, 34 Palizzolo, Raffaele, 17–18, 161 Mosca, Gaetano, 15, 27 Panepinto, Lorenzo, 28 Motisi, Francesco, also known as Pantaleone, Michele, 109–10. See also Francesco Genova (nickname: Luciano, L. and World War II “the American”), 16, 24, 26–7, Park, E. Robert, 34–5 46–8 Passanante, Antonino, 24, 26 Mussolini, Benito, 58–9, 61, 97, 108, Petrosino, Joe 162 and the “Italian squad,” 20–2 Mutolo, Gaspare, 158 murder of, 21–3, 26–31 , 3, 16, 30, 84, 129 Naples, 22, 30, 114, 117 Philadelphia Mafia Family, 177 Natoli, Luigi, 18, 161. See also Mafia Piana degli Albanesi (or Piana dei ideology; Mafia mythology Greci), 47, 57–8 Nelli, Humbert S, 86 Pistone, Joe, also known as Brasco, New Jersey, 50, 121, 127, 129, 148, 158 Donnie, 133, 150–1 INDEX 235

Pitkin, Thomas M., 20 Salemi, 136 Pitrè, Giuseppe Salemi, Carmelo, 135 on Mafia ideology, 18, 22, 161, 166 , 47, 57, 60 Pittsburgh, 30, 54, 83 Sangiorgi, Ermanno, 16 Pizza Connection Scamporino, Vincent, 105, 107. investigation, 150 See also OSS trial, 159, 179, 182 Schneider, Charles A., 82 Poletti, Charles, 93, 104–9. Schultz, Dutch (Arthur See also AMG Flegenheimer), 39–44, 77–82 Pope, Generoso, 61, 68, 95–6, 100 Scorsese, Martin, 165 Pope, Generoso, jr., 140 Scotten, William E., 103–5 Proface, Domenico, 49 Schultz, Dutch. See Proface, Rosalie, 139 Seabury, Samuel, 78–9 Profaci, Joe (or Proface, Giuseppe) Senise, Renato Carmine, 95 background of, 41, 48–9, 58 Separatism, 105–6. See also MIS role in the New York Mafia, 70, 76, Serrecchia, Mario, 35 85, 87–8, 121–3, 141 Sferracavallo, 62 role in the Sicilian Mafia, 137 Shapiro, Jacob “Gurrah,” 39, 41, See also Mafia transatlantic 81–2 network Siculiana, 30, 135–6, 147 Prohibition Siegel, Benjamin “Bug,” 43, 76, 81 and organized crime in US, 33–40 Sindona, Michele, 151–3, 156, 158 Puzo, Mario, 9, 164–8, 174, 176, 178–9. Siragusa, Charles, 117 See also The Godfather Sorge, Santo, 140 Spatola, Rosario, 153, 156, 161 Ranger, Terence, 18, 161 Spatola, Vincenzo, 153, 156 Reina, Family, 123 Speranza, Gino C., 19 Reina, Mildred, 130 Suchowljansky, Meier. See Lansky Reles, Abe, 89–91, 93, 111, 123 Switzerland, 145, 147, 158 Rennell-Rodd, James, 104 Riina, Salvatore, 153, 179, 182 Taddei, Ezio, 95–6 role in the second Mafia war, 155–60 Talese, Gay, 9, 53, 55, 162, 168–70. See also Corleonesi gang See also Bonanno, Salvatore Bill Rizzuto, Antonino (nickname: Tasca Bordonaro, Lucio, 105 “Perez”), 17 Teresa, Vincent, 127–8, 176–7 Rockefeller, Nelson Aldrich, 163 Terranova, brothers, 26–7 Romano, Joseph, 84 Terranova, Ciro, 27, 41–2, 46, 72–3, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 78–9, 95, 103, 81–2, 174–5 117 Terrasini, 45, 136 Rothstein, Arnold, 38–42, 44 Toronto, 98, 146–7 Russo, Joseph, 105–6 Torrio, John, 29, 41, 76, 82 Ryan, Joseph P., 88 Train, Arthur C., 19, 22, 31, 35 Traina, Joe, 71, 85 Sacco, Nicola, 94 Trapani, 27, 46–7, 51, 56, 107, 137, Saitta, Salvatore, 22 153–4, 156 236 INDEX

Tresca, Carlo, 20, 107 on his own initiation rite, 73–4 murder of, 94–7 an the “old style’ bosses, 73 Trestelle zio, 22 testimony of, 123–32, 143 Trieste, 79 See also Cosa Nostra Troja, Vincenzo, 47–8, 60 Valente, Umberto, 46, 72 Truman, Harry S., 91, 117 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 94 Tunis, 47 Vassallo, Santo, 16, 46 Tunisia, 16–17, 23, 55–6, 59, 60, 62–3, , 145–7 97 Villabate, 17, 49–50, 71, 137, 167. Turkus, Burton, 8–9, 39, 75–6, 80, See also Mafia transatlantic 89–90 network Turrisi Colonna, Nicolò, 13–14 Violi, Paul, 135–6, 139, 147–8 Vitale, Albert H., 42 Uditore, 15 Vizzini, Calogero, 104–6, 109–10 Unione Siciliana Davis, R., on, 66–8 Walker, Jimmy, 38, 42, 44, 61, 79 Luciano, L. and, 75, 80 , Irving, 39, 41 the term, 4, 66 Weinberg, Bo, 67–8, 75 See also Castellammarese war White, George H., 84, 102, 108, 115 Whyte, William F., 35–6, 77, 93, 100 Valachi, Joe background of, 72 Yale, Frankie (Francesco Paolo on Castellammarese war, 74 Iole), 41