Notes Introduction 1 . T his book relates to the Sicilian Mafia as far as its connection with the American Mafia is concerned. See the Sicilian specific characters in S. Lupo, Histor y of the Mafia . Translated by A. Shugaar, New York, Columbia University Press, 2009. 2 . D . M . P . M c C a r t h y , An Economic History of Organized Crime: A National and Transnational Approach , London, Routledge, 2011, p. 20. 3. See the definition of “organized crime” (not of “Mafia”) in A. Block, East Side-West Side, Organizing Crime in New York, 1930–1950 , Cardiff, University College Cardiff Press, 1980, p. 10. 4 . The topic of the “territorial conquest” is dealt by F. Varese, Mafias on the Move: How Organized Crime Conquers New Territories , Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2011. A similar topic relates to the busi- nesses run by different regional southern Italian Mafias (the Camorra in Campania and the ‘Ndrangheta in Calabria) in Northern Italy: see R. Sciarrone, Mafie vecchie e mafie nuove. Radicamento ed espansione , Rome, Donzelli, 1998. A fine historical comparison between Mafia, C amorra and ‘Ndrangheta in J. Dickie, Blood Brotherhoods: The Rise of the Italian Mafias , London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2011. 5 . See, for example, this view—in my opinion misleading—in A. Blok, Mafia of a Sicilian Village: A Study on Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs , New York, Harper, 1974. 6 . S e e for example C. Sterling, Octopus: The Long Reach of the International Sicilian Mafia , New York, Simon & Schuster, 1991. 7 . President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the Presidentt, Vol. I: The Impactt , Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986, p. 51. 8 . S . R a a b , Five Families. The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires , New York, St. Martin’s Press, 2005, p. 12. 9 . I do not translate the Italian word paese only as “village,” since Sicilian paesi sometimes have thirty or forty thousand inhabitants. I’ll therefore use the term “small town” or “agro-town”; using the term “village” only to refer to minor paesi , and to the so-called borgate around Palermo. 186 NOTES 1 0 . F o llowing the line drawn by A. Block, S pace, Time, & Organized Crime , New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers, 1994. 1 1 . D . C r i t c hley, The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931 , New York and London, Routledge, 2009, a rare exam- ple of a professional historical essay in English language on the American Mafia, does not quote the most important Italian studies, and among them the Italian edition of the present book, published in 2008. 1 2 . J . L a n desco, Organized Crime in Chicago , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968 [I ed. 1929], p. 221. 13. D. Bell, “Crime as an American Way of Life,” in The Antioch Revieww , 13, Summer 1953, pp. 131–54, was published again in D. Bell, The End of the Ideologies , Glencoe, Free Press, 1964. 1 4 . D . J . K e n n e y a n d J. O. Finckenauer, Organized Crime in America , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 1995, p. 255. 1 5 . V a lachi, in addition to giving testimony before the McClellan Committee, collaborated on a book about his life: P. Maas, T he Valachi Papers , New York, Putnam, 1968. 1 6 . N . G e n t i le, Vita di capomafia. Memorie raccolte da Felice Chilanti , Rome, Crescenzi Allendorf, 1993 [I ed. 1963]. 17 . But Critchley’s recent essay, The Origins of Organized Crime , makes exten- sive use of the manuscript found in FBI archives. 1 8 . J . Bonanno, A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno, with Sergio Lalli, New York, St. Martin Paperbacks, 2003. 19 . In Italian, the literal meaning of the word p entito is penitentt , but we can bet- ter translate it in English as turncoat . Among the books on which Buscetta collaborated, see the one edited by P. Arlacchi, A ddio Cosa nostra: La vita di Tommaso Buscetta , Milan, Rizzoli, 1994. 2 0 . T he report was written by investigators belonging to a special investiga- tive agency, the “Ispettorato interprovinciale di PS per la Sicilia,” created in September 1933. I’ll refer to it as Investigative Report 1938. 21 . See in particular Investigative Report 1938, p. 61. 22 . See in H. Abadinsky, Organized Crime , Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2002, p. 31, the transcription of one involving members of the New England Family, celebrated near Boston on October 29, 1989. 23 . President’s Commission on Organized Crime, Report to the Presidentt, pp. 26–27. 2 4 . B . T u r k u s a n d S . F e d e r , Murder Inc.: The Story of the Syndicate , London, Gollancz, 1952. 25 . M. A. Gosch and R. Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano , Boston and Toronto, Little, Brown, 1975. 1 Amid the Great Flood of Migrants 1 . “ B y Order of the Mafia,” in New York Times (henceforth NYT), October 22, 1888. NOTES 187 2 . “ C h i e f H e n n e s s y Avenged. Eleven of His Italian Assassins Lynched by a Mob,” in NYT, March 14, 1891. Here and elsewhere, I shall try to simplify the reader’s task by citing in these notes only a few names among the many available within the sources. The mayor’s name was Shakespeare; the name of the minor politician was Parkerson. 3 . The first were the Matrangas, the other the Provenzanos. Among the lynched people, in any case, we find one Joseph Macheca, whose name does not seem to be Sicilian, nor even Italian. Born in New Orleans in 1834, he was an important businessman who supported the political fac- tion opposed to the mayor’s faction. See M. L. Kurtz, “Organized Crime in Louisiana,” in Louisiana Historyy , 4, 1983, pp. 355–76, in particular pp. 361–62. 4 . Q u o t e d b y H. S. Nelli, The Business of Crime: Italians and Syndicate Crime in the United States, C hicago, University of Chicago Press, 1976, p. 65. 5 . “ The Origin of the Mafia,” in NYT, May 3, 1891. 6 . It appears incredible, but until recent times we find authors who refer to the medieval origins of the Mafia, or to Mazzini as its founder. See for example D. L. Chandler, Criminal Brotherhoods , London, Constable, 1976, pp. 24–30, or W. Balsamo and G. Carpozi Jr., Under the Clock: The Inside Story of the Mafia’s First Hundred Years, Far Hills New York, New Horizon Press, 1988, p. XV. 7 . In the Italian system, the Q uestura was under the direct authority of the national government. 8 . See in particular this topic in N. Recupero, La Sicilia all’opposizione (1848–74) , in Storia d’Italia: le regioni dall’Unit à a oggi: La Sicilia , edited by M. Aymard and G. Giarrizzo, Turin, Einaudi, 1987, pp. 41–88; and Id., “Ceti medi e homines novi. Alle origini della mafia,” in Polis , 2, 1987. 9 . I refer overall to the so-called Carboneria. See police reports linking Masonry to Mafia in ASPA, QG, b. 7 (1880). 1 0 . R e a lly, the first sources spelled the word maffioso . 11 . Police reports dated February 29, 1876, and September 21, 1875, in APA GP, 1876, b. 35. 1 2 . N . T u r r i s i C o l o n n a , Cenni sullo stato attuale della sicurezza pubblica in Sicilia , Palermo, ILA Palma, 1988 [I ed. 1864], p. 48. 1 3 . T h i s e t ymon was first proposed by G. Alongi, La maffia nei suoi fattori e nelle sue manifestazioni. Saggio sulle classi pericolose in Sicilia , Turin, Bocca, 1886, p. 75. We will see later the different interpretation of the eth- nologist G. Pitr è . 1 4 . T u r r i s i s a i d it to Leopoldo Franchetti: see the latter’s diary, L. Franchetti, Politica e mafia in Sicilia. Gli inediti del 18766 , edited by A. Jannazzo, Naples, Bibliopolis, 1995, p. 58. 1 5 . S e e for example J. Schneider and P. Schneider, C ulture and Political Economy in Western Sicilyy, New York, Academic Press, 1976. 1 6 . E . J . H o b s b a w m , The Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements , New York, Norton, 1965. 188 NOTES 1 7 . L . F r a n c h e t t i , Condizioni politiche e amministrative della Sicilia , in Inchiesta in Sicilia , edited by L. Franchetti and S. Sonnino, Florence, Vallecchi, 1974 [I ed. 1876]. 1 8 . G . Mosca, Che cos’ è la mafia , Rome and Bari, Laterza, 2002 [I ed. 1900], p. 27. 1 9 . S . L u p o , Il giardino degli aranci. Il mondo degli agrumi nella storia del Mezzogiorno , Venezia, Marsilio, 1990. See in particular Luigi Contencin, the most important Italian exporter, interviewed in Citrus Fruit Sales in New York, San Francisco, Pacific Press, October 22, 1897. 20 . G. Blandini’s report (1909) quoted in G. Barone, Lo Stato e le opere pie in Sicilia , in AaVv, Chiesa e societ à urbana in Sicilia (1890–1920) , Acireale, Galatea, 1990, pp. 33–66, in particular p. 48. See also S. Lupo, Sangiorgi Reportt, passim. 2 1 . “Commercio degli agrumi italiani sui mercati americani,” Bollettino di notizie commerciali, October 1885, p. 817. 22 . Sources in ACS, MGG, MAP, b. 49. 23 . Sangiorgi Reportt , p. 117 and ff. 2 4 . R e port of the prefetto di Palermo, June 26, 1900, in ACS, MI, PG, b.