Publisher’s Note

This new edition of Critical Survey of World Liter- reading groups, they can be used as paper topics ature, previously Magill’s Choice of World Literature, or conversation points. offers profiles of major writers outside the United In addition, phonetic pronunciation is provid- States from all time periods, accompanied by anal- ed for many foreign author’s last name -- for exam- yses of their significant titles of fiction, drama, po- ple, Aeschylus (EHS-kuh-luhs). A Key to Pronun- etry, and nonfiction. This work was originally pub- ciation appears at the beginning of all six volumes. lished in 1993, a supplement appeared in 1995, and then a revised six-volume edition was pub- Format and Content lished in 2009. This new edition covers 450 writers Critical Survey of World Literature is arranged in an at the heart of literary studies for middle and high A-Z format, by author’s last name. Essays vary from school students and at the center of book discus- approximately six to thirteen pages in length. sions among library patrons. It brings together in- Each begins with a block of reference information formation on the lives and works of writers from in a standard order: around the world in all genres. Its companion set, Critical Survey of American Literature, was published • Name by which the author is best known in 2016. • Born: place and date • Died: place and date Scope • Statement about the author’s literary For this edition of Critical Survey of World Literature, importance new authors include Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, The main text is divided into the following Patrick Chamoiseau, Orhan Pamuk, William sections: Woodward Self, Yann Martel and Amitav Ghosh. The list of authors span both the globe, represent- • Biography: chronological overview of the ing nearly fifty different countries, and time, from author’s life the sixth century BCE to the twenty-first century. • Analysis: discussion about the author’s style, This new edition also includes more women writ- dominant themes, and literary ers and authors of children’s and young adult lit- characteristics erature. • Works: profiles of one or more individual titles (novels, novellas, plays, poems, short Currency stories, essays) All the original essays were evaluated for their cur- • Summary: one or two brief paragraphs rency, and many were significantly revised. Biogra- summarizing the author’s legacy phy, Analysis, and Summary sections were updat- ed to include new titles or awards, changes in Each Works section lists the year in which the residence or employment, and alterations in criti- title was first published. For short stories, poems, cal and popular reception, with many including essays, or other short pieces, a collection of the new works. Bibliographies for all essays were re- author’s works in which the reader can find the viewed, and lists of the author’s works and sources title is also indicated. for further consultation were revised to provide Every essay ends with a bibliography listing readers with the latest information. both the author’s works in all genres (By the Au- Each essay includes a Discussion Topics sidebar thor) and sources for further study (About the that addresses the writer’s body of work, specific Author) and contains the thought-provoking Dis- works, or life as it relates to his or her literature. cussion Topics sidebar. All essays include the Aimed at students, teachers, and members of byline of the contributor. In addition, hundreds of

ix Critical Survey of World Literature author portraits and thumbnail photographs of • Poets book jackets illustrate the text. • Science-Fiction and Fantasy Writers • Screenwriters Reference Features • Short-Story Writers At the beginning of each volume are the Table of • Women Contents for that volume, including the works fea- • Geographical List groups authors by tured in the Works sections, and a Complete List country of their origin or where they did of Contents for the entire set. the majority of their writing Five helpful reference sections appear at the • Title Index lists all featured works in end of Volume 6: alphabetical order • Author Index lists all authors profiled in the • Glossary defines crucial literary terms for set, with a list of their featured works. the reader, with examples from world literature Acknowledgments • Category List groups authors by genre, Salem Publishing thanks the editor of the previ- gender, and identity into the following 12 ous edition, Steven G. Kellman, Professor of Liter- categories: ature at the University of Texas at San Antonio, • Children’s and Young Adult Literature and editor of this edition, Robert C. Evans, L.B. Writers Young Professor of English, Auburn University at • Gay or Bisexual Writers Montgomery. We also thank the outstanding writ- • Jewish Writers ers who contributed material for this new edition • Mystery and Detective Writers of the Critical Survey of World Literature and for its • Nonfiction Writers previous versions. A list of their names and affilia- • Novelists tions can be found in the front of Volume 1. • Playwrights

x Key to Pronunciation

Foreign and unusual or ambiguous English-language names of profiled authors may be unfamiliar to some users of Critical Survey of World Literature. To help readers pronounce such names correctly, phonetic spellings using the character symbols listed below appear in parentheses immediately after the first men- tion of the author’s name in the narrative text. Stressed syllables are indicated in capital letters, and sylla- bles are separated by hyphens.

Vowel Sounds Symbol Spelled (Pronounced) a answer (AN-suhr), laugh (laf), sample (SAM-puhl), that (that) ah father (FAH-thur), hospital (HAHS-pih-tuhl) aw awful (AW-fuhl), caught (kawt) ay blaze (blayz), fade (fayd), waiter (WAYT-ur), weigh (way) eh bed (behd), head (hehd), said (sehd) ee believe (bee-LEEV), cedar (SEE-dur), leader (LEED-ur), liter (LEE-tur) ew boot (bewt), lose (lewz) i buy (bi), height (hit), lie (li), surprise (sur-PRIZ) ih bitter (BIH-tur), pill (pihl) o cotton (KO-tuhn), hot (hot) oh below (bee-LOH), coat (koht), note (noht), wholesome (HOHL-suhm) oo good (good), look (look) ow couch (kowch), how (how) oy boy (boy), coin (koyn) uh about (uh-BOWT), butter (BUH-tuhr), enough (ee-NUHF), other (UH-thur)

Consonant Sounds Symbol Spelled (Pronounced) ch beach (beech), chimp (chihmp) g beg (behg), disguise (dihs-GIZ), get (geht) j digit (DIH-juht), edge (ehj), jet (jeht) k cat (kat), kitten (KIH-tuhn), hex (hehks) s cellar (SEHL-ur), save (sayv), scent (sehnt) sh champagne (sham-PAYN), issue (IH-shew), shop (shop) ur birth (burth), disturb (dihs-TURB), earth (urth), letter (LEH-tur) y useful (YEWS-fuhl), young (yuhng) z business (BIHZ-nehs), zest (zehst) zh vision (VIH-zhuhn)

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Born: Cambridge, England; March 11, 1952 Died: Santa Barbara, California; May 11, 2001

Adams was a pioneer in both humor and science fiction and was among the first to combine the two genres, cre ating The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy and other popular novels.

at the End of the Universe (1980); Life, the Universe, and Everything (1982); and So Long, and Thanks for Courtesy of Michael Hughes from Berlin, Germany derivative work: Beao, All the Fish (1984). This popular success secured via Wikimedia Commons Adams’s fame in the world of comedy and ushered him into the world of science fiction. Adams at- Biography tended science-fiction conventions, campaigning Douglas Noel Adams was born in 1952 in Cam- for hu mor there at the same time that he promot- bridge, England, where he spent much of his early ed sci ence fiction to humor fans. life and his years of education. Adams’s signature Adams went in a new direction in his next novel trait was unpredictability. He was master of the Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency (1987), the sto- un expected—when his life story trudged toward ry of a private detective with a holistic approach to the usual university chapter, Adams set off on a solving his cases; he followed it with a sequel, The hitch hiking trip through Europe that stimulated Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul, in 1988. He returned one of his most innovative ideas: a hitchhiker’s to the Hitchhiker’s series in his final novel, Mostly guide to the galaxy. Harmless (1992). The years at Cambridge University for Adams Adams married Jane Elizabeth Belson in 1991, were centered not so much on studying English as and the couple had a daughter, Polly. An atheist, on , the undergraduate comedy society Adams was so opposed to the christening of his that he shared with his lifelong comedic hero daughter that he invented his own naming cere- John Cleese, a member of the com- mony. He placed his faith in science, not in reli- edy troupe. Like many Footlighters, Adams at- gion. Science was his way of making sense of the tained fame in the comedy world, contributing to universe: He tried to understand the universe bet- episodes of Monty Python’s Flying Circus and the sci- ter so he could better display it to his readers from ence-fiction series Dr. Who. He was inspired by his eye-opening perspective. such popular icons as his literary favorites P. G. To the ongoing chagrin of his publishers, Ad ams Wodehouse and Kurt Vonnegut and was influ- rarely met a publication deadline. At one point, a enced even more by the Beatles. frustrated publisher insisted that he end the sen- Adams’s career took off with The Hitchhiker’s tence he was writing and send in a manu script. The Guide to the Galaxy (1979). The popular series start- book was published, as was a sequel that tied the ed out as a radio program for the British Broad- loose ends that the half sentence cre ated. casting Corporation (BBC) that aired from 1978 In 2001, Adams was in Los Angeles to adapt The through 1980; he adapted the program as a book Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy for a feature film. in 1979 and a television series in 1981, and it later He suffered a heart attack and died in Santa Bar- was used as the basis of an animated film, a com- bara, California, on May 11, 2001, at the age of puter game, and a feature-length film. He ex- forty-nine. Adams had produced some of the most tended the Hitchhiker’s series with The Restaurant inno vative, most enjoyed, and—in their own 15 Critical Survey of World Literature way—most inspiring works to come out of twenti- realms of the universe. His whimsical evidence for eth century England. the existence of God tends to make the possibility of the divine disappear altogether. He negates not Analysis only God and humanity but the universe itself, de- Humor is the keystone of Douglas Adams’s fiction. scribing the destruction of the cosmos as the “gnab His sense of humor is decidedly understated, in- gib,” the opposite (and reverse spelling) of the “big fluenced by the deadpan Monty Python school of bang,” in which the universe was created. laughs. He has a knack for distilling something as Adams’s novels tend to be episodic, following impossibly complicated as the Ultimate Answer to colorful characters around the universe as they bat- the Universe into a two-digit number. He can take tle illogic, gravity, and deadlines. His picturesque something as simple as a bath towel and instill it and picaresque characters grandly traverse time with such cosmic significance that readers may and space in interstellar slapstick adventures. want to meditate on their linen closets. His style of He often features an Everyman character with humor relies on unexpected narrative turns deliv- whom readers can readily relate, a normal human ered by means of witty twists of the English lan- being from Earth. This unlikely hero is thrust guage. His linguistic deftness and narrative adroit into ex treme circumstances, forced to deal with ness enable Adams to make readers regularly crises ranging from zero gravity to galactic proto- laugh out loud. col to depressed robots. These Everyman heroes His innovative views of the universe allow read- are not ex tremely intelligent, not particularly ers to step back from the status quo and look at good-looking, not even skilled with automatic fire- things from a different perspective. Both reader arms; the typi cal Adams protagonist experiences and protagonist are provoked into viewing life his biggest thrill when walking to his mailbox. afresh on virtually every page of his novels through Adams places his characters in outlandish plots. delightfully unnerving story lines that tend to make For example, the mailbox might explode at the readers smile and the protagonist scratch his head moment the protagonist goes to open it or a char- wondering where he can find a good cup of tea. acter might find himself unsuspectingly teleport- Adams pokes fun at virtually everyone. He sati- ed into a passing spaceship and a cascade of rizes governments, bureaucracy, business, tech- increas ingly improbable events that render him nology, philosophers, dictionaries, airports, confused and vulnerable. The predicaments of politicians, bad poets, queues—anything in which these charac ters make readers realize that they are he can place his cosmic comic barbs. He is an not the only ones in the cosmos who are over- equal- opportunity satirizer, pointing out the flaws whelmed; readers share awkward moments with of almost everything while simultaneously drama- Adams’s protago nists, who are subjected to situa- tizing its unrealized potential. tions that test their abilities to adapt. Adams’s fiction is replete with imagined tech- nology—technology that pretends to improve life while actually complicating it. Characters in this fiction may find themselves battling some com- The Hitchhiker’s Guide to puter program or automated coffee maker to com- the Galaxy plete a simple task. Adams was a fan of cutting-edge technology who saw that newfangled gadgets could First published: 1979 make life more difficult. The familiarity of that dis- Type of work: Novel illusionment may be why readers can easily relate , with his towel and his alien friend to the many absurd situations that Adams’s charac- , begins an intergalactic journey by ters experience. hitchhiking off the soon-to-be-demolished planet Religious disbelief shows up frequently in Ad- Earth. ams’s works in the form of philosophical questions. Characters constantly search for the meaning of life, always unsuccessfully. The nihilistic Adams de- The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy is the first picts humankind’s utter insignificance in the vast book of the five-volume series (which Adams

16 Douglas Adams hu morously called a “trilogy”) based on Adams’s constructed a massive computer planet in a quest suc cessful radio series of the same name. An to find the Ultimate Question to Life, the Universe, immedi ate best seller, it has remained popular for and Everything. The Ulti- more than a quarter century. mate Answer had already In a quiet suburb of London, Arthur Dent is been discovered to be minding his own business when his morning is in- forty-two. That computer terrupted by bulldozers and wrecking machines planet, the travelers real- coming to destroy his house. The home, which ize, is none other than blocks the path of a new bypass, is slated to be torn Arthur’s own Earth. Un- down. Things go from bad to worse when Arthur’s fortunately, the vast com- friend, Ford Prefect, who has drunk too much at puter with its intricate the nearest bar, enlightens Arthur about the immi- organic program was de- nent destruction of Earth. Ships from the stroyed by the bureau- Constructor Fleet surround the planet, commis- cratic blundering of the sioned to destroy it to make way for the new hyper- precisely five space express bypass, whose path Earth is block- min utes before complet- ing. Soon Arthur’s house, along with the rest of ing its ten-million-year the planet, is drifting through space in tiny parti- cal culation. cles of recently vaporized matter. Arthur and carry enough of Earth with- Fortunately for Arthur, Ford turns out to be an in them to complete the crucial calculation. They experienced intergalactic hitchhiker who manages are less than happy to contribute to that cause, to smuggle the two of them aboard a Vogon craft however, as the calculation will damage their moments before the end of the Earth. As punish- brains and make them unusable. After a near-fatal ment for their hitchhiking, the Vogons submit stay on Magrathea, the travelers escape the planet, the stowaways to the torture of listening to heading off into the sunset toward the Restaurant poetry—Vogon poetry is widely regarded as the at the End of the Universe. universe’s worst. When the hitchhikers miracu- Adams’s uniquely humorous style contains cre- lously survive this death sentence, the Vogons ative descriptions of the universe and even such eject them into outer space to a more certain un likely insights as glimpses into the thought pro- death by asphyxia tion. cesses of a sperm whale. The story is persistently During the painful poetry reading, Zaphod interrupted and enriched by entries from The Beeblebrox, president of the Imperial Galactic Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy describing phenom- Government, steals a remarkable spacecraft pow- ena the characters have recently encountered or ered by the new Infinite Improbability Drive. As he are about to experience. Readers learn about pilots the craft, the Heart of Gold, away from the in- Vogons, poetry, towels, and much else. At first tergalactic police, he improbably picks up Arthur glance, it appears that these entries have little to and Ford exactly one second before their inevita- do with the plot’s development, but Adams man- ble deaths, the first of many improbable things that ages to tie seemingly random and insignificant regularly occur in the vicinity of the spaceship. trivia into the story line. The hitchhikers are greeted by Zaphod and two The book sets itself up marvelously for a sequel, other travelers, Marvin and Trillian. Trillian, for- and Adams wrote four more novels in which merly known as Tricia McMillan, met Arthur at a Ar thur, the commonplace English protagonist— London party a few years before; Marvin is a chron- still wearing his bathrobe, carrying his trusty towel, ically depressed robot. The group determine to and driven by his unquenchable thirst for tea— band together to aid Zaphod’s flight from the in- quests for his lost planet through hilarious cosmic tergalactic police. adven tures. They travel to Magrathea, where customized planets are produced. Long ago, Magratheans

17 Critical Survey of World Literature

victims the entire scope of the universe and the ex- The Restaurant at the End cruciatingly small part that they play in it. It invari- of the Universe ably destroys the viewer, demonstrating the high moral lesson that in order to survive as a sentient be- First published: 1980 ing one must not have too strong a sense of propor- Type of work: Novel tion. Yet Zaphod learns he is not the least but the The sequel to The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the most important thing in the universe because his Galaxy follows the hitchhikers to the end of the universe was created especially for him by Zarni- universe in quest of the meaning of life and good woop. The two together continue the search, in the food. real universe, for the man who rules the universe. Zaphod, Trillian, Arthur, and Ford end up, as- tonishingly, in Milliways, the Restaurant at the End The Restaurant at the End of the Universe contin- of the Universe, an entertainment emporium that ues the story of Arthur Dent; Trillian, his some- takes advantage of deep pockets and cataclysmic time girlfriend; , president of upheavals of matter. It and its counterpart, the Big the Imperial Galactic Government; Marvin the de- Bang Burger Bar, use time travel to provide cus- pressed robot; and Ford, his longtime hitchhiking tomers with the experience of the two biggest companion. The Heart of Gold is speeding away from events in the history of the universe: its creation Magrathea, the adventurers having barely escaped and its demise. After dinner and a brief brush with there with their lives at the end of The Hitchhiker’s death, Zaphod and Trillian materialize back on the Guide to the Galaxy. Heart of Gold, now piloted by Zarniwoop. They Arthur inadvertently overloads the computer’s travel across space propelled by the ship’s Infinite systems by asking for a good cup of English tea. Probability Drive and land on the planet of the When the approaching Vogon ship, sent to kill Ar- ruler of the universe. After a disappointing chat, thur and Trillian because of their ties with Earth, they leave Zarniwoop behind to cope with the un- opens fire on the Heart of Gold, the computer is so impressive ruler. focused on brewing a pot of tea that it cannot de- Arthur and Ford find themselves in a strange vote the needed resources to provide an adequate spaceship peopled with the unwanted exiled third defense. The characters once again narrowly es- of a distant planet’s population. After crash-landing cape what appears to be certain death when with the outcasts, they wander around for a while, Zaphod manages to summon his great-grandfather meeting some creatures clearly in need of evolu- to bail them out. tion’s guiding hand. Arthur and Ford eventually As a result of that rescue, Zaphod and Marvin recognize that they are on prehistoric Earth. The mysteriously disappear from the ship, finding outcasts quickly create committees, subcommit- themselves in the offices of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to tees, documentaries, and management meetings the Galaxy, the self-proclaimed repository of all which enable them to declare war on an uninhab- knowledge. After Zaphod and Marvin make it past ited continent and declare tree leaves legal ten- the existential elevator to find the office of Zarni- der. Ford realizes that the prehistoric people are woop, Zaphod realizes why his great-grandfather sadly dying off, leaving the crash-landed bureau- sent him there—he was reminding Zaphod that crats as the sole ancestors of the human race. he is in fact searching for the man who runs the The book concludes with Zaphod and Trillian uni verse. chatting purposelessly with the ruler of the uni- Zaphod is transported to Frogstar World B, the verse, Arthur and Ford celebrating with human- most evil planet in the universe, and subjected to the kind’s ancestors at a management party, and Mar- Total Perspective Vortex. The Vortex reveals to its vin missing and unaccounted for.

18 Douglas Adams

Nor way. She meets a number of patients with The Long Dark Tea-Time of strange ailments but cannot locate the man, whom the Soul she ulti mately discovers to be Thor, the Norse god of thun der. On the way from the hospital, Kate’s car First published: 1988 is rear- ended by Dirk, who is following her because Type of work: Novel he is lost. Dirk gets lost so often he has devised a , “holistic detective,” is caught system in which he follows anyone who seems to between Norse gods, an angry eagle, his know where he or she is going. Dirk maintains murdered client, his annoyed girlfriend Kate, that this counterintuitive process usually gets him and a frighteningly dirty fridge. where he needs to be, though seldom where he thought he was going. Dirk and Kate realize that their paths have led The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul is a sequel to them both on a collision course with Thor. Kate the original Dirk Gently novel Dirk Gently’s Holistic drives home to find Thor waiting for her; Thor Detective Agency. Gently makes his living as a “holis- found her house because she had given him her tic” detective, basing his detective work on “the ab- ad dress at the airport in an attempt to help him solute interconnectedness” of all things. This make his flight. She aids him again, removing leads to interesting investigative strategies. Gently floor boards embedded in his back from his fa- rejects Sherlock Holmes’s idea that whatever is left ther’s recent punishment. They fly off together, after ruling out all impossibilities must be the clinging to Thor’s thrown hammer, toward Valhal- truth. In stead, Gently insists on not rejecting a la, where Thor plans to confront his father about possibility merely because of its complete impossi- some vast, vague injustice. bility. His faith in the impossible proves a remark- Dirk makes it home to discover an angry eagle ably success ful detection strategy. on his doorstep who seems to be trying to tell him Kate Schechter is on her way to Norway to visit something. When the eagle threatens him, Dirk es- a friend. Kate gets delayed in line at the airport capes from the house on a quest for a cigarette, a be hind a large Norse-looking man who has no pursuit which leads him eventually to follow a pass port, credit card, or birth certificate. This group of beggars through a secret passageway into disre gard for red tape makes the bureaucratic Valhalla. There he meets the Draycotts, a couple check-in girl increasingly inflexible and rude. who have drafted a contract which exchanges the Kate ends up missing her flight and on her way gods’ powers for cash. Odin, canny but sleepy out of the airport gets rocked by an explosion that leader of the gods, signed causes the check-in girl to vanish mysteriously. the contract against the Meanwhile, Dirk Gently has just remembered will of his son Thor, trig- an appointment. His morning to this point has fea- gering the thunder god’s tured luxurious sleeping, a protracted staring con- angry reaction. test with his refrigerator, and wishing he had a rich The book ends with client—a wish which finally reminds him of his ap- the deaths of the Dray- pointment. He hurries, five hours late, to the cli- cotts in a freak accident ent who has complained of death threats from a with a fighter jet, annul- green man with a scythe. When Dirk at long last ling their contract. Thor arrives at his client’s house, he finds police cars manages to straighten out surrounding the home and his client sitting in a most of the problems that chair, his severed head spinning on a record turn- he has created. Dirk, hav- table. The green man with the scythe appears to ing experienced difficul- have gotten to Dirk’s client before Dirk did. ties with a sofa impossibly In the meantime, Kate visits an unusual medical stuck on his staircase and institution, where she looks for the large Norse a saltcellar that cannot possibly work the way it man who thwarted her plans for a holiday in does, returns home to his shiny new fridge.

19 Critical Survey of World Literature

Summary Douglas Adams’s innovative narrative and inim- Discussion Topics itably warm humor earned him a place among the best-loved British authors. His science fiction may • Douglas Adams was among the first to lack the usual rapid-fire action plot, but his novels combine the genres of science fiction and are filled with creative descriptions, witty word- humor. What effects did this new combi- play, and charming characters. nation have on the science-fiction genre? Steven C. Walker The humor genre? • How do Adams’s Everyman characters draw readers into the story? Bibliography • What does the immense popularity of the By the Author Hitchhiker’s series suggest about the sort long fiction: of books readers enjoy? The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, 1979 • What role does the persistent emphasis on The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, 1980 food play in Adams’s novels? Life, the Universe, and Everything, 1982 So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, 1984 • What advantages and disadvantages of Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency, 1987 high-technology gadgets does Adams The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul, 1988 highlight? Mostly Harmless, 1992 • How does Dirk Gently’s style of detective work differ from the detective work to short fiction: which most readers are accustomed? What “A Christmas Fairly Story,” 1986 (with ) is the effect of this unusual approach to “The Private Life of Genghis Khan,” 1986 the genre? “Young Zaphod Plays It Safe,” 1986 • Marvin the paranoid android came into radio plays: being around the same time as the droids The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, 1978-1980 of Star Wars. What besides paranoia sepa- The Original Hitchhiker Radio Scripts, 1985 (pb. in rates him from his counterparts in the Star England as The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy: Wars films? The Original Radio Scripts, 1985) • Adams was a devout atheist, yet many of his books deal directly with deities. Why? teleplays: , 1978-1980 The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, 1981 , 1990

nonfiction: , 1983 (with ) , 1990 (with ) The Deeper Meaning of Liff: A Dictionary of Things There Aren’t Words for Yet—-But There Ought to Be, 1990 (with Lloyd)

edited text: The Utterly, Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book, 1986 (with Peter Fincham)

miscellaneous: : Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time, 2002

20 Douglas Adams

About the Author Gaiman, Neil. Don’t Panic: Douglas Adams and “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.” New York: Titan Books, 2005. Hanlon, Michael. The Science of “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.” New York: Macmillan, 2005. Simpson, M. J. Hitchhiker: A Biography of Douglas Adams. Boston: Justin Charles, 2003. ______. The Pocket Essential Hitch Hiker’s Guide. 2d ed. Chicago: Trafalgar Square, 2005. Van der Colff, Marilette. One Is Never Alone With a Rubber Duck: Douglas Adams’s Absurd Fictional Universe. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2010. Webb, Nick. Wish You Were Here: The Official Biography of Douglas Adams. New York: Ballantine Books, 2003. Yeffeth, Glenn, ed. The Anthology at the End of the Universe. Dallas, Tex.: BenBella Books, 2004.

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