Contributor Biography Sources

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CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHY SOURCES

These sources for the contributor biographies are included so that you know where the material came from. To confirm the accuracy of facts such as names, birth dates, and places of incarceration, sources such as the National Archives and Records Administration (War Relocation Authority Record Group 210), US Census Records, Ancestry.com, FamilySearch.com, Legacy.com, and Findagrave.com were also referenced.

Hatsune “Helen” Aihara (Kitaji) Findagrave.com “Hatsune Helen Aihara Kitaji.” https://www.findagrave.com /cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=146375813. Historical Society of Stanford University. “Memorial Resolution, Harry John Rathbun (1894–1987).” https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040526 /http://historicalsociety.stanford.edu/pdfmem/RathbunH.pdf. Kitaji, Gail, and Jean Kitaji, email correspondence, July 27, 2020. Lane, Charles. “The Professor Who Lit the Spark.” Stanford Magazine, January 19, 2012. https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-professor-who -lit-the-spark. Pacific Citizen. “Helen Hatsune Kitaji,” April 30, 2015. https://www.pacificcitizen .org/kitaji-helen-hatsune/. Palo Alto Online. “Emelia Rathbun.” https://paloaltoonline.com/obituaries /print/emelia-rathbun?o=946. Stanford Rathbun Program. “Rathbun Fund for Exploring What Leads to a Meaningful Life.” https://rathbun.stanford.edu/rathbun-fund-exploring -what-leads-meaningful-life. Stanford University. “125 Stanford Stories: Harry Rathbun’s Lecture.” https://125.stanford.edu/harry-rathbuns-lecture/. Toshiyuki, June Hisaye, and the Nisei Christian Oral History Project. Nisei Christian Journey: Its Promise & Fulfillment, vol. II. Sunnyvale, CA: Nisei Christian Oral History Project for the Japanese Presbyterian Conference 2

and the Northern California Japanese Christian Church Federation, 1988. J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah. https://collections.lib.utah .edu/ark:/87278/s6h71xtw.

Kyuji Aizumi Japanese American Historical Society of San Diego. Footprints, Winter 2007.

George Aki Aki, George. “My 30 Months (1944–1946).” Memoir manuscript. George Aki Collection. Veterans History Project, American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, p. 10. https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib .afc2001001.11135/. Ancestry.com. “George Aki.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv =1&dbid=6224&h=88900539&tid=&pid=&queryId=9c3d7bc941f90cf 25feacec83697cae1&usePUB=true&_phsrc=AWq3&_phstart=success Source. Findagrave.com. “George Aki.” https://www.findagrave.com/memorial /203140591/george-aki. Markrich, Michael. “George Aki: The 100th/442nd’s Last Chaplain Volun- teered from Behind Barbed Wire Fences.” The 100th Infantry Battal- ion Veterans Education Center. http://www.100thbattalion.org/history /veterans/chaplains/george-aki/2/.

George Akimoto Ancestry.com. “George Akimoto.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll ?indiv=1&dbid=5247&h=922050&tid=&pid=&queryId=b05ac62d1dae 6c6cc7cf119138d19354&usePUB=true&_phsrc=sNr20&_phstart=success Source. Californiawatercolor.com. George Akimoto biography. https://www.california watercolor.com/pages/george-akimoto-biography. Tributes.com. “George Akimoto,” May 20, 2010. http://www.tributes.com /obituary/show/George-Akimoto-88649727. 3

Emi “Amy” Akiyama (Berger) Berger, Mitsu. Email correspondence, July 16, 2020.

Frank Nobuo Bunya Bunya, Karen. Email correspondence, July, 2020. Sons & Daughters of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, 442nd 2nd Bat- talion H Company. https://442sd.org/category/442nd-organizational-chart /442-regimental-hq-company/2nd-battalion/hq-2nd-battalion/h-company/.

Namiko “Nami” Aurora (Nakashima) Diaz 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment. “George Nakashima.” https://www .508pir.org/obits/obit_text/n/nakashima_g.htm. Ancestry.com. “Namiko Nakashima.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse .dll?indiv=1&dbid=5247&h=576752&tid=&pid=&queryId=32 bb4c512010820e618bb90eee0a33b9&usePUB=true&_phsrc=VJq44& _phstart=successSource. FamilySearch. “Angelina Nakashima.” https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en /LZVR-SFM/angelina-nakashima-1922-1995. FamilySearch. “Paula Carmona.” https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/MCGZ -DTN/paula-carmona-1899-1973. Guidaotti-Hernández, Nicole M. “Partido Liberal Mexicano: Intimate Betrayals: Enrique Flores Magon, Paula Carmona, and the Gendered History of Denunciation.” Southern California Quarterly, issue 101, vol. 2, pp. 127–162 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1525/scq.2019.101.2.127.

Frank Seishi Emi California State University, Northridge, Delmar T. Oviatt Library, Depart- ment of Asian American Studies and the Urban Archives Center. “Telling Our Stories: Japanese Americans in the San Fernando Valley Oral His- tory Project, Transcript of Frank Emi Oral History Interview,” Novem- ber 8, 2004, Densho Digital Repository. https://ddr.densho.org/media /ddr-csujad-31/ddr-csujad-31-2-1-transcript-7b2093cdd0.pdf. 4

Chin, Frank. Born in the USA: A Story of Japanese America, 1889–1947. “Frank Seishi Emi, Leader.” Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, pp. 72–74. https://books.google.com/books?id=Con_ytBYi2MC&pg= PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=tsune+emi&source=bl&ots=jJzcAD4nh-&sig= ACfU3U0TOFR3F4lPfCTNBNH8W6Nium6WlA&hl=en&sa= X&ved=2ahUKEwjq_vuY5LboAhWNmHIEHXgRCGMQ6AEwAno ECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=tsune%20emi&f=false. Iiyama, Patti. “Recalling US Detention of Japanese Americans: Leader of Draft Resisters, Frank Emi, Dies at 94.” The Militant, vol. 75, no. 2, Jan- uary 17, 2011. https://themilitant.com/2011/7502/750258.html. Newman, Esther. “Frank Emi.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia .densho.org/Frank_Emi/.

Mitsuye Maureen Endo (Tsutsumi) Ancestry.com. “Mitsuye Maureen Endo.” https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui -content/view/19331335:60901?indiv=try&o_vc=Record%3aOther Record&rhSource=5247. Aratani, Lori. “She Fought the Internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and Won.” The Washington Post, December 18, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/12/18/she-fought -internment-japanese-americans-during-world-war-ii-won/. Niiya, Brian. “Mitsuye Endo.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia .densho.org/Mitsuye_Endo/. Robinson, Greg. “Ex Parte Endo.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia .densho.org/Ex_parte_Endo/. Tateishi, John. And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1999.

Yoshihiko Fred Fujikawa California State University, Long Beach Virtual Oral/Aural History Archive, Fred Fujikawa, March 24, 2020. http://csulb-dspace.calstate.edu/handle /10211.3/215362. 5

Larson, Sarah. “How Gyo Fujikawa Drew Freedom in Children’s Books.” The New Yorker, June 21, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/books/page -turner/how-gyo-fujikawa-drew-freedom-in-childrens-books. McDowell, Edwin. “Gyo Fujikawa, 90, Creator of Children’s Books.” New York Times, December 7, 1998. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/07 /arts/gyo-fujikawa-90-creator-of-children-s-books.html. Takahashi, Dean. “Ethnic Persecution Didn’t Stop Doctor: Y. Fred Fujikawa, Retired Surgeon.” https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-20 -me-208-story.html. Woo, Elaine. “Children’s Author Dared to Depict Multiracial World.” Los Angeles Times, December 13, 1998. https://www.latimes.com/archives /la-xpm-1998-dec-13-mn-53751-story.html.

Edward Kanta Fujimoto Densho Digital Repository. “Grace F. Oshita Interview,” June 4, 2008, Salt Lake City, UT. https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1013/ddr-densho -1013-4-transcript-3fadde549d.htm. Deseret News. “Death: Rae Shizue Nakamoto Fujimoto,” April 23, 1997. https://www.deseret.com/1997/4/23/19308165/death-rae-shizue -nakamoto-fujimoto. Salt Lake Tribune. “10 Die in Idaho—5 by Drowning,” June 8, 1956, page 1. Stone, Eileen Hallet. “Living History: Memories of Utah WWII Internment Camp Not So Pleasant.” Salt Lake Tribune, October 8, 2006. https:// archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/news/ci_4461002.

Masani “Mas” Fukai Ancestry.com. “Masani Fukai.” https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content /view/69974354:2442?indiv=1&tid=&pid=&queryId=f81f2bc3621c 5a2184d3b706ff47c1af&usePUB=true&_phsrc=sNr14&_phstart= successSource. Densho Digital Repository. “Statement of Mas Fukai.” Hearings before the US Senate Subcommittee on Civil Service, Post Office, and General 6

Services. 98th Congress, 2nd Session on S. 2116, August 16, 1984, Los Angeles, CA. http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-360/.

Harry Katsuharu Fukuhara Ancestry.com. “Harry K. Fukuhara.” https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui -content/view/111742541:6224?indiv=1&tid=&pid=&queryId= 7e872872af73edead667ed674c1bf2db&usePUB=true&_phsrc=sNr13& _phstart=successSource. Fukuhara, Harry. “Military Occupation of Japan.” Discover Nikkei, May 2, 2006. http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2005/5/2/military -occupation/. Honolulu Star Advertiser. “Harry Katsuharu Fukuhara/1920–2015.” https://obits.staradvertiser.com/2015/04/23/harry-katsuharu-fukuhara -1920-2015/. Legacy.com. “Harry K. Fukuhara.” https://www.legacy.com/obituaries /mercurynews/obituary.aspx?n=harry-k-fukuhara&pid=174688879&fhid =11622. Quinn, Ruth. “Torn between Two Countries—Colonel Harry K. Fukuhara.” The US Army, May 9, 2014. https://www.army.mil/article/125716/Torn _Between_Two_Countries_Colonel_Harry_K_Fukuhara. Rafu Shimpo. “MIS Veteran Harry Fukuhara Dies at 95; Served in Pacific War, Occupation of Japan,” May 8, 2015. Ahttp://www.rafu.com/2015/05 /mis-veteran-harry-fukuhara-dies-at-95-served-in-pacific-war-occupation -of-japan/. Sakamoto, Pamela Rotner. “The Japanese-American Officer Who Helped Take Down and Then Rebuild Japan.” What It Means to Be American, January 28, 2016. https://www.whatitmeanstobeamerican.org/journeys /the-japanese-american-officer-who-helped-take-down-and-then -rebuild-japan/. San Jose Mercury News. “Harry K. Fukuhara,” April 25, 2015. http://www .legacy.com/obituaries/mercurynews/obituary.aspx?n=harrykfukuhara &pid=174688879&fhid=11622. 7

Grace Harada Lam, Samantha. “The Nisei WACs: The Combination of a Japanese Linguist and an American Soldier.” Pacific Atrocities Education, July 10, 2019. http://www.pacificatrocities.org/blog/the_nisei_wacs. Moore, Brenda L. Serving Our Country: Japanese American Women in the Military during World War II. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003, p. 47.

Masaru “Mas” Hashimoto Ancestry.com. “Masaru Hashimoto.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse .dll?indiv=1&dbid=5247&h=2053816&tid=&pid=&queryId= 8b9b79f799025ad4cab10334b3891f25&usePUB=true&_phsrc=sNr6& _phstart=successSource. Discover Nikkei. “Japanese American Military Experience Database.” http:// www.discovernikkei.org/en/resources/military/15756/. Guild, Todd “Watsonville Couple Reflects on 50 Years of Marriage,”The Pajaronian, February 14, 2020. https://pajaronian.com/watsonville -couple-reflects-on-50-years-of-marriage/. Janes, Jan. “Internment Camp Survivor Views Prejudice, Racism and Civil Rights through a Seven-Decade Lens.” Gavilan College, December 8, 2017. https://www.gavilan.edu/news/2017/12/Hashimoto%20Closer%20 Look.php. UC Santa Cruz Retirees Assocation: Silver Slugs. “March Meeting in Review with Guest Speaker Mas Hashimoto.” https://retirees.ucsc.edu/calendar -events/pastevents/2016mas-hashimoto.html.

Sato Hashizume Ancestry.com. “Sato Hashizume in the Oregon, U.S., Naturalization Records 1865–1991.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid= 2530&h=3546&tid=&pid=&queryId=717de70b34b6d9de3340af2 b8f879ed7&usePUB=true&_phsrc=aSQ3&_phstart=successSource. Ancestry.com. “U.S., Final Accountability Rosters of Evacuees at Relocation 8

Centers, 1942–1946, for Sato Hashizume.” https://www.ancestry.com /imageviewer/collections/2982/images/40915_294011-00046?treeid= &personid=&hintid=&queryId=0d395804389933a403a97bd9430 eae0f&usePUB=true&_phsrc=aSQ2&_phstart=successSource&use PUBJs=true&_ga=2.196308780.168985512.1596948947-1612953267 .1596948945&pId=40284. Telling Their Stories. Oral History Archive Project. “Sato Hashizume,” Jan- uary 23, 2008. https://www.tellingstories.org/internment/hashizume_sato /index.html.

Kazuko (Ikeda) Hayashi Kakesako, Gregg K. “WWII Vet Lived for Slain Comrade: Sadaichi Kubota.” Honolulu Star Bulletin, September 11, 2004. http://archives.starbulletin .com/2004/09/11/news/story4.html. Laing, Michiyo, and the Issei Oral History Project. Issei Christians: Selected Interviews from the Issei Oral History Project. Sacramento, CA: Issei Oral History Project, Inc., 1977. Niiya, Brian, ed. “Yamato Colony.” Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference from 1868 to the Present. Los Angeles: Facts on File, 1993, p. 356. https://archive.org/details/japaneseamerican00dias/page/356/mode /2up?q=yamato+colony. Oka, Seizo. “Biography of Kyutari Abiko: Issei Pioneer with a Dream.” Pacific Citizen, December 19–26, 1980. https://pacificcitizen.org/wp-content /uploads/archives-menu/Vol.091_%2320_Dec_19_1980.pdf. Sons & Daughters of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. “The Battlefields Tour: May 2004.” Go for Broke Bulletin Archives. https://442sd.org/other -news/go-for-broke-bulletin-archives-the-battlefields-tour-may-2004/. Toshiyuki, June Hisaye, and the Nisei Christian Oral History Project. “Inter- view with Osame Doi.” Nisei Christian Journey: Its Promise & Ful- fillment, vol. 1. Nisei Christian Oral History Project for the Japanese Presbyterian Conference and the Northern California Japanese Chris- tian Church Federation, 1988. J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah. https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6h71xtw. 9

Allan Minoru Hida Ancestry.com. “Allan Minoru Hida.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse .dll?indiv=1&dbid=5247&h=1564861&tid=&pid=&queryId= a2b7305a2d99cd2c3c72f42b8d9d1a82&usePUB=true&_phsrc= VJq45&_phstart=successSource. Florin Japanese American Citizens League, California State University, Sac- ramento. “Oral History Interview with Allan Hida.” July 28, 2000. https:// californiarevealed.org/islandora/object/cavpp%3A22602. Fryer, Chris. “Allan Hida Shares Experience with Japanese Internment Camps.” Sacramento Press, December 9, 2010. https://sacramentopress .com/2010/12/09/allan-hida-shares-experience-with-japanese-internment -camps/. Hida, Allan. “Testimony of Allan Hida.” Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Hearing, September 11, 1981, Chicago, IL. https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/hearings. Hida, Gary, and Susan Hida. Email correspondence, June 2, 2021. W. F. Gormley & Sons Funeral Chapel. “Allan M. Hida.” https://www .gormleyandsons.com/obituary/allan-hida.

Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi Findagrave.com. “Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi.” https://www.findagrave .com/memorial/83205880/gordon-kiyoshi-hirabayashi. Lyon, Cherstin M. “Gordon Hirabayashi.” Densho Encyclopedia. http:// encyclopedia.densho.org/Gordon_Hirabayashi/. Hirabayashi, Gordon K. A Principled Stand: The Story of Hirabayashi v. United States. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2013.

Tetsuzo “Ted” Hirasaki Harrison, Donald H. “San Diego’s Historic Places: Veterans Memorial Museum Hosts Exhibit on Japanese-American Members of the Armed Forces.” San Diego Jewish World, May 1, 2010. https://www.sdjewishworld .com/2010/05/01/san-diegos-historic-places-veterans-memorial-museum -hosts-exhibit-on-japanese-american-members-of-the-armed-forces/. 10

Imamura, Rio. “Part II: Clara Breed’s ‘Children’ and Letters.” Riosloggers, August 2, 2008. http://riosloggers-riodan.blogspot.com/2008/08/part-ii -clara-breeds-children-and.html. Japanese American Historical Society of San Diego. Footprints, vol. 3, no. 4, Winter 1994. https://www.jahssd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04 /Footprints-1994-Winter.pdf. Smith, Jeff. “Letters from the End of the World, Part One.” San Diego Reader, August 29, 2012. https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2012 /aug/29/unforgettable-letter-end-world-part-i/. Smith, Jeff. “Letters from the End of the World, Part Two.” San Diego Reader, September 5, 2012. https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news /2012/sep/05/unforgettable-letters-end-world-part-two/.

John Sohei Hohri New York Times. “Sohei Hohri,” June 23, 2015. http://www.legacy.com /obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=175140506. Rafu Shimpo. “John Sohei Hohri.” https://www.rafu.com/john-sohei-hohri/.

William “Bill” Minoru Hohri Nakagawa, Martha. “William Hohri.” Densho Encyclopedia. http:// encyclopedia.densho.org/William_Hohri/. Woo, Elaine. “William Horhi, 83; Led Battle for Redress after Being Interned at Manzanar.” Los Angeles Times, November 21, 2010. https://www.latimes .com/archives/la-xpm-2010-nov-21-la-me-william-hohri-20101121-story .html

Masami Honda Honda, Masami. “Interview of Masami Honda,” April 23, 1996, Poston, AZ. https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1996/july/nikkei/. Honda, Masami. “Interview of Masami Honda.” Regenerations Oral His- tory Project: Rebuilding Japanese American Families, Communities, and Civil Rights in the Resettlement Era, San Diego Region, vol. III. Inter- 11

viewer: Joyce Nabeta Teague, November 12, 1997. http://content.cdlib .org/view?docId=ft0n39n5t5;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk .id=d0e5037&toc.id=0&brand=calisphere.

Bebe Toshiko Horiuchi (Rescheke) Murray, Alice Yang. Historical Memories of the Japanese American Intern- ment and the Struggle for Redress. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008, p. 199. Oishi, Gene. In Search of Hiroshi. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc., 1988, p. 181. Rescheke, Bebe. “Testimony of Bebe Rescheke.” Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Hearing, August 6, 1981, Los Angeles, CA. CWRIC Los Angeles Hearings Video Collection, Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress and Visual Communications. Reissued in 2018 on DVD as Speak Out for Justice.

Robert Ritsuro Hosokawa Ancestry.com “Kimiyo Hosokawa.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse .dll?indiv=1&dbid=60229&h=1240439&ti=&pid=&queryId= ba64485231937968706034ee3a4a6bd2&usePUB=true&_phsrc= euy14&_phstart=successSource. Minneapolis Star-Tribune. “Robert R. Hosokawa Obituary,” August 8, 2014. http://www.startribune.com/obituaries/detail/30649/?fullname=hosokawa, -robert-r.

William “Bill” Kumpai Hosokawa Ancestry.com “Kimiyo Hosokawa.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse .dll?indiv=1&dbid=60229&h=1240439&tid=&pid=&queryId= ba64485231937968706034ee3a4a6bd2&usePUB=true&_phsrc= euy14&_phstart=successSource. Asakawa, Gil. “Bill Hosokawa.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia .densho.org/Bill_Hosokawa. 12

Densho Digital Repository. “Bill Hosokawa Interview.” Segment 26, July 13, 2001, Seattle, WA. https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/ddr -densho-1000-129-transcript-242431cdfc.htm.

Haruyo (Takeuchi) Hozaki University of California, Berkeley Bancroft Library. “Kyuji Hozaki and His Wife Haruyo, from Rohwer, Reopen Their Barber Shop in Los Ange- les.” War Relocation Authority Photographs of Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement. https://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft9m3nb5x- 8/?brand=oac4.

Kyuji Hozaki University of California, Berkeley Bancroft Library. “Kyuji Hozaki and His Wife Haruyo, from Rohwer, Reopen Their Barber Shop in Los Ange- les.” War Relocation Authority Photographs of Japanese-American Evacuation and Resettlement. https://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft9m3nb5x- 8/?brand=oac4.

May Kikuko (Tominaga) Ichida Hosokawa, Bill. “From the Frying Pan.” Pacific Citizen, October 7, 1966. https:// pacificcitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/archives-menu/Vol.063_%2315 _Oct_07_1966.pdf. Ichida, May. “Testimony of May Ichida.” Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Hearing, September 22, 1981, Chicago, IL. Northeastern Illinois University, Japanese-American Redress Collection. https://neiudc.neiu.edu/jarc-hearing/15/.

The Honorable Daniel “Dan” Ken Inouye Carlson, Michael. “Daniel Inouye Obituary.” Guardian, December 18, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/18/daniel-inouye. Inouye, Daniel K., and Lawrence Elliot. Journey to Washington. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967. 13

Nakamura, Kelli Y. “Daniel Inouye.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia .densho.org/Daniel_Inouye/.

Haru Isaki Isaki, Haru. “Testimony of Haru Isaki.” Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilian Hearing, September 9, 1981, Seattle, WA. Densho Digital Repository. http://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67 /ddr-densho-67-186-mezzanine-ac4a031c98.pdf.

Margaret “Maggie” Tokuko Ishino Gerson, Daniela. “A Japanese American Newspaper Chronicles the ‘Sear- ing’ History of Immigrant Incarceration.” The World, May 30, 2019. https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-05-30/japanese-american-newspaper -chronicles-searing-history-immigrant-incarceration. Reeves, Richard. Infamy: The Shocking Story of the Japanese American Internment in World War II. New York: Henry Holt, 2015, p. 12. Zimmerman, Eilene. “Letters, Love and Literature.” San Diego Magazine, May 2006, p. 126.

Monica Kazuko Itoi (Sone) Matsumoto, Nancy. “Monica Sone.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia .densho.org/Monica_Sone/. Sone, Monica. Nisei Daughter. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1953.

Bruce Teruo Kaji Densho Digital Repository. “Bruce T. Kaji Interview I.” Interviewer: Mar- tha Nakagawa. Segment 11, July 28, 2010, Los Angeles, CA. http://ddr .densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/ddr-densho-1000-289-transcript -76f2303633.htm. Japanese American National Museum. “Founding President Bruce Kaji to Read from Autobiography ‘Jive Bomber’ on Aug. 14,” July 30, 2010. http://www.janm.org/press/release/235/. 14

Kaji, Bruce T., with Sharon Yamato. Jive Bomber: A Sentimental Journey. Gardena, CA: Bruce T. Kaji, 2010. Vankin, Deborah. “Bruce Kaji Dies at 91; Japanese American National Museum Founder and Little Tokyo Pioneer.” Los Angeles Times, Novem- ber 9, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-bruce -teruo-kaji-obit-20171109-story.html.

Hiroshi Kamei Kamei, Hiroshi. “Talk Before the Costa Mesa Historical Society, June 14, 1995.” Personal collection of Susan H. Kamei. Kamei, Hiroshi. “Testimony of Hiroshi Kamei.” Commission on Wartime Relo- cation and Internment of Civilians Hearing, August 6, 1981, Los Ange- les, CA. https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans/hearings. CWRIC Los Angeles Hearings Video Collection, Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress and Visual Communications. Reissued in 2018 on DVD as Speak Out for Justice. Needham, John. “US Officials Saw All Japanese the Same: Internment: Youngster Was among 1,800 from Orange County Who Were Taken from Homes, Put in Camps for the Duration.” Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1991. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11 -11-mn-1057-story.html.

Wayne Masao Kanemoto Discover Nikkei. “Wayne Masao Kanemoto.” http://www.discovernikkei.org /en/resources/military/4958/. Pacific Citizen. “Wayne Kanemoto Appointed Judge of New San Jose Munic- ipal Court.” November 10, 1961, vol. 53, no. 19. https://ddr.densho.org /media/ddr-pc-33/ddr-pc-33-45-mezzanine-de8f87a2a8.htm. San Jose Mercury News. “Wayne M. Kanemoto,” May 31, 2008. https://www .legacy.com/obituaries/mercurynews/obituary.aspx?n=wayne-m -kanemoto&pid=110697587. Smithsonian Institution, “Japanese American Internment Memorial (sculpture).” https://www.si.edu/object/siris_ari_320640. 15

Robert Ichigi Kashiwagi Burns, Ken, director. The War: An Intimate History. “Robert Kashiwagi.” PBS, 2007. DVD. Written by Geoffrey C. Ward. Produced by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick. http://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5190.htm. Discover Nikkei. “Robert Ichigi Kashiwagi.” http://www.discovernikkei.org /en/resources/military/5093/?keywords=inf&page=15.

Shuzo Chris Kato Densho Digital Repository. “Testimony of Shuzo Chris Kato.” Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Hearing, September 9, 1981, Seattle, WA. http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-177/. Seattle Times. “Shuzo Chris Kato,” February 19, 2012. https://www.legacy .com/obituaries/seattletimes/obituary.aspx?n=shuzo-chris-kato&pid =155941815.

Katsumi Thomas “Tom” Kawaguchi The Retired Army Finance Organization (RAFINO) Bulletin, Issue 21, Fall 1998. https://rafino.org/(S(muctkwog1n3ocy5aktr2z551))/Rafino_Report _Past/issue21/Issue21_Special_on_Tom_Kawaguchi.htm. US Veterans Affairs. “Katsumi Thomas Kawaguchi.” Find A Grave, Febru- ary 25, 2000. https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid =862204.

Yoshisada Kawai Ackroyd, Peter. Charlie Chaplin: A Brief Life. New York: Nan Talese Books/Doubleday, 2014. Laing, Michiyo, and the Issei Oral History Project. Issei Christians: Selected Interviews from the Issei Oral History Project. Sacramento, CA: Issei Oral History Project, Inc., 1977. Tanaka, Tsunematsu. “My Experiences of the A-bombing.” Ministry of For- eign Affairs of Japan, Testimony of Hibakusha (atomic bomb survivors). https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/un/disarmament/arms/testimony_of _hibakusha/pdfs/12e.pdf. 16

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Young Oak Kim Asahina, Robert. “Young Oak Kim.” 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans Edu- cation Center. http://www.100thbattalion.org/history/veterans/officers /young-oak-kim/. The Chosun Ilbo World. “L.A. Names School for Korean-American War Hero,” July 16, 2009. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html _dir/2009/07/16/2009071600291.html. Digital Chosun Ilbo. “The Many Firsts of Col. Young-Oak Kim,” August 19, 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20060623060728/http://english .chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200508/200508190003.html. Kakesako, Gregg K. “Soldier Embodied Bravery of 100th Battalion Vets.” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, vol. 11, issue 4, January 4, 2006. http://archives .starbulletin.com/2006/01/04/news/story09.html. University of California, Riverside Department of Ethnic Studies. “Edward Taehan Chang.” https://ethnicstudies.ucr.edu/people/faculty/chang/index .html. Woo Sung Han. Unsung Hero: The Colonel Young Oak Kim Story. Edward T. Chang, translator. Riverside, CA: The Young Oak Kim Center for Korean American Studies, 2011. The Young Oak Kim Center for Korean American Studies. “Who Is Young Oak Kim.” University of California, Riverside, CA. https://yokcenter.ucr .edu/youngoakkim.php.

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Telling Their Stories Oral History Archive Project. “Chizu Iiyama,” April 6, 2006. http://tellingstories.org/tts-2007/internment/ciiyama/index.html. Yoo, David K. Growing Up Nisei: Race, Generation, and Culture Among Jap- anese Americans of California (1924–49). Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000, p. 112. https://books.google.com/books?id=CreUWo -obWUC&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=Chizuko+Kitano+Iiyama&source =bl&ots=aJ6EOsgXKk&sig=ACfU3U0lWKg2UOm1JK8FGUG6Qm Q5XignjA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQ_eP96p7rAhUP01k KHRx4BSwQ6AEwCHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chizuko%20 Kitano%20Iiyama&f=false.

William M. Kochiyama New York Times. “William Kochiyama, Japanese Advocate, 72,” October 28, 1993. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/28/obituaries/william-kochiyama -japanese-advocate-72.html. Yamato, Sharon. “Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civil- ians.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Commission _on_Wartime_Relocation_and_Internment_of_Civilians/.

Yasuko “Yas” Kodani (Morimoto) Morimoto, Roger. Email correspondence, December 2020.

Marion Tsuruko Konishi (Takehara) Houston Asian American Archive Oral Histories. “Interview–Marion Take- hara.” February 21, 2012, Woodson Research Center, Rice University, Houston, TX. http://haaa.rice.edu/marion-takehara-interview. Houston Asian American Archive Oral Histories. “Interview–Kenneth Takehara.” July 13, 2011, Woodson Research Center, Rice University, Houston, TX. https://haaa.rice.edu/kenneth-takehara-interview. Takehara, Marion Konishi. “America, Our Hope Is Anew [sic].” Valedic- torian Address. Amache Senior High School Graduation, June 25, 1943. 162 Cong. Rec. S3694 9JN (statement of Senator Cory Gardner). 18

https://www.congress.gov/114/crec/2016/06/09/CREC-2016-06-09.pdf. Wilson, Anne. Email exchanges, 2020.

Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu Bannai, Lorraine K. Enduring Conviction: Fred Korematsu and His Quest for Justice. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2015. Fred T. Korematsu Institute. http://www.korematsuinstitute.org/homepage/.

Karen Anne Korematsu Ancestry.com. “Karen Anne Korematsu.” https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin /sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=5247&h=4486548&tid=&pid=&queryId=90b- f13c39fb33708b1ae876578086687&usePUB=true&_phsrc=VJq65& _phstart=successSource. Fred T. Korematsu Institute. http://www.korematsuinstitute.org/homepage/.

Mitsuru “Mits” Koshiyama Densho Digital Repository. “Mits Koshiyama Interview.” Segment 10. July 14, 2001, Los Angeles, CA. https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000 /ddr-densho-1000-130-transcript-2c86c3cd9d.htm. San Jose Mercury News. “Mitsuru Koshiyama,” February 11, 2009. https:// www.legacy.com/obituaries/mercurynews/obituary.aspx?n=mitsuru -koshiyama&pid=124001009.

Kaizo “K” George Kubo Ancestry.com. “Kaizo G. Kubo.” https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content /view/74858293:2442?indiv=try&o_vc=Record%3aOtherRecord&rh Source=5180. Mehta, Ved. The Stolen Light, abridged edition. West Berlin, NJ: Townsend Press, 2009.

Michio “Mich” Kunitani Robinson, Greg. “Michio Kunitani.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia .densho.org/Michio%20Kunitani. 19

US House of Representatives. Hearings Before the Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration, House of Representatives, 75th Congress, 1st Session, Pursuant to H. Res. 113, a Resolution Asto Inquire Further Into the Interstate Migration of Citizens, Emphasiz- ing the Present and Potential Consequences of the Migration Caused by the National Defense Program. Part 26, January 19, 1942. https:// books.google.com/books?id=WFkiOB2zN1MC&pg=RA2-PA11220&lpg= RA2-PA11220&dq=michio+kunitani&source=bl&ots=DF8UAJsNH6 &sig=ACfU3U2Q5Znwl-OGo8_6GgAp3LhO5h_tzQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved= 2ahUKEwjK-8D8xMTqAhWQWc0KHciQCRQQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ #v=onepage&q=michio%20kunitani&f=false.

Sueko “Sue” Kunitomi (Embrey) Bahr, Diana Meyers. The Unquiet Nisei: An Oral History of the Life of Sue Kunitomi Embrey. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Densho Digital Repository. “Interview with Sue Kunitomi Embrey.” Novem- ber 6, 2002. https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-manz-1/ddr-amz-1-2-1- transcript-cf51b63e7b.htm. Discover Nikkei. “Sue Embrey.” http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/interviews /profiles/102/. Embrey, Sue Kunitomi. “From Manzanar to the Present: A Personal Jour- ney.” In Last Witnesses: Reflections on the Wartime Internment of Japa- nese Americans, Erica Harth, ed. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Embrey, Sue Kunitomi. The Lost Years, 1942–1946. Los Angeles, CA: Moon- light Publications, 1972. Nakagawa, Martha. “Sue Kunitomi Embrey.” Densho Encyclopedia. https:// encyclopedia.densho.org/Sue_Kunitomi_Embrey/. Stewart, Jocelyn Y. “Sue Kunitomi Embrey, 83; Former Internee Pushed for Historic Status of Manzanar.” Los Angeles Times, May 16, 2006. http:// articles.latimes.com/2006/may/16/local/me-embrey16.

Yoshito “Yosh” Kuromiya Ling, Susie. “The Kuromiyas of Monrovia: A Family of Unsung Heroes.” 20

Rafu Shimpo, September 20, 2016. http://www.rafu.com/2016/09/the -kuromiyas-of-monrovia-a-family-of-unsung-heroes/. Ling, Susie. “Three Generations of the Kuromiya Family of Monrovia.” http:// ppolinks.com/monrovia/Kuromiya%20Family2.pdf. Manzanar Committee. “Yosh Kuromiya: Random Thoughts on Being Nisei during World War II.” https://manzanarcommittee.org/2011/05/19/yosh -kuromiya-random-thoughts-on-being-nisei-during-world-war-ii/. Nakagawa, Martha. “Obituary: Yosh Kuromiya, 95; Wartime Draft Resister.” Rafu Shimpo. https://www.rafu.com/2018/07/obituary-yoshi-kuromiya-95 -wartime-draft-resister/.

Sada (Hasegawa) Murayama Indiana University. “Oral History of Sada Murayama, Interview by Rosangela De Oliveira.” Center for the Study of History and Memory, July 1975, CSHM accession #75-46. Lane, Charles. “Heartbreak Hotel.” Chicago Magazine, June 19, 2007. https:// www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/August-2006/Heartbreak- Hotel/. Yasuda, Ted. Recollections of Sada Murayama, January 2021.

Mike Masaru Masaoka Cook, Joan. “Mike Masaoka, 75, War Veteran Who Aided Japanese-Amer- icans.” New York Times, June 29, 1991. https://www.nytimes.com /1991/06/29/obituaries/mike-masaoka-75-war-veteran-who-aided -japanese-americans.html. Imai, Shiho. “Mike Masaoka.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia .densho.org/Mike_Masaoka/. Orbis Cascade Alliance. Archives West, Mike M. Masaoka photograph collection, circa 1945–1986. http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444 /xv75799.

Kazuo Masuda Masuda, Ken. Email correspondence, December 2020. 21

The Honorable Robert “Bob” Takeo Matsui Civilian Conservation Corps in Idaho Collection. “Work by Camp Weiser CCC, SCS-10 (3).” Digital Initiatives, University of Idaho Library. https:// www.lib.uidaho.edu/digital/cccidaho/items/cccidaho1321.html. Cuniberti, Betty. “Internment: Personal Voices, Powerful Choices.” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1987. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la -xpm-1987-10-04-vw-33126-story.html. Kowalewski, Albin. “Robert T. Matsui.” Asian and Pacific Islander Ameri- cans in Congress, 1900–2017. US Government Printing Office, 2018. https://books.google.com/books?id=YZQ8zL4FbWYC&pg=PA404&lpg =PA404&dq=Yasuji+Matsui+Weiser,+Idaho&source=bl&ots= D84DLFYAeK&sig=ACfU3U0Ziwt0C_9ShqOn06DldcpDpBJdww&hl =en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_staVnInnAhWSjlkKHfikBQsQ6AEw BHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=Yasuji%20Matsui%20Weiser%2C%20 Idahosister&f=false. Niiya, Brian. “Robert Matsui.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia .densho.org/Robert_Matsui/. US House of Representatives. “Robert T. Matsui, 1941–2005.” History, Art & Archives. https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/17631. Zighelbolm, Selah Maya. “Japanese American Shares Story of Imprisonment during World War II.” The Jewish Exponent. https://www.jewishexponent .com/2017/12/27/japanese-american-shares-story-imprisonment -world-war-ii/.

Clarence “Cal” Satoru Matsumura Efron, Sonni. “Japanese-American GIs Are Focus of Dachau Memories: World War II: Nisei Veterans Are Reunited with Some People They Rescued from Horror of Nazi Death Camp.” Los Angeles Times, December 1, 1991. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-12-01-mn-872-story .html. Ganor, Solly. Light One Candle: A Survivor’s Tale from Lithuania to Jerusa- lem. New York: Kodansha International, 1995, p. 335. 22

Heart Mountain Film. “The Legacy of Heart Mountain-Dachau Liberation,” September 7, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kkp7l83MG48. Kramer, Josh. “These Little-Known Japanese American Soldiers Rescued Con- centration Camp Prisoners—but Many of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team’s Families Were Interned in the U.S.” Timeline, March 21, 2018. https://timeline.com/japanese-americans-fought-for-us-while-family -was-interned-afa35df3f265. Nazario, Sonia. “Jews, Japanese Americans Meet to Promote Racial Toler- ance : Culture: Two Groups That Faced Wartime Persecution and the Struggles of Assimilation Gather at a Seminar in Bel Air. Speakers Cite the Need to Unify against Oppression.” Los Angeles Times, July 17, 1995. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-07-17-me-24808-story .html. Saul, Eric. Eric Saul—Historian, Museum Director Biography. http://www .easaul.com/biography.html.

The Honorable “Spark” Masayuki Matsunaga 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans Education Center. “Sparky Matsunaga.” https://www.100thbattalion.org/history/veterans-and-public-service /sparky-matsunaga/. Hall, Carla. “The Senator &.” The Washington Post, August 13, 1986. https:// www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1986/08/13/the-senator-38 /e675da69-135d-4e9d-8de6-88ee00bf0bce/. Nakamura, Kelli Y. “Spark Matsunaga.” Densho Encyclopedia. https:// encyclopedia.densho.org/Spark_Matsunaga/.

Mary Haruko Matsuno (Makino) Levine, Ellen. A Fence Away from Freedom: Japanese Americans and World War II. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995. WikiTree. “Mary Haruko (Matsuno) Makino.” https://www.wikitree.com /wiki/Matsuno-16. 23

Masako (“Betty”) Fujisaki Matsuo The Oregonian. “Betty Matsuo, 1925–2017,” August 10–13, 2017. https://obits .oregonlive.com/obituaries/oregon/obituary.aspx?n=betty-matsuo&pid =186342895. San Francisco Examiner. “Life behind Barbed Wire,” February 24, 1983, p. E10.

Haruyuki “Jim” Matsuoka Densho Digital Repository. “Jim Matsuoka Interview.” Segments 38–39, May 24, 2010, Los Angeles, CA. http://ddr.densho.org/narrators/484/. Matsuoka, Haruyuki “Jim.” “Testimony of Jim Matsuoka.” Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Hearing, August 6, 1981, Los Angeles, CA. https://www.archives.gov/research/japanese-americans /hearings. CWRIC Los Angeles Hearings Video Collection, Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress and Visual Communications. Reissued in 2018 on DVD as Speak Out for Justice. Nikkei for Civil Rights & Redress. “Jim Matsuoka: The General Has His Rambunctious Moments.” https://www.ncrr-la.org/ncrrbook/bookstories /jimmatsuoka.html.

Jack Shigeru Matsuoka Dignity Memorial. “In Memory of Jack Shigeru Matsuoka.” https://www .dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/san-jose-ca/jack-matsuoka-5651311. San Jose Mercury News. “Jack Shigeru Matsuoka,” September 4–5, 2013. https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/mercurynews/obituary.aspx?n= jack-shigeru-matsuoka&pid=166783084&fhid=11622. Wakida, Patricia. “Jack Matsuoka.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Jack%20Matsuoka/.

Misako “Micki” Mayumi (Honda) Arra, Patty Honda. Email correspondence, January 20, 2020. 24

Kunisaku “Kay” Mineta Boys’ Life. February 2002, p. 39. https://books.google.com/books?id=l _sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=mineta+boys+life&hl=en&sa= X&ved=2ahUKEwiFx-qr4o7nAhXpIjQIHVInCAQQ6AEwAHo ECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=mineta%20boys%20life&f=false. Cannon, Carl M. “Peril for Bloomberg; Due Process; Back in the Game.” RealClear Politics, November 12, 2019. https://www.realclearpolitics .com/articles/2019/11/12/peril_for_bloomberg_due_process_back_in _the_game___141717.html. Cuniberti, Betty. “Internment: Personal Voices, Powerful Choices.” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1987. https://www.latimes.com/archives /la-xpm-1987-10-04-vw-33126-story.html. Din, Grant. “The Angel Island Story of Kane Mineta, Norman Mineta’s Mother.” Discover Nikkei, April 13, 2018. http://www.discovernikkei.org /en/journal/2018/4/13/kane-mineta/. Encyclopedia.com. “Norman Yoshio Mineta.” https://www.encyclopedia .com/people/history/us-history-biographies/norman-y-mineta. Hamto, Maileen. “Norman Mineta’s Legacy: An American Story.” The Asian Reporter, May 6, 2019. http://www.asianreporter.com/arts/2019/09 -mineta.htm. Muranaka, Gwen. “Mineta: An American Story.” Rafu Shimpo, May 17, 2019. https://www.rafu.com/2019/05/mineta-an-american-story/. San Jose Japanese American Citizens League. “The Mineta Legacy Project.” https://sanjosejacl.org/blog/2016/5/3/the-mineta-legacy-project. Yamato, Sharon. “Norman Mineta.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia .densho.org/Norman_Mineta/.

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X&ved=2ahUKEwiFx-qr4o7nAhXpIjQIHVInCAQQ6AEwAHo ECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=mineta%20boys%20life&f=false. Cannon, Carl M. “Peril for Bloomberg; Due Process; Back in the Game.” RealClear Politics, November 12, 2019. https://www.realclearpolitics .com/articles/2019/11/12/peril_for_bloomberg_due_process_back_in _the_game___141717.html. Cuniberti, Betty. “Internment: Personal Voices, Powerful Choices.” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1987. https://www.latimes.com/archives /la-xpm-1987-10-04-vw-33126-story.html. Din, Grant. “The Angel Island Story of Kane Mineta, Norman Mineta’s Mother.” Discover Nikkei, April 13, 2018. http://www.discovernikkei.org /en/journal/2018/4/13/kane-mineta/. Encyclopedia.com. “Norman Yoshio Mineta.” https://www.encyclopedia .com/people/history/us-history-biographies/norman-y-mineta. Hamto, Maileen. “Norman Mineta’s Legacy: An American Story.” The Asian Reporter, May 6, 2019. http://www.asianreporter.com/arts/2019/09 -mineta.htm. Muranaka, Gwen. “Mineta: An American Story.” Rafu Shimpo, May 17, 2019. https://www.rafu.com/2019/05/mineta-an-american-story/. San Jose Japanese American Citizens League. “The Mineta Legacy Project.” https://sanjosejacl.org/blog/2016/5/3/the-mineta-legacy-project. Yamato, Sharon. “Norman Mineta.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia .densho.org/Norman_Mineta/.

Chiyoko Morita Ancestry.com. “Chiyoko Morita.” https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content /view/93088373:6224?indiv=1&tid=&pid=&queryId=102475a31c 4c89451b6d6c9e2f11563c&usePUB=true&_phsrc=VJq54&_phstart= successSource.

Mark Yutaka Murakami Ancestry.com. “Mark Yutaka Murakami.” https://www.ancestry.com 26

/discoveryui-content/view/47240953:60901?indiv=1&tid=&pid=&queryId =c9a8a049a66a25b292b6eeb78333f889&usePUB=true&_phsrc =VJq56&_phstart=successSource. Go for Broke National Education Center. “Monument Name Locator.” https://www.goforbroke.org/visit/monument/monument_name_locator .php?initial=m. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. “Mark Murakami.” Obituaries, September 7, 1995, p. A9. https://www.newspapers.com/image/265526298/?image= 265526298&words=&article=1da9c518-e9ad-4b6e-9aec-eae8cfd2 a502&focus=0.024151484,0.20787148,0.18888417,0.28550518& xid=3355&_ga=2.262356875.683727574.1610764800-1612953267.1596 948945&ancestry=true. I Dream of Genealogy. “WWII Military Records.” http://www.idreamof.com /military/ww2/mi-my_surnames.htm.

Sada (Hasegawa) Murayama Ancestry.com. “Sada Murayama.” https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content /view/91722:2982?indiv=1&tid=&pid=&queryId=3726c9f23adbbce 38032076c2c0d73bf&usePUB=true&_phsrc=VJq57&_phstart=success Source. Indiana University. “Oral History of Sada Murayama, Interview by Rosangela De Oliveira.” Center for the Study of History and Memory, July 1975, CSHM accession #75-46. Lane, Charles. “Heartbreak Hotel.” Chicago Magazine, June 19, 2007. https:// www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/August-2006/Heartbreak -Hotel/. Yasuda, Ted. Recollections of Sada Murayama, January 2021.

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Dollie Kimiko Nagai (Fukawa) Los Angeles Times. “Dollie K. Fukawa,” January 29, 2010. https://www.legacy .com/obituaries/latimes/obituary.aspx?n=dollie-k-fukawa&pid= 138682490&fhid=5095. War Relocation Authority. “News and Notes About Resettlers in the Wash- ington, D.C.-Baltimore, MD, District,” June 21, 1945. University of Cal- ifornia, Berkeley Bancroft Library. https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu /jarda/ucb/text/cubanc_35_1_00258530ta.pdf.

Mary Yuriko “Yuri” Nakahara (Kochiyama) Fujino, Diane C. “Yuri Kochiyama.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia .densho.org/Yuri_Kochiyama/. Niiya, Brian. “Crusaders.” Densho Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia.densho .org/Crusaders/.

Alice Natsuko Nakamura (Nishikawa) Ancestry.com. “Alice Natsuko Nishikawa.” https://www.ancestry.com /discoveryui-content/view/33393523:60901?indiv=1&tid=&pid=& queryId=07257c1433f78c895e1043bf0039c846&usePUB=true&_phsrc =VJq59&_phstart=successSource. The Press-Tribune. “Alice Nishikawa,” July 21, 1993, p. 8. https://www .newspapers.com/image/384245246.

George “Jobo” Ryoji Nakamura Kashiwagi, Hiroshi, and Tim Yamamura. Starting from Loomis and Other Stories. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2013. https://books .google.com/books?id=hojgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112&lpg=PT112&dq 28

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Robinson, Greg. “Mary Tsukamoto.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia .densho.org/Mary_Tsukamoto/. Tateishi, John. And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1999. Tsukamoto, Mary, and Elizabeth Pinkerton. We the People: A Story of Intern- ment in America. Elk Grove, IL: Laguna, 1987. US House of Representatives. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Admin- istrative Law and Governmental Relations of the Committee on the Judi- ciary. House of Representatives. 99th Congress, 2nd Session on H.R. 442 and H.R. 2415. April 28 and July 23, 1986, Part I, 720–32.

Takashi “Dwight” Uchida Uchida, Yoshiko. Desert Exile: The Uprooting of a Japanese American Family. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1982.

Yoshiko Uchida Hosokawa, Bill. “Yoshiko Uchida, Children’s Story-Teller.” Manuscript for Reader’s Digest (Japan), Bill Hosokawa Papers, 1860–2012, Denver Public Library. The Invisible Thread (book). Densho Resource Guide. https://resourceguide .densho.org/The%20Invisible%20Thread%20(book)/. New York Times. “Yoshiko Uchida, 70, a Children’s Author,” June 24, 1992. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/24/obituaries/yoshiko-uchida-70-a -children-s-author.html. Niiya, Brian. “Yoshiko Uchida.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia .densho.org/Yoshiko%20Uchida/. Uchida, Yoshiko. Desert Exile: The Uprooting of a Japanese American Family. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1982.

Ernest Nobumaro Uno Densho Digital Repository. “Ernest Uno Interview.” Segments 1–13, December 8, 1985, Hawaii. https://ddr.densho.org/interviews/ddr-densho -1007-7-1/. 44

Hawaii Nikkei History Editorial Board. “Ernest Uno.” Japanese Eyes, Amer- ican Heart: Personal Reflections of Hawaii’s World War II Nisei Sol- diers. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1998, pp. 135–148. https://books.google.com/books?id=QVFb_Z2KsUoC&pg=PA135&lpg =PA135&dq=Ernest+Uno&source=bl&ots=jqW_pjXc7l&sig= ACfU3U21g-2vVLTqnyrgq_W9ei0ISPRIAg&hl=en&sa=X&ved= 2ahUKEwiU96yU45TnAhXJct8KHWwKAO4Q6AEwCXoECAoQAQ#v =onepage&q=Ernest%20Uno&f=false.

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Ronald “Ron” Kaoru Wakabayashi Densho Digital Repository. “Ron Wakabayashi Interview.” Segments 1–20, February 5, 2019, Los Angeles, CA. http://ddr.densho.org/narrators/908/. Wakabayashi, Ron. Email correspondence, August 19, 2020.

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Michiko “Michi” (Nishiura) Weglyn California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. “Weglyn Endowed Chair of Multicultural Studies.” http://www.class.csupomona.edu/Organizations /weglyn/michi-and-walter-weglyn/. Nash, Phil Tajitsu. Award announcement for Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps, by Michi Weglyn. Anis- field-Wolf Book Awards, 1977 Nonfiction. https://www.anisfield-wolf .org/books/years-of-infamy-the-untold-story-of-america. Weglyn, Michi Nishiura. Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Con- centration Camps, 3rd ed. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2003. 46

Yamato, Sharon. “Michi Nishiura Weglyn.” Densho Encyclopedia. http:// encyclopedia.densho.org/Michi_Nishiura_Weglyn/.

Masao Yamada 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans Education Center. “Masao Yamada.” http:// www.100thbattalion.org/history/veterans/chaplains/masao-yamada/. Japanese American Veterans Association. “Masao Yamada.” http://www .javadc.org/chaplain%20yamada.htm. Markrich, Michael. “George Aki: The 100th/442nd’s Last Chaplain Volun- teered from Behind Barbed Wire Fences.” The 100th Infantry Battal- ion Veterans Education Center. http://www.100thbattalion.org/history /veterans/chaplains/george-aki/2/.

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San Francisco, CA. https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1002/ddr -densho-1002-10-transcript-973ca258ae.htm. Lu, Thoai. “Hisaye Yamamoto, and Japanese Internment during WWII.” Colorlines, February 17, 2011. https://www.colorlines.com/articles /hisaye-yamamoto-and-japanese-internment-during-wwii. Matsumoto, Nancy. “Hisaye Yamamoto.” Densho Encyclopedia. http:// encyclopedia.densho.org/Hisaye_Yamamoto/. Nichi Bei. “Obituary: Hisaye Yamamoto,” February 3, 2011. https://www .nichibei.org/2011/02/writer-hisaye-yamamoto-author-of-%E2%80 %98seventeen-syllables%E2%80%99-dies-at-89/. Robinson, Greg. “The Great Unknown and the Unknown Great—The Life and Times of Hisaye Yamamoto: Writer, Activist, Speaker.” Nichi Bei, March 14, 2012. http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2012/3/14 /hisaye-yamamoto/. Woo, Elaine. “Hisaye Yamamoto Dies at 89; Writer of Japanese American Stories.” Los Angeles Times, February 13, 2011. http://articles.latimes. com/2011/feb/13/local/la-me-hisaye-yamamoto-20110213. Woo, Elaine. “Hisaye Yamamoto, Short Story Writer Who Chronicled Post- WWII Japanese American Life, Dies at 89.” The Washington Post, February 16, 2011. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries /hisaye-yamamoto-short-story-writer-who-chronicled-post-wwii -japanese-american-lifedies-at-89/2011/02/16/ABah1nQ_story .html?utm_term=.43d38c984f2f.

Minoru “Min” Yasui Asakawa, Gil. “Minoru Yasui.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia. densho.org/Minoru_Yasui/. Densho Digital Repository. “Minoru Yasui Interview.” Segment 5, October 23, 1983, Hood River, OR. https://ddr.densho.org/interviews/ddr-densho -1012-3-5/. Densho Digital Repository. “Testimony of Minoru Yasui.” Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Hearing, July 16, 1981, 48

Washington, DC. http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-333/. Findagrave.com. “Masuo Yasui.” https://www.findagrave.com/memorial /44881793/masuo-yasui. Oregon Nikkei Endowment. “Taken: Oregonians Arrested after Pearl Harbor.” Discover Nikkei. http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/nikkeialbum/albums /462/slide/?page=5. University of Oregon Libraries. “Many Faces: The Yasui Legacy.” Special Col- lections & University Archives. https://library.uoregon.edu/ec/exhibits /manyfaces/yasui.html. Yasui, Holly, and Will Doolittle. Never Give Up! Minoru Yasui and the Fight for Justice. Minoru Yasui Film, 2018. https://www.minoruyasuifilm.org/.

Aiko Yoshinaga (Herzig) Densho Digital Repository. “Aiko Yoshinaga Herzig Interview.” Interview- ers: Larry Hashima and Glen Kitayama. Segment 7, September 11, 1997, University of California, Los Angeles, CA. https://ddr.densho.org/media /ddr-densho-1000/ddr-densho-1000-16-transcript-35b7dd8cfa.htm. Fujita-Rony, Thomas. “Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga.” Densho Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Aiko_Herzig-Yoshinaga/. Herzig-Yoshinaga, Aiko, and Marjorie Lee. Speaking Out for Personal Justice. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Hear- ing, 1981. Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center and Civil Liberties and Public Education Fund, 2011. Jones, Maggie. “Aiko Herzig Yoshinaga: From Deep in the Archives, She Brought Justice for Japanese-Americans.” New York Times, December 27, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/12/27/magazine /lives-they-lived-aiko-herzig-yoshinaga.html. Roberts, Sam. “Aiko Herzig Yoshinaga, Critic of Wartime Internment, is Dead at 93.” New York Times, July 24, 2018. https://www.nytimes .com/2018/07/24/obituaries/aiko-herzig-yoshinaga-japanese-americans -internment-relocation-dies-at-93.html. 49

Ellen Shizue Yukawa (Spink) Oppenheim, Joanne. Dear Miss Breed: True Stories of the Japanese American Incarceration during World War II and a Librarian Who Made a Differ- ence. New York: Scholastic, 2006.