Ana Catarina Dias Nunes De Almeida Tese De Doutoramento Em Estudos

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Ana Catarina Dias Nunes De Almeida Tese De Doutoramento Em Estudos MIGRAÇÃO SILENCIOSA MARCAS DO PENSAMENTO ESTÉTICO DO EXTREMO ORIENTE NA POESIA PORTUGUESA CONTEMPORÂNEA Ana Catarina Dias Nunes de Almeida Tese de Doutoramento em Estudos Portugueses, especialização em Estudos de Literatura. JANEIRO, 2012 Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Estudos Portugueses, especialização em Estudos de Literatura, realizada sob a orientação científica do Prof. Doutor Gustavo Rubim. Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. Aos meus avós AGRADECIMENTOS Quero manifestar a minha gratidão à Cátedra Antero de Quental da Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere (Universidade de Pisa), em especial à Doutora Monica Lupetti e à Profª. Doutora Valeria Tocco, pelo apoio à minha investigação durante o tempo em que ali leccionei. Agradeço-lhes também pela amabilidade com que receberam e co-organizaram o colóquio que lhes propus realizar, dedicado ao tema «O Oriente na Língua e na Literatura Portuguesa». Ainda em Itália, gostaria de louvar a disponibilidade sempre manifestada pelos funcionários da Biblioteca da Università Degli Studi di Napoli “L‟ Orientale” durante o processo inicial de levantamento bibliográfico. Quero igualmente agradecer ao Centro de Estudos Comparatistas da Faculdade de Letras (Universidade de Lisboa) pelo interesse na minha colaboração no projecto de investigação sobre o Orientalismo Literário Português. Por fim, pela gentileza com que me forneceram vários materiais bibliográficos, agradeço a Albano Martins, a António Graça de Abreu, a Casimiro de Brito e a Rosa Alice Branco. DECLARAÇÕES Declaro que esta tese é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O seu conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas no texto, nas notas e na bibliografia. O candidato, _________________________________________________ Lisboa, 11 de Janeiro de 2012 Declaro que esta tese se encontra em condições de ser apreciada pelo júri a designar. O orientador, _____________________________________________________ Lisboa, 11 de Janeiro de 2012 MIGRAÇÃO SILENCIOSA MARCAS DO PENSAMENTO ESTÉTICO DO EXTREMO ORIENTE NA POESIA PORTUGUESA CONTEMPORÂNEA ANA CATARINA DIAS NUNES DE ALMEIDA RESUMO: Na viragem do séc. XIX para o séc. XX, sobretudo através de Wenceslau de Moraes e de Camilo Pessanha, a literatura e a poesia portuguesas acompanharam o interesse pela poesia do Extremo Oriente que afectou igualmente outras literaturas europeias. Porém, uma influência mais alargada e regular apenas se consolidou desde a década de 1980 em diante. O conjunto de poetas envolvidos e a qualidade e continuidade da sua obra permite falar de uma migração silenciosa de preceitos formais, de obsessões temáticas e de modos de figuração oriundos da poesia chinesa e japonesa. Esse processo lento e subtil está a mudar a relação com a tradição poética e traz consigo novos modos de entender a escrita poética, que requerem a tentativa de leitura sistemática aqui conduzida. O pensamento Zen é igualmente analisado, dado ser claramente parte activa no interesse constante dos poetas portugueses contemporâneos pela poesia clássica e contemporânea escrita na China e no Japão. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Orientalismo, Extremo-Oriente, Zen, Haiku, Poesia Contemporânea. ABSTRACT: In the turn from 19th to 20th century, Portuguese literature and poetry, through Wenceslau de Moraes and Camilo Pessanha, met with a new interest in the poetry of the Far East, as it happened to other European Literatures. But a true, regular and larger influence, namely of the Japanese tradition of haiku, can only be traced from the 1980's up until now. The number of poets involved and the quality and continuity of their work allows for the idea of a silent migration of formal precepts, figural imagination and thematic obsessions coming from Chinese and Japanese poetics. This subtle and slow process is changing the idea of poetic tradition and introduced new ways of understanding poetic writing, which demand the kind of systematic reading that this research tries to produce. Zen thought is also considered, since it is a part of what seems to be keeping active the interest of contemporary Portuguese poets in classic and contemporary poetry from China and Japan. KEYWORDS: Orientalism, Far East, Zen, Haiku, Contemporary Poetry. ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. O APELO ESTÉTICO DO EXTREMO ORIENTE .............................................................. 10 1.1. Primeiros sintomas ......................................................................................................... 10 1.2. A fase aguda ................................................................................................................... 29 2. ASPECTOS GERAIS DA POESIA DO EXTREMO ORIENTE .......................................... 39 2.1. Zen e Poesia: arte sem artifício?..................................................................................... 39 2.2. A poética do haiku......................................................................................................... 48 3. O GOSTO SOLITÁRIO DO ORVALHO EM PORTUGAL NOS SÉCULOS XX E XXI .. 62 3.1. Génese de uma nova poética? ........................................................................................ 62 3.2. A integração de aspectos formais das poéticas chinesa e japonesa ................................ 83 3.3. O culto do haiku entre os poetas contemporâneos ....................................................... 108 3.4. (Co)incidências temáticas ............................................................................................ 137 3.4.1. O elogio do pouco ................................................................................................ 137 3.4.2. A meta do silêncio ................................................................................................ 164 3.4.3. Da circularidade do tempo à vida sem escopo ..................................................... 177 3.4.4. Leituras da paisagem ............................................................................................ 208 CONCLUSÕES ............................................................................................................................ 225 BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................................................... 234 ÍNDICE ONOMÁSTICO ............................................................................................................. 247 ANEXOS...................................................................................................................................... 249 INTRODUÇÃO O fascínio oriental tem correspondido a um fenómeno contínuo, ainda que marcado por mutações, que perpassa a cultura europeia desde os primórdios da expansão marítima quinhentista. A literatura, a par de outras formas de arte como a música e a pintura, não ficaria alheia à voragem do conhecimento, encontrando na exótica oriental um instrumento privilegiado para a expansão das possibilidades da linguagem além das suas origens, sobretudo a partir do século XIX. Não obstante a postura defensiva e etnocêntrica que encontraremos nos primeiros testemunhos escritos que resultam do contacto com o Outro, a verdade é que, pouco a pouco, os modelos de pensamento ocidentais – e até mesmo certos aspectos formais e estilísticos da nossa linguagem artística – começam a declarar subtilmente marcas de assimilação daquela cultura, transformando a obra num organismo novo e diferente diante do padrão de partida. Claro que, até pelo menos ao século XX, o Orientalismo Literário poucas vezes se preocupou com a representação do Outro enquanto Outro, produzindo imagens a partir do estereótipo ou da caricatura. Subscrevendo John M. Mackenzie, em Orientalism. History, theory and the arts, «it was invariably based upon perception rather than actuality, a constructed East rather than the real thing» (1995: 210). Porém, o sincretismo que funda essa representação encontrará uma síntese na própria literatura. Além disso, o interesse inerente a essa representação abre lugar a um diálogo vivo, de onde se retirarão algumas das consequências estéticas contempladas neste estudo: Yet even if the products and the visions or aural perceptions of eastern arts were thus devised and prefabricated rather than faithfully reproduced, none the less they represented characteristics, forms, techniques, moods, modes of thinking and feeling which were perceived to be radically divergent from – and therefore capable of transforming – those of Europe. However modified in production or refracted through a western prism, these traditions bore a shifting relationship to an underlying reality. If they had not existed, been progressively unveiled and absorbed, there can be little doubt that the development of the western arts and associated taste would have been 1 different. What‟s more, the artistic characteristics of the various Easts were not devised in order to facilitate rule, but to encourage an invigorating contamination. (ibidem: 211) Mas apesar do contacto com a poesia do Extremo Oriente ter produzido fenómenos de reciclagem estética (e até ética ou moral) por parte dos escritores ocidentais – ou seja, apesar de estes procurarem encaixar ou minorar as diferenças, extrapolando os limites da própria tradição com vista a experimentar possibilidades criativas
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