Determinants of Differential Reproductive Allocation in Wolf and Nursery-Web Spiders
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Oak Woodland Litter Spiders James Steffen Chicago Botanic Garden
Oak Woodland Litter Spiders James Steffen Chicago Botanic Garden George Retseck Objectives • Learn about Spiders as Animals • Learn to recognize common spiders to family • Learn about spider ecology • Learn to Collect and Preserve Spiders Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Subphyla - Mandibulata Chelicerata Class - Arachnida Orders - Acari Opiliones Pseudoscorpiones Araneae Spiders Arachnids of Illinois • Order Acari: Mites and Ticks • Order Opiliones: Harvestmen • Order Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudoscorpions • Order Araneae: Spiders! Acari - Soil Mites Characteriscs of Spiders • Usually four pairs of simple eyes although some species may have less • Six pair of appendages: one pair of fangs (instead of mandibles), one pair of pedipalps, and four pair of walking legs • Spinnerets at the end of the abdomen, which are used for spinning silk threads for a variety of purposes, such as the construction of webs, snares, and retreats in which to live or to wrap prey • 1 pair of sensory palps (often much larger in males) between the first pair of legs and the chelicerae used for sperm transfer, prey manipulation, and detection of smells and vibrations • 1 to 2 pairs of book-lungs on the underside of abdomen • Primitively, 2 body regions: Cephalothorax, Abdomen Spider Life Cycle • Eggs in batches (egg sacs) • Hatch inside the egg sac • molt to spiderlings which leave from the egg sac • grows during several more molts (instars) • at final molt, becomes adult – Some long-lived mygalomorphs (tarantulas) molt after adulthood Phenology • Most temperate -
Arachnids (Excluding Acarina and Pseudoscorpionida) of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Oklahoma
OCCASIONAL PAPERS THE MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY NUMBER 67 5 SEPTEMBER 1980 ARACHNIDS (EXCLUDING ACARINA AND PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA) OF THE WICHITA MOUNTAINS WILDLIFE REFUGE, OKLAHOMA JAMES C. COKENDOLPHER AND FRANK D. BRYCE The Wichita Mountains are located in eastern Greer, southern Kiowa, and northwestern Comanche counties in Oklahoma. Since their formation more than 300 million years ago, these rugged mountains have been fragmented and weathered, until today the highest peak (Mount Pinchot) stands only 756 meters above sea level (Tyler, 1977). The mountains are composed predominantly of granite and gabbro. Forests of oak, elm, and walnut border most waterways, while at elevations from 153 to 427 meters prair ies are the predominant vegetation type. A more detailed sum mary of the climatic and biotic features of the Wichitas has been presented by Blair and Hubbell (1938). A large tract of land in the eastern range of the Wichita Moun tains (now northeastern Comanche County) was set aside as the Wichita National Forest by President McKinley during 1901. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt created a game preserve on those lands managed by the Forest Service. Since 1935, this pre serve has been known as the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Numerous papers on Oklahoma spiders have been published (Bailey and Chada, 1968; Bailey et al., 1968; Banks et al, 1932; Branson, 1958, 1959, 1966, 1968; Branson and Drew, 1972; Gro- thaus, 1968; Harrel, 1962, 1965; Horner, 1975; Rogers and Horner, 1977), but only a single, comprehensive work (Banks et al., 1932) exists covering all arachnid orders in the state. Further additions and annotations to the arachnid fauna of Oklahoma can be found 2 OCCASIONAL PAPERS MUSEUM TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY in recent revisionary studies. -
Sexual Selection Research on Spiders: Progress and Biases
Biol. Rev. (2005), 80, pp. 363–385. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 363 doi:10.1017/S1464793104006700 Printed in the United Kingdom Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases Bernhard A. Huber* Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (Received 7 June 2004; revised 25 November 2004; accepted 29 November 2004) ABSTRACT The renaissance of interest in sexual selection during the last decades has fuelled an extraordinary increase of scientific papers on the subject in spiders. Research has focused both on the process of sexual selection itself, for example on the signals and various modalities involved, and on the patterns, that is the outcome of mate choice and competition depending on certain parameters. Sexual selection has most clearly been demonstrated in cases involving visual and acoustical signals but most spiders are myopic and mute, relying rather on vibrations, chemical and tactile stimuli. This review argues that research has been biased towards modalities that are relatively easily accessible to the human observer. Circumstantial and comparative evidence indicates that sexual selection working via substrate-borne vibrations and tactile as well as chemical stimuli may be common and widespread in spiders. Pattern-oriented research has focused on several phenomena for which spiders offer excellent model objects, like sexual size dimorphism, nuptial feeding, sexual cannibalism, and sperm competition. The accumulating evidence argues for a highly complex set of explanations for seemingly uniform patterns like size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism. Sexual selection appears involved as well as natural selection and mechanisms that are adaptive in other contexts only. Sperm competition has resulted in a plethora of morpho- logical and behavioural adaptations, and simplistic models like those linking reproductive morphology with behaviour and sperm priority patterns in a straightforward way are being replaced by complex models involving an array of parameters. -
SPIDERS of WASHINGTON COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI Orrey P. Young Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory USDA-ARS, P.O. Box
Young, O . P., T. C . Lockley and G . B . Edwards . 1989 . Spiders of Washington County, Mississippi . J . Arachnol ., 17 :27-41 . SPIDERS OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI Orrey P. Young Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 346 Stoneville, Mississippi 38776 USA Timothy C. Lockley Imported Fire Ant Station USDA-APHIS-PPQ 3505 25th Avenue Gulfport, Mississippi 39501 USA and G. B. Edwards Florida State Collection of Arthropods Division of Plant Industry Florida Dept. Agric. & Cons . Serv. P.O. Box 1269 Gainesville, Florida 32602 USA ABSTRACT Over a seven-year period, approximately 35,000 spiders representing 26 families, 133 genera, and 234 species were captured in Washington County, Mississippi, by pitfall, sweepnet, vacuum, bag, and hand. Specimens were collected in 10 different habitat types and in four vegetational strata . Old-field habitats yielded the most species (152) and residential lawns the fewest (14) . Considering all habitats sampled, the ground layer produced 111 species, the herbaceous strata 133, the shrub layer 49, and the tree strata 30 species . The sweepnet method of capture obtained 128 species, pitfall 95, hand 61, vacuum 53, and bagging 19 species. The largest number of species were obtained in spring and early summer (maximum of 125 in May), with the fewest in mid-winter (Jan . = 24) . Twenty-one species were considered abundant, 51 common, 67 uncommon, and 95 rare . Additions to the state list of Dorris (1972) number 102 species, for a new state total of 364 species . A comparison with the North American fauna and with other surveys indicates that Washington County is underrepresented both in cursorial forms active on the soil surface and web-spinning forms typical of undisturbed habitats . -
On Lygus Lineolaris (Heteroptera, Miridae) and Other Arthropods
Young, O . P. 1889 . Predation by Pisaurina mira (Araneae, Pisauridae) on Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera, Miridae) and other arthropods. J. Arachnol., 17 :43-48 . PREDATION BY PISA URINA MIRA (ARANEAE, PISAURIDAE) ON LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA, MIRIDAE) AND OTHER ARTHROPODS Orrey P. Young Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory ARS-USDA, P.O. Box 346 Stoneville, Mississippi 38776 USA ABSTRACT In the Delta area of Mississippi, a 13-month sampling program in old-field habitats adjacent to cotton fields demonstrated high densities of Pisaurina mira in June, which was coincident with high Lygus lineolaris populations . In July, P. mira populations were lower by 50% and L . lineolaris by almost 100% . From August through October, P. mira populations continued to decline while L . lineolaris increased . Field observations in the same old-field habitats', indicated L . lineolaris to be the most frequently captured prey item of P. mira . In laboratory feeding experiments over a 3-year period, all P. mira individuals consumed L . lineolaris and 22 of 35 other species of co-occurring potential arthropod prey . These data suggest that the predator P. mira may affect L . lineolaris populations and can survive on other prey when L. lineolaris is less abundant . INTRODUCTION Members of the Pisauridae in North America are wandering spiders that do not build snares and are typically found on vegetation or at water margins throughout North America (Carico' 1972) . Pisaurina mira (Walckenaer) is one of the most common spiders in the eastern United States and occurs in woods, old- fields, and meadows, but is especially abundant in th'o ecotonal areas between woods and fields (Carico 1972) . -
Abundance and Community Composition of Arboreal Spiders: the Relative Importance of Habitat Structure
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Juraj Halaj for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology presented on May 6, 1996. Title: Abundance and Community Composition of Arboreal Spiders: The Relative Importance of Habitat Structure. Prey Availability and Competition. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy _ John D. Lattin, Darrell W. Ross This work examined the importance of structural complexity of habitat, availability of prey, and competition with ants as factors influencing the abundance and community composition of arboreal spiders in western Oregon. In 1993, I compared the spider communities of several host-tree species which have different branch structure. I also assessed the importance of several habitat variables as predictors of spider abundance and diversity on and among individual tree species. The greatest abundance and species richness of spiders per 1-m-long branch tips were found on structurally more complex tree species, including Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco and noble fir, Abies procera Rehder. Spider densities, species richness and diversity positively correlated with the amount of foliage, branch twigs and prey densities on individual tree species. The amount of branch twigs alone explained almost 70% of the variation in the total spider abundance across five tree species. In 1994, I experimentally tested the importance of needle density and branching complexity of Douglas-fir branches on the abundance and community structure of spiders and their potential prey organisms. This was accomplished by either removing needles, by thinning branches or by tying branches. Tying branches resulted in a significant increase in the abundance of spiders and their prey. Densities of spiders and their prey were reduced by removal of needles and thinning. -
Reflections on the Tapetum Lucidum and Eyeshine in Lycosoid Spiders
2013. The Journal of Arachnology 41:43–52 Reflections on the tapetum lucidum and eyeshine in lycosoid spiders Kari Benson: School of Sciences, Lynchburg College, 1501 Lakeside Dr., Lynchburg, Virginia 24501, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Robert B. Suter: Department of Biology, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, New York 12603, USA Abstract. In the lycosoid spiders, the secondary eyes possess a grate-shaped tapetum lucidum that reflects light, causing eyeshine when these spiders are viewed with approximately coaxial illumination. This guanine-based reflective surface is thought to increase visual capabilities in low light. We explored the eyeshine of the posterior medial eye in eight taxa of pisaurid and lycosid spiders. The taxa included four pisaurids: Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz 1844, D. triton (Walckenaer 1837), D. scriptus Hentz 1845 and D. vittatus Walckenaer 1837; and four lycosids: Gladicosa pulchra (Keyserling 1877), Hogna sp. (cf. Lycosa lenta (Hentz 1844) sensu Wallace 1942), Rabidosa punctulata (Hentz 1844) and Varacosa avara (Keyserling 1877). We found that there were significant family- and species-level differences in both the reflected spectra and the intensity of reflection. Although the peaks of the reflected spectra were in the green range for all spiders, the mean peak was further toward the blue end of the spectrum for the lycosids than for the pisaurids. Variation among species (about 54% of the total variation) was dominated by G. pulchra (Lycosidae) and D. vittatus (Pisauridae), both of whose spectra peaked near yellow, vs. V. avara (Lycosidae), whose spectra peaked to the blue side of green. The lycosid spiders showed overall brighter eyeshine. -
Effects of Chronic Exposure to the Herbicide, Mesotrione, on Spiders
Susquehanna University Scholarly Commons Senior Scholars Day Apr 28th, 12:00 AM - 12:00 AM Effects of Chronic Exposure to the Herbicide, Mesotrione, on Spiders Maya Khanna Susquehanna University Joseph Evans Susquehanna University Matthew Persons Susquehanna University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.susqu.edu/ssd Khanna, Maya; Evans, Joseph; and Persons, Matthew, "Effects of Chronic Exposure to the Herbicide, Mesotrione, on Spiders" (2020). Senior Scholars Day. 34. https://scholarlycommons.susqu.edu/ssd/2020/posters/34 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Scholars Day by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effects of Chronic Exposure to the Herbicide, Mesotrione on Spiders Maya Khanna, Joseph Evans, and Matthew Persons Department of Biology, Susquehanna University, PA 17870 Tigrosa helluo Trochosa ruricola Mecaphesa asperata Frontinella pyramitela Tetragnatha laboriosa Hogna lenta Pisaurina mira Abstract Methods All spiders were collected on Table 1. The predicted lethality of mesotrione on each spider species based upon soil association levels and species size. Toxicity is predicted to increase with smaller size and Mesotrione is a widely used agricultural herbicide and is frequently used alone or as an adjuvant for the Susquehanna University’s campus. Each spider was housed in a 473 ml (16oz) greater soil contact. Sample sizes for each species are indicated to the left. A total of 615 herbicides glyphosate and atrazine. The effects of mesotrione are largely untested on beneficial non-target spiders were used in this study. species such as spiders. -
Morphological and Molecular Evidence Support the Taxonomic Separation of the Medically Important Neotropical Spiders Phoneutria Depilata (Strand, 1909) and P
ZooKeys 1022: 13–50 (2021) A peer-reviewed open-access journal doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1022.60571 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Morphological and molecular evidence support the taxonomic separation of the medically important Neotropical spiders Phoneutria depilata (Strand, 1909) and P. boliviensis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897) (Araneae, Ctenidae) Nicolas A. Hazzi1,2, Gustavo Hormiga1 1 The George Washington University, Department of Biological Sciences, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA 2 Fundación Ecotonos, Cra 72 No. 13ª-56, Cali, Colombia Corresponding author: Nicolas A. Hazzi ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Arnedo | Received 9 November 2020 | Accepted 9 February 2021 | Published 8 March 2021 http://zoobank.org/C0A606CC-48EC-43CB-A7F3-0D62D8125F13 Citation: Hazzi NA, Hormiga G (2021) Morphological and molecular evidence support the taxonomic separation of the medically important Neotropical spiders Phoneutria depilata (Strand, 1909) and P. boliviensis (F.O. Pickard- Cambridge, 1897) (Araneae, Ctenidae). ZooKeys 1022: 13–50. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1022.60571 Abstract The species of the genus Phoneutria (Ctenidae), also called banana spiders, are considered amongst the most venomous spiders in the world. In this study we revalidate P. depilata (Strand, 1909), which had been synonymized with P. bolivienesis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897), using morphological and nucleotide sequence data (COI and ITS-2) together with species delimitation methods. We synonymized Ctenus peregrinoides, Strand, 1910 and Phoneutria colombiana Schmidt, 1956 with P. depilata. Furthermore, we designated Ctenus signativenter Strand, 1910 as a nomen dubium because the exact identity of this spe- cies cannot be ascertained with immature specimens, but we note that the type locality suggests that the C. -
Predation on Reproducing Wolf Spiders: Access to Information Has Differential Effects on Male and Female Survival
Animal Behaviour 128 (2017) 165e173 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Predation on reproducing wolf spiders: access to information has differential effects on male and female survival * Ann L. Rypstra a, , Chad D. Hoefler b, 1, Matthew H. Persons c, 2 a Department of Biology, Miami University, Hamilton, OH, U.S.A. b Department of Biology, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, U.S.A. c Department of Biology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, U.S.A. article info Predation has widespread influences on animal behaviour, and reproductive activities can be particularly Article history: dangerous. Males and females differ in their reactions to sensory stimuli from predators and potential Received 13 September 2016 mates, which affects the risk experienced by each sex. Thus, the information available can cause dif- Initial acceptance 8 November 2016 ferential survival and have profound implications for mating opportunities and population structure. The Final acceptance 24 March 2017 wolf spider, Pardosa milvina, detects and responds in a risk-sensitive manner to chemotactile information from a larger predator, the wolf spider Tigrosa helluo. Male P. milvina use similar chemotactile cues to find MS. number: A16-00806R2 females whereas female P. milvina focus on the visual, and perhaps vibratory, aspects of the male display. Our aim was to document the risk posed by T. helluo predators on P. milvina during reproduction and to Keywords: determine whether augmenting chemotactile information would affect that outcome. In the laboratory, chemical cue we explored the effects of adding predator and/or female cues on the predatory success of T. -
Species of Greatest Conservation Need
APPENDIX A. VIRGINIA SPECIES OF GREATEST CONSERVATION NEED Taxa Common Scientific Name Tier Cons. Opp. Habitat Descriptive Habitat Notes Name Ranking Amphibians Barking Hyla gratiosa II a Forest Forests near or within The Virginia Fish and Wildlife Information System indicates treefrog shallow wetlands the loss suitable wetlands constitute the greatest threats to this species. DGIF recommends working to maintain or restore forested buffers surrounding occupied wetlands. These needs are consistent with action plan priorities to conserve and restore wetland habitats and associated buffers. Recently discovered populations within its known range, may indicate this species is more abundant than previously believed. An in-depth investigation into its status may warrant delisting. This species will be prioritized as Tier 2a. Amphibians Blue Ridge Desmognathus IV c Forest High elevation seeps, This species' distribution is very limited. Other than limiting dusky orestes streams, wet rock faces, logging activity in the occupied areas, no conservation salamander and riparian forests actions have been identified. Unless other threats or actions are identified, this species will be listed as Tier 4c. Amphibians Blue Ridge Eurycea III a Wetland Mountain streams and The needs of this species are consistent with priorities for two-lined wilderae adjacent riparian areas maintaining and enhancing riparian forests and aquatic salamander with mixed hardwood or habitats. This species will be listed as Tier 3a. spruce-fir forests up to 6000 feet. Amphibians Carpenter Lithobates III a Wetland Freshwater wetlands with The needs of this species are consistent with action plan frog virgatipes sphagnum moss priorities to preserve and restore aquatic and wetland habitats and water quality. -
2016 Persons Mercury Content Spiders
Variation in total mercury content among riparian and non-riparian spider species Hailey Shannon, Derek Wilson, Tara Barbarich, Brian Mangan*, and Matthew Persons Dept. of Biology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA 17870 *Dept. of Biology, King’s College, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18711 ABSTRACT Spiders collected and Mercury is a persistent environmental contaminant that primarily originates from coal-fired Spiders prepared power plants but may arise from other sources including uncontrolled mine fires. Variation in Collected spiders were rinsed total mercury uptake and mobilization through the apex arthropod community is poorly identified (N = 672) with water for at least 10 understood. We measured total mercury among ground and web-building spiders at sites along the Susquehanna River near a coal-fired power plant and compared total mercury levels seconds and placed in small to spiders from uncontrolled coal fire burn sites (Centralia, PA and Laurel Run, PA) and Spiders were labeled containers. Spiders reference sites away from the river or point sources of mercury pollution (agricultural fields collected from 6 sites were kept frozen until and headwater streams). We measured total mercury across species, age classes, and sexes from June to analyzed. for several species of ground spider and a web-building spider at these sites. Spiders from November of 2015 mine fire sites had total mercury levels over 2.5 times higher than those in riparian zones and 2016. Tetragnatha elongata Spiders analyzed for Hg adjacent to the power plant and about six times higher than those from agricultural fields or Spiders were sent to King’s riparian zones away from power plants.