1949 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD- 5209 O'MAHONEY], and the Senator from the committee, I desire to give notice that SENATE Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON] are de­ a public hearing has been scheduled for tained on official business in meetings Thursday, May 5, 1949, at 11 :30 a. m., THURSDAY, APRIL 28, 1949 of committees of the Senate. in room 424, Senate Office Building, up­

the Vice President of the United States, and Whereas while we recognize the sovereignty By Mr. McGRATH: · 1 each· of the United States Senators and Rep­ of the Federal Government and the neces­ S. 1725. A bill to provide means of fur­ resentatives from Pennsylvania. sity for yielding to its paramount structure, ther securing and protecting the civil rights Adopted April 21, 1949. we think that the Federal Government of persons within the jurisdiction of the MICHAEL NEVANT, should, in a commensurate manner, recog­ United States; and Mayor and President of Council. nize its dependence upon its political sub­ S. 1726. A bill to provide protection of per­ divisions, for the Federal Government derives sons from lynching, and for other purposes; PAYMENTS TO MUNICIPALITIES IN LIEU its power from the consent of the governed to the Committee on the Judiciary. OF TAXES ON FEDERALLY OWNED and ·its health and stability directly depends S. 1727. A bill making unlawful the re­ PROPERTY-RESOLUTION OF CITY upon the well-being of the political subdivi­ quirement for the payment of a poll tax as COUNCIL OF SUPERIOR, WIS. sions that comprise it, Now, therefore, be it a prerequisite to voting in a primary or other Resolved by the City Council of the City election for national officers; to the Com­ Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I have of Superior, Wis., That we urge the support, mittee on Rules and Administration. received a letter from R. E. McKeague, anQ do memorialize the Federal Congress S. 1728. A bill to prohibit discrimination city clerk of Superior, Wis., transmitting accordingly, of H. R. 1356, as that measure was introduce'd into the said Congress by in employment because ·of race, color, re­ a resolution adopted by the city council ligion, or national origin; to the Com:mittee - of Superior, favoring the enactment of Representative CLAIRE ENGLE of California, and which said measure does provide and on Labor and Public Welfare. House bill 1356, which would authorize does authorize and make possible for the By Mr. McCARRAN: payments to municipalities in lieu of Federal Government to make payments in S. 1729. A bill to authorize relief of au­ taxes on federally owned property. lieu of taxes to municipal bodies corporate thoriz3d certifying officers of terminated war I have previously pointed· out in the whenever federally owned property, or prop­ agencies in liquidation by the Treasury De- Senate that our municipalities through­ erty otherwise con trolled by an agency of partment; , out the Nation are tremendously hard the Federal Government, is domiciled within S. 1730. A bill to authorize the purchase pressed to find sources of local tax reve­ such a municipality's corporate limits; be of additional farming land for Leavenworth nue. In the city of Madison, capital of it further Penitentiary; and Resolved by the City Council of the City S.1731 (by request). A bill for the relief of my State, for example, I am informed of Superior, Wis., That a duly certified certain officers and employees of the For­ that 20 percent of the property is tax­ copy of this resolution be forthwith trans­ eign Service of the United States who, while exempt. If the Federal Government mitted by the city clerk to the Honorable in the course of their respective duties, suf­ continues to ,add more property within JOSEPH MCCARTHY, Senator from Wiscon­ fered losses of personal property by reason its jurisdiction, if it continues to intrude sin, the Honorable ALEXANDER WILEY' Senator of war conditions; to the Committee on the upon local areas of taxation, thus drying from Wisconsin, and to the Honorable ALVIN Judiciary. · up local springs of revenue, obviously our O'K01'fSKI, Representative from Wisconsin's By Mr. HILL: Tenth District. S.1732. A bill to create a National Ceme­ cities will simply have to come to the Passed and adopted this 19th day of April Federal Government for more and more tery Commission for the consolidation of 1949. national cemetery activities within one civil­ money. Approved this 20th day of April 1949. R. ian commission, and for other purposes; to I believe therefore that H. 1356 de­ GEORGE E?ICKSON, the Committee on Interior and Insular serves our careful consideration. In ad­ President of the Council. Affairs. dition, I am hoping that the bill which I REPORT OF A COMMITTEE have cosponsored, S. 810, and which TEMPORARY OPERATION OF CERTAIN Congressman BOGGS, of Delaware, intro­ The following report of a committee NONSUBSIDIZED AIR-COACH AIR LINES duced in the House of Representatives­ was submitted: Mr. GILLETTE (for himself, Mr. which will survey the whole field of Fed­ By Mr. GEORGE, from the Committee on MORSE, Mr. KILGORE, Mr. MURRAY, Mr. eral, State, and local taxes-that these Finance: H. R. 2023. A bill to regulate oleomar­ LANGER, and Mr. HUMPHREY) submitted bills will be passed by the Congress. garine, to repeal certain taxes relating to the following resolution BY THE CITY COUNCIL By Mr. CORDON: ice should be permitted by the Board to con­ OF THE CITY OF SUPERIOR, WIS., MEMORIALIZ­ S. 1720. A bill to provide funds for co­ tinue in operation to the extent to which ING THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES TO operation with the School Board of Klamath they are presently operating pending deter­ SUPPORT H. R. 1356 RELATING TO THE MATTER County, Oreg., for the construction, exten­ mination by the Board whether or not cer­ OF MAKING FEDE~AL PAYMENTS TO MUNICI­ sion, and improvement of public-school fa­ tificates (either temporary or permanent) PALITIES IN LIEU OF TAXES ON FEDERALLY cilities in Klamath County, Oreg., to be avail­ shall be granted upon such applications. OWNED PROPERTY able to all Indian and non-Indian children Whereas there is now pending before the without discrimination; to the Committee PROMOTION OF HEALTH OF SCHOOL Eighty-first Congress a measure (H. R. 1356) on Interior and Insular Affairs. CHILDREN-AMENDMENT By Mr. THOMAS of : introduced by Representative CLAIRE ENGLE Mr. SALTONSTALL submitted an of California, which said measure will make 3. 1721. A bill to amend the act of July 3, it possible for the Government of the United 1948 (Public Law 897) entitled the "Agri­ amendment intended to be proposed by States to make payments to municipalities cultural Act of 1948"; to the Committee on him to the bill (S. 1411) to provide for in lieu of taxes on federally owned property, Agriculture and Forestry. the general welfare by enabling the sev­ or property otherwise controlled by an agency S. 1722. A bill to authorize the Secretary eral States to make more adequate pro­ of the Federal Government; and of the Interior to procure by contract in the vision for the health of school children Whereas it is one of the duties of the open market and in the manner common municipal body corporate when federally among businessmen, the services of engi­ through the development of school health owned property, or property otherwise con­ neers, engineering associations or organiza­ services for the prevention, diagnosis, trolled by an agency of the Federal Govern­ tions, needed or required in connection with and treatment of physical and mental ment is located within its corporate limits, the acquisition or construction of public defects and conditions, which was or­ to accord such property and to furnish it works; to the Committee on Interior and dered to lie on the table and to be all of the basic public services that the muni­ Insular Affairs. cipal body corporate furnished to privately By Mr. HENDRICKSON: printed. owned property, and that such rendition of S. 1723. A bill for the relief of John K. MEMORIAL ADDRESS BY DR. JOHN R. such basic public services must be made and Sipos; to the Committee on the Judiciary. ABERNATHY AT FUNERAL OF FORMER had without any remuneration or any re­ By Mr. THOMAS of Utah: SENATOR GORE OF OKLAHOMA turn to the municipal body corporate for s. 1724. A bill to provide for the educa­ such services; and tion of children residing on Certain non­ [Mr. THOMAS. of Oklahoma asked and Whereas the acquisition of public property supporting federally owned property, and obtained leave to have printed in the RECORD by the Federal Government or some agency children residing in localities overburdened a memorial address delivered by Dr. John thereof appears to be steadily increasing and with increased school enrollments resulting R. Abernathy at the funeral services for for­ thus steadily reducing the tax base of this from Federal activities in the area, and for mer Senator. Thomas Pryor Gore of Okla­ and other municipal bodies corporate sim­ other purposes; to the Committee on Labor homa, at Oklahoma City, Okla., on March ilarly situated; and and Public Welfare. ~8, 1949, which appears in the Appendix.} -.

5212 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 MARYLAND'S PROGRAM OF VOCATIONAL States, Mr. Truman desires one standard At the present average employer contribu­ REHABILITATION-ADDRESS BY TAS­ rate. tion rate of 1.2 percent it represents 8 years KER G. LOWNDES In place of the nominal 3 percent pay-roll of collections. tax rate named in the present social-security DEPRESSION EFFECTS STUDIED [Mr. O'CONOR asked and obtained leave law, which allows varying levies in different to h ave printed in the RECORD an address en­ States, the administration wants a 2-percent What sort of a dent a prolonged and deep­ titled "High Lights of Maryland's Program pay-roll tax uniformly administered. unemployment might make on the fund has of Vocational Rehabilitation, 1929-48," de­ The States also now have their own bene­ been a matter of considerable speculation in livered by Mr. Tasker G. Lowndes, president fit scales, so that workers in one State may congressional circles. of the Maryland State Board of Education, receive far less benefits than those in an The very exist ence of jobless benefit s, some at the twentieth anniversary dinner, at Balti­ adjoining State. authorities assert, like the existen ce of old­ more, Md., on April 11, 1949, which appears in For example, in Maryland the weekly bene­ age and survivor benefits, "1.as a sustain ing the Appendix.] fit rate for total unemployment ranges from effect on the economy. It helps to prevent unem}jloyment from DISLOYAL UTI'ERANCES BY PAUL ROBE­ a minimum of $6 to a maximum of $25. In California it ranges from $10 to $25. spiraling and developing into a full-scale SON~LETTERS TO BALTIMORE SUN In Delaware it is $7 a week to $18, but in impact OI! the trust fund, they declare. [Mr. O'CONOR asked and obtained leave New York $10 to $26, and in Michigan $7 But last year, in a year of high employ­ to have printed in the RECORD several letters to $28. ment, many States paid out more in benefits to the editor of the Baltimore Evening Sun THmTY DOLLARS MAXIMUM PROPOSED than they collected in unemployment taxes. regarding statements by Paul Robeson, This included Massachusetts, Connecticut, which appear in the Appendix.] The administration favors a maximum of Rhode Island, California, and the District $30 a week for a single man-although a few of Columbia. ECONOMY IN GOVERNMENT-EDITORIAL States have a high of $25 and the national In the first 7 months of this fiscal year, FROM CINCINNATI ENQUIRER average is $19. deposits in the fund were $572,000,ciOO-a [Mr. KEM asked and obtained leave to In his message to Congress in January the decrease of 3 percent under a year ago. have printed in the RECORD an editorial en­ President said: Withdrawals for benefits in the same titled "Gloomy Reality," published ln the "My proposal to strengthen the unemploy­ period were $519,000,000-an increase of 23 Cincinnati Enquirer of April 24, 1949, which ment compensation system contemplates percent. appears in the Appendix.] that coverage will extend to workers in small On an average, 31,300,000 workers were establishments, Federal employees, and other insured under the unemployment system last WHO PAYS FEDERAL AID?-EDITORIAL workers not now insured." year. BY joE LEE In 22 States unemployment insurance is In Maryland, the average number of cov­ [Mr. REED asked and obtained leave to limited to employers of 8 or more persons. ered employees was 550,90_0 in October and In 16 States the program extends to all em­ , benefit payments were $548,638. have printed in the RECORD an editorial en­ ployers of 1 or more persons. titled "Who Pays Federal Aid?" by Joe Lee, In a few States the size of an employer's The average weekly payment was $19.44. editorial writer of the Topeka State Journal, pay roll is a determining factor in whether A study made by the Federal Security of Topeka, Kans., which appears in the his workers are covered by unemployment Agency showed that the average weekly pay­ Appendix.] ment last year was more than $20 in eight insurance or not. States but · less than $15 in thirteen. The THE PRESIDENT'S SPENDING BUDGET Nearly all State laws also exclude agricul­ tural workers, domestic employees, public other States ranged in between these figures. . Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, employees, and employees of nonprofit agen- · On the average, newly insured claimants on behalf of the junior Senator from cies and institutions. were entitled to 21.5 weeks of benefits, .the Nebraska [Mr. WHERRY], who ha::; been While the administration bill has not yet FSA study showed. called to the White House pursuant to been sent t.o Congress-and may not be until FUND HELD ADEQUATE an appointment, I ask unanimous con­ the second session of the Eighty-first Con­ While the Government is not unaware of sent that there be inserted in the body gress-it is understood that it will propose the somewhat increased demand on the fund practically universal coverage. of the RECORD at this point, the twelfth under the recent expanded unemployment, Also, the administration favors a shorter it holds that the fund is adequate for all of a series of articles published in the waiting period for workers to start drawing probable needs which will arise. Baltimore Sun, on what the American benefit checks. In many' States they have In a recent report the Federal Security public would pay-one trillion two hun­ to wait 2 weeks. - Agency said: - dred fifty billion dollars-and what it The President's plan is to establish a uni­ "The $7,400,000,000 available in the 51 State would receive of Congress approved all form 1-week period for a jobless man to wait reserves on June 30, 1948, can meet any con­ of President Truman's social-welfare before he can start drawing his checks. tingency in the foreseeable future. proposals. Some of the administration advisers favor "In most States, even liberalization of the allowing striking workers to draw unemploy­ benefit formulas and substantial withdrawals There being no objection, the article ment benefits. to _help finance temporary disability insur­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD~ NO QUICK ACTION EXPECTED ance would not endanger the solvency of the as follows: But no legislation _on unemployment in­ reserve." SOCIAL SECURITY-UNITED STATES WOULD TAKE surance is expected at this session because The agency noted, in its statement, that OVER UNEMPLOYMENT SYSTEM the Congress is already loaded down with the interest earned by the _State unemploy­ other social-security proposals and will be ment accounts in the trust fund between (This is the twelft h of a series of articles on January and June 1948 could have financed what the American public would pay, and fortunate if it can dispose of them before it adjourns. - more than 18 percent of their jobless pay­ what it would get, if Congress approves ments in the period. President Truman's social-welfare proposals. In his annual budget the President esti­ The series is not intended to deal with the mated his unemployment proposals would The low existing 1.2 percent contribution l')ft contributions to the trust-funds about rate reflects chiefly the effect of the .so-called merits of the proposals, but simply with the experience-rating device. costs and monetary benefits. Figures used $230,000,000 a year. are compilations of official Government esti­ Employers' contributions-under the exist­ Under this syst em, the fewer the benefits ing diversity of rates among States-average paid out to workers in a given plant the lower mates.) is the employer's contribution rate. (By Rodney Crowther) out about 1.2 percent on a Nation-wide basis. Under a 2-percent rate equally divided be­ The administration has recommended that WASHINGTON, April 27.--0ne of the major tween worker·and employer, it is believed by the experience-rating system be abandoned. social-security changes proposed by the Tru­ experts that the yield might be about $500,- Actually the rating plan results -in some man administration calls for the national­ 000,000 a year higher on the broader coverage. _ employers with high-employment records ization of the unemployment-insurance With unemployment this spring .much paying contributions of less than 1 percent. system. higher than had been anticipated when the In fact, in the last year three out of five had It has been recommended that the existing autumn budget . forecasts were made, it is less than 1 percent. Federal-State jobless-insurance program be now believed that benefit costs this year MORE STABLE SYSTEM CLAIMED supplanted by a uniform federally operated may run $500,000 more than forecast. The administration believes that a more system with uniform rates, uniform benefits In the 1950 budget,- the President esti­ stable system woultl result from nationalizing and virtually universal coverage. - mated State unemployment and railroad im­ jobless insurance and enforcing a uniform Like old-age and survivor insurance, the employment benefits for fiscal 1950 at $1,- rate. It would result in a bigger trust fund federalized unemployment system would re­ 150,000,000. · But present forecasts put the and a better break for jobless workers, they quire joint contributions by employers and total at about $1,500,000,000-and some au­ say. employees. Under existing law, only em- thorities insist it may run to $2,000,000,000. As for nationalizing the whole system, the ployers contribute. . At the end of January, the unemployment administration argues that this would benefit President Truman also wisb,es the system trust fund stood at $7,498,000,000. employers as well as workers. enlarged and the rate of benefits increased. That ls approximately 9Yz percent of ag­ As it is, actually two taxes are collected­ . And instead of the existing diversity Qf gregate ta:xable wages for the preceding 12 three-tenths of 1 percent by the Federal GOV• rates among States and among employers in months. ernment, and whatever the particular State 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5213 rate happens to be. The States deposit their pear to ask too much of the Senate. I Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, I make collections with the Federal Government in a. know that the able chairman of the sub­ the point of order that the amendment single trust fund. And the whole costs of administration for committee [Mr. CHAVEZ] is extremely is not in order because it is le.gislation on all the States are paid by the Federal Gov­ sympathetic toward these programs. If an appropriation bill. ernment . This totals about $135,000,000 a he will insist upon our action of yester­ The VICE PRESIDENT. . The point of year. day with the House, and will show House order is sustained. In view of the fact that it pays for admin­ Members the strength of sentiment in Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, there istration, the Government believes it would the Senate in behalf of those items, and has been filed, under the rule, a notice make for a better system if it handled the demonstrate to them that we are trying whole business-collections, paym.ents of that a motipn will be made to suspend benefits, and administration. to be reasonable in our requests, I am­ the rule. I make the motion at this time. disposed at the present time not to press The VICE PRESIDENT. The notice CONFIRMATION OF NOMINATIONS FOR an amendment in the mental-health PROMOTION IN THE ARMED SERVICES of motion to suspend the rule will be field. I hope that we can bring that sub­ read. Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I ask ject up as a point of emphasis when we The legislative clerk read as :follows: unanimous consent, as in executive ses­ next come to consider the problem. Mr. BRIDGES and Mr. FERGUSON submitted sion, to report from the Committee on Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, I feel the following notice in writing: tbe Armed Services a promotion in the confident that the conferees, whoever "In accordance with rule XL of the Stand­ Marine Corps, namely, the nomination they may be, will try to carry out in good ing Rules of the Senate, I hereby give notice of Maj. Gen. LeRoy P. Hunt to have the faith the action of the Senate. in writing that it is my intention to move to grade, rank, pay, and allowances of lieu­ Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, at the suspend paragraph 4 of rule XVI for the pur­ tenant general in the Marine Corps while pose of proposing to the b111 (H. R. 3333) present time I shall not further press an making appropriations tor the Department of serving as commanding general, Fleet amendment to this item. Labor, the Federal Security Agency, and re­ Marine Force, Atlantic, and certain rou­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The question lated independent agencies, for the fiscal tine promotions in the Regular Army of is on agreeing to the committee amend­ year ending June 30, 1950, and for other the United States in the grades and ment on page 20, line 12, to strike out purposes, the following amendment, namely." I corps specified. I ask that the nomina­ the :figures "$11,387,000" and insert tions be confirmed, and that the Presi­ Being the amendment just read. "$11,612,000." Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, the dent be notified forthwith. .The amendment was agreed to. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ intention of the amendment, under the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ notice of motion to suspend the rule, is to jection to the request of the Senator from jection, the committee ~mendment in Maryland? require the two agencies, the Federal line 13, to strike out the :figures "$2,663,- Security Agency and the Department of Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, 000" and insert "$2,888,000" is agreed to. reserving the right to object, I under­ Labor, to reduce the amount of certain The bill is open to further amendment. appropriations in the bill by at least 5 stand, that this is a unanimous report Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, on from the Committee on Armed Services. percent. behalf of the Senator from New Hamp­ This is not an attempt to place 111 the Is not that true? shire [Mr. BRIDGES] and myself, I offer Mr. TYDINGS. The nominations are hands of those two agencies the right to the amendment which I send to the desk appropriate. It is merely a provision reported unanimously from the Commit­ and ask to have stated. tee on Armed Services. No objections that, after the money is appropriated, have been filed in the committee to any The VICE PRESIDENT. The amend­ they shall use it in a certain way; that is, of the promotions. The Army nomina­ ment offered by the Senator from Michi­ they shall use a certain proportion of it, tions are all in minor grades, anyway. gan will be stated. and at least 5 pP.rcent shall be returned The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob­ The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. On page 44, to the Treasury. jection? The Chair hears none, and, between lines 9 and 10, it is proposed to Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, wilt without objection, the nominations are insert the fallowing new section: the Senator yield for a question? confirmed, and the President will be im­ SEC. 502. (a) The Secretary of Labor, with Mr. FERGUSON. I am glad to yield mediately notified. respect to appropriations made in title I of for a question. this act, and the Federal Security Adminis­ Mr. McCARRAN. Will the Senator LABOR-FEDERAL SECURITY APPROPRIA­ trator, with respect to appropriations made kindly state exactly what items are TION ACT, 1950 in title II of this act, are authorized and directed, with the approval of the Director affected by the amendment? The Senate resumed the consideration of the Bureau of the Budget, to make such Mr. FERGUSON. I shall be glad to of the bill

i~ cal~ed a meat-ax approach to a reduc­ -hope the amendment may be brought I t.hought as the Senator from Michi'gan tion m appropriations. Always in the to as early a vote as is possible. thmks about the impossibility of the past, as the distinguished Presiding TRIBUTE TO SENATOR BALDWIN Se~a~e acting properly on these appro-. Officer and other Members of the Senate 1':1r. ~INGS. Mr. President, all of priatwns, I would, indeed, f3el badly. know, I have fought and bled for us m this body received with commingled For nearly 8 years we have heard the economy. I believed that Federal ex­ thoughts and emotions the information same cry upon the :floor of the Senate. penditures could be reduced to a sub­ that one of our number would leave us How well I remember the former Sen. stantial degree. It is, however increas­ and go on the bench. The information ator from Wisconsin, Mr. La Follette, ing!~ evi?ent that to reduce them piece we received was that the Senator who when he spoke in favor of the La Fol· by piece is an uphill fight, but we intend would leave this body was the able and ~~tte-Monron.ey bill, saying substantially: to continue, in the committee and on the distinguished junior Senator from con- We have to mcrease the salaries of Sen· :floor of the Senate, to approach indi­ necticut [Mr. BALDWIN], who, at the a tors. Each Senator should have an ad· v~dual. items in various appropriation moment, presides over this session of the ministrative assistant and pay him bills with the idea of further reduction Senate. I think our first emotion was $10,0~0 a year. Each of us will get a man and also to oppose general increases' one of r~gret that an able, outstanding, who is expert in his line. A member of though they may be suggested in th~ progressive, and cooperative Member of the Committee on Appropriations will committee and on the :floor of the t?is body was eventually, of his own ·voli- g~t an expert in finance." Then the va· Senate. tlon, to seek service in another field· and nous c?mmittees were created, and they But we cannot stop there, Mr. Presi­ commingled with our regret at losing hi~ ~ere given almost unlimited help, espe .. dent. I realize that in the bill there are as a Member of this body, there was also cia~ly the Committee on Appropriations, ·very substantial items which are in the the comforting thought that perhaps for which got more help, with one exception form .of grants to States, which are reasons best known to himself and his than any other committee. ' estabhshed by law, and which we prob­ f~~ily, in the vicissitudes of life, the de- M_r. President, we were told that if we ably cannot reduce; but there is an area cis10n he had made was one which would wou1d only vote the necessary money and in this appropriation bill, as there is in meet with greatest promise for the fu- pass the La Follette-Monroney bill, there all appropriation bills, in which we can ture with respect to the ideas the Sena- would .be sat up a staff of experts in the make reductions. tor had in mind. Committee on Appropriations so that at Mr. President, let us consider the bill I have had the privilege and the long last we would not have to depend which comes before the Senate contain­ pleasure, as chairman of the Armed upon what some of the folks in the vari· ing an item for the payment of interest Services Committee, and before that, as -- ous departments said. We passed the on the national debt. Of course we can­ a member of that committee to serve La Follette-Monroney bill, and we took not touch that by a reduction approach with the junior Senator from Connecti~ the money of the taxpayers. But that is ?f this kind. There are many other cut. We have considered a multitude- not .an. Th~ Senator from Wisconsin items which it would not be wise sound ~ use .the word ad~isedly-of bills deal· received a prize f~om Colliers as having or in the interest of good gov~rnment mg with the security and safety of our b.een the outstandmg Senator in the en­ to undertake to reduce; but by and large country. During the years we have served tire Senate, chie:fiy because of the fact an absorption of 5 cents on the dollar, 5 on the committee together, and partic- that he. advocated the La Follette-Mon•. cents out of every 100 cents, can be ularly since I have been the chairman roney bill. Yet t_oday we have the spec ... made. Any good administrator or of the committee, I think I would be un- , tacle of the S.enator from Michigan ris-. executive could so rearrange the pro­ appreciative of the fine cooperation, the in? and saying the members of the com•. gram in his particular departJ.}lent that counsel, the constructive suggestions, and mitte~ d? not know enough about the ap.. such an amount could be absorbed with­ the unselfish devotion which the junior propriat10ns; that they cannot depend out affecting the efficiency of the service S~nator from Conpecticut has shown to upon any information they get, because or the quality of the work. Five cents his country in the deliberations of that only those who wartt appropriations in"\ on the dollar is a small item in the ag .. committee, if I did not publicly say that creased appear to testify about them. gregate, but when we consider the over­ I am very sorry that his new field will I ask, Mr. President, where is the staff all budget of the United States and the take h~m from this body and that I shall of the Committee on Appropriations? over-al.I proposal of expenditures, it is a lose him as. a valuable member of the WJ:iat are we paying men $10,000 a year start m the · right direction. Many Armed Servi~es Committee. I say, and apiece .for? With that staff of techni•. Members of this body have proposed a I kno.w I v01ce the universal sentiment ca~ a~sistants, why, as the Senator from cut of 10 percent on most items. of. this body, that we shall see him go Mictugan says, are they absolutely help •. I should hate to see a substantial cut with deep regret, realizing we shall have less?. He. said the Senaters have not made in the amount appropriated for lost one of our great and in:fiuential suffic~ent t~me. I do not criticize any one the Bureau of Internal Revenue for the sources of progress in this body, but our for .his social activities; it is none of my purpose of enabling that Bureau to col­ regrets are accompanied by sincere and busmess; I criticize no other Senator.­ lect taxes, because I believe as the in· profound respect, good will, and the hope but all we have to do is to get the news! come of the country as a whole de· that he ~~Y find happiness and further Pa?ers, read them, and follow the social creases, we must make a more deter­ opportumties to serve his St~te and his domgs, and there we will find out for mined effort than ever before to collect people in the new field which he will ourselves what goes on. · taxes.· I do not want to see the Bureau enter. Mr. ~resident, I am a member of the of Internal Revenue handicapped by The P~ESIDING OFFICER

1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5229 have to keep our expenditures within such an arrangement, it seems to me the Mr.·FERGUSON. The appropriations that .amount of money." committee the Senator from Ohio has under titles m and IV of the bill for the Mr. President, I think we shall ha.Ve to mentioned not only should be required National Mediation Board and for the do that, because we have reached that to make an effort to balance the budget, Railroad Retirement Board are not sub­ very point. It seems to me that we but should consider the authorization ject to the specified 5-percent reduction. have reached the point where we are legislation which might be presented fol­ Likewise there are exempted from the taxing the country a.s much as the coun­ lowing the report which that committee proposed reduction grants for public as­ try can be taxed without doing serious would make. sistance in the amount of $1,058,000,000; further damage and without serious dan­ Mr. TAFT. My idea of the function­ maternal and child-health services, ger in the future. I believe we should ing of the committee would be that it $22,000,000; the appropriations for make our expenditures conform to that would analyze the President's proposals, USES, and $135,000,000 under title II, limit or that burden; and unless we have would criticize them, and woUld present which includes appropriations for the a committee such as the one that is con­ its idea of what the budget should be. Security Agen(;y. The amendment templated in connection with the legis­ Then, so far as additional matters might would not affect those appropriations. lative budget provision, I do not see how be concerned, I think the committee Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will we shall proceed. Otherwise we shall might add, "And if you wish to authorize the Senator yield for another question, simply take each appropriation bill and this, it will cost so much, and will in­ in order that I may be absolutely clear? each tax bill as it comes along. volve an additional tax or will require Mr. FERGUSON. I yield. Yesterday in the Finance Committee us to save money some other place." Mr. WHERRY. I expect to support we seriously considered a proposal to re­ Mr. WHERRY. Yes. the amendment, in the interest of the duce taxes by approximately $600,000,- Mr. TAFT. I would not think the pattern which I had hoped to have es­ 000, at a time when obvfously we shall committee would pass on the wisdom of tablished in connection with ECA. I have to increase taxes somewhere else. other legislation; I think that would be could see no reason, when we passed Such a proposal should not be consid­ beyond its scope. But I think it could the ECA authorization, why a cut could well call attention to the way in which not have been made in that figure. That ered by itself, no matter what its merits its legislative budget might be upset may be; but it should be considered in is why I voted-against the ECA authori­ or might have to be changed if certain zation. I thought the figure would be relation to the entire picture. We other things were added to the budget. should have a congressional committee very difficult to cut when it came to ap­ Mr. WHERRY. I thank the Senator. propriating the money. I thought that recommending to us an over-all picture, Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I simply showing. how the budget may be balanced was the proper time to set the pattern. wish to say that I do not believe there This, I take it, is an attempt by the Sen­ and showing how the necessary taxes ·is any task before this Congress more .may be levied. Of course, thereafter it ator from Michigan to establish a pat­ important than that of meeting the tern. If the cut is made all the way .would be entirely within the discretion financial problem presently confronting of Congress to decide whether to choose down the line, it may make a difference us. It seems to me the amendment now in respect to the increase of taxes, mak­ to fallow such a recommendation. under discussion is an effective, prac­ But I think we would be materially as­ ing it possible to leave the tax structure tical method of beginning this job. It where it is, without deficit spending. sisted by having the four chairman re­ 'Will be only a beginning, of course. If ferred to--the chairmen of the two Ap­ 1t is successful here, it should be applied Mr. FERGUSON. That is true. propriations Committees and the chair­ -to the other appropriation bills. When Mr. WHERRY. I am in full accord man of the House Ways and Means Com­ we ·get through, we may even have to with the motives of the Senator and of mittee and the chairman of the Senate do what the Senator from Maryland other Senators who are supparting the Finance Committee--examine the entire [Mr. TYDINGS] and the Senator from amendment. I am unable to see bow situation and recommend the best pos­ Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON] propose, any Senator can be otherwise than in sible solution to the very serious problem namely, finally pass an over-all resolu­ accord with such an amendment. But I which confronts us. tion calling for certain further cuts to should like to know whether the appro- · Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will be made in the expenditures of the priations which are to be cut, in the event the Seni;ttor yield? Government. the amendment is adopted, are those it Mr. TAFT. I yield to the· Senator Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, will is feasible to cut, those which do not from Nebraska. the Senator yield? represent fixed charges, and whether the Mr. WHERRY. Does the distin­ Mr. TAFT. I yield. cut will run into what the Appropria­ guished Senator from Ohio agree that Mr. FERGUSON. I simply wish to tions Committee calls the untouchables. the necessity for such a committee cer-: answer the question which has been Mr. FERGUSON. The Senator is cor­ tainly is obvious at this time, not only asked as to whether it is the intention of rect. It does not apply to those. I ·because of the attempt which is to be the sponsors to introduce such a resolu­ specified that. made to balance the budget, but also tion in regard to each one of the bills. It Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, I ask because of the necessity of attempting is the intention of the sponsors to do so. for the yeas and nays on the motion to clear the authorization legislation Mr. TAFT. I thank the Senator. to suspend the rule. which comes to us, and which, if passed, Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, let me Mr. CHAVEZ. I suggest the absence would require the making of appropria­ ask the Senator from Michigan a ques­ of a quorum. tions somewhat on the basis of appropri­ tion: If this 5-percent-reduction proposal The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ating in the blind; in short, authoriza­ is acted upon favorably, will that cut ex­ clerk will call the roll. tions which would require appropriations tend to any of the so-called fixed charges The legislative clerk called the roll, 1n the blind, and would thus result in · or funds which should not be touched? and the following Senators answered to putting the budget out of balance with Mr. FERGUSON. No. their names: the result not only of incurring deficits, Mr. WHERRY. I have been working Aiken Hoey Maybank but of requiring additional taxation? on the Appropriations Committee, and I Baldwin Holland Millikin Mr. TAFT. I do not think we should am a member of the subcommittee on Brewster Humphrey Mundt require it to be cleared, if that is what this particular appropriation bill. I Bricker Hunt Murray Bridges Ives Myers the Senator means. think the Senator from Michigan knows Capehart Johnson, Colo. Neely Mr. WHERRY. No; I do not mean in that I am just as anxious as he is, as one Chapman Johnson, Tex. O'Mahoney the sense of having a steering com­ of the sponsors of this amendment, to Chavez Johnston, S. C. Pepper make a reduction in governmental ex­ Cordon Kefauver Reed mittee. Douglas Kem Russell However, today we have no other penditures all the way along the line. Downey Kerr Schoeppel clearance device or no other committee But I . ask the Senator from Michigan Ecton Kllgore Sparkman serving such a purpose. We were sup­ whether, in preparing the amendment, Ellender Knowland Stennis Ferguson Long Taft posed to adopt a legislative budget on he has gone into the figures and can now Frear McClellan Taylor the 1st of February, and now the date say that an over-all cut of 5 percent will George McFarland Thomas, Uta.h has been changed to the 1st of May. In not have the effect of taking money away Gillette . McGrath Thye Gurney McKellar Wher17 a sense that would accomplish what I from fixed charges, such, for example, as Hendrickson Magnuson Willia.ma have in mind. But in the absence of social-security payments. Hill Martin Young 5230 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 By order of the Senate, the following tion of the Federal Government will be to a customer who is buying something announcement is made after each quo­ more than four times the total amount that the tax is included in the sale price.­ rum call: of money which the citizens of my State Mr. BRICKER. That is correct. I The members of the Committee on will have to pay for State and local gov­ know of that. Foreign Relations have been granted ernment, including municipal, county, Mr. FERGUSON. So that the Govern­ permissfon to be absent from the sessions township, and school-board costs; ment attempts to conceal taxes as much of the Senate while the Committee on It is also interesting to compare it with as it can. · Foreign Relations was conducting hear­ the appraised value of property in the Mr. BRICKER. I know that recently ings on the Nqrth Atlantic Pact. State of Ohio. We have what is called complaints have been made to various The PRESIDING OFFICER. A quo­ in our constitution an assessment of departments that transportation com­ rum is present. property at a fair value. The total panies have been putting stickers on Mr. BRICKER obtained the floor. amount of money collected in Ohio this their tickets to show the proportion of Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, will year for the operating budget of the the cost of tickets which goes to Federal the Senator yield? · Federal Government will amount to taxes. I think that is a very salutary Mr. BRICKER. I yield. approximately 25 percent of the total thing. I think the knowledge should Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, I ask appraised value of all the real and per­ be brought home to the people, not con­ for the yeas and nays on the pending sonal property in my State. That means cealed. motion. that if a farmer has a 100-acre farm, Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will The yeas and nays were ordered. his share of the cost of Federal Govern­ the Senator from Ohio yield? Mr. BRICKER. Mr. President, it has ment on a pro rata basis for 1 year will Mr. BRICKER. I Yield to the Sena­ been very difficult for me, during the be equal to 25 acres out of every hundred tor from Nebraska. consideration of this appropriation bill, acres he owns. If a man has a small .Mr. WHERRY. The gasoline tax to understand the lack of interest on business in which he has invested $25,- furnishes a good example. ·If, as the the part of the public generally in the 000, one-fourth of it will be taken this Senator has said, a family pays a tax amount of money being appropriated by year out of his material resources and .of $1,200, the gasoline tax is in addition the Congress. It has seemed very diffi­ labor for the cost of the Federal Gov­ to that. The indirect taxes the consumer cult to bring home to the people the tre­ ernment alone. Bringing it down to the pays would all have to be added to the mendous burden which the Government individual, it means that every man, $1,200, if the Senator is to give a com.. is coming to be on the citizens of the woman, and child, in my State this plete over-all tax picture of what a country. It is estimated that the budget year-and it is comparable to the other family pays, the result, in many cases, of this year will be approximately $42,000,- States of the Union-:-will have to carry provisions of Federal statutes. Is not 000,000 for the support of the Federal a burden of $300 for the cost of the Fed­ that true? Government. This is a staggering sum. eral Government for 1 year alone. It Mr. BRICKER. The $1,200 figure is · ft is beyond the comprehension of most also means that every family in the State not over-all, not inclusive of all taxes people. The individual citizen can un­ will have to pay $1,200 for the support of collected. derstand thousands of dollars, or perhaps the Federal Government. That amount Mr. WHERRY. To that would be millions of dollars, but it is very difficult in the aggregate is equal to three times added the hidden taxes, which are con .. to comprehend the magnitude of $42,- the total appraised value of property in siderable. 00Q,000,000. I do not know of any better the city of Cleveland. It is equal to five Mr. BRICKER. Yes, taxes which they proof of that lack of comprehension than times the total appraised value of prop­ do not pay directly to the Treasury. I is the fact that while we appropriate erty in my home city. It is equal to the have served in executive office long money to the extent of billions ·of dollars, total appraised value in all the larger enough to know that there is no depart .. yet I haye received very little corres­ cities of the State, with the exception of ment of government which cannot with pondence in my office in regard to those Cleveland. It is equal to the total value · ·efficiency cut its operating costs 5 per.. large appropriations. But when it comes of all the appraised property, personal cent. If we have not at the head of our to the question of increasing the postage and real, in the combined cities of Akron, departments in the Federal Government rate, letters come in from my State Canton, Cincinnati, Columbus, and Day­ men who have the ability properly to actually by the thousands. · That ques­ ton. administer their departments and save tion goes directly to the individual, and We can break it down further and 5 percent of the appropriations made to . he comprehends the meaning of it, while show what the cost is in each county of them we should change the heads of the an appropriation of $1,000,000,000 ex­ the State, and I anticipate doing that departments. I know that money can ceeds by many times the cost of the post­ so as to inform the taxpayer himself of be saved in government. I know it can age which any concern in this country the actual burden he bears when it comes . be saved with additional efficiency if at-: ·wo·uld have to pay. There seems to be an to carrying the costs of the Federal Gov­ tention is given to it. utter l~.ck of realization of the impor­ ernment. I know of no other way in A loose administration has developed tance of the billions of dollars which we which we can bring to the consciousness in the Federal Government. The admin· appropriate. So I have attempted to of the individual citizen information as istration puts the budget as high as it bring it home to the citizens of my State. to the amount of money he is paying for possibly can, and comes to the Congress I realize full well that we do not here the costs of his Government. and says, "We cannot take a cut of any, represent alone our individual States, but I have thought time and time again kind. It would deprive the people of the we must be conscious of the States in the it would be a very practical thing and a country of services we have been render-: Federal program. very effective thing if we could in some ing." Then groups throughout the coun-: The $42,000,000,000 will take from my way bring the taxes directly to the in­ try who have been the beneficiaries of home State approximately $2,442,000,000. dividual, if we could take away the with­ the services rendered are called upon to There was collected in Federal ta~es in holding tax and the indirect taxes and · make their pressure felt upon the Con ..; my State last year $2,712,000,000, of say to the citizen, "Your share of your · gress. which approximatetr one-half came Government's cost is $300, and you have Mr. President, I want to bring back to from personal-income taxes. The re .. to rake that up somehow''; or say to the the taxpayers a realization of what the mainder was collected in the form of cor.. -individual family, "You have to pay $1,- Government is spending, how much of poration-income taxes, excise taxes, and 200, and you have to rake that money their money is being taken out of theif, various other Federal levies. The up." It would not be taken necessarily pockets, how much of their labor, and $2,442,000,000 referred to, which my in indirect taxes, or be withheld by the how much of their property is actuallt, State will have to bear, is approximately employer. being taken for the support and upkeep' 6 percent of the total cost of the Federal Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, will of the Government. If we do that, and Government. · the Senator from Ohio yield? if the taxpayers become conscious of the It is interesting to note in connection Mr. BRICKER. I yield to the Sena.. fact that this is their Government, that with this levy on our people that the total tor from Michigan. they have to pay the costs of the Govern"­ cost of State and local governments in Mr. FERGUSON. I am sure the Sen­ ment, then the questions of economy in: Ohio amounts this year to a little more ator is familiar with' the fact that under government and efficient administration than $663,000,000. That means that the some of the statutes the Government will be brought to the attentio:n of the money collected in Ohio for the opera .. prohibits the payer of a tax mentioning Congress. 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 523l I know of no bette.t way .to start than the Federal income, then appropriate Before I take my seat I wish to say, to say to the heads of the various de­ only that amount of money. let us accept the responsibility and re­ partments, bureaus, boards, and agen­ I listened to the able Senator from duce the Government's expenditures in cies that Congress has at last become Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS] a few days ago line with our revenue and for 1 year conscious of the responsibility it has to speak about a bill he says he has intro­ at least let us not spend more than our the taxpayers and the officials of the duced for a number of years which would national revenue. Government must likewise realize their give the President of the United States Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, the yeas responsibility. That is the place to start. the right to reduce appropriations and and nays have been ordered on the mo­ Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, I keep them in line with the Federal reve­ tion of the Senator from Michigan [Mr. have spoken on a number of occasions nues. I am in favor of that; I think it FERGUSON] for himself and the Senator before the Senate in the last 60 days with would be a splendid thing. But my ob­ from New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES], but respect to reducing expenditures. My servation is that the request for appro­ before the Senate proceeds to vote I personal opinion is that the budget should priations comes from the administration, should like to state exactly what would be cut, not 5 percent, but 20 percent. from the President of the United States. be the result if the motion were carried, I cannot quite understand why we do Requests for appropriations are sub­ and the amandment agreed to. not reduce the budget in direct propor­ mitted, and then if we try to make a cut The amendment offered by the Sen­ tion to the loss in revenue to the Govern­ of one penny the departments protest ator from Michigan directs the Secretary ment, for instance to what the Govern­ and say the cut should not be made. of Labor and the Federal Security Ad­ ment, in my personal opinion, will lose I again ask the question which I have ministrator to reduce by at least 5 per­ during the fiscal year eliding June 30, asked many, many times: When are we cent the appropriations made to those 1950. I have repeatedly said-though going to reduce governmental expendi­ agencies. there may be those who wish to question tures? When are we going to live within . We all remember how the Department my statement-that the total Federal the Nation's income? How long can a of Labor in recent years has been re­ revenues in the fiscal year ending June nation exist which spends more money duced by transferring out of the Depart­ 30, 1950, will not exceed $35,000,000,000. each year than it takes in? How large ment the Conciliation Service and the I may well be wrong; I hope I am. Let a debt can the United States endure? Employment Service, and by reductions us say they will amount to thirty-seven, The debt is now up to $252,000,000,000. in amounts for the Bureau of Labor Sta­ thirty-eight, or even forty billion dol­ We are going to run into an $800,000,000 tistics, arid other needed services ren­ lars. We are going to ·appropriate some­ deficit during the fiscal year ending June dered by the Department. Now, to take where between forty-two and forty-six 30. It is anticipated by many that the 5 percent from their appropriation of or forty-seven billion dollars. I do not deficit for the fiscal year ending June 30, $16, 766,200-there are some bureaus and believe we can maintain a sound econ­ 1950, will amount to between three and agencies provided for in the bill for omy if the Government is to spend more five billion dollars. That estimate is whom the Bureau of the Budget has esti­ money each year than it receives in rev­ made on the basis that taxes are not in­ mated amounts 10 times as great as the enue. I do not believe an individual or creased and if the Federal revenues-and Department of Labor would receive­ company, an institution or a government, Senators will notice that I use the word would mean a still further reduction in can remain solvent and strong very long "if"-if the Federal revenues continue in their funds of $838,310, and this amount if it spends more money each year than the fiscal year ending June 30, 1950, to be is almost four times the increase recom­ it takes in. as large as they are in the present fiscal mended to the Senate of $216,200 for the I cannot see how the revenue for the year. If I am correct in my belief that Department. fiscal :rear ending June 30, 1950, can be the revenues are going to drop from about Exceptions are made in the Federal as great as it will be in the year ending $41,000,000,000 to $35,000,000,000, we Security Agency under the amendment June 30, 1949, or as it was in the year end­ might well have a $10,000,000,000 deficit. proposed by the Senator from Michigan ing June 30, 1948, because prices are fall­ When are we going to balance the for grants to States for public assistance, ing. They have been too high. The in­ budget? What is the greatest debt for maternal and child welfare, and for come of our people is going to be reduced. under which our Nation can exist? the unemployment compensation and Yet we in the Congress will appropriate When are we ourselves going to accept employment-service administration. The for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1950, · the responsibility, which is certainly ours, amounts so excepted are $1,058,000,000 more money than we appropriated and of taking action to balance the budget? for public assistance, $22,000,000 for ma­ spent last year. I receive letters from my constituents, ternal and child welfare, and $135,000,- My opinion is that every budget which and in conversation with them I hear the 000 for unemployment compensation and comes before the Senate should be re­ same thing-that they have just heard employment-service administration, for duced 20 percent. Twenty percent of from Department So-and-so of the Gov­ a total of $1,215,000,000. These excep­ $42,000,000,000 is a little more than ernment which has said to them, "We tions leave only $12,271,300 in the Social $8,000,000,000. That would bring the ex­ are sorry we cannot do thus and so for Security Administration as subject to the penditures down to about $34,000,000,000. you, because the Congress has cut our 5-percent reduction. I felt very strongly that the ECA budget appropriation, has cut our budget." Bl,lt that does not tell the whole story. should.have been reduced to $3,000,000,- We are now appropriating and have Other units of the Federal Security 000. There were those who disagreed, heretofore appropriated $40,000,000,000 Agency which are not so exempted from and the Senate granted the amount asked or more a year. We have been operating the 5-percent reduction are as follows: for, namely, $5,580,000,000. I remember under a deficit almost every year. Yet Grant funds to the American Printing it was stated at the time that it could those in charge of departments of the House for the Blind of $115,000. Sena­ not be cut one single penny. I remem- Government, when they want to impress tors will recall the general agreement on - ber we tried to cut it 5 percent or 10 per­ Members of the Congress of the United Tuesday when the Senate turned down a cent. Yet a few days ago the President States, through their constituents, say committee amendment to place a limita­ of the United States asked the House to to the constituents, "We are sorry, but tion on their funds, and now this pro­ cut it by $177.000,000. we cannot do what you ask us to do be­ posal would take $5,750 away from those Why is it that when we consider an cause Congress has cut our budget." grants. appropriation it cannot be cut one penny, Mr. President, the responsibility rests Payments to the Employees' Compen­ ·yet after the bill is passed in many in­ on Congress. We should accept it. · We sation Fund would be reduced by $650,- stances the President or someone else should realize that our country will 000 from the amount provided of $13,- says it can be cut? The responsibility is eventually get into trouble unless we bal­ 000,000. ours. Under the Reorganization Act, if ance the· budget and live within our in­ The Food and Drug Administration I understand it correctly, we are sup­ come. I strongly urge that we take to program would be reduced by $240,000 posed to make up a legislative budget. I ourselves the courage to do the thing we from the amount provided of $4,802,500. understand that to mean that we are all know should be done. I say there is Grants for vocational education would supposed to ascertain as best we can what no better time to do it than now. We be reduced by $1,500,000. the Federal income will be and to figure will find the same excuses offered a yea~ Grants for vocational rehabilitation a budget which we think will l{eep within from now that are offered today. would be reduced by $1,000,000. XCV,--330 5232 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 . The entire Public Health Service is amounts in order that actual benefits which can be reduced, for the Senate to subject to the 5-percent reduction, which may be paid to dependent children, to go on record, if it intends to go on record would mean a decrease of over $8,500,000, the aged, and to the blind. We cannot at all, in favor of a reduction-not a to be taken from grants for health serv­ make reductions in such activities. To harmful reduction, not such a reduction ices of all kinds, from hospital construc­ do so would not only breach our agree­ as woUld destroy any activity, but a re­ tion, and even from liquidation of con­ ments with the States, but even of great­ duction all the way across in the items tract authorizations for construction. er importance, I think, would def eat the which can be reduced. We should make Operation of hospitals and educational carrying out of our commitments to citi­ a declaration of our willingness-nay, institutions are also affected. zens who are upon the rolls of the aged, our insistence-that such an approach I have given these figures to the Sen­ the blind, or dependent children. No shall be followed. I think we would be ate so it will be informed on the subject one would want to reduce that sort of following the correct course to place in involved, and so it can better form judg­ appropriation. There is no time like the the hands-of the administrators of agen­ ment as to how to vote on the pending time when we are considering the very cies who supervise the conduct of the ac­ motion. The committee is opposed to field covered by the appropriations to tivities covered by this appropriation bill the motion and is opposed to the amend­ single out and make sure that we have the, task of making reductions between ment. I hope the Senate will sustain exempted from any general approach the point of no reduction in some cases the committee. items which are in the nature of fixed and a maximum reduction of 20 percent The PRESIDING OFFICER. The commitments. I think all of us would in other cases, so as to bring about a re­ question is on agreeing to the motion use even stronger language. The com­ duction on the whole of 5 percent in the made by the Senator from Michigan [Mr. mitments which I have mentioned in items which are not entirely excluded FERGUSON] for himself and the Senator connection with this particular measure from cuts of any sort. from New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES], to are almost sacred commitments. Many Senators have had broader ex­ suspend paragraph 4 of rule XVI for Mr. President, I strongly favor the ecutive experience than has the junior the purpose of proposing the amendment amendment offered by the Senator from Senator from Florida; but he has had previously indicated by him. Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON]. My position some executive experience. He had it at Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I wish 1n supporting it is by no means a criti­ a time when the income of his State, to address myself briefly to the amend­ cism of the committee, which I think has .which for the time being he was serving ment, because I very strongly favor its done a very fine job. I have read a great as chief executive, was heavily reduced adoption, and because it seems to me it deal of the hearings. I am impressed by reason of the war. I suspect that most is proposed in the right way, and at the with the care with which the commit­ Senators know that my State operates in right time for the Senate to indicate its tee has gone into the various items. I large part upon excise taxes imposed desire to economize to the millions of have shown how I feel toward the com­ upon the things which people do when taxpayers and citizens throughout the mittee, because on at least two occa­ they are trying to have a good time, but country who are tremendously concerned sions yesterday I stood with the com­ which they can get by without doing. about the mounting costs of Government mittee and against the increase of items That kind of revenue was, of course, very and tremendously concerned with the which strongly appeal to the sympa .. largely cut off during the war. We had knowledge that the revenues from sources thies of every Senator and every other to reduce our budgets and our expendi ... already tapped are not going to be suffi­ citizen of the Nation. I believed-and I tures. I have found that it is always pos ... cient to keep our budget in the black, if st111 believe-that the committee gave sible to reduce somewhere. I do not be­ we go ahead without making some real much more careful consideration to those lieve that anyone is in as good a position hard effort toward economy. items in the field of public health than to know where the reduction can be made It seems to me the amendment gives we could give in general discussion on as is the man who is responsible for con­ us the chance to show to the people what the floor of the Senate. I felt that the tinuing to operate the particular piece I think they are very anxious to see, judgment of the committee should be of governmental machinery which he namely, that we are willing to cut, and sustained as to the maximum amounts heads. He can make a little cut here and even to cut in some particulars where which could be allowed under the budget a larger cut there, always shooting at the cuts are difficuit. I thoroughly agree and as to the maximum amounts which figure of 5 percent reduction all the way with the distinguished Senator from New could be reasonably expended in the ap­ through in the fields over which he has Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ] that some of the proaching fiscal year in those highly jurisdiction. In my humble judgment cuts that would be effected, if the amend­ meritorious fields which command such that can be done without gravely injur­ ment is adopted, are cuts that none of general sympathy. ing any single branch of our Govern .. us would want to see made, but yet they Mr. President, the principle involved in ment. would afford an earnest showing of the this amendment is in no sense a reflec­ So as a matter of principle and as a. Senate's determination to take action tion upon the committee. Instead, it matter of policy, I think it is incumben_t even in fields that are difficUlt. deals with a consideration of general upon the Senate to give its approval to an Mr. President, without addressing my­ Policy on the part of the Senate. Admit­ approach which will give some encour­ self at great length to this subject, I ting that the committee has given proper agement to the taxpayers and citizens of want to call to the attention of the Sen­ attention to all the comparative needs our Nation to believe that we are. willing ate that if we wait until all the appro­ and demands of the services which we to reduce Government expenditures. priations are made we are going to be have created and for which we are re­ Many people have the impression-and I in a much more difficult position than sponsible, and has fairly and fully re­ refer Senators to their own mail, because we would be if we announced the purpose portecl what is necessary to continue I believe there is no Senator who has not of the Senate in the beginning to insist those activities, nevertheless, the deter­ had ample expression of that feeling­ upon _ making some reductions, even mination of the committee must be sub­ that we are willing to appropriate for though they will hurt. ject to a determination by the Senate everything, but not so willing to figure Mr. President, this is the appropriate based upon Policy, which no committee out where the money is coming from or, time for action. In the case of each of can determine, but which must be deter­ to levy taxes. No one wants us to levy; the general appropriation bills, just as mined not only by the membership of the additional taxes just now. is true of certain subject matters cov­ Senate while this question is before us Before I conclude, let me say that I ered by this bill, there will be specific for consideration, but also by the House stand unequivocally with the distin­ items with respect to which no cut can of Representatives and by the President, guished chairman of the Committee on be made because of the essential nature who, of course, must approve any meas­ Finance [Mr. GEORGE] in his intention, of items involved. For example, in this ures which we pass. as announced from time to time on the bill, as has already been stated to the Having in mind the difficult fiscal sit­ floor of the Senate and in other public Senate, there are items having to do uation under which we are laboring, I ways, not to recommend at this time ad-. with meeting commitments which I think that now is the time, when the first ditional revenue bills for consideration by think every Senator would regard as general appropriation measure is before the Senate. He has not been at all slow sacr.ed-for example, commitments to us, and when we have before us the in letting the people understand that un­ dependent children, commitments to the various items in that measure and can til it is definitely shown that the Nation blind and aged, and commitments to the segregate those which are necessitous cannot continue without additional reve­ States, which must put up comparable and should not be touched, from those nues he does not propose to recommend 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5233 an increase in taxes. I believe· that most for civilian agencies, for things which ing the Senator from Indiana [Mr. JEN­ Senators-perhaps all-approve that at­ will help our people and make their lives NER] and the Senator from Maine [Mrs. titude on the part of the distinguished better, when we are throwing money ·SMITHJ would-vote "yea", and the Sena­ chairman and the members of the Com­ around in appropriations for armaments tor from Oregon [Mr. MoRsEJ would vote mittee on Finance. and for foreign· countries, appropriating "nay". It is fine for us to say that we approve money for them almost in the way that The Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. Mc­ that attitude; but the acid test is, are we drunken sailors throw money around, as CARTHY], and the Senator from New ready to take a position which shows the old saying goes. Hampshire [Mr. TOBEY] are detained on that we are willing to restrict somewhat Frankly, I do not believe the American official business. If present and voting, the ability to operate of the various pieces people approve of appropriating money the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. McCAR­ of the great machinery of the Federal with a lavish hand for guns and for for­ THY] would vote "yea". Government, which must operate with eign countries, and then cutting down The Senator from [Mr. appropriations made by Coneress? on essential and necessary services here FLANDERS J is necessarily absent. It seems to me that as this first gen­ at home. .A,t least, the people in Idaho The result was announced-yeas 45, eral appropriation bill is considered by from whom I hear do not approve of it, nays 35, as follows: the United States Senate, and as we have and I do not approve of it. Therefore, I YEAs-45 an opportunity to pick out the items shall vote against this proposal. Aiken Gurney Mundt which cannot be cut, and place in an­ Whenever Congress sees fit to make Baldwin Hendrickson O'Conor other classification the items which can cuts across the board in foreign expendi­ Brewster Hickenlooper Reed Bricker Hoey Russell be cut, we should announce a principle tures and in expenditures for armaments, Bridges Holland Saltonstall and make it applicable to the entire field then perhaps I shall go along in voting Butler Ives Schoeppel of public expenditures. Then, if we wish to cut some of the appropriations for Cain Johnson, Colo. Smith, N.J. . Capehart Kem Taft to be consistent, as we take up other bills reclamation an~ for various of the other Cordon Knowland Thye we should do the same thing when they civilian functions of the Government. Douglas Lodge Vandenberg come before us. I do not know any bet­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The . Eastland McClellan Watkins Ecton McMahon Wherry ter way to do it. Other ways have been question is on agreeing to the motion of Ferguson Malone Wiley suggested. An able Senator suggested the Senator from Michigan [Mr. FERGU­ Frear Martin Williams today, during the debate, that we wait SON], for himself and the Senator from George Millikin Young until all the appropriation bills have been New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES], to sus­ NAYS-35 passed, and then provide for a general pend paragraph 4 of rule XVI for the Anderson Kefauvei: Murray reduction in the amounts carried in all purpose of proposing the amendment Chapman Kerr Myers those measures. In the first place, Mr. previously indicated by him. Chavez Kilgore Neely Downey Langer O'Mahoney President, I think that would be a much On this question the yeas and nays Ellender Long Pepper more difficult job, because we would have have been ordered, and the clerk will call Gillette McCarran Sparkman to go again over the subject matter of the roll. Hayden McFarland Stennis Hill McGrath Taylor each of the appropriation bills, to see The legislative clerk called the roll. Humphrey McKellar Thomas, Utah · what items, if any, might properly be Mr. MYERS. I announce that the Hunt Magnuson Tydings subject to reduction. Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. THoMAsl Johnson, Tex Maybank Withers Mr. President, if it is thought to apply is detained on official business in a meet- Johnston, S. C. Miller horizontal cuts, as one of the distin­ . ing of a committee of the Senate. The NOT VOTING-16 guished Senators mentioned, I wish to senior Senator from Virginia [Mr. BYRD] Byrd Green Smith, Maine say that I do not believe that is at all the and the junior Senator from Virginia Connally Jenner Thomas, Okla. Donnell Lucas Tobey way to go about the matter, because we [Mr. ROBERTSON] are absent on public Flanders McCarthy Wagner know that the various functions of the business. Fulbright Morse Government are not of equal importance, The Senator from North Carolina Graham Robertson and that one agency can very much more [Mr. GRAHAM] is absent because of i~l­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Two­ easily sustain a heavy cut than another ness. thirds of the Senators present not having can, and that it is impossible properly The Senator from Illinois [Mr. LucAs] voted in favor thereof, the motion is not to approach this matter by means of and the Senator from New York [Mr. agreed to . . horizontal cuts. WAGNER] are necessarily absent. Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I move Now we have a chance to provide a The Senator from Texas [Mr. CON­ that the bill (H. R. 3333) be recommitted mandate for reducing the expenditures NALLY], the Senator from Arkansas LMr. to the ·Committee on Appropriations which can be reduced at all by a total Fur.BRIGHT], and the Senator from with instructions to report it back to the of 5 percent, but with leeway all the way Rhode Island [Mr. GREEN], are excused Senate with amendments providing for from no cut to a 20-percent cut at the by the Senate for the purpose of attend­ a reduction equivalent to that provided maximum. I think that is a very ing sessions of the Committee on Foreign in the amendment offered by the Sena-. sensible and wholesome approach. I Relations. tor from New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES], thoroughly approve of the objectives of The senior Senator from Virginia for himself and the Senator frolll those who have offered the motion for [Mr. BYRD], and the junior Senator from Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON], ruled out of the amendment, and I hope it will be Virginia [Mr. ROBERTSON] are paired on order. adopted. this vote with the Senator from Illinois Mr. President, it seems to me very The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HOEY [Mr. LucAsJ. If present and voting, the clear that if a majority of the Senate in the chair) . The question is on agree­ senior and junior Senators from Virginia want to make the cut, we ought to find a ing to the motion of the Senator from would vote "yea", and the Senator from way by which the desire of the majority Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON], for himself Illinois would vote "nay". can be carried into effect. and the ·senator from New Hampshire Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce The motion I make is very similar to a [Mr. BRIDGES], to suspend paragraph 4 of that the Senator from Missouri [Mr. number of motions made by the distin.. . rule XVI for the purpose of proposing DONNELL] is absent by leave of the Sen­ guished Senator from Tennessee [Mr. the amendment previously indicated by ate for the purpose of being present at a McKELLARl in 1932 with reference to him. meeting of the Committee on Foreign appropriation bills. I want to read the On this question the yeas and nays Relations. If present and voting, the motion which he made on March 22, have been ordered. Senator from Missouri [Mr. DONNELL] 1932, with reference to the bill erva­ 1. The reduction of Government expendi­ alized unless we achieve a vigorous world tion the philosophy of the President's report tures so that there may be no necessity for trading system. The economic ad­ and his legislative proposals. We feel that an increase in taxation, and that there may vancement of underdeveloped areas under the Employment Act of 1946, our com­ be a reduction in the tremendous burden likewise depends very largely upon in­ mittee should have subjected the President's of taxation if the international situation im­ creasing the international exchange of report to a detailed and discriminating criti­ proves. While subscribing completely to the goods and services. Thus the charter cism. idea th.at we should balance the budget and is an effective step toward improved The President's economic reports threaten have something left to apply to reducing to become political propaganda rather than the national debt in 1950, the possibilities standards of living throughout the world, a scientific analysis. They deal in generali­ of doing this by expense reduction rather · toward the growth of production, and ties and .lay down economic principles with­ than entirely by tax increases should be toward the maintenance of employment out recognizing the possibility of sincere dif­ more strongly commended. and economic stability. It is funda­ ferences of opinion. They seek remedy in 2. That the Government continue its con­ mental to the progressive, expanding broad grants of legislative power, whereas trol of general banking and credit policies world economy so vital to the increasing we believe that Congress should only con­ through the Federal Reserve Board in such welfare and prosperity of the people of sider specific grants of power aimed at abuses a manner as to check tendencies which have or distortions which may arise in the eco­ developed toward inflation or deflation. the United States. nomic structure of the Nation if they are 3. We recommend that the public works The great structure of international supported by clear evidence of their neces­ program be varied also in relationship to the cooperation that is being erected through sity. The present economic report reads in general economic situation, expanded if there the United Nations must rest upon a many respects like a political argument. We appears to be too great a deflation, and re­ solid foundation of continuous coopera­ see no reason why it should not be confined strained if other construction appears to be tion in economic affairs. The charter to economic discussions without entering normal. for an International Trade Organization into controversial political fields, or why tt 4. We see no need at the moment for fur­ should not state the arguments on both ther selective controls, but if any such need is a necessary part of that foundation, sides where the economic issues are inex­ arises it should be dealt with by Congress along with the special arrangements that tricably involved in politics. We believe the in specific and limited fields with the great­ have been made in the fields of money principal attention of this particular com­ est protection of liberty. and credit, transportation and commu­ mittee should be devoted primarily to solv­ 5. The Government should be constantly nications, food and agriculture, labor ing the problem of full and continuous em­ on the alert to prevent monopoly and the and health. ployment and not be diverted too much by collusive fixing of prices. We are prepared As an essential forward step in our social and political issues. to support additional antimonopoly meas­ foreign policy, I recommend that the We disagree with some of the basic eco­ ures if a careful study shows them to be nomic assumptions of the report. The chief necessary. Congress authorize the United States to argument advanced for added controls in the 6. We still consider that a support-price accept membership in the International President's report is the need to combat fur­ program for farm prices is highly desirable to Trade Organization. ther inflation. We see no justification for prevent the development of a depression HARRY S. TRUMA:"l'. the claim that there now exists any sei:ious through a complete collapse in agricultural THE WHITE HOUSE, April 28, 1949. danger of inflation. :.We believe that the prices. The administration of this program 523{) CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 should be directed not as a ·relief measure or tion bill, which will add new expendi­ but I cannot ·1et this day pass without a guaranteed income equality for individuals, · tures to the Federal Government. The but as a major weapon against distortion be­ pointing out the anomalies and contra­ tween urban and rural incomes which could author of these minority. views is him­ dictions contain~d in its minority views bring collapse to the entire Nation. ~elf a sponsor of the measure providing and their total and complete ignoring 7. We renew our recommendation that the for Federal public housing, a measure of what the President of the United Government take an active interest in the which adds new responsibilities of Fed­ States has tried to do in· the budget - development of housing, particularly in the eral expenditure to the Federal Govern­ which he has submitted. The President stability of the ho:using industry and the ment. has reduced .expenditures. The Presi­ reduction in cost. Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the 8. We believe that within a short time dent has reduced his budget estimates. American industry will face the problem of Senator yield? The increased expenditures with which increasing imports at steadily decreasing Mr. O'MAHONEY. I yield. Congress is faced are expenditures which prices which may interfere with full employ­ Mr. TAFT. Those expenditures are have had to be undertak:en because of ment in the United States. The whole prob­ all included in the President's. budget. the tremendous problems which the lem of exports and imports and their effect I call attention to that fact. · ·American people must solve and in which on a stable economy during the next 2 or 3 Mr. O'MAHONEY. There is no doubt they are taking the leadership. years is a serious one, and our committee about tl::.at, but what I am saying to the should proceed immediately to the considera­ It was only a few days ago that the tion of that subject. Senate is that our friends of the minority Senate of the United States passed the are wholly for expenditures when those Economic. Coo'peration Administration Mr. KNOWLAND obtained the floor. expenditures meet the objectives of our authorization bill. That was a measure Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, will minority friends. They are against them calling for expenditures in excess of the Senator yield to me? I desire to when they can make a political argument $5,000,000,000. When the vote upan that make a few comments on the statement about them. measure was taken I heard then no at­ just read by the Senator from Ohio. In these minority views there is a con­ tack upon Federal spending. Oh, during Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the demnation of what is called Federal the course of the debate there was, cer­ Senator yield? spending, as though such spending were tainly. For 2 weeks, perhaps, we de­ Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield. . undertaken merely for the purpose of bated the Economic Cooperation Admin­ Mr. TAFT. I may say that I read throwing the money of the taxpayers out istration authorization bill. That whole simply a summary of a longer report. of the window, whereas everyone who debate, however, waged around whether Mr. O'MAHONEY. I understand that. knows a thing in the world about what or not the authorization should be cut just before the Senator from Ohio took is going on in government today here in 5 percent or 10 percent or 15 percent. the floor I succeeded in obtaining a copy, Washington and throughout the world knows that the preservation of a free It was only a question of degree. But the and I desire to make one or two com­ fundamental authorization of more than ments at this point. Does the Senator economy depends fully and entirely upon from California desire to make a speech the capacity of the people of America to · $5,000,000,000 was made, not because the in his own ·right? promote economic rehabilitation of the President of the United States or the Mr. KNOWLAND. Yes; I do. I shall world. We are compelled to defend our­ Department of State or the majority speak for about 15 minutes. selves, we are compelled to promote the party in the United States enjoy au­ Mr. O'MAHONEY. Will the Senator economy of other governments. thorizing expenditures of that kind, but be good enough to allow me to take about So the talk about a blanket cut of ex­ because we know that unless those ex­ 5 minutes of the Senator's time at this penditures for the purpose of making a penditures are made another generation point? fine headline in the newspapers, for the of young men will go to war. It is Politi­ :Mr. KNOWLAND. Yes; I yield to the purpose of gaining comment upon the cal criticism, Mr. President. When the Senator from Wyoming. radio, is utterly and completely absurd roll was called scores of votes were cast Mr. O'MAHONEY. Mr. President, I in the face of the fact that the House in favor of the $5,000,000,000 authoriza­ have listened with a great deal of inter­ of Representatives, just a few days ago, tion for Federal spending by those who est to what the Senator from Ohio has passed the national defense appropria­ during the 10 days of debate were criti­ just said by way of reading from the tion bill, carrying almost $16,000,000,000, cizing the proposal. summary of the minority views of the and the vote was 277 to 1. Not a single Now we are presented with a minority Joint Committee on the Economic Re­ member of the Republican Party in the report which blows hot and cold. It is port. It seems to me that it presents House of Representatives voted against a "yes and no" report, as the language a very graphic picture of the confusion that appropriation. And why not? Be­ which the Senator from Ohio has just which exists in the minds of many per­ cause, Mr. President, it was essential in read very clearly demonstrates. l have sons in government and outside of gov­ the defense of our country that we main­ discussed the first recommendation, for ernment with respect to the economic tain the Army and the Navy and _the Air the reduction of Government expendi­ problem which confronts us. Our good Force. Of course, it was understood that tures. I turn now to recommendation friends of the minority accuse the Pres­ those expenditures are great. · They are No. 2: ident of advocating in his economic re­ so great that no one can imagine what they amount to. Let me say that $16,- That the Government continue its control port a planned and controlled economy. of general banking and credit policies I submit, Mr. President, that there is ab­ 000,000,000 which is recommended and through the Federal Reserve Board in such solutely nothing in what the President appropriated for by the measure which· a manner as to check tendencies which have has said and in what he has done to was passed by the House and which has developed toward inflation or deflation. lend any support whatsoever to that come to the Senate for consideration, is statement. The President does believe four times .as great. as the total annual Every recommendation which the that we should plan, but he does not ask . expenditure of the Federal Government President has made in his economic re­ for control in the sense suggested by the during the years before we were involved port since this law was established for minority. Of course he is for regulation · in the war. the prevention of inflation or deflation of the economy. We can avoid it only by Mr. President, this is not a question was for the utilization of such powers .. drifting, That way lies disaster. of Government spending. This · is a So there is no disagreement there. There My own conclusion is that the minority question of the great Republic of the is no politics there. Now we come to who have accused the Council of Eco­ Western World utilizing its resources to recommendation No. 3: - nomic Advisers and the majority of hav­ save free government in a world in We recommend that the public-works pro­ ing indulged in political comment have which totalitarianism is rising. I submit gram be varied also in relationship to tpe themselves fallen into that error. A that the consideration of the problem of general economic situation, expanded if there vote was taken upon the floor just a few preserving a free economy here in the appears to be too great a deflation, and re­ moments ago with respect to the motion United States and in the world deserves strained if other construction appears to be of the Senator from Ohio to recommit a much more constructive point of view normal. the Labor-Federal Security bill for a than that which is expressed in the It will be "yes" or it will be "no." blanket cut of appropriations. That minority views just now submitted by Where does the minority stand? It is motion came from one of the sponsors of the Senator from -Ohio and ordered to be all things to all men. It has no con-. the bill which is now the unfinished busi­ published by unanimous consent of the structive policy. Its recommendation is ness, namely, the Federal-aid-to-educa- Senate. I was glad to give my consent, a recommendation that we drift in a time 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5237 which requires, if ever a time did require, ernmeat prior to the beginning of World interest upon the national debt, ts more sturdy and courageous action. War I, with the exception of 1 year dur­ than twice as much as the entire cost of I come next to recommendation No. 4: ing the Civil War, when the Government Congress, of all the United States courts, We see no need at the moment for further of the United States ever expended of the White House and all its activities, selective controls- $1,000,000,000 for all its activities. Now and of all the civilian departments and we are confronted with the necessity of Mr. President, many of us have been agencies of the Government-$5,000,- spending approximately $1,000,000,000 000,000. There never was a time in the blind and have not seen the necessity for atomic energy, until it was too late to act. The use of entire history of our Government prior the three words "at the moment" in this Would any Senator or any Member of to vYorld War I when we ever expended ::ecommendation is an explicit recogni­ the House say, "Demobilize the Atomic $5,000,000,000 in a single year. But now tion that times are not altogether as Energy Commission and forget it. Save we have to spend that much to pay the rosy as some might have thought. It is the money of the taxpayers, so that we interest on the national debt. shall not have to increase taxes"? There I say to my colleagues that the system not altogether certain that inftation has is a great place to save a billion dollars. in fact run its·course.• of free competitive enterprise, the sys­ But it cannot be saved. We must spend tem of independent capitalism, cannot We see no need at the moment for further it, because in the advance of science and selective controls, but if any such need be preserved unless we tak:e off these po­ arises it should be dealt with by Congress in the failure of mankind to adjust itself litical blinders, and look at the facts as specific and limited fields with the greatest fo the advance of science so as to pre­ they are. There is nothing to be gained protection of liberty. serve human liberty, atomic energy has for the people of the United States when been revealed to us. We are the custo­ Senators arise on the ft.oar of the Senate Those are generous and well-rounded dians of a great power which could be or go on the radio and say, "If the Presi­ phrases- used to destroy civilization itself; and dent of the United States recommends a It should be dealt with by Congress 1n our friends come forward with a minor­ program, it must be bad, and we must specific limited fields- ity report, as though we were not living oppose it." This recommendation is submitted in in the greatest crisis that mankind has Mr. President, the time has come for the Senate on the very day when the ever faced. the good sense of Congress to assert it­ minority leaders offered an amendment We cannot solve this economic prob­ self, and for Congress to look at the sit­ to delegate to the ilecretary of Labor and lem by postponement and delay, by say­ uation which confronts the Nation. to the head of the Federal Security ing, as the minority report says: Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, will Agency the power to cut the expenditures If any such need arises it should be dealt the Senator Yield? of the agencies covered in the labor with by Congress in specific and limited Mr. O'MAHONEY. I am very glad to and Federal security bill. That amend­ fields with the greatest protection of liberty. yield. ment plainly confesses that Congress is We have about us examples in the ac­ Mr. BREWSTER. I appreciate what unable to act, Therefore, say its spon­ tions of our various committees and the the Senator from Wyoming has said, sors, "Let us have the Executive act." actions which we take upon the floor of namely, that because the President pro­ Now, within scarcely half an hour, the the Senate. For example, yesterday poses a program, it is not necessarily bad. great and able Senator from . Ohio says, Members of this body who today voted Unquestionably, the Senator would also "Let Congress at some time in the future to recommit this bill, were voting for agree that it is not necessarily good. take the action which may be necessary vastly increased expenditures for public Mr. O'MAHONEY. Of course. I have to avoid the perils of inflation er health and cancer control. They talk never hesitated to disagree with the deflation." about saving the money of the taxpay­ President who is the head of my party; It may be too late, Mr. President, if in­ ers, but when the vote was taken on but I submit that my record will show flation should be resumed-and prices amendments, which arouse a feeling of that I have never indulged in purely have risen in some fields after a decline human sympathy for vastly increased political criticism, and when I use the of 4 months. If Congress cannot under­ expenditures for public health, then our words, "purely politica~ criticism," I take to do its job in advance of the crisis, friends lost all their thought about Gov­ mean partisan criticism. how can it expect to do that job when ernment economy, and voted for in­ Mr. BREWSTER. I am sure everyone the crisis is at hand? If it be true-and creased and unbudgeted expenditures. will profoundly appreciate the purity of it might conceivably be true, though I Mr. President, I say to the Senate that the Senator's motive, and I am sure he think: there is no reasonable probability the economic issues before this country will ascribe a similar purity to the mo­ that it is true-tliat a period of deflation and the world are the most profound tives of those who disagree. had set in, then, Mr. President, the with which parliamentary government philosophy of the minority report is the . has ever dealt. They will not be solved Mr. O'MAHONEY. I am talking about philosophy of relief. The philosophy c:,f by the filing of reports of this kind. They a report which says both "yes" and "no" the majority report is a philosophy of will not be solved by pointing the finger on the vital economic issues of this hour. constructive, courageous action. It is an of wasteful expenditure at the President I believe that every word of criticism invitation to Congress to see conditions of the United States, in face of the fact I have uttered with respect to that re­ as they are and to act accordingly. that his budget estimates have cut down port is well-founded, because I believe­ Mr. President, I think it would be diffi­ expenditures all through the domestic ~. nd a reading of the recommendations cult indeed to overestimate the gravity program, in face of the fact that we our­ contained in the report will show-that of the situation which confronts us. W.e selves vote for appropriations which seem the report offers no constructive program all know that we must undertake na­ to us to be desirable, and put ourselves to solve the greatest economic problem tional defense. We must be prepared. in the position of seeking Government the Senate and the House of Representa­ We all know that we must support the spending where it may be helpful to our tives of the United States Congress have recovery program abroad. We know constituents, in the short range view, but ever confronted. that we are compelled by forces beyond preserve a determined attitude against AMERICAN POLICY IN CHINA AND THE our own control to make these expendi­ producing the revenue, through taxation, FAR EAST tures. without which the Government cannot It so happens that I am chairman of carry on its affairs. Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, on the subcommittee of the Committee on Mr. President, I cannot take my seat April 21 I introduced Senate concurrent Appropriations which will handle the ap­ without adding another word to make resolution 30 providing for the establish­ propriation bill for the independent clear that clipping a little 10 percent ment of a joint committee on the investi­ offices and agencies of Government. One from this appropriation bill or that ap­ gation of United States foreign policy in of those agencies is the Atomic Energy pro:r,riation bill will do nothing to solve · the Far East, to be composed of five Commission. The House of Representa­ our basic problem. The interest upon Members of the Senate and five Members tives has recommended an appropriation the national debt is $5,000,000,000. Who 1 of the House of Representatives. The of more than $1,000,000,000 for that Com­ knows what $5,000,000,000 is? But I will resolution provides that three from each mission. Mr. President, there never was tell the Senate that $5,000,000,000, House shall be from the majority party a time in the entire history of this Gov- which we must appropriate to pay the and two from the minority party. 5238 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 On April 23, I addressed the following There is, instead, an attempt by the Gov­ But that silence cannot remain forever un­ communication to Senator TOM CON­ ernment to effect some sort of retreat to broken. The Communist victories on the defense positions farther south coupled with Yangtze, and the threat of the extinction of NALLY, chairman of the-Senate Commit­ the stern declaration that the Chinese Re­ the Chinese Republic, are forcing us to decide tee on Foreign Relations: public is ready to fight to the end. Thus what we will condone and what we will con­ DEAR SENATOR CONNALLY: Attached 1s a the search for peace has again proved futile demn. We can wait and see only up to a copy of Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 30 and China's destiny will again be determined point. The Communist ultimatum forced which I introduced April ~1, 1949, and which by force of arms. the Government of China to make its hard provides for a joint committee on the in­ This period of peace seeking was ob­ ·decision. Each further Communist gain will vestigation of United States foreign policy viously more advantageous to the Commu­ bring closer the forcing of a similar decision in the Far East. . nists than to the Government. While Acting upon us. In view of the rapid deterioration of the President Li Tsung-jen and his followers were situation in China, it does not seem to me absorbed in chasing the will-o'-the-wisp of Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, that this country can any longer postpone . Communist cooperation, the Communists about 3 days ago the newspapers carried the establishment of a constructive policy were busily massing their full strength for an Associated Press dispatch coming with respect to the Far East. If we continue the Yangtze crossing. This period was dis­ from Nanking, to the effect that Com­ our "wait until the dust settles" or our "take advantageous to the Government, also, be­ munist Chinese sd'ldiers had invaded the the Communists into your government" cause it deprived China of the leadership of residence of the American Ambassador policies which we have been following in the one man personally strong enough to to China, Ambassador J. Leighton Stuart, China, we are apt to find that communism lead, President Chiang. But those three and had searched the premises. Mr. will . be in a position to take over all of months were most damaging, perhaps, be­ Asia, and then to concentrate its efforts on cause they revealed clearly that the United President, upon my responsibility as a Europe. So that all the facts may be de­ States was not disposed to come to the assist­ Senator of the United States, I say that veloped, I request that the Senate Foreign ance of China. I believe that in effect the American Am- Relations Committee hold hearings on Sen­ Many reasons, som~ good and some spe­ . bassador since that time has been held ate Concurrent Resolution No. 30 as soon as cious, have been assigned for our policy, or in what amounts to protective custody, possible. The time for an affirmative policy lack of policy, in respect to the Far East in unable to leave the compound. I should in support of a free, independent non-Com­ general and China in particular. One very like to have the State Department indi­ munist China has arrived. important reason is seldom mentioned. As cate to the American people whether With best personal regards, I am a people, and as a government representing Yours very truly. that people, we are essentially Europe there is any other embassador from any minded, not Far East minded. That is quite other of the great po~rs or from any of Mr. President, by reference, I wish to natural, fully understandable. The vast bulk the lesser powers who is in the same situ­ include here certain prior material, so of our population is European in origin and ation. Since the Communfat · forces that I shall·not have to repeat it in these in cultural background. For example, when reached Nanking have the representa­ remarks; I now refer to some statements we think or speak of a person's having a tives of any other nation been treated I made on the fioor of the Senate with "second language" we think automatically of . as the American Ambassador in Nan­ respect to our Chinese and far eastern French or German, or possibly Italian or king has been treated? Spanish. It would never occur to us to think policy, beginning on page 3765 in the of Cantonese or Tagalog or Middle Malay. Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. 'President, will CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of April 2, on page Similarly, we feel quite at home with the the Senator yield at that point? 4599 in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ·Of atmospheres and emotions and problems of Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield. April 14, on page 4862 in the CONGRES­ Western Europe. We feel that we are deal­ Mr. BREWSTER. Is the Senator from SIONAL RECORD of April 21, and on page ing with codes of ethics and patterns of California familiar with the attitude and 4914 in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of behavior that are essentially our own. No the action of Ambassador Bullitt in April 22. one thinks of Denmark or Belgium as "ex­ when the Germans demanded en­ Mr. President, for otic" or of the United Kingdom as "dis­ trance to the American Embassy there tant." European proper names, Machiavelli, Sunday, April 24, 1949, carried an edi­ Napoleon, Freud, Nietzsche, Milton, Lister, at the time of their capture of Paris, torial under the general heading "The call up an instant and wide body of con­ when Mr. Bullitt, with two guns, planted Challenge of China." I wish to read one notation and association that would certainly himself at the door and told them they paragraph from the editorial, and there­ not be suggested by Lao-tze, Rizal, Hideyoshi, would have to come in over his dead after I shall ask unanimous consent that Takugawa or even Gautama Buddha. body? the entire editorial be printed at this Thus in a time of stress and strife it is Mr. KNOWLAND. · Of course, as the point in the RECORD, as a part of my only natural that our first concern should go Senator from Maine realizes, the prem· remarks. out to that part of the world that· seems ises of the American Ambassador at closest to us. What happens to France or Nanking apparently were invaded in the The part of the editorial which I shall to western Germany looms as very close and read is as follows: overpoweringly important. As to what hap­ early hours of the morning, before the At present, in respect to China, we are in pens to China a typically American response Ambassador was out of bed. a period of confusion and dismay. What is might be: "Well, there are so many Chinese Mr. BREWSTER. I cited the exam· worse, we are in a period of moral retreat. in China and they are so far away, and it is ple of Mr. Bullitt merely as illustrative We have been obliged to compromise with so hard to get the facts straight, and they've of the sacred character of the Embassy, our consciences in the name of expediency. always been that way, we suppose; and be­ which is American property. A violation The brave words that we have uttered about sides, if we did try to do anything, would it of it, under universal diplomatic usage, resisting the flood of communism and of do any good?" In that way at least a part is the equivalent of an invasion of United helping free peoples to remain free have of our thinking about the Far East falls given way to an embarrassed silence when into a vague impersonality. In that imper­ States territory, and demands the same the freedom of China is at stake. sonality many problems are viewed, if not attitude and action on our part we would in a vacuum, at least in an academic abstrac- adopt in case of such invasion, does it Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ tion. . not? sent that the entire editorial may be The time seems near when those attitudes Mr. KNOWLAND. I think there is no printed at this point in the RECORD. · may be changed by the hard logic of violent question about it. There being no objection, the editorial events. It took us quite a while to learn that we could not be alien to what was happening Mr. President, we have had for some was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, to our culture-cousins in Europe. It may time now a policy in Europe which the as follows: take longer to learn that we cannot be alien American people can understand. I refer THE CHALLENGE OF CHINA to what happens to our human cousins in to the European recovery program, aid A relative lull, lasting almost 3 months, Asia. Eventually, however, it will be forced to Greece and Turkey, and the North was broken by the decisive political and mili­ upon us that what happens to persons every­ Atlantic Pact, which is now before the tary movements in China during the past where is happening also to us. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. I week. The exploration of a ground for At present, in respect to China, we are in a have supported the executive branch of compromise and peace that had occupied the period of confusion and dismay. What is the Government, as have Members of ruling circles in the Government party since worse, we are in a period of moral retreat. both Houses of Congress, on the several the retirement of President Chiang Kai-shek We have been obliged to compromise with was rudely ended in a Communist ultima­ our consciences in the name of expediency. times bills have been before the Congress tum demanding abject surrender and then Tlie brave words that we have uttered about for carrying out these policies. Even blown to bits by the violent crossing of the resisting the flood of communism and of those of our colleagues who voted in Yangtze. helping free peoples to remain free have opposition at least felt that they knew Nanking fell swiftly, but still there was no given way to an embarrassed silence when what our objectives were and what the compromise, . no surrender and no peace. the freedom of China is at stake. cost would be, and they had sufficient 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5239. information available so that they could must not overlook the problems which we supplied to the U. S. S. R. and the vote against the bills with full knowl­ confronted them nor ignore the fact that eight other countries of eastern Europe edge of the facts at hand. some of our policies must seem to them a total of $1,643,900,000. Such has not been the case with our as unintelligible as some of theirs seem This was not the lend-lease aid needed far eastern policy. Mr. President, it to us. during the war to win a common vie:.. just would not make sense for a bu&i­ Prior to Pearl Harbor considerable tory. According to the report of the nessman who had been threatened with shipments of scrap iron and oil were committee which I have mentioned, it gangsters to place a burglar alarm and permitted by the Government of the was for the postwar period, and the a guard on his front door while at the United States to be shipped to Japan record clearly shows, Mr. President, that back entrance he did not have either a though it was clearly apparent that it the amount we supplied to Russia and guard, a lock, or a door. was to be used to destroy the sovereignty, her satellite powers was greater than We have been quite properly concerned the independence, and the territorial that which we had supplied to our ally, with the implications to the peace of the and administrative integrity of China China, up. to that time. world and our own national security which we had agreed to maintain at the On March 21, 1949, the Department of with the threat to take some 200,000,000 time of the Nine Power Conference in State issued a mimeographed release un­ Europeans behind the iron curtain. 1922, and which was only a prolonging der th,e title of "United States Govern­ The official policy under which the of a policy this Government had followed ment Economic, Financial, and Military executive branch of this Government is since the turn of the ceµtury. Aid to China Since 1937." Page 4 of that now operating seems to be that we are When on the morning of December 7 release shows that the total post-VJ-day not too concerned about 450,000,000 we were catapulted into World War II aid in grants and credits to China, both Chinese going behind the same iron cur­ our armed forces and our military equip­ economic and military, amounts to $2,- tain. Every Member of the Senate must ment was so limited that we could not 009,300,000. Of that sum the military aid fully realize that a Communist China spare in the early days sufficient men or in gn:mts and credits amounts to $1,000,- may ultimately lead to a Communist resources to prevent us and our allies 300,000. • French Indochina, Siam, Burma, India, from being driven off the coast of China, Recently apparently inspired reports and Japan. Not only would this throw out of the Philippines, the Dutch Indies, have been allowed to get out to the gen­ great natural resources into the Soviet and Guam, and out of some of our Alas­ eral effect that it does not do much good orbit, but it would place over a billion kan Aleutian islands. to give military aid to China because more people at the disposal of the Com­ Our ally, the National Government of 90 percent or more of the aid has fall en munist axis. China, was driven inland by the Jap­ into the hands of the Communists. On How can any Member of this Chamber anese war machine. At the high tide its face this would seem to mean that of be complacent at this prospect? How of Tojo's victories, the Government of the postwar military aid of, roughly, $1,- can any nation which believes in a free China controlled far less territory than 000,000,000, $900,000,000 fell into the world of free men sit idly by while the it does today, despite the great encroach­ hands of the Communists. prelude to this potential catastrophe is ments made by Communist forces in that Such, of course, is not the fact. Let taking place? country. us examine the State Department release. I do not underestimate the complexi­ Besides the United States the four In the first place charged into the billion ties of the problem, nor do Ifail to realize countries constituting the so-called "Big dollars is $694,700,000 of lend-lease mili­ the fact that at this late date whatever Five" of the United Nations are Great tary aid. Of that sum $300,000,000 was a we do may not be enough. No prudent Britain, the Union of Socialist Soviet charge by our Government for the cost man would claim that there is not a cal­ Republics, France, and China. of transporting Chinese troops to various culated risk in any move we make in the Because so much misinformation has areas in north China and Manchuria, in world today. been spread about the amount of aid order to accomplish the surrender of But is the risk· greater than that en­ China has received and what has been these Japanese forces. Obviously that tailed in our Greek and Turkish policy? done with it, I believe that it would serve $300,000,000 service charge could not have I think not. Is it greater than that in­ a useful purpose to review the facts of fallen into the hands of Communists. volved in the European recovery pro­ the situation. Included in the item is $142,900,000 for gra:tn? The answer I believe is clearly The Twenty-seventh Report of Opera­ the transfer of United States Navy ves­ "No." Is it greater than the unprece­ tions Under Lend-lease (8lst Cong., sels. I have reliable information to the dented move we are about to consider of 1st sess., H. Doc. No. 75) shows that effect that few, if any, of these vessels a North Atlantic Treaty? The answer the cumulative lend-lease aid through have fallen into the hands of Commu­ is emphatically "No." March 31, 1948, by the United States to nists, and, therefore, that item must be The United States of America has had the other four countries constituting the deducted. an historic friendship with the people of Big Five was as follows: Included also in the total is the $125,- China, though we may have seemed to 1. Great Britain ______$31, 287, 217, 540. 80 000,000 grant under the China Aid Act o:t stray from it at times. The record is 2. U. S. S. R------11, 057, 949, 464. 60 1948. Senators will recall that this item clear that this Government's long-estab­ 3. France (and posses- was added to the bill by the Congress lished policy has been to support a free sions)------3,270,586,532.92 without any assistance from the admin.. and independent China and to cause oth­ 4. China______1,627,042,984.81 istration. I am informed that with the ers "to respect the sovereignty, the inde­ At that time we were all allies together possible exception of a relatively small pendence, and the territorial and admin­ in the common effort to win the war. part of the cargo of one ship, none of istrative integrity of China." The American people provided $50,205,- this aid has fallen into the hands of The problems faced by the people and · 229, 788.16 for lend-lease through March Communists. the Government of China have been tre­ 31, 1948. Of that amount $47 ,242, 796,- This reduces the billion dollars of post­ mendous. A people with a civilization 523.13 went to the four nations I have VJ-day military aid which might have far older than ours were faced with prob­ just mentioned. been subject to Communist capture down lems growing out of the industrial and Certainly the amount received by to $437,400,000. It is my judgment that political changes of the nineteenth and China was relatively small when com­ the Department of State cannot demon .. twentieth century which the Western pared to the total or when compared to strate with reliable facts that even a ma-: World had moved into gradually but any of the other three great powers. jority of this last named item was sub ... which they were forced to meet abruptly. On October 15, 1947, the Joint Com­ ject to any 90 percent loss. It is just The chain reaction which was set ofl'. mittee on Nonessential Expenditures is­ one example, however, of the loose man-: led to a simultaneous industrial and po­ sued, in the Eightieth Congress, first ner in which the attempt to aid the Gov• litical revolution, which, due to the great session, a Senate committee report ernment of China has been sabotaged by area of the country and the size of the showing United States postwar foreign those who should know better. population, extended itself for a long assistance. On pages 7, 9, and 10 of What is the situation relative to the period of years and is still going on. that report it showed that in the period shipment of Military supplies· under titl~ While we may properly be critical of following the close of hostilities, up to 4 of Public Law 472, Eightieth Congress?. things that have been done or left un­ June 30, 1947, we authorized for China Title 4 was known as the China Aid Act done by the Government of China we $1,155,200,000. During the same period of 1948. This section of the law was ~240 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 added primarily at the insistence of Con­ fact, the additional troops requested by munists this week took over the ports and gress. It was certainly without en­ our military commander in Japan have cities along the southern Yangtze almost at couragement from the Department of not been supplied. will. In the process, they attacked the war­ ships of Britain and defied the protests. of State, and I believe it is fair to state that In the fall cf 1948 Gen. Douglas Mac­ London. Yet the United States Government, it met objections from representatives Arthur warned our national defense es­ committed to the Truman doctrine of con­ of that Department. This law was ap­ tablishment that if the Chinese Com­ t aining the spread of communism, did noth­ proved on April 3, 1948. · munists should take the lower Yangtze ing and explained nothing. Section 404 b provided that $125,000,000 Valley, the American military bastion What is behind this apparent paradox? would be available for additional aid to on Okinawa would be outflanked and What ls the officia: estimate of the military China, which could be military in char­ that his position in Japan would be as and political si ~ uation in China? And how acter. It was not until November 1948 exposed and untenable as was his posi­ is this likely to influence the situation along that the first shipment arrived in China. the periphery of China: in Indochina, tion in the Philippines in 1941. Burma, Malaya, Japan, and the East Indies Of the total amount available, the latest The Chinese Communists are now on Archipelago? figures show that $74,722 ,998.80 has been the move into the lower Yangtze Valley, The administration does have an explana­ delivered and an additional $49,599,555 and the ultimate fall of Shanghai is in tion of this situation. It believes in the has been obligated but not delivered. the offing. truth of its explanation as firmly as its This accounts for $124,322,555. Of the The Department of State has erected critics believe that the United States is partly $125,000,000 there is an unobligated bal­ an iron curtain of its own with re­ responsible for the collapse of the National­ ance of less than $700,000. lation to our Chinese policy. I have ist Government. It is not making that ex­ With their backs to the wall the Gov­ been informed that no member of the planation, however, because that explana­ ernment of non-Communist China will Foreign Relations Committee has had tion ls a violent condemnation of the Chi­ nese Nationalists, and th~ State Department need additional aid if it is to Preserve a a copy of the Wedemeyer report to. read, does not want to embarrass that Government part of the country free from Communist though some of the members of that at the height of the crisis. domination. • committee were briefed as to its con­ STATE DEPARTMENT'S VIEWS The question which we must ask and tents. The Wedemeyer report itself Nevertheless, the State Department's views answer is whether it is in the best in­ should be made available not only to are understood to be as follows: terests of maintaining this world as one the members of the Foreign Relations (1) The triumph of the Communists 1n of free men and in the best interests of Committee, but to all Members of the China is almost as spectacular as the success the future security of this Nation to per­ Senate. · or United States policy in western Europe. mit 450,000,000 Chinese to be taken be­ So far as I have been able to find Events in China mark a failure of profound hind the iron curtain while we wait for out, no Member of either House of Con­ and historic importance; but it is primarily -the smoke to clear. gress has seen the report made by the a failure, not of the United States, but of Before Pearl Harbor, over the protest then Vice President, Henry Wallace, the Chinese Nationalists, who have lost the confidence of their people, squandered the of many individuals and newspapers, on upon his return from his mission to aid that we have given them and displayed the Pacific coast and elsewhere, this China in 1944, where he was sent by an administrative and military incompetence Government permitted the shipment of the late President Franklin Roosevelt. unequaled in modern history. scrap iron and oil to Japan. This was Officials of the State Department have (2) United States aid given to the Chinese done despite the fact that everyone told me that no copy of the report is in Nationalists since the start of hostilities be­ knew it was to be used by Japan against their files. Does a file on the subject tween China and Japan in 1937 has amounted China, and it was also ultimately used exist at Hyde Park with the Roosevelt to $3,475,000,000, of which $?,424,000,000 was against us, beginning the morning of papers? The Senate is entitled to have given outright and $1,051,COO,OOO as credits. Sixty percent of this total, or $2,009,300,000, December 7, 1941. made available to it the correspondence was authorized since VJ-day, $1,589,300,000 Subsequent to Pearl Harbor, for a con­ leading up to that mission and the re­ as grants and $411,000,000 on credit. · siderable period of time, we were forced ports made concerning it. How much In addition to this aid·, ·Army surplus prop­ by lack of adequate supplies of equip­ influence did the Wallace recommenda­ erty procured at a cost of $1,078,100,000 was ment to treat the Pacific theater as sec­ tions have on our Chinese policy? allocated to the Chinese Nationalists at a cost ondary to the conflict in Europe. The General Marshall was sent to China 'of $232,000,000, of which $95,000,000 was to aid we were able to give China was re­ with a directive under which he urged be repaid and the rest given as a grant. (3) This post-VJ-day assistance was de­ stricted and was far below the aid we the Government of the Republic of China signed to help the Nationalists in their strug­ gave to western Europe or to Russia. to take Communists into a coalition. gle with the Communists, to help that gov­ However, the Republic of China had This was recommended despite the fact ernment repatriate the Japanese troops and every reason to believe that if it refused that Communists, once in a government, reoccupy the liberated areas, to meet some of to surrender to Japan or to make a deal work to take it over in toto. Poland and China's urgent relief and rehabilitation needs with the Japanese war lords, ultimately Czechoslovakia are exhibits A and B. and to encourage the adoption of effective Allied victory would result in a restored The Congress is entitled to know just self-help measures·on the part of the Chinese territorial integrity for it in line with who were the policymakers responsible Government. (4) With this financial and military as­ our historic policy. for such a directive. sistance, supported by United States military Of course, China had no way of know­ Mr. President, I wish to have printed advisers, the Nationalists put into the field ing that wartime allies would agree at in the RECORD a very able article written armies equal in manpower and superior ·in Yalta, without its knowledge and con­ by Mr. James Reston, published in the equipment to the Chinese Communists, but sent, to impair its territorial integrity New York Times last Sunday. Mr. during the last 6 months more than 1,000,000 and sovereignty in Manchuria. This Reston is generally acknowledged to be Chinese Nationalist troops and all their equipment have been surrendered to the was the price dema.nded by Stalin for one of the outstanding Washington cor­ Communists. coming into the war against Japan a resPondents, and is a man who has very It is the contention of the United States few days in advance of surrender. It close contacts, I believe, with the Depart­ Government that· not a single military en­ was paid by the Governments of the ment of State. In my opinion in this gagement was lost to the Communists United States and Britain at the ex­ article Mr. Reston has pretty well out­ through lack of equipment; that most of it pense of China. lined the present do-nothing policy was lost without any large-scale military bat­ Gen. George C. Marshall informed now being followed by this Government tle, through defections of troops who lost Congress a year ago that the United confidence in their government and their in relation to the rapidly developing sit­ ·commanders and lacked the wm to resist; States position in southern Korea would uation which may be so tragic in China. and that, through incompetence and corrup­ be untenable if Manchuria were lost to There .being no objection, the article tion in high places, through poor leadership the Communists. was order to be printed in the RECORD, in the field and through defiance of all our Manchuria has been lost to the Chi­ as follows: military advice, more than 90 percent of the nese Communist forces. equipment we have made available to them UNITED STATES WILL Now FOLLOW HANDS-OFF has been lost to the Communists. Congress was also informed that if the POLICY IN CHINA-WE SEE CHANCE THAT Communists controlled north China, the ( 5) It ls the further contention of our COMMUNISTS MAY BOG DOWN. IN STRATEGIC officials that even In the present dire ex­ United States position in Japan would MORASS tremity of non-Communist China, there is be extremely serious. (By James Reston) no unity, no effective leadership, nothing on North China has been lost to the Chi­ WASHINGTON, April 23.-The civil war In which we can rely. It ls said by our oftl.cials, nese Communists, and, in spite of this China is now reaching its climax. The Com- for example, that the present government 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5241 wanted to defend the line of the Yangtze, but war, the State Department feels, will be easy leader, Mao Tze-tung, issued a statement that Chiang Kai-shek, who made a gesture of for the Communists; running the country which was broadcast over the Communist retiring some time ago, still controls a large will be extremely difficult, and probably can­ part of the Nationalist army, and ordered not be done without enlisting legions of non­ Chinese radio, which will be found 300,000 troops to withdraw from the Yangtze, Communist officia~s. who may very well, in printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of which they did. the long run, prevent the.effective communi­ April 14, 1949, on page 4602. First, he CHIANG'S ACTIONS zation of the area. attacked the North Atlantic Pact and Moreover, our official information is that Some o: our officials believe that the Com­ then clearly indicated that in the event Chiang ordered what is left of the Nationalist munists will thus not only get bogged down of any show-down between the free na­ air force to withdraw to Formosa, that he in t he strategic morass, but that Mao Tze­ tions of the west and Soviet Russia Com­ tung and the other Communist leaders will munist China would be lined up with the likewise ordered the Nationalist warships to rapidly show signs of Titoism once they are in retreat to that island and that when he him­ control. Communist Axis. self went south into retirement, he took with Certainly, even though there may be him a large part of the gold and silver re­ The top officials of the Department think serves of the Government. that the Communists will get caught in the some in high places in the United States (6) In thi'.: situation, the view of our Gov­ morass, all right, but they are discouraging who do not realize the significance of ernment is that it would be wasteful and the idea that the Chinese Communists are what is going on, who have nothing to useiess to pour more money and equipment good-hearted agrarians who will defy Mos­ offer· but a desire to wait until the smoke into Nationalist China. The defeat of that cow and introduce their own native brand clears, the Communist Party in the government, as seen by our officials, is com­ of Titoism. United States and in every other section plete and irretrievable. CHINA'S ANCIENT PROBLEMS of the world clearly realizes what the It started as a revolutionary force that This, they concede, might happen, but it situation is. ministered to the desires of the people for would be wishful thinking to bank on it. Mr. President, it is my judgment, as a land reform and a better standard of life, Secretary of State Dean Acheson will give a but through war, disunity, inco1npetence, certain' amount of dollars for relief (there is member of the Committee on Armed disloyalty and selfishness, lost that support still $34,000,000 left in the aid-to-China Services of the Senate, that if the Soviet and cannot be saved. kitty), but after the ancient problems of Union is able to consolidate its position After some years now of trying to help China catch up with China's new war lords, by getting all of Asia behind the iron other governments to help themselves, this the United States Government will deal with curtain it will so upset the equilibrium, Administration has reached certain basic their economic problems in sharp and re­ so upset the general balance of power, conclusions, which it is applying to the alistic terms. that instead of talking about a $15,000,- Chinese situation. First, our officials say, Meanwhile, official Washington is trying to there is a limit to what can be done by a learn the lessons of China elsewhere. It is 000,000 budget for the armed services Nation's foreign policy. convinced that the Japanese wartime slogan and a possible reduction in that amount, One nation, they observe, can render val­ of "Asia for the Asiatics" struck home all over the American people, along with the peo­ uable and even decisive assistance to an­ Asia and its myriad islands. It observes that, ple of western Europe, are going to be other nat ion, but at most that assistance in the long run, freedom is the tie that binds. face to face with the problem of how to can only be marginal. If the nation to be Therefore, the State Department is trying assisted has the will to resist· attack and put our defenses in order, and put them to persuade the French and the Dutch to give in order very soon. the competence to administer its affairs, the widest possible range of freedom to the there is the possibility that outside assist­ peoples of Indochina and the East Indies. EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED ance can furnish just enough power to get Where the native peoples are ready for inde­ a recovery project off the ground. pendence, or approaching that point, the As in executive session, But if that will to resist does not exist; United States Government is urging its'allies The PRESIDING OFFICER

IN THE NAVY Harry L. Harty, Jr. Harold C. M1ller Ernest F. Scbreiter Robert C. Truax · Harry D. Helfrich, Jr, Jim D. Miller Roland W. Schumann, Frederick B. Tucker The following-named otlicers of the Navy Jr. Richard M. Tunnell for temporary appointment to the grade of Charles N. G. Hendrix John F. Miller, Jr. Eugene B. Henry, Jr. Walter B. Miller Ernest L. Schwab, Jr. Marshall E. Turnbaugh , commander subject to qualification therefor Wayne Harkness II Floyd E. Moan George w. Scott, Jr, Theodore M. Ustick as prov.ided by law. John P. Seifert Vadym V. Utgoff The following-named otlicers for temporar;v Elmore F. Higgins, Jr. Waller. C. Moore, Jr. Alfred H. Higgs John J. Munson Edward H. Seiler, Jr. William J. Valentine appointment in the line of the Navy: James M. Hill Thomas W. Murphy Harry A. Seymour Jacob J, Vandergrift. James L. Abbot, Jr. Robert J. Connell . Stanley E. Hindman James A. McAllister Preston N. Shamer Jr. Benjamin E. Adams,Robert W. Conrad James M. Hingson Charles D. McCall George F. Sharp Charles A. VanDusen, Jr. James S. Cooley Gerald G. Hinman John R. Mccants John A. Sharpe, Jr. Jr. Dudley H. Adams Lemuel D. Cooke Devon M. Hizer John C. McCarthy William M. Shitliette Frank W. Vannoy Paul G. Adams, Jr. Francis T. Cooper, Jr. 1 John D. P. Hodapp, Jr. James W. McCon- Gene T. Shirley Lloyd R. Vasey Howard P. Ady, Jr. Frank J. Coulter Arthur T. Hodges naughhay Norman S. Short Stanley W. Vejtasa. William T. Alford Partee W. Crouch, Jr, Paul A. Holmberg Jesse W. McCoy Peter Shumway Curtis F. Vossler 'Neal Almgren Robert B. Crowell Alan J. Holmes James W. McCrocklin Theodore C. SiegmundRobert F. Wadsworth Fernald P. Anderson James H. Curran Charles Holovak George T. McDaniel. George C. Simmons, Jr.Alton L. C. Waldron .'John B. Anderson Charles W. Cushman Valentine G. Holzapfel Jr. George S. Simmons IllLester S. Wall, Jr• ,John L. Arrington II Andreas R. Czerwonk~ Robert H. Hoolhorst Richard S. McElroy, Jr. Eugene H. Simpson James B. Wallace Nathan F. Asher Peter V. Dabbieri Frederic A. Hooper Harry W. McElwain Charles F. Skuzinskl Marion C. Walley ",John P. Aymond Charles A. Dancy, Jr, Posey A. Hooper Walter A. McGuinness Robert J. Slagle Thomas J. Walker Ill Noel R. Bacon James A. Dare Jack W. Hough John A. McKeon Gordon W. Smith John R. Wii.llingford Clayton W. Bailey Edward-L. Dashiell, Jr, Wlllard Y. Howell . Charles D. Nace James H. Smith, Jr. Elmar S. Waring, Jr. ;wayne D. Baker Robert H. Dasteel John B. Howland Albert G. Neal Robert H. Smith Rex W. Warner 'John B. Balch Harry E. Davey, Jr. Lester E. Hubbell Dwight 0. Ness. Louis P. Spear . David W~ Watkins, Jr. Charles A. Baldwin Edmonds David Joseph w. Hughes Gerald S. Norton John C. Spencer John c. Weatherwax Robert D. Ballantyne.Landon L. Davis, Jr. Overton D. Hughlett Marvin D. Norton, Jr. Edwin 0. Standish Herold J. Weiler, Jr. · Jr. Warren J. Davis, Jr. William c. Hushing Harvey R. Nylund Charles R. Stapler John P. Weinel Carl J. Ballinger, Jr. George E. Dawson Kenneth B. Hysong James C. Oldfield Will P. Starnes Daniel K. Weitzenfeld Frank W. Bampton William S. Dawson Charles A. Iarrobine Donald J. O'Meara Robert R. Startzell Francis M. Welch "Albert R. Barbee, Jr. Donald C. Deane Glen Jacobsen John T. T. O'Neill Egil T. Steen Frederick Welden :Robert C. Barnes Wllliam R. DeLoach, Jr Benjamin c. Jarvis Stephen C. O'Rourke Edward T. Steigelman Harold A. Wells Capers G. Barr, Jr. William Denton, Jr. Charles W. Jenkins Daniel Osburg Ralph S. Stevens, Jr. Wade c. Wells Richard F. Barry, Jr. Vincent P. DePoix Luther R. Johnson Allyn B. Ostroski Walter K. Stow, Jr. Joseph M. West Edward L. Beach, Jr. Irving D. Dewey Charles H. Johnson, Robert. E. Paige Albert R. Strow .John B. Williams, Jr. Clarence E. Bell, Jr. John R. Dinsmore Jr Roger W. Paine, Jr. Ronald F. Stultz Thomas c. Williamson Wendell W. Bemis John W. Dolan, Jr. Stephen L. Johnson John E. Parks Irving J. Superfine Wilbur s. Wills, Jr. :Rafael C. Benitez Andrew R. Drea Dave Johnston, Jr. Clyde H. Parmelee Francis E. Swiderski John V. Wilson Thomas M. Bennett Richard J. Dressling James F. B. JohnstonDe_Witt M. Patterson Douglas N. Syverson Gustav A. Wolf ohnston Jr. Oliver H. Payne ,Winfred E. Berg John B. Dudley M eans J ' John F. Pear Frederick L. Taeusch Robert B. Wood Max A. Berns, Jr. George C. Duncan John C. Jolly Clarence L. Pearson Edward A. Taylor Wilson G. Wright III James C. Bidwell James M. Dunford Theron R. Jordan Reuben N. Perley, Jr. Charles S. Thomas, Jr.Jack C. Young bavid S. Bill, Jr. Ernest H. Dunlap, Jr. John B. Kaye Frank C. Perry Howard A. Thompson1Alphonse v. Zeis 'John R. Blackburn William R. Dunne T~o~as D. Ke_egan Carl F. Pfeifer William L. Thompson Raphael A. Zoeller Louis K. Bliss Robert J. Duryea William J. Keim Richard W. Phillips Alfred J. Toulon, Jr. John R. Zullinger Edward C. Blonts, Jr. Thomas R. Eddy Leonard Kenny Chester F. Pinkerton Robert J. Trauger Sigmund A. Bobczyn- James H. Elsom Stanley W. K~rkeringWilliam L. Poindexter The following-named otlicer for temporary ski Robert K. Etnire Frederic W. Kinsley Lucien C. Powell, Jr. Emmett P. Bonner Richard T. Fahy Loren H. Kiser Ivan D. Quillin appointment in the Medical Corps of the William D. BonvillianEugene G. Fairfax Fred W'. Kittler John F. Quinn, Jr. Navy: Robert L. Border Frederic C. Fallon Raymond P. Kline Frederick M. Radel Stephens H. Tolins George W. Bowdey William B. Fargo Elton L. Knapp Frank M. Ralston Henry J. Brantinghamc1aude s. Farmer The following-named otlicers for temporary Herbert Kriloff James D. Ramage appointment in the Supply Corps of the '.Roy E. Breen, Jr. John A. Fidel William E. Kuntz John Ramee William W. Brehm Chester H. Fink Richard H. Lachman Clay H. Raney Navy: Robert Brent Arthur F. Fischer, Jr. Horace C. Laird, Jr. Ralph w. Rawson Henry P. ,Adams James L. Lambrecht Frederick W. Brown.Ems J. Fisher William R. Laird, Jr.Henry G. Reaves, Jr. Louis J. Barta Robert G. Lavenson · Jr. John C. Fisher Charles A. Lamborn Edwin G. Reed, Jr. Thomas H. Bell John R. Lewis Charles L. Browning Francis J. Fitzpatrick Robert V. Laney Marion J. Reed Henry W. Brandow Daniel F. Logan Robert M. Brownlie Edward J. Foote Harold C. Lank Paul R. Reed Conrad T. Budny Charles L. Loring Robert M. Bruning.George W. Forbes, Jr. George J. Largess Allen B. Register William J. Bush Lawrence Lovig, Jr. Jr. Blake S. Forrest Harvey L. Lasell John M. Reigart John D. Carson, Leslie T. Maiman David G. Bryce Murray B. Frazee, Jr. Clement T. Latimer James D. Reilly Jerome Cherry Samuel J. Major Russell H. Buckley Donald Furlong John C. Lawrence John N. Renfro Charles M. Christen- George E. Moore II charles Bulfinch Saxe P. Gantz Robert E. Lawrence Jonathan F. Rice sen Glen C. Moore Glen B. Butler Harold W. Gehman. Leon G. Lehrer William P. Riesenberg Preston R. Clark Crandall T. Nefzger Sam J. Caldwell, Jr. Lawrence R. Geis Charles F. Leigh Frank H. Rile, Jr. Ralph W. Clark, Jr. George W. Netts John V. Cameron William W. Gentry James M. Leroy William M. Ringness Jesse S. Claypoole, Jr.Charles S. Osborne, Jr. Harold W. Campbell.Bernard J. Germers- Donald R. Levy John B. Ritch, Jr. William A. Cochran Thomas W. Ragland Jr. hausen Orville o. Liebschner James M. Robertson Frederic W. Corle Frank J. Roberts William J. Carey, Jr. George D. Ghesquiere Elbert C. Lindon Leslie S. Robinson Earl E. Carlsten Edward I. Gibson Robert C. D:::xter, Jr. Donald T. Rohde Joseph D. Linehan Louis H. Roddis, Jr. Edward T. Dobbyn, Jr.Herman Spector Harold L. Carpenter Paul W. Gill Henry F. Lloyd George V. Rogers Daniel J. Carrison Robert C. Gillette William B. Durant, Jr.Eben M. Standish Ralph F. Locke Herbert F. Rommel, Jr. Philip P. Finn Maynard G. Stokes Charles M. Cassel, Jr. James G. Glaes Paul E. Loustaunau Paul C. Rooney Herbert A. Cassidy, Jr. Paul E. Glenn Chester Lovell Joseph C. Roper Allan J. Fisher William·L. A. George B. Cattermole Lee D. Goolsby Marcus L. Lowe, Jr. Clayton Ross, Jr. Phillip H. Fox Strawbridge 'D'ohn M. Cease Richard K. Gould John R. Maclachlan Eli B. Roth John M. Gore Wesley J. Stuessi Charles R. Chandler Richard Gray Brainard T. MacomberWalter J. Rountree Caesar M. Grassino Harmon S. Tolbert Kenan C. Childers, Jr. Howard J. Greene Jacob J. Maechtlen,Thomas J. Rudden, Jr. Francis B. Grubb William G. Tonner, Jr. Charles R. Clark, Jr. Robert R. Green William J. Manning William J. Ruhe Charles B. Heck William A. Twitchell Francis E. Clark John B. Guerry, Jr. Lincoln Marcy Frederick N. Russell Writner Hostetter Harold L. Usher, Jr. Marion R. Clark Robert A. Gulick, Jr. Robert L. Mastin Edward F. Rye Harold H. Ht:mt Howard N. Walling Robert w. Clark Robert L. Gurnee John C. Mathews Onofrio F. Salvia Nathaniel W. James James G. Walsh Fredric "B" Clarke Ira S. Hardman, Jr. William B. Matney Robert B. Satterford III Arthur L. Walters John C. Clarke Donald J. Hardy James L. May Thomas F. Saunders, Richard P. Jeffrey Charles-T. E. Warriner Marlin D. Clausner Neil E. Harkleroad Albert B. Johnson Robert L. Watson James P. Coleman Leroy E. Harris Leo J. Meads Jr. Corwin G. Menden-William L. Savidge Edward R. Joshua, Jr.Kenneth R. Wheeler Gene Collison Arthur G. Harrison George A. Kelley, Jr. Enos H. Willis Almer P. Colvin Charles W. Harrison, · hall, Jr. Wllliam T. Sawyer Robert G. Merritt li,ussell J. Schmidt Robert J. Kliese Earl W. Wood Emmett M. Compton Jr. Robert H. Kuppers Davis Cone James E. Hartung Charles K. Miller ~ul R. Schratz 1949 CO.N_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5243 The following-named officers for temporary Lewis R. Nail, Calera, Ala., in place of H. E. Gladys M. Krug, Del Rosa, Calif., in place appointement in the Chaplain Corps of the Williams, resigned. of H.J. Krug, deceased. Navy: J ack Winfred Miller, Joppa, Ala., in place Forrest S. McNabb, Durham, Calif., in place John M. Kleckner of B. R. Roberts, resigned. of N. N. Ramos, resigned. John H. Shilling Helen A. Pollard, Newbern, Ala., 1n place Mary V. N. Flick, Edison, Calif. Office be­ of M. D. True, deceased. The following-named officers for temporary came Presidential July 1, 1948. Seth Berry Stalcup, Phil Campbell, Ala., in Evelyn S. Smith, East Nicolaus, Calif. appointment in the Civil Engineer Corps of place of A. C. Blacklidge, transferred. the Navy: Office became Presidential July l, 1948. William Britton, Spruce Pine, Ala., in place James C. Wallace, Garden Grove, Calif., in Millard H. Aubey Albert C. Morris of W.W. Blacklidge, retired. place of Gladys Head, resigned. William R. Boyer Richard T. Pratt ALASKA Lawrence E. Watts, Half Moon Bay, Calif., Arthur B. Chilton, Jr. Luther S. Reynolds in place of c. A. Cavalli, resigned. .William M. Heaman Paul E. Seufer Ruth L. Nelson, Mount Edgecumbe, Alaska• Office established September 1, 1947. Doris M. Alexander, Highland, Calif., in The following-named officers for temporary place of R. A. Ascot, resigned. appointment in the Dental Corps of the Mary M. Hayes, Whittier, Alaska. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. Walter J. Reynolds, Holtville, Calif., in Navy: place of G. L. Harris, resigned. Irvin R. Barker Bill J. Harris ARIZONA Norma C. Hollar, Hood, Calif., in place of Edward V. Barth Max W. Kleinman Lee N. Clayton, Bullhead City, Ariz. Office L. K. Brown, retired. Leo E. Brenning Wendell J. Schwoerer established May 16, 1946. Martin G. Murray, Huntington Beach, Robert F. Burnett Robert H. Secrest Allan Baker, Clifton, Ariz., in place of G. C. Calif., in place of J.E. Huston, retired. Angelo B. Costa Norman B. Shipley Wright, removed. Thelma W. Zitlau, Irvine, Calif., in place Wilbert M. Dierker Cyrus D. Smith Warren D. Judd, Fredonia, Ariz. Office be­ of L. E. Munger, resigned. Martin J. Gelb John T. Sorensen came Presidential July 1, 1948. Thomas Soloman Dunning, Jacumba, Calif., Samuel Goldhaber Maudy M. Looney, Ganado, Ariz., in place in place of H. P. Haines, resigned. of B. H. Goodman, resigned. Charles J. Shumaker, Jamul, Calif. Ofilce The following-named officers for temporary became Presidential July 1, 1948. appointment in the Nurse Corps _of the Navy: Ralph S. Spotts, Laveen, Ariz., in place of A. D. Cheatham, retired. James A. Elliott, Malibu, Calif. Office be­ Manila D. Barber Rosalia Jorgenson Lloyd K. Basteen, Oracle, Ariz., in place of came Presidential July 1, 1947. Mary L. Benner Sylvia M. Koller T. N. Clark, resigned. Wilbern C. Kluck, Miranda, Calif. Office. Mary F. Bosco Ouida A. McCoy Glen G. Goodman, St. David, Ariz. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. Helen C. Cavin Margarete A. Orr became Presidential July 1, 1948. Edward L. Tompkins, Monolith, Calif., in Jessie E. Crump Nellie M. Hayes Wallace E. Bryce, Safford, Ariz., in place of place of A. R. White, resigned. Winnie Gibson Clyde B. Pennington J.M. Owens, removed. Andrew J. O'Sullivan, Monterey Park, Ethel P. Himes Frankie F. Tanner, Sedona, Ariz., in place Calif., in place of J. J. Britt, deceased. The following-named officers of the Naval of E. M. Schnebly, resigned. Harry L. Fox, Norwalk, Calif., in place of Reserve on active duty for temporary ap­ Edith E. Barnhill, Window Rock, Artz., in L. L. Burke, retired. pointment to the grade of commander subject place of W. H. Daley, retired. Mae Edna Whitehead, Oakhurst, Calif. to qualification therefor as provided by law. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. The following-named officers for temporary ARKANSAS Zelda A. Kunkle, Oak View, Calif. Office appointment in the line of the Naval Reserve: John W. Story, Griffithville, Ark. Ofilce established Nov. 16, 1947. Warren F. Anderson Harry K. Leventen became Presidential July 1, 1945. John B. Heintz, Orland, Calif., in place of Peter Bertelli Edwin G. Moorhead Leonard B. Hurley, Hector, Ark., in place J. N. Tibessart, retired. Arthur A. Charlson Edgar R. Mumford of M. K. Churchill, retired. Kalidas Le Page, Pearblossom, Calif. Office Charles O. Deaner . George N. Musser Elza R. Tucker, Lowell, Ark., in place of became Presidential July 1, 1948. Sterling T. Dibrell Thomas W. Mcconville C. E. Smith, deceased. Minnie Tyler, Puente, Calif., in place of L. Hamilton, resigned. Thomas B. Dupree Walter F. McLallen, Jr. CALIFORNIA J. Florence M. Raub, Ramona, Calif., in place Samuel D. L Emerson Earle F. Plank Paul K. Ihrig, Acton, Calif., in place of Joseph L. Gadberry James J. Robir.son of P. M. Shade!, resigned. C. G. Rush, resigned. Kathryne E. Minnick, Red Mountain, Calif. ~arvey F. Garrigues Ellis Schiller Everett R. Stanford, Alhambra, Calif., in Ofilce became Presidential July 1, 1948. Robert W. Greene, Sr. Howard B. Shaw, Jr. place of W. J. Beadle, removed. Lawrence W. Harrell Stewart L. Smith Blanche B. Denton, Represa, Calif., in place Philip G. Hall, Alpine, Calif., in place of of Josephine Purcell, retired. Charles R. Hartnett Martin E. Solotar A. E. Simmons, resigned. Henry H. Heine Lloyd A. Straits Katherine Spengler, Richardson Grove, Ethel B. Beckman, Armona, Calif., in place Calif. Ofilce became Presidential July 1, 1948. Ralph L. Hildebrand Charles J. Swain, Jr. of Bertie Poore, resigned. Harry J. Huester Ronald L. White Leah M. Corporon, Riverbank, Calif., in Louis W. Pellegrini, Asti, Calif., in place of place of C. D. Gelvin, resigned. Vernon B. Johnson Harold E. Wilcox Enrico Prati, resigned. James F. Kennedy Paul J. Williams George Perry, San Leandro, Calif., in place Nora L. Passadori, Ballico, Calif. Office be­ of M. E. Neish, resigned. William S. Kimball Linton R. Wilson came Presidential July 1, 1948. Bradner W. Lee, Jr. Richard Winn John 0. Findlay, San Marcos, Calif., in Edward Edwards, Bass Lake, Calif. Office place of S. L. Diaz, resigned. The following-named officers for tempo­ became Presidential July 1, 1948. Charles W. Gartrell, Santa Barbara, Calif., rary appointment in the Supply Corps of Harold W. Crandall, Belmont, Calif., in in place of R. T. Ambrose, resigned. the Naval Reserve: place of F. P. O'Brien, deceased. Lloyd H. Skiles, Springville, Calif., in place Robert A. Donald, Jr. David F. McKenney Luther A. Dunlap, Berkeley, Calif., in place of D. M. Lyon, resigned. • Albert E. Edwards Cleaveland F. Milair of F. M. Whiting, retired. Maxwell Carr Salladay, Terra Bella, Calif., Lyon H. Fowler Adrian L. Muldoon Orville A. Eddy, Blythe, Calif., in place of in place of O. W. Holland, resigned. Kenneth J. Gustin Leslie W. Parker P. D. Mcintyre, retired. Abless B. Dickinson, Tamales, Calif. Ofilce Chester R. Kimball Lawrence P. Roney Joseph G. Koehler, Bonsall, Calif., in place became Presidential July 1, 1948. Francis T. Lobbett Jay F. Skipper of s. K. Morris, retired. Gertrude R. Hellwig, Victor, Calif., in place James P. McClelland George A. Taylor John Joseph Broderick, Burlingame, Calif., of M. E. Zimmerman, resigned. The following-named officers for tempo­ in place of J. v. Gaffey, resigned. Robert · S. Sleeth, Jr., Walteria, Calif., in rary appointment in the Chaplain Corps of Myra E. Aten, Cabazon, Calif. Ofilce be­ place of M. A. Trippit, resigned. the Naval Reserve: came Presidential July l, 1948. Otto G. Niemann, Woodland, Calif., in place of E. I. Leake, retired. John T. McLaughlin Ella Boyd, Calpella, Calif. Office became Lyman C. Mason, Wrightwood, Calif., in George W. Thompson Presidential July 1, 1948. Della C. Newburn, Carlsbad, Calif., in place place of G. E. Richardson, retired. The following-named officer for tempo­ of A. D. Newburn, resigned. Hilda J. Hardesty, Yucca Valley, Calif. rary appointment in the Civil Engineer Corps Rosa M. Maupin, Castaic, Calif. Office be­ Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. of the Naval Reserve: came Presidential July 1, 1948. COLORADO Halbert Z. Baker Albert C. Specht, China Lake, CaHf. Ofilce Charles E. Morris, Jr., Canon City, Colo., in The following-named officer for tempora!Y established January 16, 1948. place of E. E. Graham, deceased. appointment in the Dental Corps of . the Buena L. Phlilips, Chino, Calif., in place of Lela C. Keen, Cedaredge, Colo., in place of Naval Reserve: E. G. Eckels, resigned. R. P. James, retired. Forrest A. Barnes Marjorie L. Woods, Citrus Heights, Calif. Earnest E. Sullivan, Craig, Colo., in place Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. POSTMASTERS of L. W. Failing, resi:ned. Henry M. Brandenberger, Cornell, Calif. Albert A. Dwiggins, Evans, Colo., in place The following-named persons to be post­ Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. of R. E. Stocks, retired. masters: Clarence G. Mccarn, Covina, Calif., in place Wade Ernest Gore, Fruita, Colo., in place ALAi!AMA · of C. C. Toland, resigned. of M. E. Arbuckle, resigned. Mary E. Sims, Boothton, Ala., in place of Helen M. Heitman, Crannell, Calif., in Lou M. Rector, Glen Haven, Colo: Office A. N. Nabors, retired. place of M. E. Stover, deceased. became Presidential July 1, 1948. 5244 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 Florence M. Graham, Hillrose, Colo:, in Letitia H. Erb, Lewiston, Idaho, in place of James A. Krecek, Lyons, Ill., in place of place of H. E. Hagler, resigned. O. J. Breier, Jr., resigned. J. W. Hruby, transferred. A. J. Anderson, Kim, Colo., in place of J. D. Petty, Meridian, Idaho, in place of ·Melvin R. Beckett, Macon, Ill., in place of D. C. Smith, deceased. J. P. Cato, deceased. H. C. Mowen, removed. , Lucille Stewart , Louviers, Colo. Office be­ Francis L. Mackey, Naples, Idaho. Office Daisy E. Miller, Mahomet, Ill., in place of came Presidential July 1, 1948. became Presidential July 1, 1948. G. A. Brown, resigned. Wilber W. Carrothers, Monument, Colo. Lillian Ruth Nail, Riggins, Idaho, in place John W. Scamahorn, Maunie, Ill., in plac~ Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. of J. H. Clay, retired. of M. P. McCluskey, resigned. William Grah am Mills, Olathe, Colo., in Samuel R. Walker, St. Maries, Idaho, in William S. Shipley, Mazon, Ill., in place of place of H. C. Showalter, deceased. place of M. H. Moshinsky, resigned. A. 0. Murray, resigned. · Th omas W. Chambers, Pagosa Springs, Horace Thales Leavitt, Shelley, I'daho, in Charles L. Quindry, Mill Shoals, Ill., in Colo., in place of M. E. Harman, resigned. place of W. H. Hanson, resigned. place of S. V. Simpson, transferred. Raymond R. Iacovetto, Phippsburg, Colo., John J. Delo, Soda Springs, Idaho, in place Donald L. Besander, Mount Prospect, Ill., in place of R. E. Schurman, resigned. of H. W. Woodall, deceased. in place of L. E. Hodges, transferred. Charlie P. Stewart, Sedalia, Colo., in place J ames R. Fenwick, Sun Valley, Idaho. Monroe Jones, New Holland, Ill., in place of A. W. Manhart, retired. Offi ce became Presidential January 1, 1947. of P.H. Ryan, resigned. Elizabeth A. Bartolo, Somerset , Colo., in Wilford W. Frantz, Twin Falls, Idaho, in John E. Nichols, Newton, Ill., in place of place of Charlotte Johnson, r esign ed. place of M. A. Stronk, ret ired. P. B. Laugel, deceased. Timothy C. Devlin, Wray, Colo., in place of Ostella A. Brown, Wilder, Idaho, in place of Jerry Volny, Jr., Northfield, Ill., in place of J. G. Evans, resigned. H. B. Jones, deceased. Elizabeth Romer, resigned. Edwin A. Luczaj, Oakdale, Ill., in place of Richard E. Shoup, Yampa, Colo., in place ILLINOIS of M. S. Cole, resigned. D. L. Rohde, Jr., transferred. James Kenneth Dolan, Albany, Ill., in place George A. Garrison, Pearl, Ill., in place of Paul L. Kohlmeier, Yuma, Colo., in place of C. E. Olds, retired. of 0. E. Stallings, resigned. G. B. Garrison, resigned. · Rollie N. Hammel, Alta, Ill. Office became Merly:q M. Dirksen, Pecatonica, Ill., in CONNECTICUT Presidential July 1, 1948. place of C. M. Stevens, transferred. Sadie G. Turshen, Amston, Conn., in place John L. Baumunk, Bardolph, Ill., in place Francis M. Guest, Re_ddick, Ill., in place of of C. J. Schmid, retired. of E. E. Young, resigned. , M. C. Guest, retired. Austin M. Ackerman, Durham ~nter, Meredith L. Hull, Barry, Ill., in place of Edward Charles Henninger, Savanna, Ill., Conn. Office became Presidential July 1, Floyd Wells, retired. in place of J. R. Slater, resigned. 1948. Ralph H. Watermann, Bartlett, Ill., in place Edwin H. Criswell, Seaton, Ill., in place of Domenic Sebben, East Canaan, Conn., 1n of H. F. Mayer, deceased. R. S. Tary, deceased. place of N. E. Stratton, retired. Agnes M. Coomes, Bristol, Ill. Office be­ · wmiam G. Strode, Smithfield, Ill., in place Meta D. Neusse, Hanover, Conn. Office be­ came Presidential July 1, 1948. of L. L. Manuel, resigned. came Presidential July 1, 1948. Virgil J. Brown, Carbondale, Ill., in place Mabel L. Reinert, South Elgin, Ill., in place Lionel E. Boucher, Jewett City, Conn., 1n of C. A. Etherton, resigned. of G. K. Martin, resigned. place of E. J. Jodoin, removed. Robert E. Balk, Chadwick, Ill., in place of William J. LeMar, Tallula, Ill., in place of Vincent P. Kelley, Lebanon, Conn. Office E. A. Cook, resigned. P. E. Cogdal, retired. . became Presidential July 1, 1948. Cecelia G. Missal, Chenoa, Ill., in place of Willis Hance McColly, Thornton, Ill., in Angela E. Murphy, New Milford, Conn., in J.E. Jontry, transferred. place of T. P. Wadett, resigned. place of T. S. White, deceased. Catherine M. Hulen, Coatsburg, Ill., 1n Louis J. Dobrich, Toluca, Ill., in place of J, Charles A. O'Connell, Niantic, Conn., in place of A. E. Shanholtzer, removed. W. Foster, deceased. place of w. G. Barker, deceased. Charles H. Lawler, Cortland, Ill. Office be­ Arnitz E. M. Watson, Tower Hill, Ill., in Mehitable Baker, Oronoque, Conn. Office came Presidential July 1, 1948. place of O. C. Maze, retired. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Viola T. Johnson, Danforth, Ill., in place of Terence J. Henry, Trenton, Ill., in place of George L. Rockwell, Jr., Ridgefield, Conn., A. G. Eimen, transferred. J. H. Zitzmann, removed. 1n place of J. L. Walker, deceased. Alice Gisy, Dow, Ill. Office became Presi­ Daniel J. Hallissey, Venice, Ill.; in place of Edward J. Connors, Rockville, Conn., in dential July 1, 1948. Agnes Clifford, resigned. place of S. L. Pelzer, resigned. Israel Victor Hill, Edinburg, Ill., in place Floyd H. Weihler, Viola, Ill., in place of Murial S. O'Nell, Taconic, Conn. Office of·F. A. McCarty, transferred. Grove Harrison, deceased. became Presidential July 1, 1948. William P. Lipe, Elkville, Ill., in place of Robert E. Cline, West Union, Ill., in place James J. Morway, Thompson, Conn., in L. M. Robinson, resigned. of M. H. Prevo, resigned. place of D. W. Sherry, Jr., deceased. Ruby G. Forman, Elliott, Ill., in place · of Cellia E. Skerbinek, Willow Springs, Ill., in Robert C. Burrill, Wapping, Conn., in place A. F. Hill, resigned. place of J. V. Husch, resigned. of C. B. Snow, retired. · Peter J. Roth, El Paso, Ill., in place of J. J. Lyle A. Thurman, Yates City, Ill., in place Rhea M. Brouillard, Wauregan, Conn., in McGuire, resigned. of F. T. Johnson, resigned. place of M. P. Beauregard, resigned. Robert E. Duncan, Eureka, Ill., in place of E. S. Sharp, resig:ted. INDIANA William K. Bell, West Redding, Conn., in Francis E. Sheller, Albany, Ind., in place place of J.B. Sanford, retired. William H. Neece, Jr., Franklin, Ill., in place of G. E. Brown, retired. of 0. A. Saunder, deceased. DELAWARE Margery A. Howard, Franklin Grove, Ill., in Paul L. Hayden, Butlerville, Ind., in place Anna May Upright, Winterthur, Del. Office place of C. E. Kelley, deceased. of Lawrence Callaway, resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Gerhard R. Bunting, Gifford, Ill., in place Harmon G. Carbiener, Bremen, Ind., 1n Gro•er C. Gregg, Jr., Yorklyn, Del., in place of P. D. Schenck, resigned. place of L. C. Leman, resigned. of E. J. Touhey, removed. Hugh R. Ganey, Gillespie, Ill., in place of E. Charles Peffley, Bridgeton, Ind. Office be­ HAWAU L. Cameron, deceased. came Presidential July 1, 1948. Leo Pickrel, Gilson, Ill., in place of F. W. Claude T._Linn, Camden, Ind., in place of Shuji Seki, Honokohau, T. H., in place of Nash, deceased. E. M. Cripe, deceased, · D. T. Fleming, retired. William L. Smith, Golconda, Ill., in place Jay B. Williams, Colfax, Ind., in place of Josephine Makaiwi, Hoolehua, Hawaii. of E. R. Randolph, deceased. R. L. Jones, transferred. Office become Presidential July 1, 1948. Louise Tevis, Goodfield, Ill. Office became Arthur B : Newman, Coatesville, Ind., 1n Eva Lindsey, Kamuela, T. H., in place of Presidential July 1, 1948. pla-ce of Frank Ellett, deceased. C. M. Keala, resigned. . Abraham F. Weece, . Grand Chain, Ill., in Frederick M. Griffith, Dupont, Ind., in place Joseph M. Mihal, Kekaha, Hawaii, in place place of Grace Reichert, transferred. of C. T. Custer, retired. of Antone Fernandez, resigned. Andrew S. Fitzgerald, Greenview, Ill., in Malcolm E. Wade, Fillmore, Ind., in place Howard S. Green, Lanikai, T. H., in place of place of H. F. DuQuoin, resigned. of Madelyn Kelley, removed. Francis Hughes, resigned. James H. Wilson, Highland, Ill., in place of Charles D. Walts, Georgetown, Ind., in Emil W. Balthazar, Makawao, T. H., in A. H. Winter, deceased. place of L. G. Tyler, transferred. place of E. A. Willey, declined. Hugh Fleming, Johnston City, Ill., in place Edward G. Velk, Hanna, Ind., in place of IDAHO of Michael Shannon, transferred. M. M. Kneisley, resigned. Henry W. Daven, Burley, Idaho, in place of Loretta Lanan, Kingston Mines, Ill.; in George J. Ress, Indianapolis, Ind., in place William Schlick, removed. place of Kathryn Kingsley, resigned. of Aclolph Seidensticker, retired. Oliver R. Acheson, Craigmont, Idaho, in Morris w. Dunn, Lacon, Ill., 1n place of Charles Calvin Apple, McCordsville, Ind., place of C. I. Bartlett, transferred. P.H. McKeone, resigned. in place of J. O. Chandler, retired. Vance Joines, Emmett, Idaho, in place of Joseph D. Martin, Ladd, Ill., 1n place of Frederick J. O'Laughlin, New Carlisle, Ind., c. G. Zimmerman, transferred. Henry Dwyer, resigned. in place of G. ]3. Casaday, transferred. Joseph Miles Flanigan, Grangeville, Idaho, Ned C. Dollinger, Lanark, Ill., 1n place of G. Ernest B. Bower, New W.ashington, Ind., in place of F. L. Shaffer, resigned. H. Wales, resigned. in place of E. B. Connor, resigned. George E. Johnson, Headquarters, Idaho, Sidney M. Phillips, Lena, Ill., in place of John A. Young, Osgood, Ind:, in place of Sn place of D. E. Springer, resigned. G. A. Boeke, resigned. Peter Holzer, resigned. Nell G. Andrews, Leadore, Idaho. Office Floyd Durst, Lincoln, Ill., in place of R. L. William C. Drof, Petersburg, Ind., in place became Presidential July 1, 1947. Davis, resigned. of E. H. Scales, resigned. 1949 'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5245 Gilbert L. Thomas, Richland, Ind., in place W1lliam A. Keenan, Schaller, Iowa, in place William C. Broadwater, Middlesboro, Ky., of J. H. Nunn, removed. Of U. G. Pedersen, resigned. 1n place of P. T. Colgan, retired. Ruby J. :Butler, Straughn, Ind., 1n place Chester L. Kious, Scranton, Iowa, in place Belva C. B. Chamberlain, North Middle­ of L. W. Butler, transferred. of o. L. Goodrich, resigned. town, Ky., in place of B. Bates, resigned. Elbert S. Reinke, Santa Claus, Ind., in place Pearl R. Ormsby, Stockton, Iowa. Office Park L. Taylor, Pathfork, Ky. Office be­ of O. L. Philips, deceased. became Presidential July 1, 1948. came Presidential July l, 1948. George H. Heckman, Sr., Wadesville, Ind., Mae H. DeBeer, Stout, Iowa. Office became William Grady Conley, Salyersville, Ky., in place of Louis Kolb, retired. Presidential July 1, 1948. 1n place of J. w. Higgins, resigned. Levern C. Fortin, Whiting, Ind., in place Edwin F. Borcherding, Sumner, Iowa, in Herman H. Clark, Stamping Ground, Ky., of J. P. Sullivan, resigned. place of H. B. Heyer, resigned. in place of E. T. Breen, transferred. IOWA John L. Weatherhead, Tabor, Iowa, in place Gilmore Blair, Waynesburg, Ky., in place of of G. P. Weatherhead, transferred. Leonard Horton, resigned. Daryl W. Pearson, Ainsworth, Iowa, in Robert M. Klingman, Wadena, Iowa, in place of A. P. Miller, resigned. Haskell Hall, Weeksbury, Ky., in place of place of C. S. Flower, resigned. R. M. Chafin, resigned. •Donald E. Castle, Alta, Iowa, in place of Vivian B. Christen, Walford, Iowa. Office N. A. Christ ensen, removed. became Presidential July 1, 1948. LOUISIANA Harold R. Rammelsberg, Atkins, Iowa, in George E. Brubaker, Winthrop, Iowa, in Mary S. Hymel, Convent, La., in place of place of George Lieb, deceased. place of B. R. Shine, deceased. A. B. Subra, removed. Joseph c. Brady, Belmond, Iowa, in place Elizabeth H. Landry, Grand Isle, La., in of C. N. Hildebrand, resigned. · KANSAS place of J. A. Ludwig, transferred. Arlo w. Mugge, Calumet, Iowa, in place of James .B. Robson, Abilene, Kans._, in place E. P. Shade, resigned. of P. W. Heath, deceased. MAINE Peter H. F. Sievers, Charter Oak, Iowa, in Leo N. Williams, Baldwin City, Kans., in Albert D. Lacasse, Berwick, Maine, in place place of B. G. Rammes, transferred. place of B. H. Stewart, resigned. of W. E. Hurd, resigned. Ronald V. Clark, Corwith, Iowa, in place of James D. Grisham, Basehor, Kans., in place Stanley Gordon Farrar, Bryant Pond, J. J. Bonnstetter, retired. of E. E. Eberth, resigned. Maine, in place of L. M. Rowe, resigned. Ben H. Swegle, Corydon, Iowa, in place of Earl W. Wittmer, Bern, Kans., in place of William John Furlong, Eagle Lake, Maine, w. S. Richard, retired. I. R. Cordill, transferred. 1n place of E. S. Dow, resigned. Myrtle A. Hansen, Coulter, Iowa. Office Laverne P. Marks, Bluff City, Kans., in Ernest G. Labbee, Fort Kent, Maine, in became Presidential July 1, 1947. place of T. L. Sturdevant, retired. place of Irenee Cyr, retired. Nellie M. Easton, Curlew, Iowa. Office be­ Gordon L. Smith, Bucklin, Kans., in place Raymond W. Fish, Hallowell, Maine, in came Presidential July l, 1948. of c. H. Johnson, transferred. place of W. H. Albee, deceased. Aloysius J. Dotzler, Defiance, Iowa, in Wilton D. Mathews, Centerville, Kans., in Lynne W. Greene, Hartland, Maine, in place of E. G. Goeser, transferred. place of K. L. Kincheloe, transferred. place of J. D. Randlett, resigned. Clarence A. Buss, Dumont, Iowa, in place Joseph G. Donahoe, Clyde, Kans., in place Ellis Franklin Smith, Jonesboro, Maine, in · of K. D. Finn, resigned. of C. F. Danielson, resigned. place of D. C. Bridgham, declined. Earle Eldon Cox, Gilmore City, Iowa, in Helen M. Erickson, Courtland, Kans., in Cyril F. Hopper, Lincolnville, Maine, in place of L. L. Maher, transferred. place of 0. E. McMullen, transferred. place of H. H. Hurd, retired. Anna M. Unruh, Gooselake, Iowa. Office Paul T. Welter, Dresden, Kans., in place of Mildred M. Miller, North Edgecomb, Maine. became Presidential July 1, 1948. B. W. Wernette, retired. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. Aloysius L. Jenn, Hills, Iowa. Office be­ J. L. Ketchum, Elkhart, Kans., in place of Byron R. Adams, Ogunquit, Maine, in place came Presidential July l, 1948. V. V. Mcclung, resigned. of F. R. Brewster, retired. Dale W. Stover, Hospers, Iowa, in place of Esther E. Weiss; Fort Dodge, Kans. Office Kenneth T. Pinkham, Southport, Maine. William Stover, resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. Timon Roetman, Hull, Iowa, in place of Albert L. Davis, Glen Elder, Kans., in place MARYLAND Henry Dahl, resigned. of J. R. Neifert, resigned. Theodore E. Murphy, Ida Grove, Iowa, in Robert K. Baird, Hunter, Kans., in place Margaret W. Conroy, Barton, Md., in place place of H. E. Liming, resigned. of R. M. Rees, transferred. of P. E. Conroy, resigned. Robert E. Keller, Janesville, Iowa, in place Edna M. Kortz, Ingalls, Kans., in place of Joseph Edward Walter, Cambridge, Md., of C. W. Taylor, deceased. C. B. Barton, deceased. in place of T. B. T. Radcliffe, retired. Ot to O. Ostby, Kensett, Iowa, in place of Elmer Dale Thompson, Isabel, Kans., in William E. Roe 3d, Centerville, Md., in place F. H. Schulte, transferred. ' place of R. E. Pierson, resigned. of F. E. Thomas, transferred. Franklin G. Kluckhohn, Klemme, Iowa, in Harold Jay Keazer, Marion, Kans., in place Orem A. Gardner, Chester, Md., in place of place of J . N. Day, retired. of A. T. Campbell, deceased. S. A. Sewell, resigned. Anna M. Gade, Low Moor, Iowa. Office Clay w. Ellis, Mound, City., Kans., in place Harry c. Coleman, Jr., Chestertown, Md., became Presidential July l, 1948. of 0. J. Strong, resigned. 1n place of J. D. Hadaway, resigned. Willie D. Davis, Mapleton, Iowa, in place .Arthur E. Schafer, Norton, Kans., in place Walter B. Mills, Clear Spring, Md., in place of W. H. Thompson, deceased. of M. M. Browne, resigned. _ of J. L. Downs, transferred. Eva F. Sult, Marble Rock, Iowa, in place William E. Berry, Offerle, Kans., in place of James 0. C. Shank, College Park, Md., in of A. L. Staudt, resigned. Carl Eickholt, resigned. place of M. T. Johnson, retired. Carl William Hergert, Middle, Iowa, in Carrie U. Kinnett, Ozawkie, Kans., in place Dale N. Broadwater, Cresaptown, Md., in place of Jacob Ruedy, retired. of A. D. Quiett, resigned. place of K. L. Toohey, resigned. Edith M. Wehrle, M.iddletown, Iowa. Office John Henry Anderson, Ramona, Kans., 1n Herbert S. Hyatt, Damascus, Md., in place became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of N. S. Applegate, transferred. of J. W. Hager, retired. Nellie M. Delaney, Milford, Iowa, in place Forest H. Olsen, Severy, Kans., in place of Charles E. Simpkins, Ellerslie, Md., in place of N. C. Burk, resigned. C. J. Hart, resigned. of B. J. Porter, deceased. George R. Patterson, Jr., Minden, Iowa, in Ruby M. Smith, Stark, Kans. Office be­ Thomas R. Freeman, Greenbelt, Md., in place of H. F. Patterson, resigned. came Presidential July 1, 1948. place of G. W. Bryant, deceased. Gerald J. Carroll, Monona, Iowa, in place Lucile Foley, Wathena, Kans., in place of Emma P. Jones, Henderson, Md. Office of P. H. English, resigned. M. J. Meidinger, resigned. became Presidential October 1, 1948. Don T. Pettibone, Moravia, Iowa, in place Eula F. Arnspiger, Wellington, Kans., in Louise C. Messick, Lexington Park, Md., in of J. D. Minnes, retired. place of A. A. Belsley, retired. place of B. F. Aud, retired. Clarence F. Wtmnenberg, Morning Sun, Mabel L. Carter, Lime Kiln, Md. Office be­ Iowa, in place of Bert McKinley, retired. KENTUCKY came Presidential July 1, 1948. Richard F. Babcock, Moville, Iowa, in place Aubrey E. Chesnut, Jr., Barbourville, Ky., Nettie M. Ford,- Lothian, Md. Offi.ce be­ of P. M. Bartels, removed. in place of G. W. Tye, retired. came Presidential July 1, 1948. Bill R. Klinzman, New Sharon, Iowa, in Francis L. Cecil, Bardstown, Ky., in place Sadie E. Raley, Saint Inigoes, Md. Office place of N. B. Richards, transferred. of T. A. Spalding, retired. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Claude C. Mccarl, Newton, Iowa, in place Addy M. Boyd, Betsey Layne, Ky. Office Donald J. Gardner, State Sanatorium, Md., of J. H. Gribben, resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1945. in place of V. F. Cullen, retired. Ladislav c. Peckosh, Oxford Junction, David Odus McDowell, Bonnieville, Ky., in Earl Kennard Jones, Still Pond, Md., in Iowa, in place of F. H. Peckosh, retired. place of Gertrude Stuteville, retired. place of W. H. Davis, deceased. Daniel P. McCarty, Parnell, Iowa, in place Fieldon Woosley, Caneyville, Ky., in place of Mollie Daley, retired. of Roy Wlllis, removed. MASSACHUS 'TTS Ida E. Heffernen, Peosta, Iowa. Office be­ Sylvia H. Newman, Hi Hat, Ky., in place of Howard F. Davis, Bedford, Mass., 1n place came Presidential July l, 1948. A. O. Stephens, resigned. of J. E. Mansfield, deceased. Marie C. McMillen, Quasqueton, Iowa, in Vernon Hall, McDowell, Ky. Office became Horace D. Moore, Boxford, Mass. Office place of G. B. Garrison, retired. Presidential July 1, 1948. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Carl H. Wright, Russell, Iowa, in place of Mary Celeste Mccue, Maple Mount, Ky., in Cornelius T. O'Neil, Chicopee, Mass., 1n 0. J. Mettlin, transferred. place of Basil Pike, deceased. place of J. F. Kennedy, deceased. Albert H. Kuennen, St. Lucas, Iowa. Charles S. Johnson, Masonic Home, Ky., in John F. Colbert, Dedham, Mass., in place Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of J. C. Morris, resigned. of J. R. Delaney, retired. 5246 CONG.RESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 Fred J. Maher, Dennis, Mass., in place of Paul A. Walkup, Litchfield, Mich., in place Lester V. Borneman, Karlstad, Minn., in C. L. Goodspeed, retired. of H. W. Denham, retired. place of S. C. Olson, resigned. Edith M. B. Formhals, Erving, Mass., in George Albert Hale, Lowell, Mich., in place Leo C. Locken, Lake Bronson, Minn., in place of A. J. Formhals, retired. of F. J. Hosley, resigned. place of Alfred Erickson, deceased. ' Arthur E. Sherman, Lanesboro, Mass. Henry A. Davis, Maple City, Mich., in place Gladys M. Holmberg, Lawler, Minn., in Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. of B. L. Jankowski, transferred. place of M. H. Sawyer, resigned. Paul Callahan, Marshfield, Mass., in place Earle R. ·Thompson, Montague, Mich., in George H. Otterson, McGrath, Minn., ·n of A. S. Barstow, retired. place of G.D. Mason, retired. place of E. J. Garrity, resigned. Elizabeth Agnes Murray, Mill River, Mass. Harold T. Haas, New Hudson, Mich., in Norman A. Moe, Madison, Minn., in place Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of J. P. Shear, deceased. of J. G. Bauer, deceased. Lewis H. Wood, Mount Hermon, Mass., in Harold W. Sweet, North Street, Mich., in Thomas E. McGowan, Millville, Minn., in place of C. D. Streeter, retired. place of R. F. Allen, resigned. · place of M. H. Wadley, deceased. Joseph Elliott, North Egremont, Mass. Robert H. Rainey, Onsted, Mich., in place Charles J. Tomasek, Milroy, Minn., in place Office became PresiC.:ential July 1, 1948. of B. A. Onsted, resigned. of F. L. Dolan, transferred. Charles G. Starratt, Ocean Bluff, Mass. Albert P. Verderbar, Oshtemo, Mich., in Margaret J. Bjork, Minnetonka Beach, Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of E. M. Clapp, deceased. Minn., in place of Clarence Huntsberger, re­ John T. McManus, Otis, Mass. O:ffice be· Claude F. Julian, Osseo, Mich., in place of signed. cazp.e Presidential July 1, 1948. F. E. Maloney, transferred. Emil M. Paulson, Nielsville, Minn., in place Martin J. McDonagh, Plympton, Mass. Mary E. Harrington, Painesdale, Mich., in of S. J. Bakke, resigned. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of J. J. Harrington, deceased. Kenneth M. Haaven, Plummer, Minn., in Daniel E. Prado, Raynham Center, Mass. Calvert John Winters, Perry, Mich., in place place of F. J. Mack, resigned. O:ffice became Presidential July 1, 1948. of Morton Rann, deceased. Lottie M. Just, Rapidan, Minn., in place Maurice D. Bessom, South Orleans, Mass. Alexander W. Worden, Petoskey, Mich., in of O. C. Kunkel, retired. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of R. D. Tripp, retired. Esther B. Pound, Remer, Minn., in place of Samuel Warre1J. Forrest, Topsfield, Mass., Violet M. Whisler, Portage, Mich., in place R. E. Wittwer, resigned. in place of J. R. Walsh, removed. of Jacob Dykstra, retired. Andrew J. Weinzierl, Jr., Saint Bonifacius, Irving I. Peltonen, West Barnstable, Mass., Clifford Bates, Jr., Sebewaing, Mich., in Minn., in place of F. B. Klein, retired. in place of S. H. Jones, retired. place of F. J. Lange, resigned. Robert P. Fritzke, Saint Clair, Minn., in Leo J. Connell, Westford, Mass., ln place Alexander H. Shaw, South Lyon, Mich., in place of M. E. Rohrer, resigned. of J. H. Fletcher, retired. place of J.B. Comiskey, resigned. Fred W. Lange, Sargeant, Minn. Office be­ Pearl K. Gibbs, West Wareham, Mass., in Elmer E. Lehman, Stockbridge, Mich., in came Presidential July 1, 1948. place of E. F. Peck, retired. place of S. E. Pinckney, transferred. Myron G. Sidlo, Sebeka, Minn., 1n place of Alexander B. Chase, West Yarmouth, Mass., Edward Thompson, Sun~eld, Mich., in place W.R. Kleven, deceased. in place of L. L. Lewis, retired. of A. M. Stinchcomb, resigned. Gene A. Landwehr, Sedan, Minn. Office Helen D. Rogers, White Horse Beach. Mass. Schuyler D. Wade, Swartz Creek, Mich., in became Presidential July 1, 1948. Office became Presidential July l, 1948. place of A. M. Lewis, resigned. Ernest 0. Ellingson, Spring Grove, Minn., Sherwood E. Shaver, Troy, Mich., 1n place MICHIGAN in place of A. R. Krogh, removed. of J. S. Davis, resigned. Cecelia W. Hoagland, Tofte, Minn. Office Grace V. Hamilton, Alger, Mich. Office Robert S. Mason, Waldron, Mich., in place became Presidential July 1, 1948. became Presidential July 1, 1946. of M. E. Wilson, resigned. Floyd J. Lepper, Verndale, Minn., 1n place F. Willard Kime, Bangor, Mich., in place J.C. Hummel, Webberville, Mich., in place of Nora Donovan, resigned. of M. A. Bradford, retired. of F. R. White, transferred. Kenneth Y. Koetke, Walters, Minn., 1n place Lucille Ledger, Belding, Mich., in place of Robert J. Trierweiler, Westphalia, Mich., in of 0. H. Koetke, retired. L. E. Ledger, deceased. place of A. L. Martin, retired. Raymond F. Michalski, Biteley, Mich., in Andrew J. Johnson, Wolf Lake, Minn. Of­ Donald Basford, White Cloud, Mich., in fice became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of C. F. Greenlease, retired. place of J. F. Lyons, removed. Wayne B. Cassada, Breedsville, Mich., in Orley R. Frank, White Pigeon, Mich., in MISSOURI place of H. H. Sibole, retired. place of W. H. Stickel, resigned. Richard J. Burger, Billings, Mo., in place Edwin T. Stone, Burr Oak, Mich., in place Frances Sikorski, Whittaker, Mich. Office of A. L. Dreier, transferred. of T. R. Bradford, retired. became Presidential July l, 1948. Winifred M. Hunter, Bowling Green, Mo., James W. Quinn, Caseville, Mich., in place Norma E. Sifton, WoOdland, Mich., in place in place of C. 0. Pool, removed. of Sadie Curran, retired. , of L. G. C. Finefrock, resigned. Robley H. Hogue, Sr., Bragg City, Mo., in Louis B. Schimmel, Center Line, Mich., in MINNESOTA place of R. H. Hogue, Jr., transferred. place of Edward Kott, transferred. Roy Junior Haley, Browning, Mo., in place Howard E. C. Rogers, Charlotte, Mich., in Leo c. Roerig, Adrian, Minn., in place of of J. D. Burwell, deceased. · place of Samuel Robinson, deceased. T. J. Murphy, deceased. Louis A. Jones, Cabool, Mo., in place of Howard K. Snook, Colon, Mich., in place of Marshall E. Gibson, Beav"er Creek, Minn., 0. D. Kirkman, removed. S. R. Wattles, transferred. · in place of H. M. Eleeson, resigned. Harry M. Groves, Cameron, Mo., in place of Orville Fader, Jr., Columbiaville, Mich., in William G. Swanson, Benson, Minn., in C. M. Murray, deceased. place of G. T. Deline, retired. place of J.C. McGowan, resigned. Edward C. Allen, Conception Junction, Mo., Eseler J. Hanna, Custer, Mich., in place of Melvin J. Peterson, Big Falls, Minn., 1n in place. of O. R. Proctor, resigned. place of A. R. Dickson, resigned. S. G. Howard, retired. William M. Riley, Corder, Mo., in place of George M. Jacoby, Deford, Mich., in place Alton L. Nelson, Chokio, Minn., in place of B. L. See, resigned. · of C. I. ~wis, retired. Mae Kirwin, retired. George W. Keller, Jr., Climax, Minn., in Andrew L. Schatz, Ellisville, Mo". Office be.. George A. Stahl, Dowagiac, Mich., in place came Presidential July 1, 1948. of J. K. Torrey, resigned. place of E. K. Bakke, resigned. Ottis 0. Gardner, Edwardsburg, Mich., in Beatrice V. Martinson, Conger, Minn. Of­ Daphne D. Howerton, Elmer, Mo., in place place of C. G. Smith, resigned. fice became Presidential July 1, 1948. of W. D. Dale, deceased. Signe F. Kangas, Ewen, Mich., in place of Lyle A. Mattke, Danube, Minn., in place of Max L. Newkirk, Everton, Mo., in place of J. A. Campbell, resigned. P. E. Kopacek, deceased. L. A. Newkirk, deceased. Effa L. Knepp, Fairview, Mich., in place of Fred E. Colberg, Dassel, Minn., in place of Jesse V. Moore, Forsyth, Mo., in place of R.H. Kolb, deceased. D. E. Murphy, retired. Marietta Boswell, deceased. Mary M. Hunter, Gagetown, Mich., in place Charles F. Lacroix, Deer River, Minn., in Walter R. Cumings, Ora.pt City, Mo., 1n of T. C. Hunter, resigned. place of H. J. Peck, retired. place of R. R. I{ier, removed. Laura A. Wauchek, Gobles, Mich., in place­ Arnold F. Bolluyt, Edgerton, Minn., in place Vivian R. Thornhill, Gray Summit, Mo. of E. S. Treend, resigned. of H. T. Cate, transferred. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Jacob Louwenaar, Grandville, Mich., in Ward A. Olson, Fosston, Minn., 1n place of Robert G. Simpson, Herculaneum, Mo., in place of P. J. Debri, removed. M. S. Hillestad, resigned. place of.G. S. Manning, resigned. 0. William Tornquist, Harbert, Mich. Office Paul P. Wade, Frazee, Minn., in place of Wilma Mae ,Posson, Ionia, Mo. Office be­ became Presidential July 1, 1948. J. J. Daly, retired. came Presidential July 1, 1946. Winifred M. Fanning, Harrison, Mich., 1n Harland E. .Estensen, Hancock, Minn., 1n Cynthia M. Scheperle, Lohman, Mo. Office place of C. C. Brown, resigned. place of L. C. Blackmun, deceased. became Presidential July 1, 1948. ' Walter K. Peters, Houghton Lake, Mich., Kenneth R. Busch, Hardwick, Minn. Of­ Neal R. Dawson, Maysville, Mo., in place of in place of N. B. Mcintosh, retired. fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. J. Y. Glasscock, resigned. Gerald T. Hughes, Howell, Mich., in place James H. Rustad, Hendrum, Minn., in place Roy Southern, Newburg, Mo., in place of of L. E. Fay, transferred. of E. A. Marsden, retired. W. E. Duncan, retired. Alfred H. Thompson, Hubbard Lake, Mich. Paul J. Kochaver, Hibbi:l.g, Minn., in place Goldie D. Pence, Osceola, Mo., in place of Office became Presidential July l, 1948. of M. T. Haley, deceased. E. H. Bond, transferred. John R. Magney, Ionia, Mich., in place of Frank J. Klabechek, Iron, Minn., in place Robert M. Kirkpatrick, Prairie Home, Mo., A. A. Baxter, resigned. of Emanuel Moline, retired. in place of F. L. Schilb, retired. Duane M. Gray, Lake Odessa, Mich., 1n Dwight M. Curo, Jenkins, Minn., 1n place Harold W. Harter, Purdy, Mo., in place of place of L. T. Gilson, resigned. of D. E. Abbott, resigned. W. I. McDougall, transferred. 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5247 Nelson J. Holt, Reeds Spring, Mo., ln place Amanda H. Banning, Union, Nebr., 1n place Raymond D. Caufield, Hudson Heights, N. of V. H. Gracey, deceased. of D. W. Karnopp, resigned. J., in place of F. G. Leiser, removed. Edgar E. McMullin, Rivermlnes, Mo., 1n Paul Richard Geiger, Utica, Nebr., 1n place Anthony c. Collura, Jamesburg, N. J., 1n place of M. E. B. Black, retired. of Clyd Calder, transferred. place of Joseph Corse, resigned. Stuart G. Greene, Sparta,· Mo., in place of Edwin B. Gustafson, Wakefield, Nebr., 1n John Frank Bird, Kenvil, N. J., 1n place of G. H. Rozell, transferred. place of Eric Fredrickson, deceased. J. V. Lynch, deceased. Joe M. Bilbrey, Summersville, Mo., in place Muriel L. Holley, Waverly, Nebr., 1n place Evelyn J. McGann, Laurelton, N. J. Oftl.ce of E. T. Craig, transferred. of M. M. Holley, deceased. made Presidential July 1, 1948. MONTANA Martin Gerard Kennedy, Locust, N. J. Of· NEVADA fl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1948. Grace V. Fenlon, Belfry, Mont., 1n place of Vera L. Wood, Crystal Bay, Nev. Oftlce Clarence Frone, Long Valley, N. J., in place 0. L. Henry, retired. became Presidential July 1, 1946. of J. D. Bunn, deceased. Mildred H. Johnson, Fairview, Mont., in Deloris A. Graham, Davis Dam, Nev. Office Walter F. Janusz, Manville, N. J., in place place of w. L. Thompson, transferred. became Presidential July 1 1947. of P. J. Whelan, retired. Robert J. Culbertson, Fort Benton, Mont., Darrell G. Hooper, Ely, Nev., in place of Owen Vincent McNany, Maplewood, N. J. 1n place of A. P. Bartley, resigned. D. S. Shaver, resigned. Office established November 1, 1947. Bernard G. Clemo, Geraldine, Mont., 1n Sue Smith, Fernley, Nev., in place of A. B. Roland P. Buccialia, Marlton, N. J., in place place of W. c. Maccallum, resigned. Jackson, resigned. of E. J. Wagner, resigned. James J. Grogan, Grassrange, Mont., 1n Dixie G. Bonham, Lovelock, Nev., 1n place Charles J. Hasemann, Matawan, N. J., in place of 0. M. Griffith, resigned. of A. L. Gottschalk, resigned. Myrtle M. Barta, Lavina, Mont. Oftlce be­ place of R. C. Devlin, resigned. Elizabeth M. Pruitt, Montello, Nev., in John William Comiskey, Menlo Park, N. J, came Presidential July 1, 1948. place of J. E. Whipple, resigned. Clarence D. Tichenor, Opheim, Mont., 1n Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. Katie Reilly, Sparks, Nev., in place of G. E. Lillian F. Slover, Morganville, N. J. Of­ place of Ben Wholf, deceased. Huyck, resigned. Jennie E. Oliver, Park City, Mont., in place fice became Presidential July 1, 1948. Edward R. Slavin, Tonopah, Nev., 1n place Marie A. Rossiter, National Park, N. J., 1n of G. H. Fry, retired. of R. H. Burdick, retired. Rollin N. Baggenstoss, Power, Mont., 1n place of R. T. Lentz, retired. Altha R. Augustus, Tungsten, Nev., in place Owen F. Moore, New. Egypt, N. J., in place place of Keith Hane, resigned. of W. D. Daoust, resigned. Mildred B. Ramsbacher, Richland, Mont. of L. F. Nash, deceased. James w. Kinney, Winnemucca, Nev., in Anna Parcell, North Branch, N. J. Oftlce Office became Presidential July l, 1948. place of H. E. Haviland, resigned. Bertha M. Sullivan, Seeley Lake, Mont. became Presidential July l, 1948. Gloria B. Wylie, Zephyr Cove, Nev., in place Rhoda B. Downam, Ocean View, N. J. Of· Office became Presidential July l, 1948. of c. F. Wylie, resigned. Howard F. Lemm, Twin Bridges, Mont., in fice became Presidential July l, 1948. place of L. D. Knight, retired. . NEW HAMPSHIRE Thomas F. Hardiman, Oxford, N. J., in place James H. Lindsay, Warmsprings, Mont., in William L. Wright, Bretton Woods, N. H., 1n of J. J. Odsted, deceased. place of E. E. Dickerson, resigned. place of J.P. Wright, deceased. Benjamin L. Card, Peapack, N. J., in place Orris M. Anderson, Westby, Mont., in place Mertie L. McAllister, Center Barnstead, of R. F. Ballentine, resigned. of T. F. Holst, resigned. N. H. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. Vincent J. McCall, Ramsey, N. J., in place Mary F. DeBree, Willow Creek, Mont., 1n Roger P. Clark, Francestown, N. H., in place of L. P. Eichorn, deceased. place of A. K. Bradbury, deceased. of C. F. Clark, deceased. Paul F. Shedoff, Salem, N. J., in place of Minnie E. Jacobson, Wolf Creek, Mont. Russell A. Rolston, Greenland, N. H., in J. S. Sickler. Incumbent's commission ex­ Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of Irving Rolston, retired. pired June 15, 194'1. · Charles L. Skinner, Schooleys Mountain, NEBRASKA Dennis Paul St. Germain, Hooksett, N. H., in place of Georgia DuDevoir, deceased. N. J. Oftl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1948.· Alvin L. Daily, Anselmo, Nebr., in place of Harold Wilson, Sussex, N. J., in place of P. F. Leonard, deceased. Roger Louis Boucher, Hudson, N. H., 1n place of P.A. Richard, transferred. Lebbeus Potter, retired. Paul c. Geis, Beaver Crossing, Nebr., in Samuel B. Pierce, Toms River, N. J., 1n place of L. G. Gake, resigned. Frank C. Blanchard, Mont Vernon, N. H. Office became Presidential July l, 1948. place of C. F. Elwell, removed. Jesse U. Malick, Bloomington, Nebr. Of­ Jule A. Douglass, Union, N. J., in place of fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. Oliver E. Andrews, New Boston, N. H., in place of B. H. Dodge, retired. I. D. Harris, deceased. Dale w. Jones, Byron, Nebr., in place of Pearl 0. Bonnell, Waretown, N. J. Oftl.ce O. E. Swartz, transferred. Marion J. Atwood, Pelham, N. H., 1n place of H. H. Atwood, retired. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Donald c. McGill, Center, Nebr., in place of Maynard C. Rosenfeld, Woodbine, N. J., in J. F. McGill, retired. NEW JERSEY place of C. K. Spindel, resigned. Donald B. Douglas, Clarks, Nebr., in place Theodore S. Cawley, Asbury, N. J .. in place Mary A. Kiely, West Norwood, N. J., in place of G. L. Jordan, resigned. of H. M. Riddle, Jr., resigned. of M. F. Kiely, deceased. Gustav D. Maline, Cozad, Nebr., in place Herbert W. Posten, Atlantic Highlands, NEW YORK of H. G. Andersen, transferred. N. J., in place of J. R. Snedeker, resigned. Mary M. Mutchie, Eddyville, Nebr., in place Margaret E. Erny, Beach Haven Terrace, Nellie C. Van Orden, Acra, N. Y., in place of L. R . Conroy, transferred. N. J. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. of Marian Chadderdon, retired. Edward D. Booth, Ericson, Nebr., in place Victoria E. Wise, Blackwood Terrace, N. J., Glenn O. Robinson, Adams, N. Y., in place of E. M. Zuhlke, resigned. 1n place of Frances McLaughlin, resigned. of J. W. Cain, retired. Arthur R. Montgomery, Eustis, Nebr., 1n William M. Ritchie, Jr., Boonton, N. J., in William T. Burnash, Adams Center, N. Y., place of J. 'M. Timmons, transferred. place of J. P. Carey, retired. 1n place of Harry Averill, retired. Frank M. Leibee, Exeter, Nebr., in place of Martin Luther Dunn, Bordentown, N. J., Charles M. Soplop, Allegany, N. Y ., in place Frank Ainsworth, deceased. 1n place of J. D. Magee, deceased. of J. T. Norton, retired. Angus K. Halcomb, Filley, Nebr. Oftl.ce be­ Elmer S. Kletzing, Jr., Bridgeport, N. J., 1n Antoinette Rieger, Amawalk, N. Y. Office came Presidential July 1, 1948. place of A. C. Goff, retired. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Edna M. Suing, Fordyce, Nebr. Oftlce be· Frank A. Caracciolo, Cliffwood, N. J., in Joseph V. Mahony, Baldwin, N. Y., in place came Presidential July l, 1948. place of T. H. Ryan, Jr., deceased. of E. T. Morrissey, resigned. Fred H. Walters, Gering, Nebr.,!µ place of Barbara A. Grosskreuz, Crosswicks, N. J., Vincent R. Callahan, Batavla,..N. Y., in place R. E. Sheffer, deceased. in ·place of G. V. Willards, resigned. of L. J. Burns, retired. Anna Hansen, Goehner, Nebr. Oftlce be· Verna B. Brader, Delaware, N. J. Office Guy s. Castr1lli, Bath, N. Y., 1n place of come Presidential July 1, 1948. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Walter Longwell, resigned. Kenneth C. Pedersen, Hardy, Nebr., in place Helen Steele Price, Eatontbwn, N. J., 1n . Edna M. Davis, Bernards Bay, N. Y. OHi.co of G. B. M.cDowell, resigned. place of F. B. Price, resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Carl Kruse, Hildreth, Nebr., in place of Grace K. Harrison, Edgewater Park, N. J .• :i'.fartin H. Crippen, Bible School Park, N. C. E. Lantz, resigned. tn place of F. N. Watson, retired. Y., in place of J. R. Clements, deceased. Carroll C. Colbert, Imperial, Nebr., in place Mi:try L. Callaghan, Essex Falls, N. J., in Thomas W. Ryan, Binghamton, N. Y., in of C. L. Bonner, removed. place of Elizabeth MacBrair, retired. place of C. W. Craig, retired. Rex E. Scott, McCook, Nebr., 1n place of Roderick A. MacKenzie, Jr., Flanders, N. J .. Margaret A. Fox, Bridgeport, N. Y. Oftlce R. B. Somerville, transferred. tn place of H. H. King, transferred. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Donald E. Wilsey, Milford, Nebr., 1n place Marie Saulter, Flatbrookville, N. J. Oftlce John E. Bell, Bullville, N. Y. Office became of Herman Stahly, resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Presidential July 1, 1948. Margaret L. Brendel, Murray, Nebr., in place Lillian M. Mcintyre, Gibbsboro, N. J., in John F. Pappas, Buskirk, N. Y., in place of of C. D. Spangler, resigned. place of E. M. Mcintyre, deceased. C. E. Moston, resigned. Lawrence O. Wohleb, Naponee, Nebr., in John Calvin Semler, Haddonfield, N. j,, in Lloyd P. Jones, Chenango Forks, N. Y., in place of M. R. Hale, resigned. place of B. S. Irving, deceased. place of H. N. Prentice, retired. Eileen V. Anderson, Newport, Nebr., in Marion C. Murphy, Hamilton Square, N. J .. Helen Bennett, Chichester, N. Y. Oftlce be­ place of H. G. Butler, transferred. tn place of L.A. Cubberley, resigned. came Presidential July 1, 1948. Vernon J. Christ, Plymouth, Nebr. ·Office Barbara Wissing, Haworth, N. J., in place John M. Bowman, Clinton Corners, N. Y., became Presidential July 1, 1943. of M.A. Mahony, resigned. in place of O . . D. Robinson, resigned. XCV--331 5248 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 28 Elizabeth A. Otto, Cornwall Landing, N. Y. Gladys L. Crausway, Niverville, N. Y. Algie H. Simpkins, Hazelton, N. Dak., 1n Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of L. M. Rott, transferred. Arthur L. Rennie, Cornwallville, N. Y. Of­ Dominic W. Zappia, Norfolk, N. Y., 1n place Jennie C. Brown, Heaton, N. Dak., 1n place fice became Presidential July 1, 1947. of J. S. VanKennen, deceased. of J. R. Brown, deceased. Leo c. Woodward, De Kalb Junction, N. Y., Dennis F. Pollutro, North Collins, N. Y., in Agnes Dettmann, Judson, N. Dak. Office 1n place of G. F. Green, deceased. place of J. V. Collard, resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1948. William Joseph Duvelow, Deansboro, N. Y., Melinda Germeroth, North Greece, N. Y. Richard S. Rhoades, Killdeer, N. Dak., 1n 1n place of N. R. McNamara, resigned. Oftl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of Fred Hollingsworth, resigned. Raymond L. Liddington, Dryden, N. Y., in Marian S. Welsh, North Salem, N. Y., 1n Donald J. Baggenstoss, Lansford, N. Dak., place of V. C. Moore, deceased. place of E. P. Hoyt, resigned. in place of L. L. Davis, retired. Laurence S. Strayline, Dundee, N. Y., 1n Elizabeth Bennett, Oliverea, N. Y. Office Grace M. Dahlin, Max, N. Dak., in place of place of L. M. Sullivan, resigned. became Presidential July l, 1948. D. B. Whiting, transferred. Daniel P. Scannell, Dunkirk, N. Y., in place Mary R. D. Clark, Oswegatchie, N. Y., 1n Fred W. Gebhardt, Merricourt, N. Dak. of W. L. Koch, resigned. place of M. M. Humble, resigned. Oftl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1£48. Seth E. Morgan, Earlville, N. Y., in place o! Lynn R. Wagner, Panama, N. Y., in place of Eleanor M. Robbins, Milton, N. Dak., in C. I. Burch, deceased. / C. J. Culver, resigned. . place of W. G. McBride, retired. Henri F. Cormier, East Norwich, N. Y., in Joseph W. Harrison, Patchogue, N. Y., in Vernon C. Douville, Neche, N. Dak., in place place of P. L. Eschrich, deceased. place of E. M. Mapes, retired. of E. E. Morin, resigned. Leola M. Feldman, Eddyville, N. Y. Oftl.ce James F. Cudebec, Phelps, N. Y., in place Leonard I. Aamold, Portland, N. Dak., 1n became Presidential July 1, 1948. of J. P. Hewitt, resigned. place of J. G. Kringlie, transferred. James E. Gilleran, Ellenville, N. Y., in place Garret V. Cochrane, Jr., Putnam Valley, Howard J. Kuhn, Richardton, N. Dak., in of T. R. McDowell, resigned. N. Y. Oftl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1947. place of J. C. Pfeifer, resigned. Daniel H. Yacobucci, Elma, N. Y., in place Otto Reisig, Quaker Street, N. Y. Oftl.ce Alice G. Kelly, Rogers, N. Dak. Office be­ of E. J. Hotwes, resigned. became Presidential July 1, 1948. came Presidential July 1, 1948. ·Charles W. Morgan, Fosterdale, N. Y. Oftl.ce Roland A'Brial, R.ed Hook, N. Y., 1n place Arda J. Roy, Saint John, N. Dak., in place became Presidential July 1, 1948. of A. P. Saulpaugh, transferred. of J. E. DeMers, resigned. Frank E. Miller, Friendship, N. Y., in place Washington Irving Goldrich, Richfield Clarence R. Schultz, Tappen, N. Dak., in of J. V. Kelly, removed. Springs, N. Y., in place of H. M. Curtis, re­ place of G. J. Schultz, resigned. Earl T. Martin, Gabriels, N. Y., in place of tired. Ethel J. G. Griftl.n, Tower City, N. Dak., in M. V. Desmond, resigned. Pearl L. Rice, Rock Hill, N. Y. Oftl.ce be­ place of G. C. Wheeler, retired. Salvator M. Dahlia, Garrison, N. Y., in place came Presidential July 1, 1948. Donald L. Scott, Underwood, N. Dak., 1n of A. H. Walsh, resigned. Florence H. Stape, Rushville, N. Y., in place place of C. W. Gannon, resigned. Lyman R. Wood, Gorham, N. Y., in place of Fred Schweickhard, retired. Arnold M. Hanson, Walcott, N. Dak., 1n of Margaret Carroll, resigned. William E. Roder, Salt Point, N. Y., in place place of A. W. Hendrickson, transferred. Mason H. Hollenbeck, Greene, N. Y., in of Charles De Lavergne, retired. Melvin C. Rude, Watford City, N. Dak., ln place of W. B. Jaynes, resigned. John T. Bryant, Sr., Saratoga Springs, N. Y., place of Mae Scollard, resigned. Edwin A. Spencer, Hannacroix, N. Y. Of­ in place of J. M. Corey, retired. Clara M. Rossing, Werner, N. Dak., in place fice became Presidential July 1, 1948. Charles E. Griftl.n, Shandaken, N. Y. Oftl.ce of H. W. Miller, deceased. Charlotte R. Sisson, Holcomb, N. Y., ir. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Josephine M. Ganon, Wyndmere, ·N. Dak., place of H. C. O'Neill, transferred. Harry E. Coogan, Sheridan, N. Y. Oftl.ce in place of Bernhard Ottis, retired. became Presidential July 1, 1948. Walter E. Pinski, Holland, N. Y., in place OHIO of J. E. Savage, retired. Mary R. Bellport, Shoreham, N. Y. Office Thomas P. Burns, Homer, N. Y., in place of became Presidential July 1, 1945. Darrell L. West, Albany, Ohio, in pl~ce of H. M. Stanley, resigned. K. C. Newton, resigned. Herman T. A. Kruse, Shushan, N. Y., in Wallace H. Sykes, Hubbardsville, N. Y. place of Albert Prindle, resigned. Lydia M. Crawford, Arcadia, Ohio, in place Oftl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1948. Leslie Van Aller, Sloansville, N. Y., 1n place of C. W. Blake, retired. Fred Churchill, Hughsonville, N. Y. Office of B. K. Best, resigned. Wiley K. Connor, Belle Center, Ohio, in became Presidential July 1, 1948. Roland C. McLaren, South Cairo, N. Y., place of W. P. Ziegler, transferred. Harriet E. Space, Huguenot, N. Y. Oftl.ce Office became Presidential, July 1, 1948. Kathryn W. Moore, Bellefontaine, Ohio, 1n became Presidential July 1, 1948. Elizabeth L. Schaupp, Spring Glen, N. Y., place of R. H. Kerns, resigned. Agnes M. Barbuscia, Island Park, N. Y., in place of E. A. Smith, deceased. Lee A. Andrews, Birmingham, Ohio. Office 1n place of T. V. O'Connell, retired. David M. Loeb, Thompsonville, N. Y. Oftl.ce became presidential July 1, 1948. Vincent F. Briggs, Jordanville, N. Y. Office became Presidential, July l, 1948. Elmer C. Marburger, Bolivar, Ohio, ln place became Presidential July 1, 1948. Lula M. Oliver, Treadwell, N. Y. Office be­ of M. M. Helwick, resigned. . Francis P. Russell, Keene, N. Y., in place of came Presidential July 1, 1948 . Jerald J. Leiber, Brookville, Ohio, in place M. A. Russell, resigned. · Gail G. McLymond, Union Hill, N. Y. Office of J. L. Keener, resigned. Noel E. Harding, Lodi, N. Y., 1n place of became Presidential July 1, 1948. Helen M. Murphy, Centerville, Ohio, in G. B. Nivison, removed. Loretta H. Grover, Varysburg, N. Y. Office place of M. E. Puterbaugh, resigned. Walter James Finnegan, Madrid, N. Y., 1n became Presidential July 1, 1948. Alta C. Singer, Jr., Chesapeake, Ohio, 1n place of H. F. McCall, retired. William A. Day, VeFtal, N. Y., in place of place of Clarence Hicks, deceased. James J. Maines, Malden-on-Hudson, N. Y. Walter Rossen, removed. Charles H. Steinhauser, Clarksburg, Ohio, Oftl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1948. Thelma H. McNamara, Waterville, N. Y., in 1n place of· E. D. Morris, resigned. Velma G. Banner, Maryland, N. Y. Office place of G. F. McNamara, deceased. Helen Milner, Clarksvme, Ohio, in place became Presidential July 1, 1948. Oscar L. Schlenker, West Camp, N. Y. o! S. G. Cleaver, removed. Kenneth E. Hardenburg, Mayville, N. Y., Oftl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1948. Howard H. Kirkendall, Continental, Ohio, 1n place of M. S. Smith, deceased. Margaret Ely, West Henrietta, N. Y. Oftl.ce 1n place of L. E. Treece, transferred. Ruth C. Tuttle, McConnellsville, N. Y., 1n became Presidential July 1, 1948. Clinton R. Schafer, Darrowville, Ohio. place of G. L. Harden, resigned. Edward N. Ksionzyk, Windsor, N. Y., in Oftl.ce became presidential July 1, 1948. Wilson Sherman, McDonough, N. Y ., in place of M. M. Freeman, resigned. · Francis Wayne Roof, Dellroy, Ohio, in place place of L. D. Tucker, deceased. John L. Lusardi, Woodbury, N. Y., in place of Alverda Wells, resigned. David M. Welch, Mechanicville, N. Y., 1n of B. M. Velsor, removed. Andrew T. Kalis, Fairpoint, Ohio, in place place of E. M. Hickey, deceased. NORTH DAKOTA of E. B. Morgan, deceased. Matthew A. Jannelli, Milton, N. Y., 1n Ronald L. Hanson, Ambrose, N. Dak., in Evelyn R. Brunson, Grand River, Ohio, tn place of M. F. Conroy, deceased. place of 0. I. Oleson, resigned. place of w. E. Curren, resigned. William Murtagh, Mongaup Valley, N. Y. Kenneth M. Narum, Amidon, N. Dak., in John 0. Jackson, Harrison, Ohio, in place Oftl.ce became Presidential July 1, 1948. place of B. E. Knudson, resigned. o! V. J. J. Meade, deceased. Benjamin S. Ketcham, Mountainville, N. Y. Arthur J. Irwin, Big Bend, N. Dak. Office Ernest P. Wise, Jefferson, Ohio, in place of Office became Presidential July 1, 1948. became Presidential July 1, 1948. John Jones, deceased. Roland H. Tonnesen, Mount Marion, N. Y., Esther F. Klokonos, Butte, N. Dak., in place John s. Southard, Linworth, Ohio. Oftl.ce 1n place of A. M. Bevier, resigned. of W111iam Stewart, retired. became presidential July 1, 1948. Lorin M. Albrecht, Mount Upton, N. Y., in Jerome G. Martin, Enderlin, N. Dak., 1n Curtis L. Ford, Mansfield, Ohio, in place of place of C. B. Isbell, retired. place of Elizabeth Moriarty, resigned. Frank Cave, resigned. Joseph P. Hetzler, Mount Vision, N. Y., in Peter J. Karp, Epping, N. Dak., 1n place of James M. Cligrow, Mechanicsburg, Ohio, place of M. B. Engelmann, resigned. E. S. Karp, deceased. in place of H.F. Mohr, transferred. Lyle A. Simser, Natural Bridge, N. Y., 1n Otto Boll1nger, Forbes, N. Dak., in place of Harry E. Dickerson, Milan, Ohio, 1n place place of M. M. Rice, deceased. A. B. Waddell, resigned. of J.P. Lavey, resigned. Edward 0. Badge,_ Nelsonvme, N. Y., 1n Herbert Herman, Gackle, N. Dak., 1n place James E. Brake, Milford Center, Ohio, in place of Osborn Mekeel, retired. of N. T. Connery, resigned. place of R. M. Connolly, transferred. Ida Mae H. DeGouff, Newton Falls, N, Y., in Ernest E. Parrow, Havana., N. Dak., in place Robert A. Mitchell, New Madison, Ohio, in place of W. D. Cheney, deceased. of F. W. PowP.n. deceased. place of S. F. Kimmel, resigned. 1949 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5249 Helen M. Rodocker, Mount Eaton, Ohio. Robert N. Lankard, Alexandria, Pa., in Harry S. Welsh, Murrysville, Pa., in place Office became Pre... idential July 1, 1948. place of Frank K. Myers, decea.sed. of William McWilliams, retired. John H. McCarthy, North Lawrence, Ohio, Franklin G. Spohn, Breinigsville, Pa., in Irene B. Rubis, Muse, Pa. Office became in r. lace of A. W. Dawson, resigned. place of W. D. Butz, deceased. Presidential July 1, 1945. Donald w. Wilson, Ostrander, Ohio, in place ·. Walter w. Petrick, Bridgeville, Pa., in place Michael A. Rechichar, Nemacolin, Pa., in of E. B. Euverard, resigned. of F. X. Harmuth, deceased. place of I. D. Atcheson, resigned. Helen M. Riley, Payne, Ohio, in place of Harland H. Hardesty, Bruceton, Pa. Ofiice Robert S. Burns, Newtown, Pa.. in place of P.A. Elick, removed. became Presidential July 1, 1948. H. H. Cornell, resigned. Robert A. Clark, P:O