Efficacy and Safety of Metronomic Chemotherapy Versus Palliative Hydroxyurea in Unfit Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: a Multicenter, Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial
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DOI:10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.1.147 Efficacy of Metronomic Chemotherapy in Unfit AML RESEARCH ARTICLE Editorial Process: Submission:09/03/2019 Acceptance:12/20/2019 Efficacy and Safety of Metronomic Chemotherapy Versus Palliative Hydroxyurea in Unfit Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients: A Multicenter, Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial Saranya Pongudom1*, Phichayut Phinyo2, Yingyong Chinthammitr3, Kanyaporn Charoenprasert4, Harutaya Kasyanan5, Klaijith Wongyai6, Jittiporn Purattanamal7, Naiyana Panoi8, Anoree Surawong9 Abstract Background: Management of unfit AML patients is a therapeutic challenge. Most hematologists tend to avoid aggressive treatment leaving patients with a choice of best supportive care. We hypothesized that metronomic chemotherapy could be an alternative treatment for unfit AML patients.Methods: A multi-center randomized controlled trial was conducted in seven university-affiliated hospitals in Thailand. Unfit AML patients were recruited and followed up from December 2014 to December 2017. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either metronomic chemotherapy or palliative hydroxyurea. Overall survival rates were compared using Cox’s proportional hazard survival analysis. Results: A total of 81 eligible patients were randomly allocated and included for ITT analysis. The OS rate was higher in group receiving metronomic chemotherapy than in group receiving palliative treatment at 6 and 12 months with borderline significance (6 months HR 0.60; 95%CI 0.36, 1.02; p-value 0.060; 12 months: HR 0.66; 95%CI 0.41, 1.08; p-value 0.097). Conclusion: Metronomic chemotherapy could prolong survival time of unfit AML patients, especially in the first 12 months after diagnosis without increasing treatment-associated adverse events. Keywords: Acute myeloid leukemia- elderly- metronomic chemotherapy- hydroxyurea Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 21, 147-155 Introduction receiving intensive treatment was only 7-12 months and 2-year overall survival rate was 10-27% (Kantarjian et Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous al., 2006; Gardin et al., 2007). Previous study reported and fatal neoplastic disease which primarily affects more that a quarter of elderly AML patients who received adults than children. The initial mainstay of therapy for standard chemotherapy experienced early death from younger patients is induction chemotherapy (Peyrade et chemotherapy-related toxicity (Kantarjian et al., 2006). al., 2012). For almost 50 years, the treatment outcome of Currently, there is no standard recommended treatment unfit AML patients had only been slightly improved due to for unfit AML patients. The standard of care typically commonly known therapeutic challenges for this specific offered to unfit patients includes best supportive care, group of patients, treatment-resistance or intolerance and intensive chemotherapy and low-dose ara-C (Roboz, treatment-related mortality (Klepin and Balducci, 2009). 2007). Generally, only 10-30% of older or unfit AML Complete remission (CR) rates and disease-free survival patients received standard chemotherapy regimen due time tended to decrease with increasing age (Appelbaum to the aforementioned concerns. As the use of low-dose et al., 2006). Although the complete remission rate could subcutaneous ara-C was neither practical nor widely used be as high as 60%, the median overall survival for patients in Thailand, most patients were offered a choice of best 1Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Udon Thani Hospital, Udon Thani, 2Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 3Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, 4Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Si Sa Ket Hospital, Si Sa Ket, 5Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhachinaraj, Hospital, Phitsanulok, 6Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sawanpracharak Hospital, Nakhon Sawan, 7Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maharaj Nakhon Si Thammarat Hospital, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 8Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonburi Hospital, Chon Buri, 9Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sanprasithiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. *For Correspondence: [email protected] Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 21 147 Saranya Pongudom et al supportive care or palliative treatment which showed excluded. All included patients were newly diagnosed a median survival time of only 2-3 months in other and had never received any chemotherapy treatment studies (Menzin et al., 2002; Oran and Weisdorf, 2012). prior to study enrollment. Any patients with emergency Although several novel agents are being investigated such conditions requiring immediate resuscitation such as as Decitabine, Clofarabine, Gemtuzumab ozogamycin hyperleukocytosis, metabolic derangement, or systemic (GO), Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors (FTIs) and FLT3 infection would be stabilized prior to randomization. inhibitors, it has still not been endorsed for general use and cost-effective evaluation is warranted prior to becoming Randomization and allocation of treatment standard use in developing countries (Erba, 2007; Fenaux The recruited patients were randomly assigned into one et al., 2009; Burnett, 2012). of two treatment groups (metronomic chemotherapy group In the past decades, several clinical trials had established vs. palliative group) in one-to-one allocation ratio based on the potential efficacy of metronomic chemotherapy (MCT) computer-generated random sequence with varying block in cancer patients. It consists of chronic administration of size of 2, 4 and 6. Treatment allocations were issued by relatively low dose chemotherapeutic agents, preferably a central research assistant who was independent of the oral route, with least interruption or drug-free period recruitment process via telephone calls. After treatment (Pasquier et al., 2010). As metronomic chemotherapy assignment, patients and attending hematologists were had been shown to be potentially effective in both aware of the treatment assigned to the patient. solid and hematologic malignancies including AML Patients in metronomic chemotherapy group received with significantly less toxicity compared to standard a 50 mg per m2 of Etoposide for 5 days plus 60 mg per m2 regimen (Kerbel and Kamen, 2004; Burnett et al., 2007; of 6-Mercaptopurine (6MP) for 2 weeks and 40 mg per Kapoor et al., 2016).We hypothesized that metronomic m2 of prednisolone for 2 weeks. The regimen was orally chemotherapy would be superior to palliative care in administered every 21 days for 4 cycles. The patients improving overall survival of the patients without risking were followed up for evaluation of response at 2nd and patients on more treatment-associated adverse events and 4th cycle. complications. Patients assigned to palliative hydroxyurea group This multicenter, open-label, parallel-group, were given an appropriate dosage of oral hydroxyurea to randomized controlled trial aimed to compare therapeutic maintain number of white blood cell counts to less than efficacy and safety outcomes of metronomic chemotherapy 10,000 cell/mm3. The patients were scheduled for follow- compared to palliative treatment (using hydroxyurea) in up visit every 1 to 2 weeks. The treatment response was nd unfit AML patients. evaluated at 2 and 4th months after initiation of treatment. Routine blood samples were collected at each Materials and Methods scheduled visit for complete blood count and blood chemistries (liver function test and renal function test). A multi-center, multi-regional, open-label, randomized All patients were closely monitored for adverse events controlled trial was conducted at 7 provincial tertiary care during the study period. Patients who survived after the hospitals in Thailand (Udon Thani, Si Sa Ket, Phitsanulok, first course of treatment would be repeated with the same Nakhon Sawan, Chon Buri, Nakhon Si Thammarat and protocols until primary endpoint occurred. Routine follow- Ubon Ratchathani provincial hospitals) from December up was appointed for all patients every three weeks to 2014 to December 2017. This study was financially assess for the need of blood transfusion. supported by the Thai society of Hematology (TSH). The study protocol was approved by institutional review boards Outcomes measure in each participating center. This trial was registered on The primary efficacy outcome was overall survival Thai Clinical Trial Registry (TCTR 20150918001). Patient (OS), defined as the time from treatment assignment until enrollment was done independently by the investigator death from any cause. As unfit AML patients in Thailand in each site. Prior to trial participation, written informed had a short life span, the author planned to examine the consent was obtained from all eligible patients. overall survival between both groups at 6 and 12 months after patient randomization, respectively. All patients were Patients followed until death or study closure. In-hospital deaths Eligible patients with histologically-confirmed were retrieved from medical records, others would be diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), according obtained from national death registry. Patients who were to WHO criterion, aged at least 55 years or older at time alive at the end of the study period were considered as of diagnosis with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group censors.