Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19246-0 — the Cambridge World History Part 2: Patterns of Change Index More Information

Home , Liu Zhi (scholar)

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19246-0 — The Cambridge World History Part 2: Patterns of Change Index More Information

Index

Abbas i, Shah of Persia 41, 203, 255, 258 Agobardus, Bishop of Lyons 90 Abdul Hamid ii, Sultan 63 agriculture ‘Abdus Sattar, Maulana, historiographer 440 capitalist 269 Abu Dunana, Hamad 367 enclosures in Britain 303 Abu’l Fazl, Shaikh, Akbar Nama 428 European mixed farming 303 Acapulco, Mexico, port of 227 Hispaniola 125 acculturation 4 labor-intensive technology 303 Islam 370, 382 as main economic activity 287 shrines and 373 perception of work 299 Aceh, sultanate of 253, 256, 377 productivity 30, 295, 304 Acosta, José de 120, 318, 326 Akbar, Mughal emperor 64, 377 Afaq Khwaja, Suﬁ 380 Alenio, Giulio, Jesuit 443 Afghanistan 30, 44, 373 Alexandria 10 Afonso i, King of Kongo 74, 139 Alexis i, Tsar 351 Africa Algiers 358 Christianity in 137, 153 Alhazen (Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn conversion to Islam 375 al-Haytham) 67 demographic impact of slave trade 145 Altan Khan 51 enslavement in warfare 142 Alvares Botelho, Nuno 257 introduction of New World crops 119, Álvares, Domingos 75 133 ambassadors, and protocol 84 Islam in 153 Amboina, island 243, 247 migrations 8–10 American War of Independence 27, 35, 149 “national” origins of slaves 150–1 Americas population depleted by slave labor 16 African slaves in 149–50, 275 sale of slaves 140 Agricultural Revolution 103 slavery within 138, 274, 375 Amerindian population 128, 130 social effects of slave trade 146, 274 Christianity in 71–3, 353 societies 136 Columbian Exchange 103–33 spirit possession 375 Iberian voyages to 3 trade routes 193 interaction with Eurasia and Africa 50 traditional religions 153 migration to 103, 126–33 warfare in 146 migrations within 14–15 see also slave trade population collapse 3, 16 African diaspora 135 religious rituals and beliefs 315, 325–7 cultural movement 135 white immigrant superiority 22 Africans as slaves 3, 16, 20, 127 see also Brazil; diseases; Mexico; North numbers 128 America; United States agents 206 Amsterdam 242 merchants and 162, 174, 199 international market 166, 168 salaried 201 stock exchange 176, 178

474

Index

Amsterdam, Bank of 177 religious rituals and beliefs 315 Anabaptists 341–2 slaves from, in Spanish America 21 anatomy, in Japan 61 state use of naval power 256 Angola 154 tea and coffee trade 183 as source of slaves 75, 140, 150, 267 trade with Europe 160–87, 283, 288 animals trading networks 251–6 American camelids 124 see also China; India; Japan; Korea; cattle 124 Philippines; Southeast Asia Columbian Exchange 124–6 astronomy horses 124 in China 56, 402 Old World 103, 124 in Ottoman Empire 67 origins 126 Atlantic Ocean pigs 124 crossing of 12 turkeys 124–5 foodstuffs for crossings 118 Antigua, slave rebellion (1736) 272 ships for 163 Antilles 107, 127 Triangular Trade 193 antiquarianism 329 Augsburg, Peace of (1555) 340, 343, 345 Antwerp, entrepôt 182 Aurangzeb, emperor 249, 258, 379 Anwar-ud-Din Khan, Arcot 426 Australia, white settlement 22 Arabs Aztec Empire 15 in Africa 9 smallpox 115 North Africa 10 Spaniards 71–2 in Southeast Asia 7 Arcot, history of 425 Babylonia, silver 213 armed migration, European 4, 16–17 Baghdad 432 armed trading 210, 242–6 Bahia 268 Armenia 11 Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de 127 Armenian Christianity 335 Baltic regions, “crusade” against old Catholic missions 356 Prussians 13 Armenian merchants of New Julfa 170–1, 174, Banda Islands 244, 260 179, 203, 255–6 Banian caste, India 207 in India 256 Bank of Amsterdam 177 regulatory regime 205 Bank of England 178 armies banks and banking 202, 206 China 34–5, 47 banker–brokers in India 251 large 33 capital markets 303 training 33 rise of 206 art, Italian and Ottoman cultural interaction see also credit markets 66, 68, 69, 71 Banten (Java) 241–2 artillery 33, 34 Barbados, plantation system 269–73 Austrian cannon 39 Barros, João de, Da Ásia 434–5 naval 43 Beijing Asia Buddhist scholars 390 American food crops in 129, 133, 229 Tibetan temples 52 changing patterns of trade with Europe Bellini, Gentile 66, 68 181–5 Ben-Israel, Menasseh 70 connections with Mediterranean 10 Bengal 241, 251 intellectual interest in Europe 440 conversion to Islam 371 legal systems 81 textiles 249–50 maritime law 90 Benin, Kingdom of 141 maritime technology 163 slaves from 150 migration and cultural exchange 6–8 Berlin, Ira 137, 272 migration to Americas 129 Bernard, Jean-François 328, 464

475

Index

Bielski, Marcin, Kronika to iesth Historya governance forms 172 swiátá 437 see also partnerships bills of exchange 176, 206 Buxtorf, Johannes 331 al-Biruni, Abu Raihan, Kitab al-Hind 432 Byrd, William ii 272 Black Death 113, 114n Byzantium 335 Bloch, Marc 446, 461 and Russia 14 Bodin, Jean 325 Boemus, Iohannes 326 Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise 160 Bohemia, Hussite Revolt 338 Calcutta 249 Bologna, Concordat of (1516) 337 Calvin, John 340 Borri, Christophoro, Jesuit scholar 68 Calvinism 340, 345 Bossuet, J. B. 449 camelids, American 124 Both, Pieter, Dutch Governor General 244 Canton (Guangzhou), trading port 168, 180 Brahe, Tycho 70 Cape of Good Hope Braudel, Fernand 104, 166, 190 Calvinism in 355 Brazil 118 trade route around 182 abolition of slavery 269 capital cultural interaction with Congo 73–6 access to 267–8, 270 decline of 268 dowries as 175, 199 plantation model 266–9 markets 303 Portuguese imposition of Christianity 353 see also silver role of African culture 137 Capuchin monastic order 347 slaves 20, 75, 118, 150 caravan routes 165, 182, 192 revolt of 1835 138 disruption 241 Britain see Great Britain trans-Saharan 193 British Empire 187 Caribbean 17 “white” colonies 23 Barbados plantation system 269–73 Buddhism 6 Old World plants in 115 in China 53, 388, 393 slave origins 150 Ming period 389–91 see also Haiti; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Saint Qing period 391–2 Domingue convents 414 Cartari, Vincenzo 325 in Japan 59, 410–15 cartography 425, 442 Nichiren School 410–15 Casaubon, Isaac 324 Pure Land School 412, 413 Castellio, Sebastian 342 in Korea 57, 404–8 Cathars (Albigensians) 13 monasteries 389–90, 408 Catherine de Medici, Queen Regent Buddhism, Chan (Zen in Japan) of France 342 390, 410 Catherine ii, Empress of Russia 352 in Qing period 391 Caucasus, trading routes across 11 Rinzai school 410 Çelebi, Katib, Cihan Numa 438 Shingon school 411 Çelebi, Seyﬁ 438 Sōtō school 411 Central Asia, Tendai school 411 Suﬁ in 373 Buddhism, Tibetan 50, 388, 391 trade circuits 192 Burhan Khan ibn Hasan Handi, Sayyid, Central Europe, silver mines 182, 214, 225, 229 Tuzak-i Walajahi 425–7 Ceylon 98 Burma 30 Champlain, Samuel 87 business organization Chanca, Dr. Alvarez 120 commenda contracts 173, 199, 201 chartered companies 170, 175 commission agents 174 diplomatic protocol 85 formality in 172 merchants and 201–10 forms of 169–74 protection costs 258

476

Index

see also Dutch East India Company; East political economy 306 India Company popular religious cults and movements Child, Josiah 249, 256 396–8 Chile 353 local temples and shrines 396 Chimalpáhin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo private commerce 290 Francisco de San Antón Muñón Qing dynasty 52, 56, 391–2, 402 439 religion in 387–403 China 3 rural migration 25 agricultural productivity 295 shipping 163–4 armies 34–5, 47 silver bullion markets 232, 234–5 business organization 169, 176 silver coins 234 canal systems 15, 25, 166 silver exports 214–15, 224 centralized government 288 silver imports 181, 183, 219, 293 Christianity in 55–7, 334, 354, 401–3 silver mines 214, 225 state repression of 403 silver-price premium 230 consumer demand 291, 293 state relations with traders 179, 290 craft production 297 Taiping religious movement 398 credit instruments 177 technology 187 credit markets 207 Tibet 51–3 credit-ticket migrants from 21–2 trade networks 201, 206 cultural influences in 53–7 trade through Manila 129 demand for silver 215, 226, 227 trade with Europe 217, 233 elites 291 tribute system 95, 179 expansion and migration 6, 46, 160 White Lotus rebellion 47 failure of paper money 214, 225 and Zungars of Xinjiang 44, 46, 52 fall in price of silver 228, 229 see also Buddhism; Daoism fiscal revenues 180 Chinese Rites Controversy 403 foreign traders 179 Chinggis Khan 358 geographical knowledge 442 and Tibetan Buddhism 50 household allocation of labor 301 Christianity 26, 334–56 “industrious revolution” 285 in Africa 137, 153 inland trade 161 Africanized 73 interest rates 175 in China 55–7, 334, 354, 401–3 Islam in 398–401 comparative religion 313, 322–7 Hui Muslims 373, 379, 399 concept of religion 320 Sufi brotherhoods in 363, 401 “Confucian” 402 Islamic sharia 379 in Congo 74 and Japan 59 global expansion 353–6 Jesuit missionaries 55, 334, 354, 401–2 in India 64 labor markets 297 Korea 409 land markets 298 missionaries 9, 17, 71 legal pluralism 90 monophysite 335 legal trade contracts 172 relationship with Judaism 471 market economy 301 slaves in Brazil 75 market networks 292 syncretism in Americas 71–3 merchants’ institutions 206 view of Islam 317 millenarian rebellions 398 see also Calvinism; Greek Orthodoxy; Ming dynasty 83, 387, 389–91 Lutheranism; Reformation; Roman and Mongols 29, 52, 224 Catholic Church; Russian Orthodoxy new religious movements 397 Christians opium trade 185, 234, 293 scholars 67 peasant farmers 300 under Muslim rule 61 and Persia (Iran) 432

477

Index

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, On the Nature “Confucian Christianity” 402 of the Gods 316 Confucianism 327 Cisheng, Empress Dowager of China 390 School of the Mind 390 cities under Ming dynasty 388 foreigners in 25 see also neo-Confucianism jurisdictions in ports 91 Congo (Kongo) as nodes of exchange 25 Christianity in 153–4 rural–urban migration 14, 24 cultural interaction with Brazil 73–6 clergy expansionary wars 143 new class of 338 slave trade 139 privileges 339 Constantinople (Istanbul) 358, 359 Protestant 345 Topkapi Palace 66 Cobo, Bernabé 121 consuls, actions of 94 Cochin, port 246 consumer demand Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, Banda 210, 244–5, 247 craft production 292 coffee production, Brazil 269 for luxury goods 4, 16, 292 coffee trade 185 consumption Collingwood, R. G. 458–61 expansion of (“industrious revolution”) Colombia, runaway slaves 156 284, 289–94 Colón, Hernando 120 labor markets 294–9 colonial conquest Cook, N. D. 130 expansion of Christianity 353 Copernicus, Nicolas 70 historiography 425 copper 218 colonial settlement 21–3 Coptic Church 335 agricultural 17 Coromandel coast 241 expansion of Christianity 353 Cortés, Hernán 17, 125, 127 Spanish 23, 71–3, 92, 129 Cossacks 32 colonialism 17 cotton industry 187, 264, 293 forced labor migrations 19 craft production 297 local jurisdictions 92 Council of Basel (1431) 336 origins of international law 81 Council of Chalcedon (451) 335 Columbian Exchange 103–33 Council of Constance (1414–17) 336, 338 animals 124–6 Council of Florence (1439) 335 diseases 110–15 Council of Lausanne (1449) 336 ﬁrst generation 106–10 Council(s) of Trent (1545–61) 341, 346 people 126–33 reforms 347 plants 115–24 Counter-Reformation 343, 347 transculturation 132 Russian Orthodoxy 350 Columbus, Christopher 12, 17, 103 Couto, Diogo do 435 ﬁrst expedition (1492–3) 106–7, 127 craft production 285 second expedition (1493–6) 107–10, 118, consumer demand 292 124, 127 craftsmen commenda contracts 173, 199, 201 mechanization 296 commerce 190–211 migration of 9, 11, 26 expansion of 286 credit markets 174–8, 207 family operations 190 China 207 see also business organization; chartered India 207 companies; merchants; trade instruments of currency exchange compagnia commercial enterprise 202 176 Company of Merchant Adventurers 205 public debt 178 comparative history 446, 462 Crete 41 comparative religion 313, 322–7 Croce, Benedetto 457–9 as a new science 328–32 Cromwell, Oliver 250

478

Index

Crosby, Alfred W. 104 malaria 109–11 The Colombian Exchange 103 measles 110, 115 Crusaders, “Frankish” 10 mumps 110–11 Cuba 127 plague (pneumonic and bubonic) 110, cultural exchange 5, 105 113, 115 Asia 6–8 and population decline 115 inter-cultural relations 50–76 scarlet fever 110–11 intermediaries and 18 smallpox 109–10 Curtin, Philip 136, 203, 265 syphilis 106, 110 Cyril Loukaris, Patriarch 349 typhoid fever 110 typhus 109–10, 112, 115 Dahomey 142 variants in Old and New World 110 d’Anghiera, Pietro Martir 438 whooping cough 110 Daoism yellow fever 110, 112 Chan Buddhism 394 distance and time, trade and 162 in China 388, 394 dragomans, as intermediaries 66 Ming period 392–5 Drax, Henry 270 popular 395 Dupuis, Charles 330 Qing period 395–6 Dutch East India Company (VOC) 86, 92, Complete Perfection monastic order 97, 175, 209, 240 392, 394 armed trading 210, 242–6 new liturgies 392 formation 243 Orthodox Unity school 392, 394 Gujarati merchants 253 regional deities 394 mission to Japan 86 Darién, Panama, settlement 127 Pondicherry 177 Darwin, Charles 453–4 relations with EIC 245, 250 De tribus impostoribus (anon.) 329, 469 in Siam 80, 93 deforestation, Caribbean 118 Dutch West India Company 176 Delhi 358 della Valle, Pietro 68 East Africa, trading societies 8–10 Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon 70 East Asia see China; Japan; Korea Deshima, Nagasaki 168 East India Company (EIC) 85, 92, 97, 175, Díaz de Solís, Juan 87 209, 240 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 436 Arcot 426 Diderot, Denis 332 Armenian merchants 256 al-Din Raniri, Nur 369 Indian Ocean 209, 246–51 Dipanagara, Prince, Javanese ascetic 63 Mughal emperor 89 diplomacy relations with VOC 245, 247, 250 calculated insults 86 Eastern Orthodoxy 335 deception 86 see also Greek Orthodoxy; Russian ritualized protocol 83 Orthodoxy diseases 30 ecology, effect of human settlement on cholera 110 104 Columbian Exchange 110–15 economies communicable crowd 103 “industrious revolution” 283–307 diphtheria 111 see also business organization; markets; Europeans in Caribbean 108 silver; trade inﬂuenza 109 Edict of Nantes (1598) 343 insect vectors 111 Edirne 358 introduced to Americas 112 England see Great Britain major New World epidemics 114 Enlightenment 443 major regional New World epidemics Esch, Johan 341 116 Escobar, María 117

479

Index

Ethiopian Church 335 migration settlement in North America 23 Jesuit missionaries 355 navy 41–2 ethnicity, to define migrants 25 papacy 337 ethnogenesis 15 plantations 276 ethnography 463, 469 religious repression 342 see also la Créquinière Francis i, king of France 337 ethnology 321 Fraser, James, EIC 428 Europe Frederick, Elector of Saxony 339 capital markets 303 French Company (in England) 175 change in consumption 290 French Revolution changing pattern of trade with Asia le culte de l’Etre suprême 330 181–6 slavery 281 church and secular law 90 French Revolutionary Wars 30, 35, 47 commercial capitalism 299 Fryer, John 256 commercial organizations 201 Fugger banking house 202, 206 emigration of rural populations 17 Funj sultanate, Africa 372 high wage economies 295 introduction of New World crops Gabon Coast 141 119–21 Galilei, Galileo 70 long-distance trade operations 190 Dialogo dei massimi sistemi 447 medieval internal migrations 12, 25 Galvão, António, Tratado dos Descobrimentos migration and expansion 12–14 436–7 mixed farming 303 Gama, Vasco da 17, 88, 182 political economy 305 Garrido, Juan 117 rural–urban migration 14 Genoa 10–11 settler migration from 21–3 spice trade 182 trade with Asia 160–87, 240 Gentile, Giovanni 457–9 trade with China 217 Georgia 11 urban-based consumption 292 Gerlach, Stephen 349 European superiority, ideology of 5, 17, 22 Germany, Protestantism 345 Germon, Barthélemy 467 fairs, France 177, 193 Ghafur, Mulla Abdul, trader 254 families Ghazna, Afghanistan 432 commercial partnerships 170, 190, Gibbon, Edward 42 195, 200 Gobind Singh, guru 65 merchant networks 195–201 Golconda 249, 254 temporary (“secondary”) 18 gold 236 see also households in China 218 Fazl Baihaqi, Abu’l, Tarikh-i Mas‘udi 432 Hispaniola 108 Feofan Prokopovich 352 Golden Horde, and Islam 373 financial institutions 174–8 Gómara, López de 436, 438 capital markets 303 Gomes, Diogo 138 see also banks and banking; Great Britain 47 credit markets Christian missionaries 355 Firdausi, Shah Nama 432 financial revolution 178 Fleury, Claude 463, 465, 467 and France, in India 30 Fontenelle, Bernard 328 in India 46 Foxe, John, Book of Martyrs 342 industrialization 161, 187, 277 France joint-stock companies 208 attempts to invade Britain 41 naval superiority 41–2, 43, 44 Britain in India 30 Protestantism 345 Compagnie des Indes 240 religious repression 342 historiography 443 tea trade 185

480

Index

trade with China 293 early modern 425–44 trade with Levant 182, 260 European collectors 428, 434, 441 see also East India Company; Industrial Persian 425, 427, 432–3 Revolution of slave trade 135–8 Great Schism 334, 336 universal histories 425, 431 Greek Orthodoxy 335, 348–9 see also microhistory hostility to Roman Catholicism 349 history monastery of Athos 348 concept of re-enactment 458–60 patriarchate 348 as contemporary history 457 relations with Protestants 349 definitions 446 Grendi, Edoardo 462 as process 456 Grotius, Hugo 243–4 thought experiment 451, 461 international law 81 Hobbes, Thomas 327, 448, 450–2 maritime law 91 Holland 242 Guáman Poma de Ayala, Felipe de, see also Netherlands Andean historiographer 440 Hongwu, Ming emperor 388, 392 Gujarat 251 Hontaiji, Manchu leader 51 Gujarati merchants 241, 252–4 Hormuz, Persian Gulf 245 gunpowder 33, 35, 105 households 197 Gushi Khan 52 agricultural 294 allocation of labor 301–2, 306 Habsburg Empire 13, 29 multi-occupational 300 Border Fortresses 39 role in commerce 196, 291 Thirteen Years’ War 38–9 see also families Hafiz-i Abru, Jughrafiya 433 Hu Dengzhou, scholar 54 Haiti, Revolution (1791) 47, 157, 272, Huet, Pierre-Daniel 463 277, 281 Hughli, port 249 Hakluyt, Richard 439 Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Hanseatic League 202 Nature 447 Hazard, Paul, La crise de la conscience Hungary, Ottoman conquest 40 européenne 317 Hus, Jan 338 Heemskerk, Jacob van 243 Husayn Bayqara, Sultan 363 Hegel, G. W. F. 425, 443 Husserl, Edmund 318 Henri iv, King of France 343 Hyde, Thomas 327 Henry the Navigator, Prince 160 Hyderabad 358 Herat 433 Hydraulic Metaphor heresy 319 application to history of silver 224–6, Hernández, Dr. Francisco 120 230 Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio, Historia unified theory of prices 222–4 general del mundo 436 Hyojong, King, of Korea 406 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi Japanese daimyo 58 Iberian peninsula Korea 405 Christian–Frankish conquest Hinduism 8 (Reconquista) 11, 105, 113, 376 bhakti movement 63 see also Portugal; Spain Islam 63–5 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad 381 Hispaniola 107 Ibn Battuta 61 Columbus’s second voyage 108 Ibn Saud, Muhammad 381 sugar production 118 Ibrahim Qutb Shah 254 historical materialism 456 idolatry 74, 319 historiography Inca Empire 15 Arabic tarikh tradition 431 disease 115 classical Arabic 429 Spanish 72–3, 86

481

Index

India acculturation 370, 382 Afghanistan 44 in Africa 153 banker–brokers 251 Arabic 360 British and French rivalry 30, 46 charismatic 378 charismatic Islam 378 in China 398–401 cotton 241, 245 conversions 370–6 credit markets 207 private motivation for 374 gold in 218 renegado 375 Jesuit missionaries 354 to Christianity in Spain 376 Marathas 46 decline of Muslim empires 384 merchants 191 and Hinduism 63–5 military 35 localization of 368, 382 Mughal court 83 Muslim millennium (1591) 378 Mughal religious state 377 pilgrimage 363, 365 Indian Ocean 163, 240–1, 248 “recognizability” of 369 European traders in 183 rejection of “innovation” 382–3 port-city trading network 192 relations with Unbelievers 61–3 Indonesia, spice production 183 “renewal” (eighteenth-century) 381–5 Industrial Revolution (Great Britain) 161 rise of Ottoman Empire 66 as means of import substitution 296 role of states 376–81 and unskilled labor 304 role of ‘ulama 361, 367, 379 industrialization Shi‘i in Persia 377 manufacturing putting-out system 24 spirit possession 375 plantation system 276, 281, 307 spread of 61 slave trade 161 state as sponsor of conversion 377 sugar production 264 status of Quran 360 “industrious revolution” 283–307 study of 331 changing consumption 284, 289–94 teaching 365 industrialization 307 use of print 76 institutions 307 vernacular languages 361 market growth 306 see also Muslims; Sufi;Sufism industriousness, and typology of work Israel, Jonathan 317 299–305 Istanbul see Constantinople infrastructure, and trade 162–8 Italian missionaries, in Congo 74, 154 Inquisition 345 Italy 44 inter-cultural relations 50–76 military expertise 38, 40 see also cultural exchange Renaissance 105 intermediaries 4–5, 18–19, 26 syphilis outbreak 106 brokers 18–19, 207 Itō Jinsai, Japanese scholar 59 diplomatic 85 Ivory Coast 141 Jews as 204 religious converts as 66 Jacobite rising (1745) 46 types of 18 Jahan, Shah 249 see also Sufi Jahangir, Mughal emperor 249 international law, origins of 80–2 Jamaica “interpolity law”, foundations of 82 maroons and runaway slaves 156 Inventory Supply and Demand 220 slave revolt (1760) 157, 272 Iran see Persia wealth of 276 Ireland, “involuntary exile” from 22 Janissary Corps 37 Isfahan 358 Japan 7, 46 Isidore of Seville 431 Ashikaga shogunate 410 Iskandar Muda, sultan of Aceh 377 Buddhism 410–15 Islam 358–85 parishioner (danka) system 410–15

482

Index

Chinese models of government 58 Jiajing, emperor 389, 394 Christianity in 58, 355, 415–16 Joasaph ii, Patriarch 349 commerce 181 Johnson, Samuel, on planters 279 craft production 297 Johor, sultanate of 257 Dutch Rangaku cultural interaction 60 joint-stock companies 175, 208–9, 258 exclusion of foreign traders 179 use of armed trading 210 funerary rituals 418 Jones, Sir William 330 gold in 218 Judaism “industrious revolution” 284 Christian study of 323, 331 Jesuits in 58, 415 relationship with Christianity 471 labor market 285, 294, 298 jurisdiction, legal 89–95 market forces 302 actions of consuls 94 military 35 European church and secular law 90 National Learning School 417 foreign residents 90–1 Nativism 417 maritime law 90 Ōnin civil war 412 religious or ethnic differences 93 peasant farmers 299 perception of work 301 Kaba, Muhammad 367 pilgrimage 418 Kalandar, Khwaja Panos, merchant 256 political economy 305 Kangxi, Qing emperor 391 religion 410–18 Kashgar 358, 380 neo-Confucianism 417 Kelings, Hindu merchants 252 popular religion 417–18 Kerala (southern India) 240 Shinto 416–17 Khorasan 432 Shimabara rebellion 415 Kiev 351 Siamese mission to 85 kinship ties silver exports 229, 245, 250 among merchants and business 169, silver mines 215–16 199, 201 social stability 302 Knolles, Richard, The Generall Historie Tokugawa Ieyasu shogunate 83, 92, of the Turkes 441 288, 410, 414–15 Kongo, kingdom of see Congo Jartoux, Pierre, Jesuit 334 Korea 46 Jaurès, Jean 455 ancestor worship 405–6 Java, Suﬁsm in 62 Buddhism 57, 404–5 al-Jazuli 367 campaign against 407 Jeffereys, Thomas 199 early Chosŏn 406–8 Jeremias ii, Patriarch 349 mid- to late Chosŏn 408 Jesuits 346–7 Chinese inﬂuence 57 in China 55, 334, 354, 401–2 Chosŏn period 57, 404 Chinese Rites Controversy 403 Christianity 409 in Goa 64 kinship restructured 404 in Japan 58, 415 Koryŏ dynasty 404 in Korea 409 neo-Confucianism Jews Chosŏn 405–6 expelled from Iberia 11, 204 early 403–5 expulsion from Eastern Europe 12 religion 403–9 Karaite dissidents 67 popular 408–9 marriage customs 199 silver from 215 persecutions of 344 Kucuk Kaynarca, Treaty of (1774) 98 scholars 67, 70 Sephardic merchants 170, 202, 204 la Créquinière, marquis de 331 under Muslim rule 61, 66, 204 case study in microhistory 462–72 Western Mediterranean 11 method 466

483

Index

la Créquinière, marquis de (cont.) Levant 10, 372 second edition of Conformité 464–6, European trade with 259–61 468 spice trade through 182 la Mothe de Vayer, François de 322 Levant Company 175, 209, 215, 260 la Vega, Garcilaso de 73, 132 Ligdan Khan, Mongol leader 51 labor Lima, Peru, migrant population 128, 131 bound, Inca and Aztec 15 linguistics 330 demand for 4 Linnaeus, Carl 121 forced, for plantations 16, 264 literacy, in Muslim world 361, 365 ganged 258, 270 Little Ice Age, economic effects of 288–9 household allocation of 301–2, 306 Liu Zhi, scholar 55 indentured 22 London, stock exchange 176 industriousness and typology of Lopes de Castanheda, Fernão 435 299–305 Louis xiv, King of France 343 mobility in Europe 304–5 Löwenklau, Hans (Johannes Leunclavius), perception of work 299, 301 historiographer 441 for sugar plantations 118, 267 Luo Qing, religious leader 397 women’s 9, 295 Luther, Martin 338 working hours 296, 298 Lutheranism 340, 345 see also plantation system; slavery Greek Orthodoxy 349 labor markets Lyon, financial fairs 177 China 297 consumption 294–9 Ma Mingxin, ‘Aziz 384 Japan 285, 294, 298 Ma Zhu, scholar 55 labor regimes, migrant 19–21 Mabillon, Jean 467 Labriola, Antonio 456 Macao 168, 180 Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy 104 Madras 251 Lafargue, Paul 454–5 Fort St. George 249, 254 Lafitau, Joseph-François 322, 328 madrasa schools 360, 379, 383 Lahore 358 Makassar (Macassar) 241–2 languages Malay peninsula Arabic 360 mine labor 21 creole 73 Sufism in 62 interest in newly discovered peoples Malleus Maleficarum (1487) 344 315 Malta, siege of 38 linguistics 330 Manchu Qing dynasty, and Korea 405 Nahuatl 436, 439 Manila galleons 129, 182, 228 translation services for merchants 168 Manila, Philippines 129 Lār, Isfahan 70 markets 166, 183 las Casas, Bartolomé de 318, 322, 326 Spanish Dominicans in 57 Latin Christianity see Roman Catholic Mantz, Felix 341 Church maritime law 90 law markets 166 flexibility of interpretations 98 specialist services in 168 legal systems and encounters 80–99 urban geography of 166 protection 95–8 see also credit markets; fairs; labor protocol 83–9 markets Law, John, Mississippi Company 178 Maronite Christians 356 Law, Robin 136 Marsham, John 330 legal ritual 87–8 Martin of Troppau, bishop 433 Legazpi, Miguel López de 129 Marx, Karl Leo x, Pope 337, 339 historical materialism 454 Leopold, Aldo 104 and Vico 452–5

484

Index

Masulipatnam, port of Golconda 249 microhistory 446–62 Persian merchants 254–5 a case study 462–72 Maya peoples, and Spanish 72 migration 3–27 Medici family, bankers 206 between regions 5 medicinal plants 120 forced 5, 161 Mediterranean world macro-regional 5–6 commerce 193 numbers of migrants 128–9 migration 10–12 and premature death 127, 130 piracy 259 social–religious limitations on 24, 26 Mehmed Neşri, Maulana 441 to Americas 103, 126–33 Mehmet the Conqueror 66 see also slave trade Melaka (Malacca) 91, 96, 241–2 military revolution 33–6 Aceh 257 combined arms tactics 33 captured by VOC 250 expansion of the West 35 Catholicism 355 see also warfare Melanchthon, Philip 339, 349 mining Mencius, teacher 55 labor for 21 mercantilism 288 life of African slaves 149 merchant guilds 202, 205 Mir Jumla 249 merchants 4, 185, 190–211 Mir Khwand, Rauzat al-Safa 433, 435 characteristics 194 missionaries 9, 17, 71, 355 commission agents 174 appropriation of local deities 72 communications 165 in Congo 74, 154 companies 201–10 Jesuit in China 55, 334, 354, 401–2 delegated agents 162 Spanish 71, 319, 325–7 family networks 195–201 Mohyla, Peter, Russian Orthodox as intermediaries 4, 18 reformer 351 legal jurisdictions 92 Momigliano, Arnaldo 463 networks 191, 200 Monardes, Dr. Nicolás 121 quarters for foreign 166 money regulations 205 adoption of Spanish peso 233 relations with planters 268 Carolus dollar 231, 234 relatives as agents 199 four main substances 217, 236 role of household 196 regional preferences 218 social mobility 181 see also banks and banking; silver social view of 291 Mongol Empire 432 the state 178–81 Mongolia, Russian Orthodoxy in 334 trade circuits 192–5 Mongols Mexican war of independence 234 China 29, 52 Mexico 71 Russia 14 coinage mints 234 Tibet 50–1 cultural synthesis with Spain 71–3 Montaigne, Michel de, Essay on the epidemic typhus 113 Cannibals 325 historiography 439 Moscow, as Third Rome 350 introduction of Old World animals 125 mosques 358 precious metals 127 Mughals 8, 29, 36, 46, 371 runaway slaves 156 Multani merchants 191 silver mines 215, 227, 230 Muñoz, Inés 117 slaves from Angola 150 Murad iii, Sultan 95 smallpox 115 Murad, Tarjuman 441 Spanish missionaries 71 Muscovy Company 175, 209 wheat 117, 119 Muslims Michelet, Jules, translation of Vico 452, 454 in China 54–5

485

Index

Muslims (cont.) North America 30 expelled from Iberia 11 Britain and 45, 89 in India 63 British culture in 30 scholars 67 Christian missions 355 as slaves in Americas 137, 155 French traders in 93 see also Islam; Sufi religious refugees 23 Müteferrika, Ibrahim 360 role of African culture 137 Spanish settlement 23, 71–3, 92 Nagasaki, Japan 58 see also Columbian Exchange; United Nanjing States Muslims in 54 North Sea Company 175 shipyard 164 Numa Pompilius 327, 329 Naqshbandi brotherhood (Sufi) 363, 373, 381 Ottomans 374 Observant movement 338 Nasiriyya brotherhood (Sufi) 368 Ogyū Sorai, Japanese scholar 60 natural religion, concept of 323 opium, to China 185, 293 naval warfare 41–3 Opium Wars 403 trade 178 Oriental Orthodoxy 335 navigation Ottoman Empire 3, 10, 29, 47 compasses 105 Bektashi brotherhood 374 see also ships Central European silver mines 215, 225 Navigation Acts (Great Britain) 179 Christianity under 335 (1651) 250 conquest of Hungary 40 neo-Confucianism 53, 402 devshirme system 375 Japan 417 grants of land to Sufi-‘ulama in Levant 372 in Korea Greek Orthodoxy under 348 early 403–5 Habsburg Empire 13, 38–9 mid- to late Chosŏn 405–6 historiography 438 Nepal 30 interest in European historiography 438 Netherlands 13 merchants 161, 181 Christian missionaries 355 migration into 12 decline of Brazilian plantations 268 military system 36–41 economy 295 Portuguese in Indian Ocean 258 improved ship design 163, 164 protection for vassal states 95 in Indian Ocean 179, 183, 242 Red Sea 253 and Japan 85, 216 role of women in commerce 196 joint-stock companies 208 Safavid Persia 41 and Kelings 252 scholarship in 65–71 Mediterranean trade 259 Seven Years’ War 45 money markets 175 Ovando, Nicolás de 127 plantation production 20 Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández de 120, 434, 436 protection in Southeast Asia 97 Rangaku cultural interaction with Japan 60 Pakpa Script 51, 76 settler migration to South Africa 22 Pakpa, Tibetan lama 51 Spanish 342 Panama City 127 trade 161 Paris, Treaty of (1815) 98 war against Spain 242, 244, 260, 343 partnerships 172–3, 190 see also Dutch East India Company family 170, 195, 200 Newfoundland 16 general 175, 195 Nidai, ‘Abdullah 384 limited liability 175, 201 Niger Delta 142–3 within trade networks 202 Nikon, Russian patriarch 352 Paterson, George 426 Nizami, Hasan, Taj al-Ma’asir 432 Paul v, Pope 346

486

Index

Pernambuco, Brazil 150, 156, 268 New World 103, 119 Persia (Iran) 203, 379 olives 117 China 432 origins 123 conversion from Sunni to Shi‘i Islam 377 peanuts 119, 129 historiography 425, 427, 432–3 potato 119 porcelain industry 11 sugar cane 118 Safavid 11, 29, 41, 179, 376 sweet potatoes 129 silk production 11, 255 wheat 117 see also Armenian merchants wine grapes 117 Persian merchants, Masulipatnam 254–5 Poland 47 Peru Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 350 original population 130 Polybius, The Histories 429–31 silver mines 215 Poma, Guaman 73 wheat in 117 population catastrophes see also Lima Amerindian 115, 130 Peter the Great, Tsar 352 European 13 Philip ii, King of Spain 343 Hispaniola 109–10, 115 Philippines porcelain industry, Persia 11 Asian trade networks 228 Portugal 3 Catholicism 355 Brazil 118 Spanish settlement of 129 business organization 169 Sufi in Mindanao and Sulu 364 Cape of Good Hope route 182 philology 317, 321, 435–6 Columbian Exchange 105 Picard, Bernard 328, 464 Congo 74 Pierozzi, Antonio (St. Antoninus) 441 diplomatic relations with African pirates and piracy 7 leaders 138 Mediterranean 259 Estado da India 240–1 Pizzaro, Francisco 17, 86, 127 historiography 434 plantation societies 263–81 imposition of Christianity 353 plantation system 3–4, 16, 263–4 Japan 58, 216 access to capital 267–8, 270 Kelings 252 African populations 128, 265 legal ritual of possession 88 Barbados model 269–73 papacy 337 Brazilian model 266–9 sale of licences to ships in Indian Ocean decline of 277 91, 179 defined 265–6 slave trade 138, 267 development of 263 trade in Asia 129, 210, 242 economic performance 276–8 trade with West Africa 9, 12, 16, 92, 160 industrialization 276 postal systems, Inca 15 integrated 270, 272 Potosí, Peru, silver mines 21, 127, 227 legacy of 264 Price Revolution (price inflation) 229 reaction against 280–1 printing social order of 278 in Europe 76, 77 value of exports 276 Islam and 360, 385 planters 277, 280 trade 166, 167 relations with merchants 268 privateers, British 42 and slaves 278–80 protection plants law and 95–9 Columbian Exchange 115–24 protection costs 191, 245, 258 European study of New World 119–20 Protestantism 345–6 introduced to Europe 119–21 ecclesiology 345 maize 119, 129 lay control 345 medicinal 120 origin of name 339

487

Index

Protestantism (cont.) between states 343 religious practices 346 migrations 13 state repression 341 patterns of 341–4 see also Reformation persecutions of scapegoats 344 protocol Renaissance importance in legal encounters 83–9 Cultural Exchange 105 legal ritual 87–8 interest in religions 317 to claim possession 87 Ricci, Matteo, Jesuit 56, 401, 442 Puerto Rico 127 Roe, Thomas 85 Pulicat, fort 254 Rolpay Dorje, Tibetan scholar 53 Roman Catholic Church 336–8 Qadiri brotherhood (Suﬁ) 368 antagonism to Oriental Orthodoxy 336 Qasim Firishta, Muhammad, Gulshan-i Chinese Rites Controversy 403 Ibrahimi 428 Inquisition 345 Qianlong Emperor, China 52, 395 Islam 62 quinine 121 Italianization 336 Quran 360 liturgical practices 347 mendicant orders 338 racism 264 new religious orders 347 scientiﬁc 280 papal curia 338 Raguet, Gilles-Bernard, and La Créquinière papal institutions 347 465, 467, 469–70 persecution of heresies 13 Ramusio, Giambattista, Delle navigazioni e persecution in Japan 58 viaggi 437 post-Tridentine Catholicism 346–8 Rashid-ud-Din Fazlullah Hamadani, Jami‘al- sales of indulgences 339 Tawarikh 433 state repression of dissenters 341 Ratio Unit of Account Money 220 supremacy of papacy 336, 346 Reael, Laurens 244 see also Jesuits Red Sea 253 Rome 337 Reformation 313, 320, 338–41 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Contrat social religious wars 13 329 Régis, Jean-Baptiste, Jesuit 334 Royal African Company 176 religion Ruggieri, Michele, Jesuit 401 African desire for continuous revelation Ruiz family 202 154–5 Russia China 387–403 expansion 376, 385 civil violence 341 expulsion of Jesuits 353 comparative 313, 322–7 historiography 442 ethnology 321 migrations 14 Japan 410–18 and Poland 47 Korea 403–9 rise of 30, 47 migration 8–9 Russian Orthodoxy 349–53 objective approach to 316 centralization 350 perception of humankind 318 in China 402 philology 317, 321 cultural development 350 “political” (civil) 315, 327, 329 expansion of 352 scholarly discovery 313–32 Greek church 349 secularization 320 monasticism 350, 353 see also Buddhism; Christianity; Mongolia 334 Confucianism; Daoism; Hinduism; reforms 351 Islam; religious wars relations with Roman Catholicism 351 religious toleration 321 repression of Old Believers 352 religious wars and violence 317, 341 as state religion 351

488

Index

Sabzwari, Tahir Muhammad, Rauzat multi-purpose 372 al-Tahirin 428 Sufi 359, 365–6 Sahagún, Bernardino de 72, 436 Shunzhi, Qing emperor 391 Said, Edward 323, 331 Siam (Ayutthaya), Dutch and 80 Saint Domingue Sikh religion 64 slave rebellion 272 silk production, Persia 11 slaves from Congo and Bénin in 150 silver 213–37 wealth of 276 application of Hydraulic Metaphor to St. Petersburg 25 224–6, 230 Salumbrino, Agustino 121 birth of globalization 226–33 Samarkand 358 bullions and coins 232–3 Sarpi, Paolo, monk 346 global decline in market value 228, Satuq Bughra Khan, sultan 373 as global monetary substance 213, Savonarola, Girolamo 338 236 Scandinavia, Lutheranism 340 gold/silver ratios 183 Sceriman/Shahriman family of supply and demand mechanisms 216–20 merchants 195 trade-imbalance theory 216 Schlegel, Friedrich 330 traded from Americas to China 129, 183, Schlözer, August Ludwig 443 226 scholars and unified theory of prices 220–2 intellectual curiosity 324 silver mines Jewish 67, 70 Central European 182, 214, 225, 229 Ottoman Empire 65–71 China 214 of religious phenomena 313 silver-price premium Schouten, Joost 80 China 230 Selim ii, Sultan, confiscation of monastic global 231, 232 lands 348 Sima Qian, historian, Shiji 430–1 Senegal, Sufism in 63 Simon, Richard 320, 331 Servetus, Michael 342 Siraj Juzhani, Minhaj-i, Tabaqat-i Nasiri Seven Years’ War 41, 44, 45, 210 432 range of 44 Sirhindi, Ahmad 378, 381 Sevi, Sabbatai, Jewish leader 378 Slade, Sir Thomas 43 Seville, plague 113 slave trade 138–40, 193, 273–5 shamanism African religious practices 375 in China 396 demographic implications 135, 144 Korea 409 effect of in Africa 136, 145, 274 sharia law 378 enslavement and sale 140–3 in Ottoman Empire 374 factory trade 139 Shi‘i Islam, in Persia 377 historiography of 135–8 Shinto, Japan 58, 416–17 industrialization 161 kami (gods of Japan) 416 mechanism of purchase 139 Yoshida Shinto 416 Middle Passage (voyage) 147–9, 275 ships mortality 144, 147 English bertoni 259 numbers 136, 144–7, 263 improved design 163 plantation system 263 numbers of traders in Indian Ocean 186 profitability 187, 274 shirka collective partnerships 201 slavery 3, 73 shrines abolition 20, 97, 144, 269, 277, 280 acculturation 373 conversion to Islam 374 China 396 Incas 15 conversions 372 as legal system with right to sell 138 festivals 365 Mediterranean 127 interaction with the state 374 for plantation production 20

489

Index

slaves Spanish Netherlands 342 American-born (“creoles”) 149 religious repression 343 armed resistance 156, 272 spice trade 182–3 bonds of friendship 148 spices in Brazil 267 cinnamon 246 creole form of colonial language 152 cloves 246 cruelty towards 272–3, 279 nutmeg and mace 244 cultural events among 151, 275 pepper 246 dance 153 Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict) 70, 320 escape 155 Sri Krishna Caitanya, guru 63 ethno-linguistic diversity 148 states life in Americas 149–50, 275 chartered companies 170, 175, 209 mortality 155 Islam 376–81 music 152 regulation of commerce 205 native languages 151–2 relations with merchants 178–81, 186 religious life 153–5 religious wars 343 social groups and identity 150–3, trade diasporas 170 275 violence against religious dissenters Sufi Muslims as 367 341 Smith, Adam Stroganov family of merchants 195 The Wealth of Nations 287 Sufi and Sufi tariqas (brotherhoods) Theory of Moral Sentiments 290 361–70 Smith, Thomas C., on Japan 299 claims to be sayyids 364 Smith, Wilfred Cantwell 319 creation of genealogies 364, 368 Society of Jesus see Jesuits as cultural mediators 361, 368, 370, 380 Sonam Gyatso, (third) Dalai Lama 51 grants of land to 371 Sorel, Georges 455 local influence of 368 South Africa, settlement migration in 22 patronage 363 South Asia see India “renewal” (eighteenth-century) 381 South Sea Company 178 shrines 359, 365–6 Southeast Asia 7 theocratic states 380 Chinese diaspora 3 trans-regional 383 free ports 241 transmission of learning 367 protection and tribute 96 as ‘ulama 367, 370 role of women in commerce 197 wandering 370, 372 Spain waqf endowments to 363 Columbian Exchange 105 Sufism 62–3 forced labor systems in Americas 17 in Delhi 64 historiography of Americas 435 expansion of 363 imposition of Christianity in Americas sugar production 118, 127 353 Barbados 269 legal basis for conquest of Indies 81 and industrialization 264 navy 41 introduction to Brazil 266 papacy 337 life of African slaves 149, 271 Philippines 129 see also plantation system profits from silver trade 216, 227 Süleyman the Magnificent, Sultan 36, settlement of North America 23, 71, 378 71–3, 92 Sumatra, Sufism in 62 state control of trade in America 210 supply and demand mechanisms 216–21 Spanish missionaries cross-border monetary flows 217 Americas 319 Surat, port 241, 249, 251, 258 Mexico 71 Gujarati merchants 252 religious customs in Americas 325–7 merchant clans 200

490

Index

Switzerland credit markets and financial institutions persecutions of witches 344 174–8, 186 Zwinglianism 340 expansion of 190 Syrian Christianity 335, 355 expansion of Christianity 353 Catholic missionaries 356 institutional changes 165 legal contracts 172 al-Tabari, Abu Ja’far 431 maritime 163, 186 T’aejong, King, of Korea 407 long-distance routes 184, 354 Tafazzul Husain Khan, translator 427 military force 178 Taino people, Hispaniola 107, 109–10, 115, overland 164, 227 117, 127 protection costs 191 agriculture 108, 125 regulations 178 Taiping religious movement 398 technology and infrastructure 162–8 Taiwan 88, 245, 355 unarmed 4, 16 Taylor, Charles, A Secular Age 313 see also markets tea, trade in 185 trade diasporas 169, 193, 202, 252 technology relations with states 170 application to exploration 105 trade networks 192, 201–3, 256–8 application in warfare 30 Asia 251–6 cotton industry 293, 295 translations 427 trade 162–8 for merchants 168 Tenochtitlán, Mexico 71 turkeys 124–5 Teton, Juan 125 al-Tụ̄ si, Nasīr al-Dīn 70 _ “Teutonic Knights” 13 textiles Ulugh Beg, observatory in Samarkand 67 trade with India 183, 250, 293 unified theory of prices 220–2 see also cotton industry Hydraulic Metaphor 222–6 texts, ancient (Greek) 67 Union of Brest (1596) 351 Thirteen Years’ War (1593–1606) United Provinces see Netherlands 38, 40 United States of America Thirty Years’ War 13, 343 Africans in 22–3 Tibet modern debt-financed trade 219 Buddhism 50, 388, 391 plantation slaves 20, 278, 280 China 51–3 Uyghur peoples 373, 399 Mongols 50–1 Muslims 55 Venetian Interdict (1605–7) 346 Timbuktu 358 Venice 10–11 Sufism in 63 merchant quarters 168 Timur (Tamerlane) 358, 373, 433 Ottoman Empire 66 Tipu Sultan, of Mysore 46 religious repression 342 tobacco 107, 121–2 spice trade 182, 259 freight costs 165 Verbiest, Ferdinand 35 to China 129 Vico, Giambattista 322, 448–55 Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494) 337 Hobbes 448–50 Tovar, Simón de 121 La scienza nuova 328, 448 trade On the most ancient wisdom of the Italians armed 210, 242–6 448 between Asia and Europe 160–87 posthumous fame 452 changing patterns of 181–5 Virgin Mary, in Islam 64 comparative history of 160–2, 185–7 Virginia, tobacco cultivation 121 brokerage 174 Vitoria, Francisco de 81 business forms 169–74, 185 Voes, Henry, Augustinian friar 341 Christian missions 355 Vora, Virji, merchant 251, 253

491

Index

Walajah family, Arcot 426 Buddhism 408 Wang Yangming, philosopher 390 business 169, 197, 198 Wangara merchants 200, 203, 208 Japanese Buddhist convents 414 Wanli, emperor of China 390 Jewish marriage customs 199 War of the Austrian Succession 41 in Korea 405, 409 War of the Spanish Succession 41 labor markets 298 warfare labor in peasant households 295 in Africa 146 marriage to in-migrating men 4 communication 31 purdah 8 as duty of men 30 religious restrictions on migration 26 enslavement 142 role in commerce 196–9 in Europe 288 as rural labor force 9 military revolution 33–6 as temporary (“secondary”) families 18 naval 41–3, 178 use of dowries as capital 175, 199 patterns of 29–31 warfare 30 scale of 31–2 Wycliffe, John 338 sources of power 31 and technology 30 Xavier, Francis, Jesuit 58, 354, 415 wars of religion see religious wars Xu Guangqi, scholar and Christian weapons 33 convert 56 Ottoman muskets 38 sale of to Africa 140 Yamazaki Ansai, Japanese scholar 59 West Africa Yazdi, Zafar Nama 433 intermediaries 18 Yongle, Ming emperor 388, 392 migration 9 Yongzheng Emperor, China 403 Portuguese trade with 9, 12, 16, 92, 160 Yoshida Kanetomo, shrine priest 416 West Indies 97 Great Britain and 42 al-Zabidi, Murtada 384 see also Caribbean Zheng He, Admiral 3, 7, 160, 182, Westphalia, Treaty of (1648) 344 399, 443 Wicquefort, Abraham de 84 Zhu Xi, scholar 59 witches, persecutions of 344 Zoroastrianism 327 women Zungars of Xinjiang 44, 46, 52 African slaves 267 Zwingli, Ulrich 339–41

492