105 Selected Papers from the 2008 Stockholm Metaphor Festival
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STOCKHOLM STUDIES IN ENGLISH 105 Selected Papers from the 2008 Stockholm Metaphor Festival Selected Papers from the 2008 Stockholm Metaphor Festival Edited by Nils-Lennart Johannesson and David C. Minugh ©N-L Johannesson, D C Minugh, and Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis 2013 ISBN electronic version: 978-91-87235-65-8 ISBN printed version: 978-91-87235-66-5 ISSN 0346-6272 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2014 Distributor: ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS In Memoriam Christina Alm-Arvius (1945–2013) Contents Preface ............................................................................................................ 9 Keynote lectures ........................................................................................... 11 Antonio Barcelona Metonymy Is Not Just A Lexical Phenomenon: On the operation of metonymy in grammar and discourse ........................................................... 13 Gerard Steen When is Metaphor Deliberate? ..................................................................... 47 Session papers ............................................................................................... 65 Ludmilla A’Beckett ACADEMIC LIFE IS WAR: The extended metaphor in Tom Sharpe’s Porterhouse Blue .......................................................................................... 67 Christina Alm-Arvius Iconicity and Poeticity in the Discourse Functions of Figures of Speech ..... 91 Bárbara Eizaga Rebollar Letting the Cat out of the Bag: On idiom use and representation ............... 127 Shelley Ching-yu Hsieh and Elena Kolodkina Emotion Expressed with Eyes and Hands in Three Languages .................. 139 Anna Kryvenko Conventional Animal Metaphors and Cultural Scenarios in the English and Ukrainian Sports-Related Lexicon ....................................................... 159 Ana Roldán-Riejos Therapeutic Metaphors in Engineering: How to cure a building structure.... 173 Rotimi Taiwo Metaphors in Nigerian Political Discourse ................................................. 193 Piotr Twardzisz Metaphors in Commercial Contracts .......................................................... 207 List of contributors ...................................................................................... 221 Preface The 2008 Stockholm Metaphor Festival attracted some 30 participants from 15 countries throughout the world: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Tai- wan, Ukraine, and the USA. The ten papers included in this volume consist of the two keynote lectures and eight out of the 19 session papers. From the outset, the Metaphor Festival has welcomed contributions dis- cussing metaphor and metonymy as well as other types of figurative lan- guage within different theoretical frameworks and with literary as well as linguistic approaches. The papers included in this collection reflect some of the breadth of the presentations at the 2008 Festival. Of the two keynote speakers, Antonio Barcelona presents an anatomy of metonymy at all linguistic levels, from phonology to discourse, while Gerard Steen explores the conditions required for the use of metaphor to be consid- ered deliberate (as opposed to conventional, automatic and unconscious). In the remaining contributions, A’Beckett studies an extended metaphor running through a Tom Sharpe novel, Alm-Arvius explores iconicity and poeticity in the discourse functions of schemes and tropes, Eizaga Rebollar discusses the representation and storage of conceptual information underly- ing idioms as well as the retrieval and use of idioms in communication, Hsieh and Kolodkina present expressions for hands and eyes as metaphors for emotion in Chinese, Russian and English, Kryvenko investigates animal metaphors in Ukrainian and English sports terminology, Roldán-Riejos charts the role of medical metaphors in engineering discourse, Taiwo traces the use of metaphorical expressions in Nigerian political discourse, and Twardzicz provides a scrutiny of metaphors in commercial contracts. It only remains to thank all the people who have contributed to making the Metaphor Festivals a success so far, both the participants and the admin- istrative staff of the Department of English. On behalf of the organisers of the 2008 Metaphor Festival we would like to thank the Vice-Chancellor of Stockholm University, Professor Kåre Bremer, for generous economic sup- port through the Granholm Foundation. Frescati, December 2011 Christina Alm-Arvius Nils-Lennart Johannesson David C. Minugh Editors 9 Preface to the 2013 edition Christina Alm-Arvius passed away on 1 November, 2013, at the age of 67. We have decided to produce a print version of the current volume, which has been available online since December 2011, as a tribute to Christina’s enthu- isiastic and indefatigable work as a colleague on the Metaphor Festival Committee as well as at the English Department of Stockholm University. She will be sorely missed. Stockholm, December 2013 Nils-Lennart Johannesson David C. Minugh Editors Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Department of English, Stockholm University, for sponsoring the first print run of this volume. We wish to express our thanks to the editors of Stockholm Studies in English for including this volume in the series, and the Board of Acta Uni- versitatis Stockholmiensis for agreeing to publish the volume. The editors 10 Keynote lectures Antonio Barcelona Metonymy Is Not Just A Lexical Phenomenon: On the operation of metonymy in grammar and discourse Abstract. The main goal of the article is to carry out a survey of recent research on the role of conceptual metonymy in grammar and discourse. A related goal is to argue that metonymy is not only (or even mainly) a lexical phenomenon. After de- fining conceptual metonymy from a cognitive-linguistic perspective, the author offers a detailed summary of recent research (including his own contributions) on the functioning of metonymy in conceptualization, phonology, morphology, gram- mar and discourse-pragmatic inferencing. This survey offers evidence that metony- my is a conceptual mechanism (an inferential schema) operating under the lexicon (in phonological categorization and in the meaning and grammatical behavior of certain morphemes), at the lexical level, and above the lexicon (motivating certain aspects of grammar, especially grammatical recategorization, and guiding discourse- pragmatic inferencing, especially indirect speech acts and implicatures). This evi- dence, added to the fact that lexical metonymies are often at the same time grammat- ical and discourse metonymies, supports the claim that metonymy is not only a lexi- cal phenomenon. Keywords: Metonymy, metaphor, conceptualization, grammar, phonology, mor- phology, recategorization, inferencing, indirect speech acts, implicatures 1 Introduction The goal of this article is to present a brief yet fairly detailed survey of re- cent research on the ubiquitous role of metonymy in conceptualization, grammar and discourse.1 A point that will be emphasized throughout the paper is the fact (all too often overlooked, even by some cognitive linguists) that metonymy often operates under (phonology, morphemics) and above (phrases, clauses, sen- 1 The research reported in this paper has been funded in part by a grant awarded to project FFI2008-04585/FILO by the Spanish government, Ministry of Science and Innovation. I am grateful to the editors of this volume, especially Nils-Lennart Johannesson, for their invalua- ble comments and suggestions. 13 tences, utterance and discourse) the lexicon—in other words, that metonymy is not just a lexical phenomenon. Section 2 will be devoted to a very concise presentation of the author’s notion of metonymy. Section 3 is concerned with the important function of metonymy in general conceptualization processes (cognitive models, con- ceptual metaphor, blending) of linguistic (but not necessarily lexical) rele- vance. Section 4 discusses its role in the linguistic units below the lexicon in the traditional linguistic hierarchy, i.e. in phonemic categories and in mor- phemic meaning. Section 5 continues this survey by briefly commenting on lexical metonymies; it will be pointed out there that they are often hard to distinguish from metonymies operating at higher grammatical levels or even at discourse level. Section 6 is fully devoted to the role of metonymy in grammatical constructions and constitutes one of the two main parts of this survey; it deals with the role of metonymy in grammatical recategorization (where it is a major motivational force), in compounding, in phrasal gram- mar, in the English tense-aspect-mood system, in clausal grammar, in anaphora and in grammatical form; a detailed example is provided of its motivational role for a grammatical construction. Section 7 completes the survey by looking at the inference-guiding function of metonymy in dis- course comprehension, with particular attention to indirect speech acts and implicatures; a detailed example regarding the latter is offered at the end of the section. The conclusions are presented in section 8. 2 The notion of metonymy Cognitive linguistics regards metonymy as a cognitive mechanism (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, Lakoff 1987), not merely as a figure of speech, as claimed by traditional rhetoric, or as a mere “contextual effect”, as claimed by relevance theorists (Papafragou 1996). Unfortunately, there is not a uniform notion of metonymy in cognitive linguistics; the term “metonymy”