Škola: Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské náměstí 7 Šablona: III/2 – Inovace a zkvalitnění výuky prostřednictvím ICT Název projektu: Inovace výuky na GSN prostřednictvím ICT Číslo projektu: CZ.1.07/1.5.00/34.0940 Autor: Mgr. Rudolf Dostálek Tematická oblast: Od osvícení po vládu teroru (světová a česká historie 18. století) Název DUMu: Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism Kód: VY_32_INOVACE_DE.2.01 Datum: 01.09.2013 Cílová skupina: Žáci středních škol Klíčová slova: Enlightenment, Enlightened Absolutists, Encyclopedists Anotace: Tato prezentace slouží k výkladu učiva tématu: Osvícení a osvícenský absolutismus (v anglickém jazyce)

ENLIGHTENMENT

AND ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM ENLIGHTENMENT

• movement (political, cultural, philosophical) • originated from the opinion that people should follow their S………………. not their R……………. • people should be religiously tolerant and they should try hard to gain not only POSTMORTAL S……….. but also dignified and RESPECTABLE L……… on Earth ENLIGHTENMENT

• it puts emphasis on SCIENTIFIC and EMPIRIC COGNITION of the world (light in the darkness)

• It originated in …………… after 1700 and it spread around Europe during 18th century SCIENTISTS

• ANTOINE LAVOISIER • chemistry: sorting out of chemical elements • CARL LINNÉ • botanics: sorting out of flora • • RENÉ DESCARTES Mathematics: infinitesimal calculus

PHYSICISTS

• LUIGI GALVANI • electricity and living tissue • ISAAC NEWTON • discoveries in mechanics, gravitation • • BLAISE PASCAL pressure in fluids and gases

• physics: electric cell • ALESSANDRO VOLTA

INVENTORS

• BENJAMIN FRANKLIN • lightning conductor PROKOP DIVIŠ

• JAMES WATT • improved steam engine

• MONTGOLFIER • hot-air baloon BROTHERS

PHILOSOPHERS AND THINKERS JOHN L………….

• public power comes from people not from the God; • Two Treatises of Government (O vládě) • the right of subjects to deny obedience if their natural rights (life, freedom, possessions) are denied by their government

CHARLES M………………

• The Spirit of the Laws (O duchu zákonů) a book analysing the current political systems • recommends to divide the state power into 3 branches (legislative, executive, judicial)

• each branch should be independent and should check the two remaining

• should be the basis of constitutional monarchies and parliamentary democracies

• V…………..

• denied the existence of supersensible world • the principle of religious and ethnical tolerance • the ideas of wiping off the enormous social gap • equality before the law

JEAN JACQUES R……………

• promoted: • natural equality of people by return to nature • abolishion of private property, • emotional upbringing of children • direct decision of people on public issues

ENCYCLOPEDISTS

• scholars and philosophers issued the inventory of entire human knowledge: • ENCYCLOPEDIA or Racional Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts • Main authors of Encyclopedia: • Diderot • D´Alambert • Holbach ABSOLUTISM

• the most common type of government in Europe of 18th century (with exceptions of GB and Poland) society was dividend into 3 estates • the sovereign and aristocracy: ruling estate • the clergy: representatives of God on Earth • subjects: working estate, who keep the running of the state with their taxes and who feed the first two estates • the absolute monarch rules with the assistance of bureaucracy, police and army

ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM

• some absolutistic sovereigns influenced by the ideas of Enlightenment • took their reign as serving to state • implemented reforms of modernisation by decreets and orders • often against their subjects´will ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISTS

• Maria Theresa of Habsburg • Joseph II of Habsburg • Frederick II the Great of Prussia • Catherine II the Great of Russia • Tento digitální učební materiál byl vytvořen pomocí software Microsoft Office 2007 • Materiál je určen pro bezplatné používání pro potřeby výuky a vzdělávání na všech typech škol a školských zařízení • Jakékoliv další využití podléhá autorskému zákonu