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Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia

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Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Portugal, by Douglas L. Wheeler. 1993. Out of print. See no. 40. 2. Turkey, by Metin Heper. 1994. Out of print. See no. 38. 3. Poland, by George Sanford and Adriana Gozdecka-Sanford. 1994. Out of print. See no. 41. 4. Germany, by Wayne C. Thompson, Susan L. Thompson, and Juliet S. Thompson. 1994. 5. Greece, by Thanos M. Veremis and Mark Dragoumis. 1995. 6. Cyprus, by Stavros Panteli. 1995. 7. Sweden, by Irene Scobbie. 1995. Out of print. See no. 48. 8. Finland, by George Maude. 1995. Out of print. See no. 49. 9. Croatia, by Robert Stallaerts and Jeannine Laurens. 1995. Out of print. See no. 39. 10. Malta, by Warren G. Berg. 1995. 11. Spain, by Angel Smith. 1996. Out of print. See no. 65. 12. Albania, by Raymond Hutchings. 1996. Out of print. See no. 42. 13. Slovenia, by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Rogel. 1996. Out of print. See no. 56. 14. Luxembourg, by Harry C. Barteau. 1996. 15. Romania, by Kurt W. Treptow and Marcel Popa. 1996. 16. Bulgaria, by Raymond Detrez. 1997. Out of print. See no. 46. 17. United Kingdom: Volume 1, England and the United Kingdom; Volume 2, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 1997, 1998. 18. Hungary, by Steven Be´la Va´rdy. 1997. 19. Latvia, by Andrejs Plakans. 1997. 20. Ireland, by Colin Thomas and Avril Thomas. 1997. 21. Lithuania, by Saulius Suziedelis. 1997. 22. Macedonia, by Valentina Georgieva and Sasha Konechni. 1998. Out of print. See no. 68. 23. The Czech State, by Jiri Hochman. 1998. 24. Iceland,byGumunder Ha´lfdanarson. 1997. Out of print. See no. 66. 25. Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Ante C˘ uvalo. 1997. Out of print. See no. 57. 26. Russia, by Boris Raymond and Paul Duffy. 1998. 27. Gypsies (Romanies), by Donald Kenrick. 1998. Out of print. 28. Belarus, by Jan Zaprudnik. 1998. 29. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, by Zeljan Suster. 1999. 30. France, by Gino Raymond. 1998. Out of print. See no. 64. 31. Slovakia, by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 1998. Out of print. See no. 47. 32. Netherlands, by Arend H. Huussen Jr. 1998. Out of print. See no. 55. 33. Denmark, by Alastair H. Thomas and Stewart P. Oakley. 1998. Out of print. See no. 63. 34. Modern Italy, by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 1998. Out of print. See no. 58. 35. Belgium, by Robert Stallaerts. 1999. 36. Austria, by Paula Sutter Fichtner. 1999. 37. Republic of Moldova, by Andrei Brezianu. 2000. Out of print. See no. 52. 38. Turkey, 2nd edition, by Metin Heper. 2002. Out of print. See no. 67. 39. Republic of Croatia, 2nd edition, by Robert Stallaerts. 2003. 40. Portugal, 2nd edition, by Douglas L. Wheeler. 2002. 41. Poland, 2nd edition, by George Sanford. 2003. 42. Albania, New edition, by Robert Elsie. 2004. 43. Estonia, by Toivo Miljan. 2004. 44. Kosova, by Robert Elsie. 2004. 45. Ukraine, by Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, and Myroslav Yurkevich. 2005. 46. Bulgaria, 2nd edition, by Raymond Detrez. 2006. 47. Slovakia, 2nd edition, by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 2006. 48. Sweden, 2nd edition, by Irene Scobbie. 2006. 49. Finland, 2nd edition, by George Maude. 2007. 50. Georgia, by Alexander Mikaberidze. 2007. 51. Belgium, 2nd edition, by Robert Stallaerts. 2007. 52. Moldova, 2nd edition, by Andrei Brezianu and Vlad Spaˆnu. 2007. 53. Switzerland, by Leo Schelbert. 2007. 54. Contemporary Germany, by Derek Lewis with Ulrike Zitzlsperger. 2007. 55. Netherlands, 2nd edition, by Joop W. Koopmans and Arend H. Huussen Jr. 2007. 56. Slovenia, 2nd edition, by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Rogel. 2007. 57. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2nd edition, by Ante Cˇ uvalo. 2007. 58. Modern Italy, 2nd edition, by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 2007. 59. Belarus, 2nd edition, by Vitali Silitski and Jan Zaprudnik. 2007. 60. Latvia, 2nd edition, by Andrejs Plakans. 2008. 61. Contemporary United Kingdom, by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 2008. 62. Norway, by Jan Sja˚vik. 2008. 63. Denmark, 2nd edition, by Alastair H. Thomas. 2009. 64. France, 2nd edition, by Gino Raymond. 2008. 65. Spain, 2nd edition, by Angel Smith. 2008. 66. Iceland, 2nd edition,byGumunder Ha´lfdanarson. 2009. 67. Turkey, 3rd edition, by Metin Heper and Nur Bilge Criss. 2009. 68. Republic of Macedonia, by Dimitar Bechev. 2009. Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia Dimitar Bechev Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 68 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2009 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright ᭧ 2009 by Dimitar Bechev All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bechev, Dimitar, 1975– Historical dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia / Dimitar Bechev. p. cm.—(Historical dictionaries of Europe ; no. 68.) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5565-6 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5565-8 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6295-1 (ebook) ISBN-10: 0-8108-6295-6 (ebook) 1. Macedonia (Republic)—History—Dictionaries. I. Title. DR2175.5.B43 2009 949.76003—dc22 2008045859 ⅜ϱ ீThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents Editor’s Foreword vii Preface ix Reader’s Notes xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Maps xv Chronology xix Introduction xlv THE DICTIONARY 1 Appendix A: Facts about the Republic of Macedonia 247 Appendix B: Institutions and Officeholders in Macedonia 251 Bibliography 259 About the Author 303 v Editor’s Foreword Rarely has there been so much concern about a name. The country that calls itself the Republic of Macedonia (ROM) is called, by the Greeks and some others, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). This confusion is just a continuation of many earlier quar- rels over what Macedonia was and—above all—whom it belonged to: the old ‘‘Macedonian Question,’’ one not answered entirely, even today. The modern country still has a very mixed population, which can be a source of not only diversity and richness but also friction and conflict. And its borders are illogical and could possibly be contested, although it seems that the ROM or FYROM is here to stay. Now that the country has existed in its present form for more than a decade, it is becoming somewhat easier to understand its importance and how it could evolve over the coming years. This is important because Macedonia is located in a very strategic part of the Balkans, and it is in the interest of its neighbors that it be a success. Since this country is difficult to understand, more so even than others in that confusing region, this Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia is essential. It goes back almost three millennia to the initial Kingdom of Macedon and follows the country’s journey through many metamorphoses, until the present day when it has become a shadow of its former self. The long and complicated voyage is charted in some detail by the chronology, then given considerably more depth in the in- troduction. The dictionary then examines the many people and events that have shaped the country, including kings, commoners, politicians, partisans, artists, writers, and educators. There are also entries on major places and organizations, as well as general topics such as the economy and foreign policy and the more sensitive issues of language and reli- gion. The bibliography, although not large, is impressive given the lim- ited literature. vii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD Although it deals with the same country and has a title similar to an earlier volume in the series (Historical Dictionary of Macedonia, no. 22), this is a completely new book written by a new author, Dimitar Bechev. Not from the Republic of Macedonia itself, he grew up in nearby Bulgaria and obtained master’s degrees in both law and interna- tional politics from the University of Sofia. He has since moved to Great Britain, where he received a DPhil in international relations from Ox- ford University and is presently a research fellow at the European Stud- ies Centre, St. Antony’s College, Oxford. He is affiliated with South East European Studies at Oxford and engages in policy analysis for var- ious think tanks, including Oxford Analytica. He has also written arti- cles for major journals on eastern Europe and the Balkans. This book will be an excellent guide for those of us who want to know more but— until now—did not know where to start. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Preface This book reflects my long-standing interest in the modern history of the Balkans. To me, the region of Macedonia, the subject of much polit- ical and academic contestation over the decades, illustrates the com- plexity if not ambiguity that underwrites the politics and societies in southeastern Europe. As Chip Gagnon puts it perceptively in his ac- count of the 1990s Yugoslav wars, ‘‘[i]f we can learn anything from Balkan history, it is that ethnic identities and the meanings attributed to them are fluid’’ (The Myth of Ethnic War, Cornell University Press, 2004, p.
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