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BOOK FOUR CHAPTER FIVE IRISH ART THROUGH the AGES Ancient Irish Art Was Generally Referred to As

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BOOK FOUR CHAPTER FIVE IRISH ART THROUGH the AGES Ancient Irish Art Was Generally Referred to As BOOK FOUR CHAPTER FIVE IRISH ART THROUGH THE AGES Ancient Irish art was generally referred to as "everyday art". There was not a lot about it that was special. Irish music, literature and art can be shown as having an upward trend to the Bronze Age. Ireland's earliest remains are from Lake Dwellers and Cave Dwellers. Some of the characteristics of their work were: - Straight lines, circles and dot ornaments - They were similar to those of the American Indians - Their two distinctive features were the divergent spiral and the diagonal fret with rounded corners. - Irish art gave evidence of use of thought and design. Irish art changed after the introduction of Christianity to Ireland. It went: - From purely aesthetic art to symbolic and mnemonic. - With the highest ornamentation toward the service of religion. - To lead the world in illumination and metallic art in the 5th to 10th centuries. - To change to become Ireland's Golden Age in art. - Such things as Ireland's greatest treasure, The Book of Kells, which is in Trinity College, Dublin. It originally had 354 pages, each 11 inches by 10 inches. Five pages are lost. If you would choose to believe it, the ancients have cited that the words were set forth by an angel who came straight from Heaven, to provide the Gospel to Saint Columbcille, to assist him in his wisdom and teachings. However, almost none of the current people upon this earth, (including the Clergy), would concur that there was any Heavenly Body involved in its preparation. THE BOOK OF KELLS - The initial of each sentence in the Gospel is illuminated, and no two letters are the same. - The script is ordinary rounded Celtic lettering, mostly in a single column, clear across the page. - Black, red, purple, blue, yellow and green are used. Gold and white are not. When white is required, the background is painted in, and the pattern is left of the plain vellum. - Twelve classes of ornament are used, geometric and naturalistic. - Much is left to the artist's variety, fancy and imagery. The Book of Kells is generally credited to the 7th Century. It was preserved in Saint Columba's Monastery in Kells until 1539 A. D., when the monastery was destroyed by the English, and the Book fell into the hands of the Protestant bishop Ussher. Ussher bequeathed his library to his daughter. The King of Denmark and Cardinal Mazzarin tried to buy it from her, but the Lord Protector Cromwell, who was known to the Irish as Cromewell the Butcher, refused to let it leave the British kingdom. The English Army, who were the Occupiers of Ireland at that time, bought the book, and they presented it to Trinity College in Dublin. At that time, Trinity College was a property of England, and its students were limited to the families of the elite (or controlling) English aristocracy in Ireland. This and other valuable books were kept in Dublin Castle until the ascension of Charles II to become the King of England. Then, they were transferred to Trinity College. Originally, they were often kept in leather satchels called Polaires, which were then hung upon the walls of a library or a chapel. The Book of Kells is described as a manuscript copy in Latin of the "Four Gospels" , and it is known to be a very important part of the history and art of ancient Ireland. Its original name was Soisceala mor Columcille, which may be translated to the "Book of Columbcille". In size, its pages, which are 11 inches by 10 inches are similar to some other treasured masterpieces that are a part of Irish history. Five pages from it have been lost, but 354 other pages still remain. The book has been described as having "interlacing bands and spirals, and trumpet designs, with representations of foliage birds, reptiles, fish, quadrupeds and both imaginary and monstrous animals, plus human beings". It also includes pictorial views of Christian events. Each of the four Gospels is identified by a pictorial of that apostate who prepared it. From what is known about the origin of the Book of Kells, somewhere near to the end of the 1700's, the work on the work to prepare this masterpiece was started in Iona, and the incursions of the raiding parties of the Danes into Ireland required the Irish inhabitants to alter their habits to protect themselves and their properties from a continuing exposure to these robbers. In time, many of the Danes would conquer portions of the Irish isle, and install themselves as its rulers of the lands over which they held sway. The control of the Danes in Ireland ended when Brian Boru led a group of Irish forces against then and thoroughly defeated them at the Battle of Clontarf (near Dublin in 1066 A. D. This victory by the Irish forces forever ended to control that the Danish forces of that time exerted in Ireland, and throughout large parts of Europe. However, during the Battle of Clontarf, both Brian Boru, and his son were killed during the Battle, and their loss ultimately ended the control of the ruling Dynasty which had led the government of Ireland for about 31 centuries. The incursions of the Danes required that the work to further the writings and the inscriptions in the Book of Kells be transferred from Iona to safer locations in Ireland. This occurred near the end of the Eighth Century. Some of the workers on the Book of Kells are said to have relocated to Kells, and positioned themselves at a Columban Monastery there, where the work on the prized document was completed. At Kells, a cover for the four books, which was comprised of gold and jewels, was prepared for this prize, and its entirety was called as "cumdach". In the 11* and the 12th Centuries, the presence of the works, and the lack of available paper for other purposes invited unknowing persons to remove some of the blank pages from the Cumdach. These pages were found to have been used for keeping records relating to certain activities ongoing at the monasteries of Kells and Ardbraccan. The activities recorded by those blank pages have us with provided valuable insights into the church activities of that time period. In 1539 A. D., the role of Kells Monastery was ended, and it was dissolved. The Book of Kells was given by Richard Plunkett, who was the last Abbot of the Monastery, to his relative, Gerald Plunkett of Dublin. Sometime near to the beginning of the 1600's, the Cumdach came into the possession of the Archbishop James Ussher who was a member of the Anglican (Church of England) Church, which was a Protestant Church. This may have occurred by confiscation, as the authorities of the Anlican Church confiscated many of the Catholic Church treasures, lands and properties for their personal uses, for their Anglican Church uses, and for their private and individual estates. These activities included such things as the establishment of required tithes to be paid to Anglican Churches and confiscations of enormous amounts of public and private properties. Archbishop James Ussher of the Anglican Church placed the Cumdach, which was in his possession, into a library in the Town of Drogheda, and while it was there, the Town of Drogheda was besieged by the Irish rebel forces in 1641 A. D. The Irish forces were unable to capture the walled town, although they attacked it several times. The Book of Kells was said to have narrowly escaped being destroyed during the 1641 A. D. siege of Drogheda. under the direction of Oliver Cromwell, who had arrived in Ireland with an invading force, as the leader of the English Parliamentary forces, who were sent to destroy the rule of Irish law that was being led by English King James II, who was a Catholic. At that time, some of the Royalist troops of Catholic King James had been sent to Drogheda to defend the town on behalf of the English Royalists who were being besieged in Ireland by those who supported the aims of the English Parliament to overthrow the rule of Catholic King Charles II of England. When Cromwell's troops besieged Drogheda, and executed thousands of Catholic King Charles troop there, the Cumdach narrowly escaped being destroyed in 1641 A. D. In time, the Cundach was sent into England, where it was kept in safety in Chelsea. In 1656 A. D., the Cumdach was returned to Ireland, where it was kept in Dublin Castle for five years, which was the seat of the English Government, which ruled Ireland, In 1661 A. D., the Cumdach was removed from Dublin Castle, and moved the short distance across the street, and given to Trinity College, wher it has remained, except for a few short intervals. Each day, the Cumdach is now placed in a safe in a vault in Trinity College in Dublin. Each day, the Cumdach is removed from the vault, and it is placed in the Long Room of Trinity College, and locked in a glass case. Every day, a page is turned so that the light will remain constant through the pages of this Irish treasure. The Book of Kells is not insured because it cannot be replaced. It is available for the world to see and to marvel at. Other beautiful Irish books were: The Book of Durrow The Book of MacDernan The Book of Hymns The Book of Armagh The Garland of Howth, and a feast of others, equally beautiful. Polaires were made of strong leather, which usually had the font ornamented with interlaced decoration, embossed like modern tooled leather.
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