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El Colegio De Michoacán, AC Doctorado En Ciencias Sociales El Colegio de Michoacán, A.C. Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales JAPON Y LA REVOLUCION MEXICANA Las supuestas conjuras nipo-mexicanas contra la Doctrina Monroe, 1905-1925 Tesis Que para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Sociales Presenta: Víctor Kerber Palma Co directores de tesis: Dr. Lorenzo Meyer Cosío Dr. Agustín Jacinto Zavala Zamora, Michoacán Diciembre 2015 AGRADECIMIENTOS Dice un proverbio chino: “Cuando bebas agua, recuerda la fuente”. Todo eso que tenemos, lo que alcanzamos, invariablemente tiene un precedente. Si nos sentimos satisfechos con la obra completada, es justo expresar nuestro reconocimiento a las personas, instituciones y situaciones que nos han llevado a lograr ese fin. En el año 2000, fui beneficiado por un programa especial de visitantes internacionales que organiza el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos. Visité algunas cadenas periodísticas y revisé sus hemerotecas, con el objetivo de conocer el imaginario sobre Japón y los japoneses, antes y durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El tema ya me atraía desde que viví en aquel país de Asia, en la década de los 80, cuando se hablaba de Tókyó como un temible centro de operaciones que pretendía borrar del planeta al capitalismo norteamericano. Pasé unos días en Washington, y visité otras ciudades. En Sacramento, fui recibido por el señor Kevin McCIatchy, propietario del Sacramento Bee, uno de los periódicos más tozudos en la lucha contra el llamado “peligro amarillo”, a principios del siglo pasado. Conversamos sin tapujos. Me habló de las campañas antijaponesas que encabezaron sus antepasados, y de cómo el Bee asumía ahora posiciones críticas contra los Japan bashers, i.e., los académicos, comunicadores y políticos que denostaban a Japón. El tema de cómo se desarrolló el antijaponismo en los Estados Unidos, y de cómo se propagó la idea de que Japón pretendió invadir a ese país desde México, adquirió una forma más clara en mi mente. La manera como se me fue configurando, dio por resultado este trabajo de tesis. Debo agradecerle a mucha gente sus contribuciones y apoyo. A Diego Castillo y Ana Lía Herrera-Lasso, los comencé a marear con mi tema desde que cursé una Maestría en Historia de México en el Instituto Cultural Helénico. El embajador Miguel Ruiz Cabañas me hospedó en la residencia de la Embajada de México en Tókyó, durante un viaje que realicé en 2007, para recabar información. Miyoshi Masaru, me ayudó a descifrar el significado de algunos documentos escritos en japonés antiguo, el cual ya no es del todo entendióle por los japoneses más jóvenes. A Okamoto Tomoko le agradezco las horas que empeñó a mi lado, revisando e interpretando algunos de los informes emitidos por la Legación japonesa en México durante la Revolución Mexicana. Son tantos y tan densos, que valdría la pena dedicar una temporada larga exclusivamente a su escrutinio en los Archivos del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Tókyó. Gracias a Carlos Kasuga, prominente Nisei mexicano, pude visitar la zona del Soconusco, Chiapas. Conocí el lugar preciso en el que se asentaron los colonos utópicos, enviados por Enomoto Takeaki en 1897. Así mismo, les agradezco a mis colegas investigadores: Carlos Uscanga, Alfredo Romero Castilla, Alfredo Román Zavala y Sergio Hernández Galindo, su generosidad al proveerme de opiniones, consejos e información sumamente útil. A Leticia Argüelles Romo le reconozco su apoyo, sobre todo en el orden anímico, puesto que conté con ella en todo momento. También a Saori Hirasawa le agradezco que siempre haya estado a mi lado, alentándome a continuar. Ono Hanako revisó con paciencia todas las referencias que aparecen en idioma japonés. Visité bibliotecas y archivos diversos: La Biblioteca de la Dieta, en Tókyó; la del Congreso, en Washington; los National Archives and Records Administraron, también en Washington, y los Archivos del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Japón (Gaimusho gaiko shiryokan). Así mismo, exploré los archivos históricos del Banco de México, de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, el Archivo Carso, y el Plutarco Elias Calles y Fernando Torreblanca. En las bibliotecas: Miguel Lerdo de Tejada (Secretaría de Hacienda), Daniel Cosío Villegas (El Colegio de México) y Ernesto de la Torre Villar (Instituto Mora), recibí atenciones especiales. Mi mayor gratitud se la debo a Alfonso Estrada, de El Colegio de México, ya que soportó mis abusos de confianza con paciencia franciscana. De igual modo, las atenciones de Eva Alcántar y Antonieta Delgado, en El Colegio de Michoacán, merecen mi correspondencia. A esta distinguida institución, fundada por don Luis González y González, le debo el haberme recibido y respaldado en cada avance de mi investigación. La doctora Nicole Keilbach me apoyó al inicio del ciclo, desde su posición de coordinadora del Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales. El doctor José Antonio Serrano me brindó un soporte extraordinario, pues fue gracias a él que pude realizar dos viajes, uno a Washington y otro a Tókyó, ex profeso para consultar los archivos. Celebro la buena voluntad de Agustín Jacinto Zavala para que avanzara en mis objetivos. Además, confieso que me he sentido sumamente honrado al contar con el apoyo del doctor Lorenzo Meyer Cosío, como mi co-director. Merced al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt), pude disponer de financiamiento constante y puntual. Mi beca llegó siempre a mi cuenta bancaria sin contratiempos. No sé cuánta gente se movilizaba para que mes a mes se hicieran los depósitos correspondientes, pero les agradezco a todos ese bendito esfuerzo. De enorme provecho fue también el complemento económico que me otorgó la Embajada de Japón en México. A Otashiro Mió, Arigató gozaimashita. A mi familia, muy en especial a ella, gracias por sus ánimos y su paciencia. Y gracias también a Mistar Google, por su valiosa contribución, desde las enigmáticas profundidades del ciberespacio. Tókyó, Japón, 25 de octubre de 2015. Los nombres japoneses siguen el orden acostumbrado en Japón: primero el apellido y luego el nombre, sucedido de su equivalencia en caracteres kanji. Así, por ejemplo, el precursor de las migraciones a México se designa como Enomoto Takeaki No es el caso de los descendientes de japoneses en México, para quienes sí se mantiene la secuencia habitual en castellano, dado que son mexicanos por nacimiento. A la memoria inmarchitable de Alicia Palma (Mi Madre) INDICE INTRODUCCION............................................................................ 1 CAPÍTULO I MARCO HISTÓRICO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN............................. 12 Prolegómenos del Siglo XX....................................................14 El Sueño Americano...............................................................22 Orgullo Yamato.......................................................................46 CAPÍTULO II FUNDAMENTOS DE UNA CONJURA........................................... 50 Antecedentes..........................................................................52 Contacto en Chiapas.............................................................. 74 Japonofilia mexicana.............................................................. 95 CAPÍTULO III JAPÓN EN EL CENTENARIO....................................................... 105 Península a remate................................................................ 107 La neurosis de Henry Lane....................................................125 CAPÍTULO IV JAPÓN Y EL MADERISMO............................................................ 133 Contrapuntos.......................................................................... 136 La Península (segunda parte)................................................ 147 Henry Lane contra Madero.....................................................154 CAPÍTULO V JAPÓN EN EL AJEDRÉZ DE HUERTA Y CARRANZA................. 174 El "principado” de Esteban Cantú.......................................... 177 Japonismo victoriano............................................................. 179 Japón y el constitucionalismo.................................................213 CAPÍTULO VI UNA REVOLUCIÓN ACAUDILLADA POR JAPONESES............. 238 Villa: ¿promotor de una intervención?.....................................242 Carranza contra W.Wilson.......................................................248 La decepción con Occidente................................................... 267 Mil Novecientos Veinticuatro................................................... 292 CONCLUSIONES............................................................................ 299 BIBLIOGRAFÍA.............................................................................. 306 INTRODUCCION Esta obra es el resultado de por lo menos tres décadas de reflexión en torno a las relaciones entre México y Japón. Más allá del análisis reduccionista, que se limita a enunciar los intercambios comerciales y diplomáticos, el espectro de Japón ha sido una constante en los planes de diversificación de las relaciones exteriores de los gobiernos mexicanos. López Mateos, Echeverría, López Portillo, De la Madrid, Carlos Salinas, todos ellos han flirteado con los japoneses. A muchos observadores les ha llamado la atención esa obsesión por Japón. Se han construido mitos y leyendas en torno al tema, algunas relacionadas con el papel de los inmigrantes japoneses y sus descendientes, y no pocas relacionados con las afinidades binacionales. Un ejemplo es el mito de la conexión antropológica, que algunos investigadores han retomado en años recientes."' Otro es el mito de los japoneses que han
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