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215 Appendix A BOLTZMANN'S BATTALION A. Company: Wolfgang Stiller's Noteworthies1 Teachers Colleagues Opponents Josef Stefan Willard Gibbs Rudolf Clausius (1835-1893) (1839-1903) (1822-1888) Josef Loschmidt Heinrich Streintz P.G. Tait ( 1821-1895) (1848-1892) (1831-1907) James Clerk Maxwell Franz Streintz Ernst Mach (1831-1879) (1855-1922) ( 1838-1916) August Toepler Franz Serafin Exner Wilhelm Ostwald (1836-1912) ( 1849-1926) (1853-1932) Hermann von Helmholtz Felix Klein Georg Helm (1821-1894) ( 1849-1925) (1851-1923) Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Max Planck Henri Poincare (1824-1887) ( 1858-1947) (1854-1912) Leo Konigsberger Woldemar Voigt Ernst Zermelo (1837-1921) (1850-1919) (1871-1953) More Colleagues Students Hendrik Anton Lorentz Svante Arrhenius Walther Nernst (1853-1928) (1859-1927) (1864-1921 ) Otto Heinrich Wiener Gustav Jager Hantaro Nagaoka ( 1862-1927) (1865-1938) (1865-1950) Philipp ~nard C. E. Curry M. v. Smoluchowski ( 1862-1947) (1868-1935) (1872-1917) George Hartley Bryan Lise Meitner George Cecil Jaffe (1864-1928) (1878-1968) (1880-1965) Clemens Schaefer Paul Ehrenfest Ludwig Flamm (1878-1968) (1880-1933) (1885-1964) Boltzmann's Successors in Munich: in Leipzig: in Vienna: Arnold Sommerfeld Theodor des Coudres Friedrich Hasenohrl (1868-1951) ( 1862-1926) ( 1874-1915) 1 Wolfgang Stiller, Ludwig Boltzmann - Altmeister der klassischen Physik - Wegbereiter der Quantentheorie und Evolutionstheorie, Verlag HaITi Deutsch: Frankfurt am Main, 1989. Stiller gIves biographical information about the people on his list plus remarks or quotations from many of them about Boltzmann 216 APPENDIX A B. Company Berta Karlik's & Erich Schmid's List of Some Austrian Physicists Who Were Students or Young Colleagues in Vienna in Boltzmann's Time.2 Franz Aigner (1882-1945) Hans Benndorf (1870-1953) PHD 1906, Habil. World War I PHD 1895, Habilitation 1899 Viktor Conrad (1876-1962) Felix Ehrenhaft (1879-1952) PHD 1900, Habil. 1905 PHD 1903, Habilitation 1905 Felix Exner (1876-1930) Ludwig Flamm (1885-1964) PHD 1900, Habilitation 1904 (Married Boltzmann's daughter) Eduard Haschek (1875-1947) Friedrich Hasenohrl (1874-1915) PHD 1897, Habilitation 1903 PHD 1897, Habilitation 1899 Fritz Kohlrausch (1884-1953) Anton Lampa (1868-1938) PHD 1907. Habilitation 1911 PHD 1892, Habilitation 1897 Friedrich von Lerch (1878-1946) Erwin Lohr (1880-1951) PHD 1901, Habilitation 1905 PHD 1904, Habilitation 1908 Heinrich Mache (1876-1954) Stefan Meyer (1872-1949) PHD 1898, Habilitation 1901 PHD 1896, Habilitation 1900 Adalbert Prey (1873-1949) Karl przibram (1878-1973) PHD 1896, Habilitation 1900? PHD (in Graz) Habilitation 1905 Wilhelm Schmidt (1883-1936) Egon von Schweidler (1873-1948) PHD 1905, Habilitation 1912 PHD 1895, Habilitation 1899 M. v. Smoluchowski (1872-1917) Arthur Szarvassy (1873-1919) PHD 1895, Habilitation 1898 PHD 1898, Habilitation 1905 Josef August Tuma (1866-1938) PHD 1892 Ausserordentlich Prof. 1903 TH Prague 2 Berta Karlik and Erich Schmid, Franz S. Exner und sein Kreis, Verlag der Osterreich­ ischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna. 1982. The authors give details about the life and careers of each of the people on their list, but since the primary focus is on Franz Exner and his circle, virtually all of those on the list were primarily experimental physicists. APPENDIX A 217 C. Company A. Dick's & G. Kerber's List of Doctoral Dissertations Completed with Boltzmann as either first or second advisor [Gutachter].3 Boltzmann as First Advisor (1876-1906) Vienna 1876 - Franz Hocevar (1853-1919): "On Some Determinate Integrals" Graz4 1879 - Ignaz Klemencic (1853-1901): "Observations on the Elastic Aftereffect on Glass" [Dissertation # 228] Graz 1881 - Friedrich Wrzal (1853- ): "Heat Capacity of Water Steam at Constant Saturation" [Dissertation #256] Graz 1882- Thomas Romich [Romik?] (1854?- ): "Experimental Examination of Dielectrical Bodies with Reference to Their Dielectrical Aftereffect" [Dissertation #264] Graz 1884 - Josef Hoffmann (1854- ): "Geometry in its Dependence on the Mass Relations of Space" [Dissertation #277] Graz 1885 - Victor Hausmaninger (1885-1907): "On the Theory of the Longitudinal Thrust of Cylindrical Bodies" [Diss. #297] Graz 1885 - Paul Czermak (1857-1912): "On the Value of Integrals Al and A2 in Maxwell's Gas Theory when Based on a Power Law" [Dissertation #298] Graz 1886 - Eduard Aulinger (1854- ): "On the Relation of Weber's Theory of Electrodynamics to the Principle of the Unity of Electrical Forces as Set up by Hertz" [Dissertation #306] Graz 1888 - Anton Lampe} (1854-1890): "On the Vibration of a Rotating Ball in the Face of Wind Resistance" [Dissertation #315] Graz 1888- Richard Hiecke (1864-1948): On the Deformation of Electric Oscillations through Proximity of Unbroken Conductors" [Dissertation #324] Graz 1890? Franz Streintz (1855-1922) [Because Boltzmann was called to Munich, Streintz finished his dissertation under Toepler.] Graz 1891- Michael Radakovits (1866-1934) studied under Boltzmann in Graz 1884-1889. but received his PHD from other hands in 1891. He taught at Innsbruck, Czernowitz, & Graz. Much of his work was on determining the physical characteristics of molecules. Munich 1893- Julius Werther (1870- ): "Contribution to the Theory of Apparatuses for the Manufacture of Micrometer Screws" Munich 1893/94 Charles Emerson Curry (1868-1935): "Transmission of Compression Thrusts in a Gas" Munich 1894- Samuel Preston Tolver (1844-1917): "On the Reciprocal Relation of some Hypotheses Which have been Proposed for the Explanation of Gravitation" 218 APPENDIX A Munich 1894- Rudolf Camerer ( ): "On the Total Reflection of Light on Thick (Course) Crystaline Substances" Munich 1894- Curt Heinke (1864-1942): "Contributions to the Measurement of Inductive Coefficients and Capacities" Vienna 1894-1900 Nothing listed, but See Boltzmann as second advisor below. Leipzig 1900-1902 Nothing Listed Vienna 1904- Karl Stanzel (1879- ) "On Diffusion in Itself [in sich selbst]" Vienna 1904- Paul Ehrenfest (1880-1933): "The Movement of Fixed Bodies in Liquids and the Mechanics of Hertz" Vienna 1906- Otto Frank (1883- ): "On the Potential Difference in the Place of Contact of 2 Different Electrolytes for the Case of the Cathode-ions Together [untereinander] and the anode­ ions which possess the same Valence" Vienna 1906- Johann Radakovits (1877- ): "Ionization of Gases by Galvanic Incandescent Wires" 3 A. Dick and G. Kerber, Ludwig Boltzmann - Katalog zur Ausstellung an der Zentralbibl­ iothekfUr Physik in Wien. Vienna, 1982, pp. 42-46. Where Boltzmann was the first advi­ sor, the journals or monographs in which the dictoral dissertations were subsequently pub­ lished are also cited. 4The list of Graz dissertations has been augmented by some mentioned by Paul Urban in his article "Ludwig Boltzmann in Graz" in Ludwig Boltunann - Ausgewtihlte Abhandlungen, edited by Roman Sexl & John Blackmore, Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn: Braunschweig!­ Wiesbaden, 1982, p. 68 and by Christa Jungknickel and Russell McCormmach in their book Intellectual Mastery oj Nature, Volume II, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1986, pp. 67-68. Presumably, Boltzmann was also first advisor in the added cases, but that is not certain. But none of the lists appears to be complete, even the University of Graz "Rigo­ rosenbuch 1866-1898". Boltzmann may have been the second or third advisor for other dissertations, to whit: Johann Svetina Jan. 17,1881 and Franz Lampe Nov. 16, 1884. Many of Boltzmann's comments on the dissertations are mentioned in the Jungnickel and McCorm­ mach account. There are some differences in dates and spelling of student names among the various incomplete and partly overlapping accounts of Graz dissertations. Concerning the Munich dissertations, different sources give the order of middle and last names differently. In one it is Charles Emerson Curry and in another Charles Curry Emerson. Similarly one source lists Samuel Preston Tolver and the other Samuel Tolver Preston. APPENDIX A 219 Boltzmann as Second Advisors ( 1896-1906) Friedrich Erben Stefan Meyer Alfred Hauke 1896 1896 1897 Fritz Hasenohrl Eduard Haschek Rudolf Ludwig 1897 1897 1897 Oskar Singer Arthur Szarvassy Leopold Kann 1898 1898 1898 Heinrich Mache Julius Hock August Lehofer 1898 1899 1902 Moriz Topolansky Olga Steindler Felix Ehrenhaft 1903 1903 1903 Johann Knific Vinzenz F. Blaha Josef ZOlss 1904 1904 1904 Erwin Lohr Josef Rozman Wilhelm Schmidt 1904 1905 1905 Friedrich Fasching Elise Meitner Selma Freud 1905 1906 1906 Richard Dobner 19066 5 The large number of doctoral dissertaions in Graz with Boltzmann as first advisor probably has to do with Boltzmann's long stay there, attractive personality, and especially with the fact that he held the chair in experimental physics. The seemingly odd fact that Boltzmann was very often second advisor in Vienna but rarely first advisor may be related to the fact that most of the students did their doctoral dissertations as in Graz in experimental physics. But there is also a possibility that as in Graz none of the lists of doctoral dissertations are complete. Nor may all extant lists have been consulted. As for the list of students who passed their Habilitation in Vienna, that is definitely not complete, since it only includes Franz Exner's students (but for whom there is evidence that they heard at least some lectures from Boltzmann. Other students of Exner for whom there is no evidence to this effect have not been included). One must also allow for some students who received a Habilitation under Victor von Lang as first
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