A.Krishnaveni et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(5),1440-1442 Research Article Available online through ISSN: 0974-6943 http://jprsolutions.info Antidiabetic, Hypolipidemic activity of Adenanthera pavonina seeds in alloxan induced diabetic rats. A.Krishnaveni#, Dr.S.Selvi, Dr.S. Mohandass Kamadhenu Arts And Science College, Sathy ,India Received on: 05-12-2010; Revised on: 14-01-2011; Accepted on:09-03-2011 ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and glucosuria produced by an absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin. The ailment may result into the development of further metabolic and anatomic disturbances among which is lipemia, hypercholesterolemia, loss of weight, ketosis, atherosclerosis, pathologic changes in the eye, neuropathy, renal disease and coma. Medicinal plants were used right from the day of mankind in evaluation for drugs and these have no side effects compared to that of chemically synthesized drugs. In the present study, hyperglycemia in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared alloxan monohydrate. Group I, normal control rats; Group II and III are normal rats treated with aqueous and alcoholic extract of Adenanthera pavonina (500mg/kg) seeds respectively, Group IV served as diabetic control rats(160mg/dl), Group V and VI are diabetic rats treated with aqueous and alcoholic extract of seeds of Adenanthera pavonina (500mg/kg) for 10 days respectively. At the end of experimental period, rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation and blood samples were collected and analyzed for biochemical parameters. Group V and Group VI produced significant reversal in hyperglycemic status. It also produced significant beneficial effects on lipid profile in diabetes rats i.e. reduction in total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL and increasing HDL significantly. Therefore, it was likely that aqueous and alcoholic extract of Adenanthera pavonina seeds produced favorable changes in the lipid profile in diabetic rats along with better glycemic control.

Key words:Adenanthera pavonina, diabetes, hypolipidemic, alloxan. INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus, a chronic disorder of glucose intolerance is characterized by high blood generally erect, having dark brown to grayish bark and a spreading crown multiple stems are glucose level and glycosuria. These characters are due to dysfunction of pancreatic cells and common, and are slightly buttressed trunks in older trees. The seeds of this tree are roasted over insulin resistance. The depictive cells result in lack of total or partial synthesis of insulin. The a fire and eaten by children and adults alike. Nutritional studies have shown one quarter of the insulin resistance is caused by cell membrane where glucose is not transported to the cells for seed weight to be oil with a high percentage of protein, and a fatty acid composition favoring oxidation. As glucose is not metabolized, high amount of glucose is circulated in the blood high digestibility for both humans and livestock (Balogun and Fetuga., 1985,Burkill., 1966) (hyper glycemia). (Robinson et al., 1986). Historically, the seeds were used as weight measures for jewellery and goldsmithing due to their small variation in weight (Benthall., 1946, Burkill., 1966). The bright red seeds are still Prevalence of diabetes in adults worldwide was estimated to be 4.0% in 1995 and to rise to used today in fashioning necklaces and decorative ornaments. 5.4% by the year 2025. The major part of this numerical increase will occur in developing countries. These will be a 42% increase from 51 to 72 million in the developed countries and The present study aims at studying the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of the seeds a 170% increase, from 84 to 228 million in the developing countries. Current estimates are that of Adenanthera pavonina in the model of alloxan induced diabetic rats. atleast 150 million people worldwide have diabetes, of which two-thirds live in developing countries. The countries with the largest number of people with diabetes and will be in the year MATERIALS AND METHODS 2025, India, China and the US (King et al., 1998). The number of people suffering from diabetes has soared to 246 million and the disease now kills more people than AIDS. In Collection and Identification: another study, the total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million The seeds of Adenanthera pavonina were collected from Kerala and identification was done by in 2000 to 366 million in 2030 (Wild et al., 2004) BSI, TamilNadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Decreased physical activity, increasing obesity, stress and changes in food consumption have Preparation of Extract: been implicated in the increasing prevalence in the past two decades (Shastri.K., 1980). In The seeds of Adenanthera pavonina were powdered mechanically. The powdered samples conventional therapy, type 1 diabetes is treated with exogenous insulin and type 2 with oral were weighed (about 15g each) Adenanthera pavonina seeds, in two different conical flasks. hypoglycemic agents (Sulphonylureas, biguanides etc) (Pepato et al., 2005). Though, differ- The extract was prepared by using aqueous and ethanol. The extraction was carried out in the ent types of oral hypoglycemic agents are available along with insulin for the treatment of dark at 40C for 72 hours with occasional shaking of the contents. After 72 hours, the contents diabetes, there is an increased demand by patients to use natural products with antidiabetic were filtered through cotton gauze and reweighed into containers. The concentrated material activity (Venkatesh et al., 2003). The disadvantages of the presently using antidiabetic drugs was condensed to a thick mass at room temperature and water was removed by placing it on are that they have to be given throughout the life and produce side effects (Dixit and Joshi., water bath. The dried samples were used for experimental studies. 1985). The toxicity of oral antidiabetic agents differs widely in clinical manifestations, severity and treatment (Spiller and Sawyer., 2006) Selection of Animals: The male albino rats (weighed 100-150gm) were housed in a larger spacious cages and they The use of herbal medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus has gained importance were given food and water ad lithium during the course of the experiment. The animal room throughout the world. Many herbal products, including several metals and minerals have been was well ventilated and the animals had a 10 + 1 hour night schedule, throughout the described for the cure of diabetes mellitus in ancient literature. The World Health Organization experimental period. The atmospheric temperature remained between 200C-370 C with only also recommended and encouraged this practice especially in countries where assess to conven- 50C difference. tional treatment of diabetes mellitus is not adequate (WHO., 1980). Herbal preparations alone or in combination with oral hypoglycemic agents sometimes produce a good therapeutic Induction of Diabetes Mellitus: response in some resistant cases where modern medicines alone fail (Anturlikar et al., 1995). Rats were made diabetic by a single peritoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (S.D. Fine - Since time immemorial patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes have been treated orally Chem Ltd, Mumbai, India) (120mg/kg b.w.t) which was freshly prepared in citrate buffer. After in folk medicine, with a variety of plant extracts. In India, a number of plants are mentioned in 4 days, rats with plasma glucose levels of > 160 mg/dl were included in the study. Treatments ancient literature (Ayurveda) for the treatment of diabetic conditions (Gogate VM., 2000). with plant extracts were started after 5th day of alloxan injection. Alloxan(2’4’5’6 – tetraoxypyrimidine 5,6-dioxyuracil) is widely used to induce experimen- tal diabetes and is associated with marked reduction in islet cell superoxide dismutase (SOD) Experimental design: activity (Chattopadhyay,1997). Alloxan, a beta cytotoxin, induces “Chemical diabetes” (al- In the experiment, a total of 30 rats (15 diabetic surviving rats, 15 normal rats) were divided loxan diabetes) in a wide variety of animal species by damaging the insulin secreting pancreatic into 6 groups of five rats each. beta cell, resulting in a decrease in endogenous insulin release, which paved the way for the decreased utilization of glucose by the tissues. Group 1:Normal rats Group 2:Normal rats treated with aqueous extract of Adenanthera pavonina seeds. (500mg/kg b,wt) Adenanthera pavonina (family: Fabaceae) which is a medium –to-large sized deciduous tree Group 3:Normal rats treated with alcoholic extract of Adenanthera pavonina seeds. (500mg/kg b,wt) ranges in height from 6-15m with diameters upto 45cm, depending upon location. The tree is Group 4: Diabetic control rats. Group 5: Diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract of Adenanthera pavonina seeds. (500mg/kg b,wt) *Corresponding author. Group 6: Diabetic rats treated with alcoholic extract of Adenanthera pavonina seeds. (500mg/kg b,wt) A.Krishnaveni Kamadhenu Arts And Science College, Collection of Samples: Sathy ,India After 10 days of treatment, the rats of all groups were killed by cervical decapitation under

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 5. May 2011 1440-1442 A.Krishnaveni et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(5),1440-1442 chloroform anaesthesia. Blood was collected, centrifuged and the serum was analyzed for leading to a rapid destruction of beta cells. The possible mechanism of action of the aqueous glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. and alcoholic extracts of A.pavonina seeds could be correlated with reminiscent effect of the seeds that promote insulin secretion by closure of K+-ATP channels, membrane depolariza- Pharmacological Evaluation: tion and stimulation of Ca2+ influx, an initial key step in insulin secretion. Similarly, oral administration of aqueous and alcoholic extract of A.pavonina seeds showed significant Estimation of serum glucose: reductions in the concentration of TG, cholesterol and LDL but caused the reversed effect on The serum glucose was measured in all the groups by using glucose enzyme reagent system, the serum concentration of HDL (Table 1). The observed significant reduction in the serum (GOD-POP Method) manufactured by Span Diagnostic Private Ltd., Surat, India. The system concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL fraction should also be due to depressed uses glucose oxidase method for estimating glucose in serum. hepatic gluconeogenesis by A.pavonina. A positive relationship between gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis has been well documented. (Harris and Crabbs., 1982). Any drug that Estimation of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides: interferes with gluconeogenesis has also been reported to also interfere with lipogenesis. It Total cholesterol was estimated by CHOD-PAP method and triglycerides by GPO-TRINDER is possible A.pavonina to be inducing its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects via this method. common pathway.

Estimation of LDL and HDL: Phytochemicals are plant chemicals that are neither vitamins nor minerals; yet they have When the serum is reacted with the polyethylene glycol contained in the precipitating reagent, healthy enhancing effects. Many phytochemicals are antioxidants including carotenoids, all the VLDL and LDL are precipitated. The HDL remains in the supernatant and is then alkaloids, flavanoids which are chemical substances that donate electrons to the free radicals assayed as a sample for cholesterol using the cholesterol reagent. and convert it to a harmless molecule (Middleton., 1996).

Statistical Analysis: The alcoholic extracts of A.pavonina seeds was used for the identification of phytochemical Data obtained was subjected to one way ANOVA followed by student’s test to determine the constituents. This analysis was done by using standard methods. The alcoholic extract of statistical significance of the biochemical parameters. A.pavonina seeds indicates the presence of flavanoids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, steroids and saponins. Previous studies have reported some RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of these phytocomponents to elicit a wide range of biological activities which include Diabetes mellitus remains the most common chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein hypoglycemic, hypolipidemia among others (Oladele et al., 1995). Flavanoids have been metabolism. It is characterized by chronic and persistent hyperglycemia, degenerative vascular demonstrated to have anti inflammatory, anti allergic and anti viral activity. These broad changes and neuropathy due to complete or partial insulin secretion or insulin resistance therapeutic properties were widely used in pharmaceuticals (Mandal & Datta., 2003). (Murray and Pizzorno., 1998). Apart from hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus is accomplished Saponin is known to elicit serum cholesterol lowering activity by causing resin-like action, by hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis (Harris and Crabb., 1982). The thereby reducing the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (Topping et al., 1980). In the hypercholesterolemia is a consequence of accelerated fatty acid oxidation to acetyl COA which process, the conversion of cholesterol to bile acid is enhanced in the liver resulting in is the primary substrate for cholesterol synthesis (West et al., 1966). Similarly, the hyperlipi- concomitant hypocholesterolemia (Kritchevsky., 1977; Potter et al., 1979). demia associated with diabetes mellitus results from accelerated denovo hepatic biosynthesis and release of VLDL-C with a corresponding increase in the rate of clearance from the blood by The presence of phytocomponents in the extract in high concentrations could account for the lipoprotein lipase whose activity is dependent on high insulin: glucagon ratio (Harris and these observed biological effects, particularly hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Crabbs., 1982). CONCLUSION The treatment strategies of diabetes mellitus include nutritional therapy, insulin injection, In conclusion, this study established the antidiabetic and antilipidemic effect of Adenanthera treatments with the various classes of oral hypoglycemic agents which could be synthetic or pavonina in the model of alloxan induced diabetes in rats. Flavaniods, Glycosides, cardiac of herbal origin (WHO., 1985) and / or combination of any of these strategies. However, in the glycosides,steroids,saponins,carbohydrates,enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants present African herbal management of DM, varities of medicinal plants are employed, some of which in the seeds of Adenanthera pavonina afforded a better protection against diabetes, hyperlipi- have been widely investigated and reported. Some of the plants and their parts include leaves demia and free radical scavenging capacity. and roots of Gongronema Latifolium ((Ugochukwu et al., 2003; Nwanjo et al., 2006), unripe, mature pawpaw fruit (Olagunju et al., 1995), leaves and seeds of phyllanthus amarus (Adeneye REFERENCES et al., 2006), aqueous and ethanol stem bark extracts of Musanga ceeropioides (Adeneye et al., 1. 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Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 5. May 2011 1440-1442