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Sample File P’ A Karachi S T Demavend J Oun to M R Doshan Tappan Muscatto Kand Airport
Tehran Tehran Tehran The capital of Persia since 1789, Tehran has grown from a dusty backwater to a teeming metropolis of 800,000. In the last decade alone, Tehran has added 300,000 residents, many displaced by the earthquakes, monster attacks, and other consequences of the Serpentfall. And some of these new residents are here to play the secret game that Britain and Russia have played here–much to the distaste of Persians of all stripes–since the 19th century. But now the game is in new innings; played with a savage intensity here because Persia is almost the only court left for it. The Serpent Curtain lies across Europe, an impenetrable barrier. Turkey is surrounded by Soviet clients and conquests–and by suspicious Soviet guards. Central Asia and China are remote, plagued by warlords and bitter cold. But Persia borders Soviet territory directly, a border that moved much closer to Tehran after the Soviets annexed Persian Azerbaijan in 1946. Less than 200 miles from the expanded Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Tehran has become Tbilisia veritable nest of spies. It draws those who would try to smuggle agents into the Soviet empire, and information out…and it draws those who would move the Soviet border yet again, all the way out to the PersianBaku Gulf and the doorstep of India.Tashkent T Stalinabad SSR A Ashgabad SSR Zanjan Tehran A S KabulSAADABAD NIAVARAN Damascus Baghdad P Evin TAJRISH Prison Red Air Force Isfahan Station SHEMIRAN I Telephone Jerusalem Abadan Exchange GHOLHAK British Mission and Cemetery R S Sample file P’ A Karachi S t Demavend J oun To M R Doshan Tappan MuscatTo Kand Airport Mehrabad Jiddah To Zanjan (Soviet Border) Aerodrome BombayTEHRAN N O DULAB Gondar A A Aden S Qul’eh Gabri Parthian Ruins SHAHRA RAYY Medieval Ruins To Garm Sar Salt Desert To Hamadan To Qom To Kavir 4 Tehran Tehran THE CHARACTER OF TEHRAN Tehran sits–and increasingly, sprawls–on the southern slopes of the Elburz Mountains, specifically Mount Demavend, an extinct volcano that towers 18,000 feet above sea level. -
Physalis Angulata L., As a New Record for the Flora of Iran
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 26 (1), 2020 DOI: 10.22092/ijb.2020.341552.1273 PHYSALIS ANGULATA L., AS A NEW RECORD FOR THE FLORA OF IRAN A. Zeraatkar & F. Ghahremaninejad Received 2020. 01. 04; accepted for publication 2020. 06.03 Zeraatkar, A. & Ghahremaninejad, F. 2020. 06. 30: Physalis angulata L., as a new record for the flora of Iran. -Iran. J. Bot. 26 (1): 32-34. Tehran. Physalis angulata L. is reported as a new record for the flora of Iran. A taxonomic description along with the illustrations of the species are prepared on the basis of some collections from Fars province, Iran. Amin Zeraatkar, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, Iran. -Farrokh Ghahremaninejad, (correspondence< [email protected]>) Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, postal code, 15719-14911, Tehran. Key words: new record; weed; exotic; Solanaceae; Physalis; Iran .Physalis angulata L، گزارشی جدید برای فلور ایران امین زراعتکار: محقق مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران فرخ قهرمانی نژاد: استاد دانشگاه خوارزمی، گروه علوم گیاهی، دانشکده علوم زیست، تهران، ایران Physalis angulata L. گونه برای نخستین بار از فلور ایران گزارش میشود. یک شرح تاکسونومیک به همراه تصاویری از این گیاه بر اساس چند جمعآوری از استان فارس در اینجا ارائه میشود. INTRODUCTION 1627 m, 10.07.2016, Zeraatkar s.n. (HSU). Beyza, The genus Physalis L. consists ca. 100 species and Banesh, 30°5'40.92"N, 52°26'6.65"E, 1617 m, mainly is native to tropical and temperate America, but 2.07.2018, Zeraatkar s.n. -
Curriculum Vitae
Curriculum Vitae Dr. Rahim Heydari Chianeh (PhD) Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography and Planning P.Box 23 29 Bahman Av., University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Fax: + 98 411 333 56 013 Phone: 333 62 330 (Home) 333 92 298 (Office) Mob.: 09144194700 Email: [email protected] Kimlik no 2909074277 Personal Data: Name Surname Date of Birth Nationality Sex Marital Status RAHIM HEYDARI-CHIANEH 1974/4/22 IRAN M Mar. Telephone Fax E-mail +98 41 33 36 23 30 +98 41 33 35 60 13 [email protected] Educational Background: Certificate Degree Field of Specialization Name of Institution Attended Date Received URBAN UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ, IRAN 1999 M. A. PLANNING AND GEOGRAPHY URBAN UNIVERSITY OF TABRIZ, IRAN 2004 Ph.D PLANNING AND GEOGRAPHY Title of Doctorate Thesis: AN EVALUATION OF IRANIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY PLANNING Title of Post-Graduate Thesis: ROLE OF GREEN SPACES IN URBAN PLANNING CASE STUDY: TABRIZ METROPOLIS 1 Teaching Experiences: Over than 25 Course in B.A, M.A., and PhD degrees from 1999 up to now, some of them are in the table below: Dates Title of Course Level Name of Institution From To Urban Tourim Ph.D 2009 Up Dept. of Geography and Urban to Planning, University of Tabriz now Tourism Marketing B.A 2001 - Dept. of Tourism Management, University of Tabriz Tourism Geography B.A 2000 - Dept. of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tabriz Urban Geography “ “ - “ Philisophy of Geography “ 2002 - “ Reginal Planning M.A 2007 - “ Population Geography ,, 2003 - “ Demography ,, 2003 - “ Urban Development ,, 2002 - “ Tourism Geography M.A 2007 - “ Tourism in Iran 2001 2009 ITTO Philisophy of Geography M.A 2010 - Aras International Campus University of Tabriz Population Geography M.A 2010 2014 “ Analysis Ecotourism Planning M.A 2011 - Dept. -
Blood-Soaked Secrets Why Iran’S 1988 Prison Massacres Are Ongoing Crimes Against Humanity
BLOOD-SOAKED SECRETS WHY IRAN’S 1988 PRISON MASSACRES ARE ONGOING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Cover photo: Collage of some of the victims of the mass prisoner killings of 1988 in Iran. Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons © Amnesty International (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 13/9421/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS GLOSSARY 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 METHODOLOGY 18 2.1 FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE 18 2.2 RESEARCH METHODS 18 2.2.1 TESTIMONIES 20 2.2.2 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 22 2.2.3 AUDIOVISUAL EVIDENCE 23 2.2.4 COMMUNICATION WITH IRANIAN AUTHORITIES 24 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 25 BACKGROUND 26 3.1 PRE-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 26 3.2 POST-REVOLUTION REPRESSION 27 3.3 IRAN-IRAQ WAR 33 3.4 POLITICAL OPPOSITION GROUPS 33 3.4.1 PEOPLE’S MOJAHEDIN ORGANIZATION OF IRAN 33 3.4.2 FADAIYAN 34 3.4.3 TUDEH PARTY 35 3.4.4 KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRAN 35 3.4.5 KOMALA 35 3.4.6 OTHER GROUPS 36 4. -
Modernizing the Public Space: Gender Identities
MODERNIZING THE PUBLIC SPACE: GENDER IDENTITIES, MULTIPLE MODERNITIES, AND SPACE POLITICS IN TEHRAN A DISSERTATION IN Geosciences and Sociology Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by NAZGOL BAGHERI Bachelor of Architecture, 2004 Bachelor of Computer Science, 2006 Master of Urban Design, 2007 Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Kansas City, Missouri 2013 © 2013 NAZGOL BAGHERI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED MODERNIZING THE PUBLIC SPACE: GENDER IDENTITIES, MULTIPLE MODERNITIES, AND SPACE POLITICS IN TEHRAN Nazgol Bagheri, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2013 ABSTRACT After the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, surprisingly, the presence of Iranian women in public spaces dramatically increased. Despite this recent change in women’s presence in public spaces, Iranian women, like in many other Muslim-majority societies in the Middle East, are still invisible in Western scholarship, not because of their hijabs but because of the political difficulties of doing field research in Iran. This dissertation serves as a timely contribution to the limited post-revolutionary ethnographic studies on Iranian women. The goal, here, is not to challenge the mainly Western critics of modern and often privatized public spaces, but instead, is to enrich the existing theories through including experiences of a more diverse group. Focusing on the women’s experience, preferences, and use of public spaces in Tehran through participant observation and interviews, photography, architectural sketching as well as GIS spatial analysis, I have painted a picture of the complicated relationship between the architecture styles, the gendering of spatial boundaries, and the contingent nature of public spaces that goes beyond the simple dichotomy of female- male, private-public, and modern-traditional. -
EU Embassies and Consulates in Tehran
EU Embassies and Consulates in Tehran Austrian Embassy in Tehran, Iran Embassy of Austria in Tehran, Iran Bahonarstr., Moghaddasistr., Zamanistr Mirvali 11, Teheran City: Tehran Phone: (+98/21) 22 75 00-38 (+98/21) 22 75 00-40 (+98/21) 22 75 00-42 Fax: (+98/21) 22 70 52 62 Website: http://www.bmeia.gv.at/teheran Email: [email protected] Belgian Embassy in Tehran, Iran Embassy of Belgium in Tehran, Iran Elahieh - 155-157 Shahid Fayyazi Avenue (Fereshteh) 16778 Teheran City: Tehran Phone: + (98) (21) 22 04 16 17 Fax: + (98) (21) 22 04 46 08 Website: http://www.diplomatie.be/tehran Email: [email protected] Office Hours: Sunday through Thursday 8.30 to 12.30 and 13.00 to 14.00 For visa applications & legalizations : Sunday through Tuesday from 8.30 to 11.30 AM Bulgarian Embassy in Tehran, Iran Bulgarian Embassy in Tehran, Iran IR Iran, Tehran, 'Vali-e Asr' Ave. 'Tavanir' Str., 'Nezami-ye Ganjavi' Str. No. 16-18 City: Tehran Phone: (009821) 8877-5662 (009821) 8877-5037 Fax: (009821) 8877-9680 Email: [email protected] Croatian Embassy in Tehran, Iran Embassy of the Republic of Croatia in Tehran, Iran 1. Behestan 25 Avia Pasdaran Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran City: Tehran Phone: 0098 21 258 9923 0098 21 258 7039 Fax: 0098 21 254 9199 Email: [email protected] Details: Covers the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Details: Ambassador: William Carbó Ricardo Cypriot Embassy in Tehran, Iran Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Tehran, Iran 328, Shahid Karimi (ex. -
List of Iran Certified Companies
List of Iran Certified Companies COMPANY EA SCHEME CERTIFICATE ICIM CERTIFICATE IQNET CURRENT ISSUE CERTIFICATION SCOPE Production and assembly of polymer parts (Blow Molding and Abzar Andisheh Co 14-22a ISO/9001 6440/0 IT-83411 28/02/2013 Injection). Manufacturing of aluminium profiles by extrusion and sizing Abzar Andisheh Co 14-22a ISO/TS 6449/0 01/03/2013 operations for automotive applications. Production of metal parts dashboard reinforcement bracket, door Alborz,s Respina Industry Co. 17-22a ISO/TS 6531/0 09/05/2013 brake and mud guard bracket for automotive sector. Production of Metal Parts: Dashboard reinforcement bracket, door brake and Mud guard bracket. Alborz,s Respina Industry Co. 17 ISO/9001 6569/0 IT-83559 09/05/2013 Dashboard reinforcement bracket, door brake and Mud guard bracket. Production and assembly of metal parts by casting, Amitis Automotive Parts Ltd Co. 17-22 ISO/TS 7371/0 18/12/2014 welding, painting process. Production and assembly of metal parts by casting, Amitis Automotive Parts Ltd Co. 17 ISO/9001 7372/0 18/12/2014 welding, painting process. AYEGH HESSAR MEHRAN Co. 19 ISO/9001 6943/0 IT-93599 05/02/2014 Production of Pre-Made Water Proofing Membranes of Building. Assembly of CNG Cylinders and Manufacturing of Brackets for Arasbaran Ghateh Shargh Co. 17 ISO/9001 6786/0 IT-83761 07/10/2013 Automotive Sector. Assembly of CNG Cylinders and Manufacturing of Brackets for Arasbaran Ghateh Shargh Co. 17-22a ISO/TS 6787/0 07/10/2013 Automotive Sector. Production and Assembly of Radio Tape, CD/MP3 Player, Plastic and Aria Afzar Shiraz Co. -
Clinical Trial Protocol Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial Protocol Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials 29 Sep 2021 Development and Effectiveness of cognitive, behavioral and social interventions on smoke use prevention (CIPS) among adolescents (15-19 Years Old) pirbakran city: a community-based Mixed method Study Protocol summary Main outcome variables using smoking, Outcome expectancy, Self-regulation, Study aim Self-efficacy, Self-esteem, Family and School Function Determination and comparison of mean scores of cognitive variables one and six months after the General information intervention - Determining and comparing the mean scores of social variables one and six months after the Reason for update intervention - Determination and comparison of smoking Acronym behavior in adolescents one month and six months after CIPS the intervention IRCT registration information Design IRCT registration number: IRCT20200101045980N1 Samples were categorized into two sexes and each Registration date: 2020-02-04, 1398/11/15 category 2 high school and secondary school will Registration timing: registered_while_recruiting consider as a cluster. The proportion of each school will determine by the sample size(73 persons). Since the Last update: 2020-02-04, 1398/11/15 samples studied one and six months after the Update count: 0 intervention are not necessarily the same as those Registration date before the intervention (73 persons), the researcher and 2020-02-04, 1398/11/15 the other team members have no information about the sample. Registrant information Settings and conduct Name The intervention is a community-based without a control hajar rezaei group that will take about two months. Educational Name of organization / entity intervention in the form of a city-wide exhibition on the Country outcomes of smoking, sending educational messages, Iran (Islamic Republic of) designing educational reference sites, holding paintings Phone on the outcomes of smoking in schools, educational +98 31 3744 2638 sessions, etc. -
An International Peer Reviewed Open Access Journal for Rapid Publication
Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers for India under Reg. No. 498/2007 Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications VOLUME-9 SPECIAL ISSUE NUMBER-1 (2016) VOLUME-9 SPECIAL ISSUE NUMBER-1 (2016) Perceptions of freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers toward coaching effectiveness and competency skills Print ISSN: 0974-6455 Masoud Feizollahi (M.A), Parivash Nourbakhsh (Ph.D) and Hossein Sepasi (Ph.D) 1-8 Comparison of spiritual intelligence and total quality management in employees of sport and non-sport organizations Online ISSN: 2321-4007 Syed Hamid Yaghoobi, Parivash Nourbakhsh and Hossein Sepasi 9-16 Examination of the relationship between religious orientation, attribution styles and self-esteem in high school students of Naeen www.bbrc.in Azam Zamani and Jalal Vahhabi Homabadi 17-24 Bioscience Biotechnology Effects of sodium nitrite on fibronectin expression of the testicular parenchyma in mice Sara Amini, Mohammad Reza Nikravesh, Mehdi Jalali, Alireza Fazel and Ariane Sadr Nabavi 25-33 Research Communications Presentation of conceptual model for effective factor identifi cation and its interactions on the sport tourism Nahid Hashemian Bojnoord and Syed Hamed Banihashemi Rad 34-39 Environmental risk management of HIPS II unit of Tabriz petrochemical complex using EFMEA Rahim Aftabi, Seyed Ali Jozi and Saeed Malmasi 40-50 Motorcycling behavior of students and general traffic pattern in the city of Dezful, Iran Mazaheri M, Keshavarz mohammadi N, Soori H, Ramezankhani A, Kordealivand T, Shirin sahraiy MH, Aafzal zadeh M, Rahnama -
The Role of Free Trade Zones in Economic Development (Case Study: Iran's Aras Free Trade Zone )
J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(11)11196-11201, 2012 ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied © 2012, TextRoad Publication Scientific Research www.textroad.com The Role of Free Trade Zones in Economic Development (Case Study: Iran's Aras Free Trade Zone ) Mohammad Balazadeh Abriz Ph.D. Student in Economics, University of Khazar, Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan. ABSTRACT Establishment of free zones in the world has a history of several decades. In 1991 the first steps for the establishment of 'free trade zones - Industrial "were taken in various discussions about it in the press, radio and television, the parliament, the economic and social carried out in different circles and different views have been presented, but the reality It is still, after 18 Years, except for the few "free zone" so that it should not clear exactly. Now that the rules' free trade zones - industrial "approved by the government, the parliament and the Expediency Council received adequate information from the areas of the undeniable success in attracting investment and technology, creating employment, reducing imports, increase exports, changing the social fabric of southern and central areas, positive changes in the internal and external migration, and tourism will be made available to those interested. Another choice is recommended as the import substitution policies. Given the importance of Economic development in countries the main objective of this study was to investigate the role of Aras free trade zone in economic development of Iran. KEYWORDS: Aras, Free Trade Zone, Economic development, Iran. 1. INTRODUCTION Zone is not easily defined. In recognition of this, some common terms are given in the areas of: Zone 1, 2 Commercial Zone, Industrial 3 Zone 4 Zone Commercial - Industrial Export Processing Zone 5, and 6 special economic zone; 7 foreign trade zone, free zone exports 8, 9 Sadratsaz zone, Zone 10 of the Law Customs, 11 from the free zone; 12 regional development funding[1]. -
Emam Khomeini
yÄo\U / Tajrish 1 1 ﻗﯿﻄﺮﯾﻪ ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻼﺗﯽ Gheytariyeh Shahid Mahallati ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﺻﺪر Shahid Sadr / 3 jIùM¼º 3 ¤GI´ اﻗﺪﺳﯿﻪ ﻗﻠﻬﮏ Gholhak Nobonyad Aghdasiyeh Gha’em ﺣﺴﯿﻦ آﺑﺎد دﮐﺘﺮ ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺘﯽ Doctor Shari'ati Hossein Abad ﻧﻘﺸﻪ راه آﻫﻦ ﺷﻬﺮي ﺗﻬﺮان و ﺣﻮﻣﻪ - ﻣﺘﺮو ﻣﯿﺪان ﻫﺮوي ﻣﯿﺮداﻣﺎد Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway (Metro) Map Mirdamad Meydan-e Heravi ﺷﻬﯿﺪ زﯾﻦ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ Shahid Zeynoddin ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﺣﻘﺎﻧﯽ ﺧﻮاﺟﻪ ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ اﻧﺼﺎري Shahid Haghani Khajeh Abdollah-e Ansari ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﻫﻤﺖ ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﺻﯿﺎد ﺷﯿﺮازي Shahid Hemmat Shahid sayyad-e Shirazi داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻢ و ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ره Daneshgah-e Elm-o San’at ﻣﺼﻠﯽ اﻣﺎم ﺧﻤﯿﻨﯽ ﺗﻬﺮاﻧﭙﺎرس ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﻗﺪوﺳﯽ Mosalla-ye Emam Khomeini Shahid Ghodousi (Elm-o San’at University) ﺳﺮﺳﺒﺰ }¿ÂTz¿M kà Sarsabz / 2 ﻣﯿﺮزاي ﺷﯿﺮازي o¿z±¬ qLw ³nH (¾Ã¤jIÅ) ·Ho¿U Mirza-ye Shirazi Shahid Beheshti 2 ﭼﯿﺘﮕﺮ وردآورد اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺷﻬﺮ Hov«¹ÀoÎ ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﻗﺮي (Golshahr Mohammad Shahr Atmosfer Vardavard Chitgar Eram-e Sabz Tehran (Sadeghiyeh Shahid Bagheri Farhangsara ﻣﯿﺪان ﺟﻬﺎد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎزان Meydan-e Jahad Janbazan ﺳﻬﺮوردي / 5 5 Sohrevardi ﻓﺪكFadak ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﻣﻔﺘﺢ ø] اﯾﺮان ﺧﻮدرو o~ø ²» Roñe ·Hkö Shahid Mofatteh ورزﺷﮕﺎه آزادي ﮔﺮم دره ﮐﺮج Karaj Garmdarreh Iran Khodro Varzeshgah-e Azadi Meydan-e Hazrat-e Vali Asr ﺳﺒﻼن (Azadi Sport Complex) oÃU ´TÿÀ ÁHk¿{ Sabalan ﻃﺮﺷﺖ Tarasht Shohada-ye Haftom-e Tir ﺷﻬﺮك اﮐﺒﺎﺗﺎن ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ Shahrak-e Ekbatan Shahid Madani ﻃﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﯽ µÃM¾ Ãve ³I¶H¸ع Taleghani داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﺮﯾﻒ Bimeh Daneshgah-e Sharif ·I¶jI{ kÃe¼U o¿{ oUIFU Emam Hossein ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ Sharif University) Shademan) Towhid Teatr-e Shahr Ferdowsi (City Theatre) ·Hoõ{ ½pH»nj S²»j ½pH»nj Darvazeh Shemiran Darvazeh Dowlat ﻣﯿﺪان اﻧﻘﻼب اﺳﻼﻣﯽ -
Monitoring and Assessment of Ambient Benzene Concentration and Its Health Impact in Urban Area in Tehran
Monitoring and assessment of ambient benzene concentration and its health impact in urban area in Tehran Farideh Atabi, Ph.D. Assistant Prof., Graduate School of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran & S. A. H. Mirzahosseini, Ph.D. U.S. – Iran Symposium on “Urban Air Pollution in Megacities” Beckman Center of National Academies of Sciences & Engineering Irvine, California 1 September 3-5, 2013 Outline • Background • Methodology • Field Measurement • Interpolation Using IDW Model • Cancer Risk Assessment • Conclusions 2 Background 3 Background Main sources of ambient Benzene [ATSDR, 2007]: 1. The vehicles’ exhaust 2. Gasoline evaporation 3. Leakage from natural gas 4. Emissions from the use of solvents and paints, 5. Using as an additive to unleaded gasoline,… Benzene is an aromatic volatile organic compound characterized by US EPA as a “known” human carcinogen for all routes of exposure and is clasified by the International Association on the Risks of Cancer [IARC, 1987] as class 1 carcinogen. 4 Background Annual averages of Benzene concentration have been measured in various European regions (Cocheo et al. 2000; Skov et al. 2001). The annual average concentrations of benzene in metropolitans have ranged from a almost zero to more than 6.25 ppb (Anabtawi et al. 1996). In Japan, the ambient standard for benzene concentration has been set to be 0.69 ppb (Laowagul and Yoshizumi, 2009). Iran Department of the Environment (DoE) and US EPA have set the standard for the ambient Benzene concentration levels to be 1.56 ppb [Iran DOE, 2010]. 5 Background Despite the regulations established, benzene concentrations and cancer risk assessment have not been investigated in Tehran due to the lack of data for ambient benzene concentration levels.