DOCSLIB.ORG

Decoding Cultural Landscapes: Guiding Principles for the Management of Interpretation in Cultural World Heritage Sites

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Decoding Cultural Landscapes: Guiding Principles for the Management of Interpretation in Cultural World Heritage Sites DECODING CULTURAL LANDSCAPES: GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF INTERPRETATION IN CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES EHAB KAMEL, B.Sc., M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2011 .. To my beloved country, Egypt, and to a great generation that showed an unbelievable courage, driven by a deep faith in their country and in themselves. In solidarity with the 2011 Egyptian Revolution against dictatorship, injustice, and corruption... you have taught the world how great nations can rise up for their rights... ....Thank you ABSTRACT Conserving the cultural significance of heritage sites - as the guardians of social unity, place identity, and national pride - plays an essential role in maintaining sustainable social development, as well as preserving the variations identifying cultural groups and enriching the interaction between them. Consequently, and considering the importance of the built environment in communicating, as well as documenting, cultural messages, this research project, started in 2007, develops a set of guiding principles for interpretation management, as a process for conserving cultural World Heritage Sites; by maintaining and communicating their cultural significance through managing newly added architectural, urban, and landscape designs to such heritage sites. This research was mainly conducted to investigate and explain a concern regarding a gap that is increasing between people and the cultural heritage contexts they reside- particularly in Egypt- and to suggest a strategy for professionals to understand such sites from a perspective that reflects the public cognition. Adopting Grounded Theory methodology, the research develops a series of principles, which are intended to guide the process of cultural heritage conservation; through a critical analysis of current heritage conservation practices in World Heritage Sites. The research shows how they [the guiding principles] correspond to the contemporary perception of cultural heritage in literature, for which, a thorough discussion of literature, as well as critical analysis of UNESCO’s heritage conventions and ICOMOS charters are carried out. The research raises, discusses, and answers several key questions concerning heritage conservation, such as: whether UNESCO’s conventions target the right heritage or not; the conflicts appearing between heritage conservation documents (conventions and charters); whether intangible heritage can be communicated through design; and the effect of Western heritage ideology on heritage conservation practices. This is carried out through the use of interpretive discourse analysis of literature and heritage documents, and personal site observations and questionnaire surveys carried out in two main World Heritage Sites: Historic Cairo in Egypt and Liverpool city in the UK. The two case studies contributed to the understanding of the general public’s perception of cultural Heritage Sites, and how such perception is reflected in current heritage conservation practices. i The thesis decodes cultural World Heritage Sites into three intersecting levels: the ‘cultural significances’ (or ‘open codes’), which represent different categories under which people perceive historic urban landscapes; the ‘cultural concepts’ (or ‘axial codes’), which are considered as the objectives of heritage conservation practice, and represent the general concepts under which cultural significances influence the heritage interpretation process; and finally, the ‘interpretation strategy tactics’, the UNCAP Strategy (or the ‘selective coding’), which are the five overarching principles guiding the interpretation management process in cultural heritage sites. This strategy, the UNCAP (Understanding people; Narrating the story; Conserving the spirit of place; Architectural engagement; and Preserving the built heritage), developed throughout this research, is intended to help heritage site managers, curators, architects, urban designers, landscape architects, developers, and decision makers to build up a thorough understanding of heritage sites, which should facilitate the establishment of more interpretive management plans for such sites, and enhance the communication of meanings and values of their physical remains, as well as emphasizing the ‘spirit of place’; for achieving socio- cultural sustainability in the development of World Heritage Sites. Keywords: World Heritage Sites, Cultural Heritage, Landscape, Heritage Management, Heritage Conservation, Interpretation, Perception. ii PUBLISHED SECTIONS Part of the content of the research developed as part of this thesis has been presented and published in the following forms: Kamel, E., & Hale, J (2010). Conflicts of Identity, Conservation, and Meaning-Management of Cultural Heritage: Reading through ICOMOS Charters. In S. Lira & R. Amoeda (Eds.), Constructing Intangible Heritage. Barcelos, Portugal: Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development, pp. 87-99. ISBN 978-989-95671-2-2 [Book-chapter] Kamel, E., Hale, J., & Hanks, L. (2009). The 'Conflict of Interpretations': Physical Conservation versus Storytelling and Meaning- An Analytical Study of WH Convention and ICOMOS Charters. In S. Lira, et al (Eds.), Sharing Cultures 2009 (pp. 201-208). Barcelos, Portugal: Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development. ISBN 978-989-95671-1-5 [Referred conference proceedings] Kamel, E., & Hanks, L. (2009). 'Towards Self-Interpreting World Heritage Sites: a Proposal of Design Guiding-Principles for the Landscapes of Interpretive Sites.' 12th International Seminar of Forum UNESCO- University and Heritage. Hanoi. [Referred conference proceedings- CD] Kamel, Ehab. “Places Searching for their Stories: The Case of Historic Cairo”. A paper presented at the 1st Annual Conference of Egyptian Scholars in UK and Northern Ireland, London, 15th Oct. 2009 [Best Talk] Kamel, Ehab. “Historic Context and Cultural Content: A Case Study of Historic Cairo”. A paper presented at Conservation: Principles, Dilemmas and Uncomfortable Truths’ Symposium, The Royal Academy of Arts, London, 24-25th Sep. 2009. Kamel, Ehab. “Understanding the World Heritage List’s Selection Criteria: Re-reading the World’s Cultural Heritage Map”. A paper presented at the AESOP 2009- Why Can’t the Future be more like the Past? Conference, Liverpool, 15-18 Jul. 2009. Kamel, Ehab, “A Proposal for an Interactive Interpretive Web Mapping System for Heritage Sites”. A poster presented, and paper submitted, at the ISAAC International Conference: Promoting Cultural Heritage Tourism through Integrated e-Services, Amsterdam, 2nd Jul. 2009. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would have not been possible without the support of many people. Firstly and mostly, I would like to thank the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education, and my home university, Ain Shams University, in Egypt, who offered me the opportunity to pursue my PhD studies in the United Kingdom by granting me a four-years fully funded PhD scholarship; and to thank the Egyptian Culture Bureau (ECB) for their financial support and their continuous follow-up to my academic progress throughout my period of study and stay in the UK. I would like to thank very much my supervisors Dr Jonathan Hale and Dr Laura Hanks for their constant and illuminating encouragement, advice and support in my research, as well as Dr Stephen Platt and Ms Suzan MacLeod, my Examiners, whom comments helped improving this thesis a lot. Also, I am grateful to The University of Nottingham, especially AHRG (the Architectural Humanities Research Group), the Department of Architecture and Built Environment and the Graduate School; for providing a place of excellence offering an academic environment that contributed to, and enhanced, the build-up of my academic experience. Also, I thank Liz Bromley-Smith, Wang Qi, and Swinal Samant for kindly consider my help for their courses. I would like to thank all my colleague PhD researchers who helped my chairing the PGRS’s (Post-Graduate Research Students) Committee: Joel Chaney, Aneel Kilare, Isin Can, and Blaise Mempouo who gave all time, and effort possible to improve the quality of our research environment, and helped me organize BELTS (the Built Environment Lunch Time Seminars) to improve our academic discussion and interaction in-between us and with the Department’s academic staff as well. Special thanks to Ricardo Martinez, Fidel Avila, Yi-Wen (Rachel) Wang, Isin Can, Fangqing Lu, and Bahar Durmaz- my colleague PhD researchers, whom enriched my research by the continuous specialized discussions in the fields of architectural humanities and social sciences. Last, but not the least, I thank very much my spouse, Amal, and my two lovely children, Nour and Ali, who supported me throughout my study; and shared with me all moments of hardships and stress I went through from the very beginning of my research journey until this thesis has seen the light. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................. i Published Sections ............................................................................. iii Acknowledgments .............................................................................. iv Table of Contents ................................................................................ v List of Figures ................................................................................... vii List of Tables .....................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Tour
    Ancient and Modern Starting From :Rs.:18641 Per Person 4 Days / 3 Nights Baku .......... Package Description Ancient and Modern Baku Airport - Hotel (Baku) Welcome to Baku. Upon arrival at the Airport you will be met by our local representative who will transfer you to the city hotel. .......... Itinerary Day.1 Half Day free time in Baku (No Services included) (Baku) There is no service included, you may spend time, as per your interests. Meals:N.A Day.2 Half Day Baku City Tour (Baku) Visit Memory Alley – “Shehidler Khiyabany”,High Land park it opens up a great panoramic view of Baku city. Continue exploring architecture of the 14-20th centuriesin the Nizami Street, Fountain Square, Nizami Ganjavi monument. Move to the old part of the city – Icheri Sheher. Visit Maiden Tower, Shirvan Shahs’ Palace, Caravanserai and bath, Carpet and antique shops, market square with numerous art studios and souvenirs stalls. An excellent round-up to the city tour will be a visit biggest national park Boulevard. Entrance fee is included Video Links : https://youtu.be/nbHpc0NurAo Copyright © www.funnfunholiday.com Meals:N.A Day.3 Full Day Gabala Tour From Baku (Baku) In the morning, depart Baku and drive to Gabala town. On the way, visit Diri Baba mausoleum in Maraza village. Continue to Shamakha, where you will visit historical Juma Mosque, Yeddi Gumbez Mausoleum, and the Shirvan Shah's family grave yard. Continue driving to Gabala , visit the Nohur lake, Gabaland entertainment,Cable way,Shooting centre,.Return to baku. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtpNvXdAPrc Meals:N.A Day.4 Half Day free time in Baku (No Services included) (Baku) There is no service included, you may spend time, as per your interests.
    [Show full text]
  • IAUP Baku 2018 Semi-Annual Meeting
    IAUP Baku 2018 Semi-Annual Meeting “Globalization and New Dimensions in Higher Education” 18-20th April, 2018 Venue: Fairmont Baku, Flame Towers Website: https://iaupasoiu.meetinghand.com/en/#home CONFERENCE PROGRAMME WEDNESDAY 18th April 2018 Fairmont Baku, Flame Towers 18:30 Registration 1A, Mehdi Hüseyn Street Fairmont Baku, Flame Towers, 19:00-21:00 Opening Cocktail Party Uzeyir Hajibeyov Ballroom, 19:05 Welcome speech by IAUP President Mr. Kakha Shengelia 19:10 Welcome speech by Ministry of Education representative 19:30 Opening Speech by Rector of ASOIU Mustafa Babanli THURSDAY 19th April 2018 Visit to Alley of Honor, Martyrs' Lane Meeting Point: Foyer in Fairmont 09:00 - 09:45 Hotel 10:00 - 10:15 Mr. Kakha Shengelia Nizami Ganjavi A Grand Ballroom, IAUP President Fairmont Baku 10:15 - 10:30 Mr. Ceyhun Bayramov Deputy Minister of Education of the Republic of Azerbaijan 10:30-10:45 Mr. Mikheil Chkhenkeli Minister of Education and Science of Georgia 10:45 - 11:00 Prof. Mustafa Babanli Rector of Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University 11:00 - 11:30 Coffee Break Keynote 1: Modern approach to knowledge transfer: interdisciplinary 11:30 - 12:00 studies and creative thinking Speaker: Prof. Philippe Turek University of Strasbourg 12:00 - 13:00 Panel discussion 1 13:00 - 14:00 Lunch 14:00 - 15:30 Networking meeting of rectors and presidents 14:00– 16:00 Floor Presentation of Azerbaijani Universities (parallel to the networking meeting) 18:30 - 19:00 Transfer from Farimont Hotel to Buta Palace Small Hall, Buta Palace 19:00 - 22:00 Gala
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Egyptian
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Egyptian Urban Exigencies: Space, Governance and Structures of Meaning in a Globalising Cairo A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Global Studies by Roberta Duffield Committee in charge: Professor Paul Amar, Chair Professor Jan Nederveen Pieterse Assistant Professor Javiera Barandiarán Associate Professor Juan Campo June 2019 The thesis of Roberta Duffield is approved. ____________________________________________ Paul Amar, Committee Chair ____________________________________________ Jan Nederveen Pieterse ____________________________________________ Javiera Barandiarán ____________________________________________ Juan Campo June 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis committee at the University of California, Santa Barbara whose valuable direction, comments and advice informed this work: Professor Paul Amar, Professor Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Professor Javiera Barandiarán and Professor Juan Campo, alongside the rest of the faculty and staff of UCSB’s Global Studies Department. Without their tireless work to promote the field of Global Studies and committed support for their students I would not have been able to complete this degree. I am also eternally grateful for the intellectual camaraderie and unending solidarity of my UCSB colleagues who helped me navigate Californian graduate school and come out the other side: Brett Aho, Amy Fallas, Tina Guirguis, Taylor Horton, Miguel Fuentes Carreño, Lena Köpell, Ashkon Molaei, Asutay Ozmen, Jonas Richter, Eugene Riordan, Luka Šterić, Heather Snay and Leila Zonouzi. I would especially also like to thank my friends in Cairo whose infinite humour, loyalty and love created the best dysfunctional family away from home I could ever ask for and encouraged me to enroll in graduate studies and complete this thesis: Miriam Afifiy, Eman El-Sherbiny, Felix Fallon, Peter Holslin, Emily Hudson, Raïs Jamodien and Thomas Pinney.
    [Show full text]
  • Baku, Azerbaijan a Complex History, a Bright Future in Our Next Issue: En Route to Timbuktu
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE March 2003 StateStateMagazine Baku, Azerbaijan A Complex History, A Bright Future In our next issue: En Route to Timbuktu Women beating rice after harvest on the irrigated perimeter of the Niger River. Photo Trenkle Tim by State Magazine (ISSN 1099–4165) is published monthly, except State bimonthly in July and August, by the U.S. Department of State, Magazine 2201 C St., N.W., Washington, DC. Periodicals postage paid at Carl Goodman Washington, D.C., and at additional mailing locations. POSTMAS- EDITOR-IN-CHIEF TER: Send changes of address to State Magazine, HR/ER/SMG, Dave Krecke SA-1, Room H-236, Washington, DC 20522-0108. State Magazine WRITER/EDITOR is published to facilitate communication between management Paul Koscak and employees at home and abroad and to acquaint employees WRITER/EDITOR with developments that may affect operations or personnel. Deborah Clark The magazine is also available to persons interested in working DESIGNER for the Department of State and to the general public. State Magazine is available by subscription through the ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Florence Fultz Washington, DC 20402 (telephone [202] 512-1800) or on the web at CHAIR http://bookstore.gpo.gov. Jo Ellen Powell For details on submitting articles to State Magazine, request EXECUTIVE SECRETARY our guidelines, “Getting Your Story Told,” by e-mail at Sylvia Bazala [email protected]; download them from our web site Cynthia Bunton at www.state.gov/m/dghr/statemag;or send your request Bill Haugh in writing to State Magazine, HR/ER/SMG, SA-1, Room H-236, Bill Hudson Washington, DC 20522-0108.
    [Show full text]
  • Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower (2000)
    Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower (2000) Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı), sometimes known as Baky or Baki, is the capital, the largest city, and the largest port of Azerbaijan. Located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, the city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21,5 ha). As of January 1, 2003 the population was 1,827,500 of which 153,400 were internally displaced persons and 93,400 refugees.Baku is a member of Organization of World Heritage Cities and Sister Cities International. The city is also bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Baku is divided into eleven administrative districts (Azizbeyov, Binagadi, Qaradagh, Narimanov, Nasimi, Nizami, Sabayil, Sabunchu, Khatai, Surakhany and Yasamal) and 48 townships. Among these are the townships on islands in the Bay of Baku and the town of Oil Rocks built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, 60 km away from Baku. The first written evidence for Baku is related to the 6th century AD. The city became important after an earthquake destroyed Shemakha and in the 12th century, ruling Shirvanshah Ahsitan I made Baku the new capital. In 1501 shah Ismail I Safavi laid a siege to Baku. At this time the city was however enclosed with the lines of strong walls, which were washed by sea on one side and protected by a wide trench on land. In 1540 Baku was again captured by the Safavid troops. In 1604 the Baku fortress was destroyed by Iranian shah Abbas I. On June 26, 1723 after a lasting siege and firing from the cannons Baku surrendered to the Russians.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Hazard Evaluation of Regular and Vertical Irregular R.C. Buildings in EGYPT, for Different Ground Motion Characteristics
    Seismic Hazard Evaluation of Regular and Vertical Irregular R.C. Buildings in EGYPT, for Different Ground Motion Characteristics M. M. ELASSALY Fayoum University, Egypt SUMMARY: The implementation of seismic regulation in the design process of R.C. buildings, in Egypt, is rather a new procedure. The seismic risk awareness started following the destructive earthquake that hit Cairo in 1992. The accumulated experience in the construction field, regarding the structural seismic hazard and the corresponding damage, is rather limited. Accordingly, the existing building stock in Egypt is considered highly vulnerable. The seismic performance of regular and vertical irregular R.C. building are assessed for different earthquakes, having various intensities and frequency contents. The model of the vertical irregular R.C. building, investigated herein, represents the most common type of irregular buildings, employed in Egyptian building environment; this type of buildings is distinguished with its varying first floor height. The seismic hazard evaluation is carried out through exploring damage indices, drift ratios and capacity curves of model buildings. Nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed on 2-dimensional model of R.C. building. Keywords: Seismic hazard - vertical irregularity - ground motion characteristics - damage indices - drift ratios. 1. INTRODUCTION In countries of low to moderate seismic activities such as Egypt, earthquakes are considered infrequent phenomenon. The occurrence of an earthquake may caught the Egyptian people and the governmental authorities unprepared. Prior to the 1992 Cairo earthquake, there were no specific articles, designated for the seismic design of R.C. buildings, in the Egyptian standards. Following that event, the Ministry of Housing, had enforced the implementation of seismic regulation in the design process of R.C.
    [Show full text]
  • I the American University in Cairo from Text to Screenplay Gendering
    The American University in Cairo From Text to Screenplay Gendering the Nation in Mariam Naoum’s Literary Adaptations A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Arab and Islamic Civilizations In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By May Nizar Serhan Under the supervision of Dr. Samia Mehrez September 2017 i Acknowledgments To my dear friend and teacher, Dr. Samia Mehrez. Thank you for always pushing me beyond the limits I set for myself, for all the opportunities you have given me, and for your unwavering support; All the love, gratitude and respect. To my sister Nermin Serhan for setting me on this path, way back when I had a love for literature and did not really know what to do with it. To my husband Wael Omar, thank you for your patience. It has been taxing with two children born during this process. I could not have done it without you. Finally, to the most amazing kids, Zein and Nadia. You might be too young to understand now, but you have provided me with the strongest impetus and a relentless drive to complete what I set out to do. May it shine before you as a reminder to always be curious, passionate, and dedicated to the things you love. ii ABSTRACT Mariam Naoum’s literary adaptations to television in the aftermath of the 2011 Egyptian uprising have carried wide cultural, political and literary implications, especially where the “woman question” is concerned. With Islamism and militarism both threatening to exclude a wide sector of women from the historical narrative of the uprising and the subsequent nation-building process, and with a male-dominated literary establishment that systematically relegates women to secondary roles, Naoum’s writing re-affirmed gendered agency both on the level of social engagement and authorship.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CASE of ICHERI SHEHER, BAKU Introduction
    Copyright © 2007 by the author(s). Published here under license by CECI. The following is the established format for referencing this article: Ivanov A.. 2007. To maintain invisible? The case of Icheri Sheher, Baku. City & Time 3 (3): 1. [online] URL: http://www.ct.ceci- br.org TO MAINTAIN INVISIBLE? THE CASE OF ICHERI SHEHER, BAKU Andrey Ivanov♣ Abstract Actual conservation charters not reflect practically the “soul of place” phenomenon that is important for appropriateness and feasibility of the conservation programs in the sites of urban heritage. Some attempts made by the author to raise the interest to the soul of place issue in the historic cities of former USSR countries are show that a possibility of its considering exists despite the resistance of convention conservation practice. The Integrated Area Management Action Plan (IAMAP) for Icheri Sheher, the World Heritage site in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, included in the list of the World heritage in danger due to the vigorous redevelopment, was elaborated by international expert team with the author participation in 2006-2007 according to universal rules of the international urban conservation consulting. The mental opportunity of creation of “another project” for this place more targeted to the genius loci’s understanding and preservation is discussed. The development of methods of the soul of place investigation and the categories needed is in the very beginning only. Anyway it is stressed that the soul of place issue must become a significant useful component of urban conservation
    [Show full text]
  • AMIT 1(54) 2021 VISUAL FACILITIES of MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE in AZERBAIJAN Introduction
    AMIT 1(54) 2021 VISUAL FACILITIES OF MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE IN AZERBAIJAN Introduction УДК 74:72.033(479.24) DOI: 10.24412/1998-4839-2021-1-114-122 Visual information is one of the oldest form of communication. It took its beginning in facial expressions, gestures, in the signs of people left on surrounding objects, script. And it is still F. Badalova alieved, not only alieved, but also developing. In human communication, much more other Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Baku, Azerbaijan factors play a role, most of which are related to the subconscious and non-verbal aspects of communication [1]. Abstract th th The processes occurring in Azerbaijan and other countries affected the development of Beginning from the 11 -12 centuries, the formation of the architectural environment Azerbaijan economy, urban planning and architecture. The impact of architectural structures on the and information carriers reflected several styles belonging to Baku, “Shamakhi”, “Ganja”, development of the urban environment contributed to public education and awareness both in “Nakhchivan” and “Aran” cities. The monuments of Aran architecture had the defending Azerbaijan and throughout the world. The range of publications of information materials (books, character, that’s why there were existed for our centuries. These monuments were formed newspapers, magazines, booklets, daily posters, etc.) had been extended. Visual facilities, against the background of the social condition of the regions and “led to the emergence of placement of signs, figures, brief notes on squares along the streets, at the stations, on the buildings for religious rites [2]. The buildings were surrounded by simple and asymmetric facades of various buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Game, Local Identity: the Social Production of Football Space in Liverpool
    GLOBAL GAME, LOCAL IDENTITY: THE SOCIAL PRODUCTION OF FOOTBALL SPACE IN LIVERPOOL DANIEL EVANS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GEOGRAPHY YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO August, 2014 © Daniel Evans, 2014 ii Abstract Based on participant observation of matches and interviews with key informants in Liverpool, UK, this thesis sets out the situation of the globalized English Premier League and its consequences for football (soccer) fandom in Liverpool. I am looking at both the reliance on and resistance to a tourist based consumption of the game. Using a Lefebvrian theoretical framework I analyze how football space is created in Liverpool and how the supporters’ groups of different teams in the city work to both globalize and glocalize the football culture of the city, and are looking to reshape their relationship with football’s current economic and cultural space. As Liverpool increasingly relies on a tourist-based economy with sport as its focus, it is altering the relationship between supporters and their clubs, and with other fans. The monitoring of fan performances by both authorities and other fans can be considered through Foucauldian conceptions of power to continuously shift the dynamics between different groups of supporters. iii Acknowledgements As I spend much of this thesis discussing the formation of social groups and the importance of community, I must acknowledge the many people that helped me in the creation of this work. First, my informants, who helped me understand the football world in Liverpool: Paul Gallagher, Jay McKenna, John Bennett, Andrew Sherlock, Ros Merkin, James Benson, Mike Humphries, Chris Stirrup, Feargal McAvoy, and Steve Kelley.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Seismic Source Model for Egypt
    Chapter 1 An Updated Seismic Source Model for Egypt R. Sawires, J.A. Peláez, R.E. Fat-Helbary, H.A. Ibrahim and M.T. García Hernández Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58971 1. Introduction Since the pioneering work of Cornell [1], it is clear that seismic hazard assessment depends on several models, among them perhaps one of the most significant, and usually poorly under‐ stood, is the delineation and characterization of the seismic source model for a particular region. Identification and characterization of the potential seismic sources in any region is one of the most important and critical inputs for doing seismic hazard analysis. In fact, the characterization of seismic source zones depends on the interpretation of the available geological, geophysical and seismological data obtained by many tools such as tectonic studies, seismicity, surface geological investigations and subsurface geophysical techniques [2]. In addition, the characterization depends on the definition of different surface and sub-surface active faults. Modern investigations on Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) for any region at any scale, requires that the study region should be subdivided into different seismic sources. The issue of seismic source delineation and characterization is often a controversial one in the practice of seismic hazard analyses, both deterministic and probabilistic, as the information available relating to geology and seismotectonics can vary from region to another region. It has been common practice since the development of PSHA by Cornell [1] and McGuire [3], to utilize areal source zones of seismic homogeneity [4 and 5].
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Neglect the Egyptian State in Cairo, 1974-98
    THE POLITICS OF NEGLECT THE EGYPTIAN STATE IN CAIRO, 1974-98 W. Judson Dorman A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PHD) SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES (SOAS) UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2007 DECLARATION The work presented in this thesis is my own. All sources used are indicated in the footnotes and the References section, and all assistance received has been gratefully noted in the Acknowledgements. Any errors of fact, interpretation and presentation remain my own. W. Judson Dorman Date 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines state-society relations in Egypt, and the logic of durable authoritarianism since 1952. It does so, through an examination of the Egyptian state’s neglectful rule, from the 1970s through the 1990s, of its capital Cairo. In particular, the thesis focuses on state inaction vis-à-vis Cairo’s informal housing sector: those neighbourhoods established on land not officially sanctioned for urbanization. Since the early 1990s—when Islamist militants used them to launch attacks on the Mubarak government—such communities have been stigmatized in Egyptian public discourse as threats to the nation’s social, moral and political health. Western scholars, by contrast, have valorized them as exemplifying popular agency. The central research question of the thesis is to explain why the Egyptian state has been unable to intervene effectively in these informal neighbourhoods—despite the apparent challenges they pose, the authoritarian state’s considerable unilateral power and the availability of western assistance. The short answer to the question, is that the very factors which sustain the authoritarian political order constrain the Egyptian state’s ability to intervene in its capital.
    [Show full text]