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Introducing a New Methodology to Deal with Gentrification in Urban Neighborhoods: Case Study of Fatimid Cairo and Heliopolis

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Introducing a New Methodology to Deal with Gentrification in Urban Neighborhoods: Case Study of Fatimid Cairo and Heliopolis Introducing a New Methodology to Deal with Gentrification in Urban Neighborhoods: Case study of Fatimid Cairo and Heliopolis Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften von der KIT-Fakultät für Architektur des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) genehmigte Dissertation von Muhammad Salah Eldaidamony Ahmad Hauptreferent: Prof. Dr. Barbara Engel Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.09.2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………i List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………………….v List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………………...viii List of Boxes …………………………………………………………………………………………..ix List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………..x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH BOUNDARIES……………………. 1-20 1. Introduction ……………………………..………………………………………..……….1 1.1 The Research Problem …………………………………………………….……………..2 1.2 The Research Objectives ……………………..…………………………….……………4 1.3 The Research Questions and hypothesis …………………………………….…………...5 1.4 The Theoretical Scope ……………………………………………………….…………..6 1.5 Research Methodology …………………………………………………………………..7 1.5.1 The Research Strategy ………………………………………….……………..8 1.5.2 The Research Methodology Approach ………………………………………..8 1.5.3 Study Population ………………………………………………………………8 1.5.4 The Fieldwork Constraints and Limitations …………………………………...9 1.6 Conducting the Case Study: Collecting the Evidence ………………………………….10 1.7 Data Validity and Reliability ………………………………………………….……….12 1.8 Data Analysis Procedures …………………………………………………..…………13 1.9 The National Context ………………………………………………………………….15 1.10 The Case Study Context ………………………………………………..……………16 1.11 Annotated List of Chapters …………………………………………………………..17 CHAPTER 2: GENTRIFICATION: THE PROCESS PHILOSOPHY AND CONSEQUENCES: LITERATURE REVIEW 1 ……………………………………………………………….21-68 2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………...………….…..21 2.2 Gentrification Process - What and how? …………………………………………….24 2.2.1 Overview ………………………………………………………………….25 2.2.2 Definition …………………………………………………..……………..25 2.2.3 The birth and Emergence of Gentrification……………..………………...27 i 2.3 Geographies of Gentrification – Where? Spatially? ………………………………29 2.3.1 Four Geographies (Wrinkles) in the Gentrification Studies ……………29 2.3.2 Two new geographies in the gentrification studies according to the Egyptian case study …………………………………………………………………….……33 2.4 Gentrification timing – When? ………………………………………….………..38 2.5 Gentrifiers’ Types – Who? ……………………………………………………….41 2.5.1 Producing Gentrifiers ……………………………………….…………42 2.5.2 The New Middle Class ………………………………………………..44 2.6 Gentrification Perspectives and Consequences …………………………….……51 2.6.1 Gentrification Perspectives ……………………….…………………..51 2.6.2 Gentrification Consequences (positive and negative) ……….……….56 2.7 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………..……….67 CHAPTER 3: GENTRIFICATION IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT: MEASURING GENTRIFICATION PROCESS AND ITS WAVES, AND PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES: LITERATURE REVIEW 2 ………………………………………………………….69-93 3.1 Producing Gentrification …………………………………………………….….69 3.2 Measuring Gentrification ………………………………………………….……72 3.2.1 The Rent gap …………………………………………………………72 3.2.2 The Value gap ………………………………………….……………76 3.2.3 The functional gap …………………………………….…………….77 3.3 Other gentrification notions …………………………………………………….77 3.4 Waves of Gentrification ………………………………………….……………..82 3.5 Conclusions ………………………………………………………..……………88 3.5.1 Gentrification Process - What and how? …………………………….88 3.5.2 Geographies of Gentrification – Where? Spatially? ……….………..89 3.5.3 Gentrification timing–When? Waves of Gentrification ………….….89 3.5.4 Gentrifiers’ Types – Who? …………………………………………..92 CHAPTER 4: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……………………………….94-110 4.1. Previous experiences of gentrification ………………………………………..94 4.1.1 Gentrification in London ……………………………………………94 4.1.2 Gentrification in Brussels …………………………………………..96 ii 4.1.3 Gentrification in Philadelphia ……………………….…………..98 4.1.4 Gentrification in Vienna ………………………………………..101 4.2. Data collection and sources …………………………………..…………..103 4.3. Tools and Methods used for analysis …………………………………….104 4.4. Identifying the Study area ………………………………………………..106 4.5. Identifying Gentrification Indicators (GIs) …………………….………..107 4.6. Preliminary Gentrification Indicators List (GIsL) …………..…………..109 CHAPTER 5: GENTRIFICATION IN EGYPTIAN CONTEXT: INVESTIGATING GENTRIFICATION IN EGYPT ……………………………………………111-148 5.1 Introduction Cairo ………………………………………………………..111 5.2 Causes of gentrification in Cairo ……………………………...………….117 5.2.1 Suburbanization and the emergence of rent gap, ………….…..117 5.2.2 Deindustrialization……………………………….……………122 5.2.3 Spatial centralization and decentralization of capital..………..128 5.2.4 Falling profit and cyclical movement of capital………………129 5.2.5 Changes in demographics and consumption patterns. …….….132 5.3 Tools and Methods used to investigate the case studies …….…………..137 5.3.1 Direct Observations ………………………………….……….137 5.3.2 Interviews ……………………………………………….……138 5.3.3 Demographic Analysis …………………………………….…141 5.3.4 Housing Circumstances ………………………………...…….143 5.3.5 Socio-Cultural Analysis …………………………….………..143 5.3.6 Economic Analysis ……………………………………………145 5.3.7 Physical Analysis ……………………………………….…….146 5.4 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….148 CHAPTER 6: CASE STUDY 1: HISTORICAL CITY OF CAIRO; AS AN EXAMPLE OF COMMERCIAL GENTRIFICATION ……………………………………..149-178 6.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………..……….149 6.2 Historical background ……………………………….…………………..150 6.3 Results and Discussion ………………………………………………….151 6.3.1 Direct Observations …………………………………………..151 iii 6.3.2 Interviews ……………………………………………..………154 6.3.3 Demographic Analysis ……………………………….……….157 6.3.4 Housing Circumstances …………………………….…………160 6.3.5 Socio-Cultural Analysis …………………………...….……….165 6.3.6 Economic Analysis ……………………………………………168 6.3.7 Physical Analysis ……………………………………..……….171 6.4 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….176 CHAPTER 7: CASE STUDY 2: HELIOPOLIS, AS AN EXAMPLE OF FINANCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL GENTRIFICATION ………………………………………..179-210 7.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………..……179 7.2 Historical background ……………………………………………………..181 7.3 Results and Discussion ……………………………………………………181 7.3.1 Direct Observations ……………………………………………181 7.3.2 Interviews …………………………………………….………..184 7.3.3 Demographic Analysis ………………………………...………188 7.3.4 Housing Circumstances ……………………………….……….191 7.3.5 Socio-Cultural Analysis ………………………………………..196 7.3.6 Economic Analysis ……………………………….…………….199 7.3.7 Physical Analysis ……………………………………..………..202 7.4 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..208 CHAPTER 8: Discussion and Final Remarks……………………………….. 211-226 List of References ……………………………….………………………….….227 - 244 iv List of Figures Figure 1-1, the research contents and structure ……………………………………….………….20 Figure 2-1 illustrates the relation between the two notions of “gentrification and reverse ………22 Figure 3-1, Gentrification as Bid-Rent Consumer Sovereignty …………………………….……72 Figure 3-2, The depression cycle and the rent gap ………………………………………….……74 Figure 3-3, Hackworth and Smith’s (2001) Stage Model of Gentrification ……………………..87 Figure 5-1, Al-Moez Street at night in historic Islamic Cairo. ………………………………….112 Figure 5-2, The urban growth development, population, density, agriculture lands, economic activities, working trips in Cairo Metropolitan Region (CMR) since 1956 till 2017. ……..……115 Figure 5-3, The urban growth development of Cairo Metropolitan Region (CMR), since 1952 till 2000. ……………………………………………………………………………………………116 Figure 5-4, The Strategic plan of Cairo Metropolitan Region (CMR) for 2017. …..…………..116 Figure 5-5, the economic interest and investments in socialist and post socialist cities. ……....118 Figure 5-6, sociopolitical status of socialist cities and the paradox of the post socialist shifts of urban development……………………………………………………………………………..………122 Figure 5-7, percentage of labour working in economic activities in Cairo. …………………….125 Figure 5-8, percentage of labour by professional classifications in Cairo ……………………...126 Figure 5-9, directions of economic growth from 1950s till 1990s in Cairo & Giza …………....129 Figure 5-10, the GDP per Capita in Egypt form 1970 till 2016…………………………………131 Figure 5-11, The annual GDP growth in Egypt form 1960 till 2009……………………..……..131 Figure 5-12, population of Cairo from 1882 till 2017 ………………………………………….132 Figure 5-13, Annual growth rate of Cairo’s population from 1882 till 2017 ……………..……133 Figure 5-14, directions of demographic growth from 1950s till 1990s in Cairo and Giza ….…134 Figure 5-15, Population pyramid of Cairo in 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006, & 2017 ……………….135 Figure 5-16, Final consumption expenditure (current US$) from 1965 till 2016 ………….…..136 Figure 5-17, Final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) of Egypt ………………………..….137 Figure 6-1, the location of Elgamalia (Case study 1) ……………………….………………….150 Figure 6-2, the population development of Elgamalia………………………………….………158 Figure 6-3, the annual growth rate of Elgamalia ………………………………………………158 Figure 6-4, the population pyramids of Elgamalia in 1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006…………….159 Figure 6-5, the population natural increase and statistical increase (migration) in Elgamalia for 1986, 1996 & 2006. …………………………………………………………………….………159 Figure 6-6, the overcrowding rates in Elgamalia………………………………………………..160 Figure 6-7, family size of Elgamalia. ………………………………………..…………………160 Figure 6-8, total number of buildings in Elgamalia from 1976 till 2006……………………….161 Figure 6-9, total number of residential buildings in Elgamalia from 1976 till 2006 …………..161
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