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Chronological Points of Reference Chronological Points of Reference 1804 1 July: Amantine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin is born in Paris. Her father, Maurice Dupin, is an officer in the army and the son of aristocrats established at Nohant, in Berry. Her mother, Sophie Delaborde, is the daughter of a Parisian bird-seller. The young couple, who have been together for several years, are married on 5 June. Maurice Dupin is already the father of Hippolyte Chatiron, a son whom he did not recognize; Sophie Delaborde already has a daughter from an earlier affair, Caroline Delaborde, and has lost several children in their infancy. Maurice and Sophie have already had two chil- dren together, these also dying in infancy. 1808 Sophie Dupin joins her husband in Spain where he is sta- tioned with Napoleon’s army. 12 June: Their son, Auguste-Louis, is born in Madrid. In July the family returns to France and takes up residence in Nohant with Maurice’s mother, Mme Dupin de Fancueil. 8 September: The infant son suddenly dies. 16 September: Maurice Dupin dies at La Châtre after a fall from a horse. 1809 For financial reasons Sophie Dupin gives up custody of her daughter to her mother-in-law and returns to Paris. Aurore grows up at Nohant and receives a rather curious education under the direction of Jean-François Deschartres who is also in charge of schooling her half brother, Hippolyte. Her mother spends a few weeks at Nohant every summer, and Aurore occasionally visits her in Paris. 1817– Aurore is sent to the convent of English Augustinian Sisters, 1820 rue des Fossés-Saint-Victor in Paris. There she makes friends with several students. Having become very devout, she thinks for a while about taking religious vows. 1821 Mme Dupin dies after a long illness during which her grand- daughter does a lot of serious reading at her bedside. Aurore, at age seventeen, inherits the château of Nohant and the vast property surrounding it. Chronological Points of Reference xi 1822 17 September: Aurore Dupin and Casimir Dudevant are mar- ried in Paris. He is twenty-seven, the recognized illegitimate son of Baron Dudevant, who lives at the château of Guillery in Lot-et-Garonne. The couple settles at Nohant a few weeks later. 1823 30 June: Maurice, the first child of Aurore and Casimir Dudevant, is born in Paris. 1824 After stays in Nohant and Plessis-Picard, the couple moves to Paris at the end of the year. 1825 They travel to the Pyrenees. There Aurore, at the age of twenty-one, meets Aurélien de Sèze, a young judge from Bordeaux and falls in love with him. They exchange love letters for several years and see each other a few times up until 1830. November: After a period of great stress Aurore tells her husband about her interest in Aurélien de Sèze and calls for “household peace,” stipulating its conditions in writing. 1826 Stays in Paris and in Nohant. Aurore tells Zoé Leroy, her friend and confidente, that Stéphane Ajasson de Grandsagne has returned to Nohant. She becomes very fond of the young scholar, who gave her natural history lessons in Nohant in years past. 1827 August: A short trip to Auvergne. Various health problems. December: On the pretext of medical consultations, Aurore goes to Paris to be with Stéphane Ajasson de Grandsagne. 1828 13 September: Solange is born. Her father is most likely Stéphane Ajasson de Grandsagne. 1829 Aurore writes travel memories, La marraine, and an unfinished text, Histoire d’un rêveur. A few brief stays in southwest France, in particular, at Guillery, at the house of Casimir Dudevant’s father. 1830 July: Aurore meets Jules Sandeau, seven years her junior, who is dreaming of becoming a writer. She soon becomes his mistress. November: After violent quarrels Casimir Dudevant accepts that his wife will henceforth spend six months of the year in Paris. 1831 Aurore moves to 25 quai Saint-Michel. Maurice, who is eight years old, is entrusted to the care of a tutor, Jules Boucoiran, while Solange, who is three, stays at Nohant with her father. xii Chronological Points of Reference Aurore briefly thinks about decorating Spa boxes to earn a living. Henri de Latouche (or Delatouche) asks her to write a few articles for a satirical paper, the Figaro. With or without the help of Jules Sandeau, she publishes a few short stories (La prima donna, La fille d’Albano), then a novel, Rose et Blanche ou La comédienne et la religieuse, that they sign together with the pseudonym “J. Sand.” 1832 May: Publication of Indiana, which Aurore wrote at Nohant the previous winter. The novel is signed “G. Sand.”* October: She breaks up with Jules Sandeau and moves to 19 quai Malaquais. This time Solange is with her. She publishes two short stories, Melchior and La marquise. November: Sand publishes her second novel, Valentine. December: Sand’s only poem in verse, La reine Mab, and Le toast are published. She agrees to collaborate on a regular basis with the prestigious Revue des Deux Mondes, directed by François Buloz. 1833 January: Sand meets Marie Dorval, a great star of Romantic theater, and becomes passionately involved with her. She pub- lishes some short stories, Cora, Une vieille histoire, then Aldo le rimeur and Métella. Spring: She meets Alfred de Musset at a dinner. They begin writing to each other. July: Sand becomes Musset’s mistress. She has just published Lélia and been harshly criticized by the press. December: The lovers leave for Italy. 1834 Their stay in Venice soon turns to drama. Sand falls ill with dysentery, then Musset gets typhoid fever with attacks of delirium. Dr. Luigi Pagello, who was called to treat Musset, becomes Sand’s lover. Late March: Musset leaves Italy. Sand spends the next three months in Venice, then decides to go back to Paris with Pagello in order to see her children. July: She leaves Pagello and goes back to Musset. The couple separates once again a few weeks later. Le secrétaire intime, Jacques, and Léone Léoni are published in installments in the Revue des Deux Mondes. Garnier and four open letters are pub- lished in a volume entitled Lettres d’un voyageur. 1835 Sand and Musset become lovers once again. Chronological Points of Reference xiii March: They break up once and for all. Sand returns to Nohant and meets the lawyer Michel who will be her lover until the spring of 1837. She also becomes friends with Félicité de Lamennais and Pierre Leroux, a socialist thinker to whom she will give financial support for years. Her political sympa- thies, republican and socialist, are becoming clearer. The Revue des Deux Mondes publishes André and three new open letters. 1836 The legal separation between Sand and her husband keeps the first months of the year busy. Late July: A final judgment gives Sand back all the property she owned at the time of her wedding and awards her custody of the children. Late August: She goes to Chamonix with Maurice and Solange. There she meets up with Franz Liszt and Marie d’Agoult. She publishes Simon, Poème de Myrza, Mattéa, and Le Dieu inconnu. 1837 February–March: Franz Liszt and Marie d’Agoult come to stay at Nohant. May–July: Franz Liszt and Marie d’Agoult once again stay at Nohant. Sand publishes Lettres d’un voyageur, Mauprat, and Les maîtres mosaïstes. She also publishes some open letters in Lamennais’s paper, Le Monde (they will be published as a volume entitled Lettres à Marcie), but Lamennais refuses to publish her defense of divorce. 1838 Winter: Balzac spends a week at Nohant. June: Sand becomes the mistress of Frédéric Chopin, age twenty-eight, and they will spend nine years together. October: The lovers decide to go to Spain along with Sand’s children. December: After their arrival in Majorca, they settle in at the charterhouse of Valldemosa where they spend only a few weeks because of Chopin’s health and the uncomfortable quarters. Sand publishes in installments La dernière Aldini, L’Uscoque, and Spiridion as well as the short story L’orco. 1839 Summer: Sand is at Nohant with Chopin. October: Sand moves to an apartment in rue Pigalle, in Paris. She publishes a new version of Lélia. The Revue des Deux Mondes publishes Gabriel, Pauline et Les sept cordes de la lyre. xiv Chronological Points of Reference 1840 April: Sand ventures into theater for the first time with Cosima, a failure. She meets Agricol Perdiguier, compagnon du Devoir in Avignon and author of the Livre du compagnonnage (1839). Sand’s Le compagnon du tour de France, which draws on Perdiguier’s work, is published as a book in December. 1841 Sand publishes articles under the title Un hiver au midi de l’Europe (these articles will be published all together the following year under the title Un hiver à Majorque) and Mouny-Robin. July: Sand breaks off all professional dealings with François Buloz after a disagreement about her novel Horace, which the director of the Revue des Deux Mondes found too ideological. November: The first issue of theRevue Indépendante, founded by Sand, Pierre Leroux, and Louis Viardot, the husband of the opera singer Pauline Garcia, is published. 1842 May–September: Sand is in Nohant. The painter Eugène Delacroix, in whose studio Maurice is working as an appren- tice, makes a visit. October: Sand and Chopin return to Paris; they settle respectively at 5 and 9 square d’Orléans. La Revue Indépendante begins publishing Consuelo. 1843 Late spring, summer, and fall: Sand is in Nohant, enter- taining in particular Louis and Pauline Viardot as well as Eugène Delacroix.
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