DOCSLIB.ORG

Balcer Part 3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Balcer Part 3 TABLE 10 Reports of Eubosmina coregoni in the Great Lakes Sampling Date Abd' Reference Sampling Date Abd' Reference LAKE 1967 A Davis 1968 LAKE 1973-1974 p Torke 1975 ERIE 1967-1968 c Davis 1969 MICHIGAN 1974 p Evans and Stewart 1977- 1968, 1970 A Heberger and Reynolds (continued) 1975-1977 Hawkins and Evans 1979 1977 1970 c Watson and Carpenter 1974 LAKE 1970 p Watson and Carpenter 1971-1972 C-A Rolan et al. 1973 HURON 1974 1971-1972 u Carter 1972 1974 u Basch ct al. 1980 LAKE 1966, 1968 p Wells 1970 1974-1975 C-A McNaught et al. 1980 MICHIGAN 1969-1970 P-C Gannon I 972a 1969-1970 A Gannon 1974 1969-1970 p Gannon 1975 LAKE 1970 c Watson and Carpenter 1971 c Howmiller and Beeton ONTARIO 1974 1971 1972 P-C Czaika l 974a 1971-1972 p Beeton and Barker 1974 1972-1973 c Czaika l 978a 1972-1977 p Evans et al. 1980 1973 p Stewart 1974 LAKE 1971 u Selgeby 1975a SUPERIOR 1973 u Upp er Lakes Ref. Group 1977 1974 p Basch et al. 1980 1979-1980 P-C This study •Abundance Code R = rare U = uncommon P = present C =common A= abundant F = found in fish stmnach contents - = abundance ranking not appropriate less tolerant to eutrophication than B. longirostris, as it is LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY IN OTHER LAKES mainly found in larger, less productive lakes (Gurney 1923). Zhdanova (1969) studied E. coregoni in fresh-water lakes Diurnal migration. No studies of the migration patterns and ponds in Kiev, Russia. He observed parthenogenetic of this species have been reported from the Great Lakes. reproduction from June through August when the water Hutchinson (1967) observed that in other lakes immature temperature ranged from 18 to 23'C. Maximum abun­ forms migrated while the adults did not. The animals came dances of 223000-292000 organisms m' were noted. Males to the surface before dark at rates of 3.8-13.2 cm/hr and and ephippial females appeared in late September when began their descent an hour before dawn at a rate of 22.2 water temperature declined to l5°C. By November, when cm/hr. the water had cooled to 4'C, this species disappeared for the winter and was not observed again until water temperature Feeding Ecology and As Food for Fish. E. coregoni has increased in April. only been reported from the Great Lakes since 1966 (Wells Zhdanova also cultured this species in the lab and ob­ 1970), and little is known about its role in the food chain. served maximum growth rates during the first 5 to 10 days. Like the other bosminids, it is a filter feeder. The filtering, E. coregoni molts once before reaching maturity and then ingestion, and assimilation rates of this species have been once for each brood produced. determined in southern Lake Huron by McNaught et al. Additional information on the life history of this spe­ (1980). These authors suggest that E. coregoni may be cies follows: more susceptible to fish predation in Lake Huron than the embryonic development 2-3 days slightly smaller Bosmina longirostris. sexual maturation 3-7 days interval between egg deposition 2-3 days 70 Life History and Ecology of the Major Crustacean Species no. of broods/female 8-9 from 0.3-0.5 mm and males of 0.2 mm. The other species life span 27-36 days are slightly larger than C. sphaericus (Brooks 1959). progeny /female 44 C. gibbus 5i! to 0.5 mm 1naxi1nun1 molts 7 C. faviformis ~ 0.5-0.6 mm average length, newly hatched 0.26 1nm C. Latus ~ 0.7-0.8 mm maxin1un1 length; fernale 0.54 mm C. globosus 5i! to 0.8 mm, 0 to 0.6 mm average \vet weight; fe1nale 0.019 mg In Lake Michigan, C. sphaericus was found to have a dry weight of 0.8-1.2µ,g (Hawkins and Evans 1979). Chydorus Leach 1843 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE Chydorids are distributed worldwide, occurring in waters TAXONOMIC HISTORY of low salinity from near the equator to the Arctic Circle The genus Chydorus contains at least five Great Lakes spe­ (Moore 1952). Each of the species in this genus has a more cies. C . .r,,phaericus is the most well known and has often restricted distribution. been considered a common, easily identifiable species C. sphaericus has been found in all the Great Lakes (Birge 1897). Recent studies (Frey 1980) present evidence (Table 11 ). This species is present in low numbers ( < 1 m·') that there are really several morphologically similar but dis­ in Lake Superior (Selgeby 1975a and this study); in moder­ tinct species in the C. sphaericus group, each with a re­ ate numbers (8000-15000 m') in Lakes Huron (Watson stricted distribution. For convenience, in this study all of and Carpenter 1974), Ontario (McNaught and Buzzard these recently recognized forms will be considered under 1973; Watson and Carpenter 1974), and Michigan (Gannon the old name of C. sphaericus (0. F. Muller) 1785. The 1972a; Stewart 1974); and is occasionally quite abundant other chydorids found in the Great Lakes include C. favi­ (3000-30000 rn-') in Lake Erie (Bradshaw 1964; Rolan et formis Birge 1893, C. globosus Baird 1850, C. latus Sars al. 1973; and Heberger and Reynolds 1977). The abundance 1862, and C. gibbus Sars 189 I. C. gibhus has occasionally of this species in the Great Lakes may be underestimated been recorded as C. rugulosus in the Great Lakes plankton because of the use of plankton nets with meshes 220µ,m or literature (Forbes 1897; Frey 1982). larger and the collection of samples from only the upper layers of the water column. The other species of Chydorus are not as well known DESCRIPTION from the Great Lakes. C. faviformis has only been reported All Chydorus are small cladocerans with spherical cara­ from Lake Huron (Bigelow 1922) while C. latus was col­ paces completely enclosing the body and limbs. The first lected once from Lake Erie (Wilson 1960). C. globosus oc­ antennae are covered by projections of the carapace (for­ curs in low numbers in lakes Huron (Bigelow 1922) and nices) that unite with the rostrum to form a beak (Plate 20). Erie (Langlois 1954, Wilson 1960). Wilson (1960) found The second antennae are biramous with three segments in C. gibbus in Lake Erie while Forbes (1891), Birge (1893), each branch. The species are distinguished by the shape of and Selgeby (1974, 1975a) observed it in littoral samples the body and postabdomen, the pattern of the carapace, and from Lake Superior. the position of the olfactory setae on the first antennae. Variation in these characteristics have been observed in LIFE HISTORY IN THE GREAT LAKES single populations of chydorids (Fryer 1968). Therefore, the detailed keys and descriptions by Scourfield and Hard­ The life history and ecology of C. sphaericus is discussed mg (1941), Brooks (1959), Frey (1959), Smirnov (1966a), in the following sections. The other four species occur in an_d especially Frey ( 1980) should be consulted when identi­ low numbers in the Great Lakes and have not been as well fying chydorids to species. studied. C. sphaericus is present year-round in Lake Erie but is SIZE generally only found in the summer and fall in the other Great Lakes (Watson and Carpenter 1974). Abundance C. sphaericus is the smallest chydorid in the Great Lakes. peaks occur between August and November (Davis 1954, We observed females from 0.3-0.4 mm long in Lake Supe­ 1962; Bradshaw 1964; Rolan et al. 1973; Britt et al. 1973; nor (I 979-1980). Brooks (I 959) reported females ranging Beeton and Barker 1974; Gannon 1974; Stewart 1974; Wat- 71 TABLE 11 Reports of Chydorus sphaericus in the Great Lakes Sampling Date Abd' Reference Sampling Date Abd' Reference LAKE 1882 u Vorce 1882 LAKE 1973-1974 u Torke 1975 ERIE 1926 p Langlois 1954 MICHIGAN 1974 c Evans and Stewart 1977 1928 PF Sibley 1929 (continued) 1975-1977 Hawkins and Evans 1979 1928-1929 PF Wilson 1960 1929 U-PF Ewers 1933 1948-1949, p Bradshaw 1964 LAKE 1902, 1905, p Bigelow !922 1959 HURON 1907 1950-1951 c Davis 1954 1967-1968 LI Pat;oibs 1972 1956-1957 c Davis 1962 1970-1971 p Carter 1972 1961 c Britt et al. 1973 1974-1975 p McNaught et al. 1980 1967 p Davis 1968 1967-1968 c Davis 1969 LAKE 1967 u Patalas 1969 1967-1968 p Patalas 1972 1967-1968 LI Patalas l 972 1968-1970 c Heberger and Reynolds ONTARIO 1970 p Watson and Carpenter 1977 1974 1971-1972 P-C Rolan et al. 1973 1972 p McNaught and Buzzard 1973 LAKE 1888 p Eddy 1927 1972 U-P Czaika l 974a MICHIGAN 1926-1927 p Eddy 1934 1973-1974 p Czaika l 978a 1966, 1968 p Wells 1970 1969-1970 p Gannon 1972a LAKE 1889 Forbes 1891 1969-1970 p Gannon 1974 u 1893 p Birge 1893 1969-1970 p Gannon 1975 SUPERIOR 1928 R Eddy 1934 1971 p Howmiller and Beeton 1971-1972 R-P Selgeby 1975a 1971 1971 p Selgcby 1974 1971-1972 p Beeton and Barker 1974 1973 Upper Lakes Ref. Group 1972-1977 p Evans et al. 1980 u 1977 1973 p Stewart 1974 1979-1980 u This study •Abundance Code R = rare U = uncommon P = present C =common A= abundant F = found in fish stomach contents - = abundance ranking not appropriate son and Carpenter 1974). During an October abundance 1974). This distribution pattern may be due to the influence peak in Lake Erie, the chydorid population was composed of the Fox River, which empties into the southern part of the of 50% immature animals, and only 8% of the adult females bay.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atlas of the Copepods (Class Crustacea: Subclass Copepoda: Orders Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida)
    Taxonomic Atlas of the Copepods (Class Crustacea: Subclass Copepoda: Orders Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida) Recorded at the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve and State Nature Preserve, Ohio by Jakob A. Boehler and Kenneth A. Krieger National Center for Water Quality Research Heidelberg University Tiffin, Ohio, USA 44883 August 2012 Atlas of the Copepods, (Class Crustacea: Subclass Copepoda) Recorded at the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve and State Nature Preserve, Ohio Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for the funding for this project provided by Dr. David Klarer, Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve. We appreciate the critical reviews of a draft of this atlas provided by David Klarer and Dr. Janet Reid. This work was funded under contract to Heidelberg University by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. This publication was supported in part by Grant Number H50/CCH524266 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve in Ohio is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), established by Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act, as amended. Additional information about the system can be obtained from the Estuarine Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1305 East West Highway – N/ORM5, Silver Spring, MD 20910. Financial support for this publication was provided by a grant under the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act, administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Lake Superior in 2000
    THE STATE OF LAKE SUPERIOR IN 2000 SPECIAL PUBLICATION 07-02 The Great Lakes Fishery Commission was established by the Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries between Canada and the United States, which was ratified on October 11, 1955. It was organized in April 1956 and assumed its duties as set forth in the Convention on July 1, 1956. The Commission has two major responsibilities: first, develop coordinated programs of research in the Great Lakes, and, on the basis of the findings, recommend measures which will permit the maximum sustained productivity of stocks of fish of common concern; second, formulate and implement a program to eradicate or minimize sea lamprey populations in the Great Lakes. The Commission is also required to publish or authorize the publication of scientific or other information obtained in the performance of its duties. In fulfillment of this requirement the Commission publishes the Technical Report Series, intended for peer-reviewed scientific literature; Special Publications, designed primarily for dissemination of reports produced by working committees of the Commission; and other (non-serial) publications. Technical Reports are most suitable for either interdisciplinary review and synthesis papers of general interest to Great Lakes fisheries researchers, managers, and administrators, or more narrowly focused material with special relevance to a single but important aspect of the Commission's program. Special Publications, being working documents, may evolve with the findings of and charges to a particular committee. Both publications follow the style of the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Sponsorship of Technical Reports or Special Publications does not necessarily imply that the findings or conclusions contained therein are endorsed by the Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Centropages (Crustacea) Collected from Shimizu Port, Middle Japan: Introduced Or Not?
    Plankton Biol. Ecol. 52 (2): 92-99, 2005 plankton biology & ecology €■ The Planklon Society of Japan 21)05 A new species of the calanoid copepod genus Centropages (Crustacea) collected from Shimizu Port, Middle Japan: Introduced or not? Susumu Ohtsuka1, Hiroshi Itoh2 & Takeshi Mizushima3 ' Takeham Marine Science Station, Setouchi Field Science Center. Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 5-8-1 Minaio-machi, Takehara 725-0024, Japan 'Suidosha Co. Ltd., 8-11-11 Ikuta, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki 214-0038, Japan 3 School ofMarine Science and Technology. Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu-Ku, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan Received 12 March 2005; Accepted 13 May 2005 Abstract: A new species of the planktonic calanoid copepod Centropages is described from Shimizu Port, Middle Japan. The new species is assigned to the alcocki group that is distributed in the tropi cal/subtropical Indo-West Pacific regions. The sporadic occurrence of the new species alludes to the possibility that the new species was introduced to Japan via ballast water. Key words: Centropages maigo, alien species, Calanoida, ballast water, Shimizu Port coastal species are very abundant and play important roles Introduction as food for fish (Brodsky 1950, Chen & Zhang 1965). In Alien marine benthic species are an increasingly serious Japanese waters the following ten species of the genus have problem all over the world and are now being joined by hitherto been recorded: C. abdominalis Sato, 1913; C. planktonic species. On the Pacific coast of the U.S.A. and bradyi Wheeler, 1899; C. calaninus (Dana, 1849); C. elon Chile, many planktonic copepods have been introduced gates Giesbrecht, 1896; C.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Glaciers.PM6
    How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • SMITH B.Sc., University of British Columbia, 2005
    Drivers of Wetland Zooplankton Community Structure in a Rangeland Landscape of the Southern Interior of British Columbia by LINDSEY MARGARET SMITH B.Sc., University of British Columbia, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES in the Department of Natural Resource Sciences Thesis examining committee: Brian Heise (Ph.D.) (Thesis Supervisor), Associate Professor, Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University Darryl Carlyle-Moses (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Geography & Environmental Studies, Thompson Rivers University Lauchlan Fraser (Ph.D.), Professor, Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University Louis Gosselin (Ph.D.), Associate Professor, Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University Ian Walker (Ph.D.) (External Examiner), Professor, Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan May 2012 Thompson Rivers University Lindsey Margaret Smith, 2012 ii Thesis Supervisor: Brian Heise (Ph.D.) ABSTRACT Zooplankton play a vital role in aquatic ecosystems and communities, demonstrating community responses to environmental disturbances. Surrounding land use practices can impact zooplankton communities indirectly through hydrochemistry and physical environmental changes. This study examined the effects of cattle disturbance on zooplankton community structure in wetlands of the Southern Interior of British Columbia. Zooplankton samples were obtained from fifteen morphologically similar freshwater wetlands in the summer of 2009. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the wetlands were also assessed. Through the use of Cluster Analysis and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), differences in community assemblages were found amongst wetlands. Correlations of environmental variables with NMDS axes and multiple regression analyses indicated that both cattle impact (measured by percent of shoreline impacted by cattle) and salinity heavily influenced community structure (species richness and composition).
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Glacial Lake Nipissing Waterworn Assemblages from the Southeastern Huron Basin Area
    39 Post-Glacial Lake Nipissing Waterworn Assemblages from the Southeastern Huron Basin Area Chris J. Ellis and D. Brian Deller Artifacts from eight locations in the Thedford embay- of the area is the modern Lake Huron shore which ment area have been modified by the post-glacial waters is lined by a series of well-developed sand dunes of the Lake Nipissing phase prior to about 4000 to 4500 formed on a baymouth bar of the Nipissing phase years ago. The location of these sites relative to other (Cooper 1979:35). Partially because of the encom- inferred pre-Nipissing strandlines in the region and de- tailed external artifact comparisons provide new' infor- passing baymouth bar, drainage of the area is poor mation on the age and sequence of early preceramic and prior to modern alterations designed to make occupations in the lower Great Lakes. the area suitable for market gardening, the area was predominantly low and marshy and contained a Introduction small lake (Smith Lake). The major drainage through the area today is the Ausable River and its While the general trend in the lower Great Lakes tributaries such as Parkhill Creek (Fig. 2). throughout much of the earlier part of the post- The sequence of pro- and post-glacial lake level glacial sequence was for water levels to be much changes throughout the Great Lakes is a complex lower than modern lake levels, the Nipissing trans- one and the southern Huron basin is no exception. gression of circa 5000 BP was an exception. At By about 12,500 years ago, the Warren series of that time, water levels rose to a height above the pro-glacial lakes had formed between the Wyoming modern Lakes Huron-Michigan levels and inun- Moraine south of the study area and the retreating dated a number of sites ranging from Paleo-Indian ice-sheet (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Luth Wfu 0248D 10922.Pdf
    SCALE-DEPENDENT VARIATION IN MOLECULAR AND ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF INFECTION FOR ENDOHELMINTHS FROM CENTRARCHID FISHES BY KYLE E. LUTH A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADAUTE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Biology May 2016 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Gerald W. Esch, Ph.D., Advisor Michael V. K. Sukhdeo, Ph.D., Chair T. Michael Anderson, Ph.D. Herman E. Eure, Ph.D. Erik C. Johnson, Ph.D. Clifford W. Zeyl, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my PI, Dr. Gerald Esch, for all of the insight, all of the discussions, all of the critiques (not criticisms) of my works, and for the rides to campus when the North Carolina weather decided to drop rain on my stubborn head. The numerous lively debates, exchanges of ideas, voicing of opinions (whether solicited or not), and unerring support, even in the face of my somewhat atypical balance of service work and dissertation work, will not soon be forgotten. I would also like to acknowledge and thank the former Master, and now Doctor, Michael Zimmermann; friend, lab mate, and collecting trip shotgun rider extraordinaire. Although his need of SPF 100 sunscreen often put our collecting trips over budget, I could not have asked for a more enjoyable, easy-going, and hard-working person to spend nearly 2 months and 25,000 miles of fishing filled days and raccoon, gnat, and entrail-filled nights. You are a welcome camping guest any time, especially if you do as good of a job attracting scorpions and ants to yourself (and away from me) as you did on our trips.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinematic and Dynamic Scaling of Copepod Swimming
    fluids Review Kinematic and Dynamic Scaling of Copepod Swimming Leonid Svetlichny 1,* , Poul S. Larsen 2 and Thomas Kiørboe 3 1 I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Str. B. Khmelnytskogo, 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics, Technical University of Denmark, Building 403, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] 3 Centre for Ocean Life, Danish Technical University, DTU Aqua, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 6 May 2020; Published: 11 May 2020 Abstract: Calanoid copepods have two swimming gaits, namely cruise swimming that is propelled by the beating of the cephalic feeding appendages and short-lasting jumps that are propelled by the power strokes of the four or five pairs of thoracal swimming legs. The latter may be 100 times faster than the former, and the required forces and power production are consequently much larger. Here, we estimated the magnitude and size scaling of swimming speed, leg beat frequency, forces, power requirements, and energetics of these two propulsion modes. We used data from the literature together with new data to estimate forces by two different approaches in 37 species of calanoid copepods: the direct measurement of forces produced by copepods attached to a tensiometer and the indirect estimation of forces from swimming speed or acceleration in combination with experimentally estimated drag coefficients. Depending on the approach, we found that the propulsive forces, both for cruise swimming and escape jumps, scaled with prosome length (L) to a power between 2 and 3.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revised Key to the Zooplankton of Lake Champlain
    Plattsburgh State University of New York Volume 6 (2013) A Revised Key to the Zooplankton of Lake Champlain Mark LaMay, Erin Hayes-Pontius, Ian M. Ater, Timothy B. Mihuc (faculty) Lake Champlain Research Institute, SUNY Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901 ABSTRACT This key was developed by undergraduate research students working on a project with NYDEC and the Lake Champlain Monitoring program to develop long-term data sets for Lake Champlain plankton. Funding for development of this key was provided by, the Lake Champlain Basin Program and the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). The key contains couplet keys for the major taxa in Cladocera and Copepoda and Rotifer plankton in Lake Champlain. Illustrations are by Erin Hayes-Pontius and Ian Ater. Many thanks to the employees of the Lake Champlain Research Institute for hours of excellent work in the field and in the lab: especially Casey Bingelli, Heather Bradley, Amanda Groves and Carrianne Pershyn. Keywords: Lake Champlain; zooplankton; identification; key INTRODUCTION Lake Champlain is one of the largest freshwater bodies in the United States. The Lake Champlain drainage basin is bordered by the Adirondack Mountains of New York to the west and the Green Mountains of Vermont to the east. This unique ecosystem has a surface area of 1130 km2, a length of 200 km and a mean depth of 19.4 m. The lake shoreline extends from Quebec in the north, 200 km south to Whitehall, New York, where it connects to the Hudson-Champlain canal. Islands and man-made transport causeways divide the lake into several distinct parts: Main Lake, South Lake, and Northeast Arm including Missisquoi Bay, and Malletts Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • The Four Main Groups of the Ojibwe Published on Lessons of Our Land (
    The Four Main Groups of the Ojibwe Published on Lessons of Our Land (http://www.lessonsofourland.org) Grades: 6th - 8th Grade Lesson: 1 Unit: 2: American Indian land tenure history Subject: History/Social Studies Additional Subject(s): Geography Achievement Goal: Students will identify the four main groups of the Ojibwe and the large land mass they covered. They will understand that each group lived in a different geographical location and their cultures varied with their environments. Time: One class period Lesson Description: Students learn about the four nations of the Ojibwe tribe and analyze maps of the Great Ojibwe Migration. Teacher Background: Refer to The Four Divisions of the Ojibwe Nation Map found in the Lesson Resources section. This map shows the Ojibwe homeland. It is important to remember that much of it was shared with other tribes. The lines only serve to show where fairly large numbers of Ojibwe lived at one time or another. Within this wide expanse there are great differences in country and climate, and the Ojibwe people adapted their ways of living to their surroundings. In modern times four main groups have been distinguished by location and adaptation to varying conditions. They are the Plains Ojibwe, the Northern Ojibwe, the Southeastern Ojibwe, and the Southwestern Ojibwe or Chippewa. The Plains Ojibwe The Plains Ojibwe live in Saskatchewan, western Manitoba, North Dakota, and Montana. Although they were originally a forest people, they changed their way of life when they moved into the open lands and borrowed many customs of other plains people. Today most of them work at farming and ranching.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S
    Summary Report of Freshwater Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4—An Update April 2013 Prepared by: Pam L. Fuller, Amy J. Benson, and Matthew J. Cannister U.S. Geological Survey Southeast Ecological Science Center Gainesville, Florida Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia Cover Photos: Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix – Auburn University Giant Applesnail, Pomacea maculata – David Knott Straightedge Crayfish, Procambarus hayi – U.S. Forest Service i Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ vi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Overview of Region 4 Introductions Since 2000 ....................................................................................... 1 Format of Species Accounts ...................................................................................................................... 2 Explanation of Maps ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Body Shape Across Species and Populations in a Radiation of Diaptomid Copepods
    Variation in Body Shape across Species and Populations in a Radiation of Diaptomid Copepods Stephen Hausch¤a*, Jonathan B. Shurin¤b, Blake Matthews¤c 1 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Abstract Inter and intra-population variation in morphological traits, such as body size and shape, provides important insights into the ecological importance of individual natural populations. The radiation of Diaptomid species (~400 species) has apparently produced little morphological differentiation other than those in secondary sexual characteristics, suggesting sexual, rather than ecological, selection has driven speciation. This evolutionary history suggests that species, and conspecific populations, would be ecologically redundant but recent work found contrasting ecosystem effects among both species and populations. This study provides the first quantification of shape variation among species, populations, and/or sexes (beyond taxonomic illustrations and body size measurements) to gain insight into the ecological differentiation of Diaptomids. Here we quantify the shape of five Diaptomid species (family Diaptomidae) from four populations each, using morphometric landmarks on the prosome, urosome, and antennae. We partition morphological variation among species, populations, and sexes, and test for phenotype-by-environment correlations to reveal possible functional consequences of shape variation. We found that intraspecific variation was 18-35% as large as interspecific variation across all measured traits. Interspecific variation in body size and relative antennae length, the two traits showing significant sexual dimorphism, were correlated with lake size and geographic location suggesting some niche differentiation between species. Observed relationships between intraspecific morphological variation and the environment suggest that divergent selection in contrasting lakes might contribute to shape differences among local populations, but confirming this requires further analyses.
    [Show full text]