1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3893 By Mr. KILGORE: By Mr. ROOSEVELT: sels Tonnage Act, H. R. 2036, in its present H. R. 5288. A bill for the relief of Miguel H. R. 5293. A bill for the relief of George form; to the Committee on Armed Services. Flores Castro; to the Committee on the Quon Lok; to the Committee on the Ju­ 177. Also petition of Clifford Crail, Cin­ cinnati, Ohio, requesting that a copy of Judiciary. diciary. a. · H. R. 5294. A bill for the relief of Fernando letter to Mr. Corliss Lamont of November 15, H. R. 5289. A bill for the relief of Rodrigo 1954, be submitted to committee, in order Eulalia Santa Ana-Alvarado; to the Commit­ Galvan-Cruz; to the Committee on the Ju­ diciary. that Congress may investigate certain dese­ tee on the Judiciary. crations of the Bill of Rights by the law­ H. R. 5295. A bill for the relief of Walterio enforcement people of Cincinnati, Ohio; to By Mr. LANE: Carrasco Mondaca; to the Committee on the H. R. 5290. A bill for the relief of Giuseppe the Committee on Rules. Judiciary. 178. Also, petition of the editor, the Citi­ Barberis; to the Committee on the Judiciary. zen, Honolulu, T. H., relative to a resolution By Mr. MACDONALD: passed by the Citizens Study Club of Oahu, H. R. 5291. A bill for the relief of Mrs. PETITIONS, ETC. T. H., placing themselves on record as re­ Anneliese Martin ( nee Fesslmayer) ; to the Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions jecting and opposing communism, fascism, Committee on the Judiciary. and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk and all forms of totalitarianism that are antithetic and inimical to the American By Mr. MORANO: and referred as follows: form of government, and rededicating them• H. R. 5292. A bill for the relief of Sister 176. By the SPEAKER: Petition of the selves to the cause of perpetuating the Amer­ Guiseppina Bucci; to the Committee on the Marine Insurance Society of Seattle, Seattle, ican way of life, etc.; to the Committee on Judiciary. Wash., requesting passage of the Naval Ves- Un-American Activities.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

A National Highway Program stances from members of the American Road President's special committee, ·the report Builders Association. which General Clay presented to the Presi­ So, I say, you have shown us how to write dent only yesterday. I sat in with other EXTENSION OF REMARKS into legislation practical ways to meet the members of the roads committees on a pre• OF ambitions and the needs of the American view of the report last Friday night. people. And it is a privilege to attend your First, then, "Roads at Hand"-the special HON. FRANCIS CASE 53d annual convention in New Orleans, one features of the Federal Highway Act of OF SOUTH DAKOTA of the distinctive cities of America, and one 1954. This is the law under which Fed• eral funds will be available for highway IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES of the great cities of the world. The Public Works Committee of the Sen­ programs in the 2 fiscal years of 1956 Monday, March 28, 1955 ate, as Senator DENNIS CHAVEZ, of New Mex­ and 1957, the first of which begins next Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Pres­ ico, so well said yesterday, is a nonpolitical July 1. · committee. We have had the benefit of great Foremost is the fact that this Act, for ident, I ask unanimous cosnent to have leadership during my membership on that the first time in Federal highway legisla­ printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an committee. During the first 2 years I was tion, makes available for highway purposes address I made at the 53d annual con­ in the Senate, Senator CHAVEZ, himself, was an amount in dollars substantially equal to vention of the American Road Builders, the chairman of the committee. During the the amount of revenue expected to be col• at New Orleans, La., on January 12, 1955. past 2 years Senator EDWARD MARTIN, of lected in the same period of time from the There being no objection, the address Pennsylvania, has been chairman. They are Federal tax on gasoline and lubricating -was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, both great Americans and they have con­ oils. This does not include the revenue in ducted the deliberations of the committee excise taxes on automobiles or accessories as follows: on a nonpolitical basis. We tried to find out which more nearly compare with the excise ROADS AT HAND AND ROADS AHEAD what America needed in roadbuilding, what taxes on other articles one may purchase. Mr. Chairman, President Reindollar, Presi­ it needed in rivers and harbors development, The total amount provided for the pri• dent-elect Robertson, my colleagues of the and addressed our efforts to that end, regard­ mary, secondary, urban, and interstate sys­ Congress, and ladies and gentlemen, it is a less of any particular political implications tems in this new act was $875 million for privilege to be here to attend the 53d annual that any action might have. Speaking here each year compared with $575 million per convention of this great organization and to in behalf of what is now the minority mem­ year in the prior biennium. That increase participate in its deliberations. we may at bership. of the Senate Committee on Public of $300 million on a $575 million base was a this gathering point out some deficiencies in Works and the Committee on Roads, I want very substantial increase, over 52 percent our highways, we may lament the slowness you to understand that I am sure the tasks in fact. of progress in some respects, we may set our of the coming year will be tackled in the The amount o! $22 ½ million for forest sights on new goals for national achievement, same nonpartisan fashion. In acknowledg­ highways, $24 million for forest roads and but the solid fact is that no other large na­ ing the help you have given in our congres­ trails, $12½ million for roads and trails in tion on the face of the earth today has as sional hearings, I want to express special the national parks, $11 million for park­ many miles of good roads as the United thanks for the factual and informational ways, $10 million for Indian roads and trails, States of America. data submitted by your executive vice presi­ $1 million for public-lands roads, and other The credit for this must go in large meas­ dent, Lt. Gen. Eugene Reybold, at the hear­ amounts for the inter-American highway ure to the enterprise and the resourcefulness ings of the Senate Committee on Public and for research and financing studies lifted of those who comprise the American Road Roads in 1952 and of Bob Reindollar at the the grand total so close to $1 billion that Builders Association. You represent the in­ hearings of the Senate Public Works Sub­ the act was properly characterized by the dividuals and the firms and the research committee on Roads in 1954. I would be re- President, as a billion-dollar road bill, or as institutions · who comprise the American . miss if I did not, speaking to your organiza­ your chairman here this morning perhaps Roadbuilders Association. You who are tion, say "Thank you" to all of you. more accurately describes it, a $2 billion bill here today represent those who have met And I would be remiss, also, if I did not for the biennium. the problems of highway construction and tell you that throughout the congressional We did something else, too, In dealing with licked them. You bring to congressional year, we have been helped by the aids of these roads of Uncle Sam, the roads and hearings the lessons of experience. You your organization. I understand they prefer highways in national forests, national parks, show us how we may write into legislation · to be kept in anonymity but, nevertheless, and national reservations. And these are practical ways to meet the ambitions of the I really would like to mention all of their given a little extra mention, because I think American people. Your chairman, Mr. Steel­ names. These aids of yours are in touch in the general thinking of highway systems man, was overgenerous in his introduction of with the people on Capitol Hill and are we haven't realized the way in which those me. Actually, any contribution that I may always ready to supply us with the latest roads flt into the national system and the have made during the course of legislative · data on highway matters from the construc­ way also in which the roads in our parks and consideration either of the Highway Act of tion standpoint. recreational areas in keeping with the sug­ 1954 or of some prior highway act when My topic for this morning is "Roads at gestion that 50 percent of our traffic is for I was a Member of the House of Representa­ Hand and Roads Ahead." Under the first recreational purposes-those people who are tives and on the Appropriations Committee part of it, I wish briefly to set forth the out for recreational purposes will appreciate · there or as. a member of the Committee on intent of Congress, as nearly as I know it, these recreational features of the highways Public Works and its Subcommittee on in the Federal Highway Act of 1954 with as they drive along, but in many instances Roads before I became chairman during the special reference to some new features in they are headed for one of the national play­ last session-any contributions I may have that legislation. Under the second part of grounds. And so what we do for the high• made have been due to some suggestion that the topic, "Roads Ahead," I shall review in ways in those national playgrounds is im­ I got from somebody else, and in many in- brief detail the recommendations of the portant. Now, for the first time in this act, 3894: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 we propose to give the Federal Guvernm~nt Neill emphasized· that 1n his remarks this million to an even $200 million. The Senate itself as good a deal as we have been givmg morning, the roads and the highways of our committee· reported $150 million, six times the states; that is, the right to count on the national recreational grounds have great im­ the previous amount. We settled on the amount of money which the legislative hear­ portance. The American people like to . midway figure of $175 million, a 600-percent ings established was what was needed in a. travel. They head for those playgrounds. increase. proper distribution of highway funds. · They travel thousands and thousands · of At the same time, we provided that the For many years, the biennial highway act miles to get there-and it is important that 11hare of the Federal Government would be has been made the basis for allotment to when they get there they find decent roads 60 percent as against 40 percent for the State the States and has been regarded as a. to travel. All the way that they travel they contribution. Now, that was not with the commitment so that the several State legis­ pay some gasoline-tax revenues, too, and, of thought of reducing the total amount of latures could count on those amounts and course, they create part of the traffic prob­ roads built but rather because we recog­ plan their revenue gathering and allocations lem on the highways in getting there. Your nized the very practical problem that in most accordingly. But, prior to the present, the appreciation of the Tetons in South Yellow­ States the mileage on the interstate system 1lgures for the national forests roads and stone can be marred considerably if you have ls less than the mileage on the other system. trails-not highways but the roads and to bounce around on pitted blacktop. And A great many people live on the other sys­ trails-and for the national parks and the your vision of some spouting geyser is not tems, in the small towns and in the smaller Indian reservations have been only top limit helped by viewing it through a cloud of gravel cities and in the c01,mtry. Each State high­ authorizations and there has been a woeful dust. way authority feels a great deal of pressure lag in the actual appropriations. . The blg increase of funding, however, in to complete their roads, too. When the T~stimony taken in our Senate hearings the 1954 act was the stepup in the Federal­ people see a larger amount per mile put on last spring established that this lag in the 'aid system-from $550 million for the pri­ the segments of the interstate system, which 8 years from 1947 to 1954 for the National mary, secondary, and urban to $700 million frequently are the better roads of the State, Park Service amounted to $70 million-that per year and in the interstate from a simple it makes it difficult for the State highway is, that much was authorized that was not $25 million to $175 million-the two in­ authorities to justify taking the larger appropriated-and almost $20 million for the creases amounting to the $300 million in­ amount that is necessary to meet the stand­ Indian Bureau. We established that appro­ crease on the $575 million base that has ards of construction for the interstate priations for the roads in the national parks been previously mentioned. system and leave somebody"s pet project were running at an average of about $3½ These increases were not accomplished by neglected. And, so, in order to create a million a year against a standing authoriza­ accident. I, personally, had introduced a justification for the State highway authori­ tion in the legislative act of $10 million. bill, S. 2859, a few days before the so-called ties to put some money in the interstate The appropriation for the fiscal year 1951 for administration bill was introduced in the system, we proposed that 60-40 base. Now the National Park Service was $2½ million. House. My bill called for $1 billion, $2 mil­ that principal has been recognized to an That year, the park visitors exceeded 40 mil­ lion for each of the 2 fiscal years as com­ even greater degree in the recommendations lion people but the amount of money was pared with the $887 million in the bill in­ of the President's Advisory Committee. less than it was in the thirties when the troduced and subsequently passed in the This discussion of the interstate system leads visitors were half as many. For fiscal 1953 House of Representatives. directly to the second part of the topic, and 1954 the appropriations for roads in the Now, I think I should say to this associ­ ..Roads Ahead." parks was in the $4 million class against the ation that your spokesmen in their testimony In 1953 I had suggested that we have a $10 mll1ion in authorizations although park before the House and again before the Senate joint congressional study of highway needs visitation the last few years has gone up to said that the lesser amount was not adequate and highway financing. The House commit­ 45 million per year. and I think I should say that your testimony t~e. however, had a study of its own under In this connection we developed some in­ helped to establish the increase which the way. I believe that your organization testi­ teresting figures on maintenance. I sup­ Senate committee reported and which the .fied at its hearings. Some of us felt, however, pose these figures on maintenance might Senate approved. In conference, som~ ad­ that we needed more than a general hearing have other applications, too. But, it was justments were made, but stlil the final total on highway construction, that we needed to costing the National Park Service $1,571 per was close to the billion-dollar figure and have the benefit of detailed study by experts mile to maintain the old south approach justified the statements that Congress was in the field of construction, design, financing road in Yellowstone Park on the old bi­ providing a sum approximating the amount and related subjects; that we needed to con­ tuminous surface against only $202 on the collected in Federal taxes on highway fuels­ sider completing the systems and getting new sections of bituminous. In the Shen­ and that that represents an increase of ap­ caught up with the growing demands. We andoah National Park, maintenance on the proximately 50 percent over the prior bien­ felt we should not merely build today for old bituminous sections was running $1,443 nium. per mile against $163 on the new sections. what we see today but build so that when we Our committee could not ignore the im­ I may have stressed the :figures involved got through with a project or route we would plications of such testimony. We decided more than you expected, but there is a special have met the needs that existed when we that the Federal agencies responsible for significance to them. It is this: that the started and also the needs that had come into maintaining the Government's own property amounts set up in the 1954 Highway Act for being during the period of construction. should have the same assurance to count on primary and ,secondary systems are the So, the Senate wrote into the 1954 act this the figures in the highway act that the amounts which the President's Special Com­ section incorporating the language I sug­ states had" on their partnership roads. So mission headed by General Clay now hr..s gested, to which your chairman has alluded, the Senate committee wrote into section 6 adopted and proposes to use as the base for section 13. I am going to read it-it is not of the 1954 act contract .authority for the those purposes in the new program to be very long: amounts in the bill. The House conferees submitted to the Congress. Had the old base "SEC. 13. The Secretary of Commerce ls au­ concurred in our action. And I might say been continued in the last Congress, it is thorized and directed to .make a comprehen­ that we did the unusual thing of making entirely possible that that would have been sive study of all phases of highway financing, this provision applicable to the authorization the base for the continuing regular primary including a study of the costs of completing of the curr,ent 1955 fiscal year as well as the .and secondary systems in the Clay report. the several systems of highways in the several biennium ahead of 1956 and 1957, so that We set a new mark and that has been used States and of the progress .and feasibility of today the Forest Service for its roads and .as the new base. toll roads with particular attention to the trails fund, the Park Service for its roads and One other feature of the 1954 act before I possible effects of such toll roads upon the trails and parkways, and the Indian Service turn to "Roads Ahead." That is the provi­ Federal-aid highway programs, and coordi­ for lts reservation roads .now have this new sion for the interstate system. The inter­ nation thereof, and to make a report of his authority, and each one !s now engaged in state system and the urban system are, of findings including recommendations with re­ programing roads which will permit them to course, really selected segments of the pri­ spect to Federal participation in toll roads, make real progress in meeting their construc­ mary system. That is from the standpoint to be submitted to the Congre.ss not later tion responsibilities. And, to a group which of physical construction. than February 1, 1955: Provided, That not to represents the road contractors, I suggest The congressional committees were not exceed $100,000 from funds available for ad­ that you let the different ag.encies know that insensible to the many witnesses we had ministrative expenses shall be expended for they now have contract authority to go ahead who urged larger allocations for those highly the purposes of this section." with the amounts described in the highway expensive portions of the primary system­ In his letter yesterday, formally present­ authorization act. the high standard routes of particular im­ ing the report of the Special.Advisory Com­ I have dwelt on this section of the bill a portance in the national defense, often de­ mittee to President Eisenhower, the chair­ bit more, perhaps, than is proportionate to scribed as the strategic network, and the man, Gen. Luciu~ Clay, wrote: "Early 1n the total picture, because it has been a neg­ routes through or m'Ound cities, the urban 1955 the Bureau of Public Roads, pursuant lected one. We did not feature it in our system. Your organization pointed out the to a directive .of Congress (that is, sec. 13), presentation to the Senate, and I doubt that great importance of these roads. So did the will submit a comprehensive report on its many people throughout the industry have representatives of the Association of State current study of highway needs and financ­ been fully aware of the significance· of this Highway Officials, the American Municipal ing._ The estima~es used by this committee establishment of this contract authority on Association, the American Automobile Asso­ (that is, the estimate used by the Clay com­ these minor highway-fund allotments. ciation and many other~. mittee), have been based upon preliminary But, in the long sweep of highway plan­ And the committees responded. The tabulations of data by the Bureau, and hence ning, and I was particularly glad that Mr. House bill proposed stepping up from $25 no major inconsistencies are anticipated." 1955 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3895 In other words, it is anticipated that the tain the level of appropriations established liminary draft of the committee's report and recommendations for roadbuilding in the in the 1954 Highway Act for the regular pri­ from the discussion General Clay had with reports of the Clay committee submitted yes­ mary and secondary aid systems, as well as members of the roads committees last Fri­ terday will flt into the findings of need that $75 million for the continuation of the urban day night. If some of you should have ques­ will be submitted to the Congress in the system and adequate amounts for the public tions and if there is an opportunity for dis­ report of the Bureau of Public Roads under domain lands as well as to provide for the cussion later on, I'll be glad to answer them, · the directive cited. And the fact that the retirement· of bonds in 30 years. if I can-but I think I have told you about Clay committee's recommendations grow out Fifth. The President's Committee further all I know about it. of the estimates of needs and costs made specifically proposes that the Federal High­ But, it is to be remembered that there by the Bureau of Public Roads suggests, I way Corporation reimburse the States for are details that will have to be worked out in think, the degree cf support which the rec­ any segments of the interstate system built congressional hearings-and, as one of the ommendations of the committee will have to acceptable standards since 1947, whether speakers said yesterday, others may propo.se, from governmental sources, at least as to free roads or toll, to the extent of the non­ but, in the final analysis, Congress disposes. goals. · Federal participation; and that this reim­ Personally, I agree with what Senator Now, the President's Advisory Committee's bursement money be available for use by the CHAVEZ and Congressmen FALLON and Mc­ recommendations are buttressed also by their State to huild what might be called lieu GREGOR have already said in suggesting that own hearings in the White House on October roads elsewhere in the State on whatever your roads committees in Congress will give a 7 and 8, 1954, and by the work of the Con­ part of the State's system State law might sympathetic hearing to this proposal or to ference of Governors and their committee provide. any proposal to enable the country to-meet and by studies of an interagency committee This reimbursement money, however, the increasing traffic demands. Deaths of representing the several Cabinet depart­ would be available only if the State was 38,000 per year, many of them avoidable on ments. keeping up its regular matching program on properly designed highways are too many. To the features of the committee's recom­ the other systems. That is, as it was ex­ That is over 100 every day of the -year. And, mendations, I want to give a very brief out­ plained to us, it would not be the intent that of course, the casualties of disabling and line: a State might sit back and say: "We'll take painful accidents are about four times that First, from the data compiled by the Bu­ this money you are going to pay back to us much. We must do all we can to meet the reau under the study directed by section 13 and then ease up on our own appropria­ economic and humanitarian needs of modern of the 1954 act, the. President's Advisory tions." The State would have to keep up its travel. Committee estimates that $101 billion would regular matching program but if it did and I do see, I think, some hurdles that must be required to complete all highway systems, if it had segments of the interstate system be met by the President's Committee. Federal, State, and county and be curre:p.t that were built to acceptable standards, One big hurdle will be to demonstrate at the end of 10 years. I have heard some whether it was a continuation of a part of that the completion of the interstate system discussion and there is some confusion a toll system or a freeway, the State would will not delay or interfere with the building about the set of different figures, $101 bil­ get the reimbursement for that. of the badly needed roads on the primary, lion, $50 billion, $25 billion. The $101 bil­ I might say further in explanation, Gen­ secondary, and urban systems that are not a lion figures is the figure which the commit­ eral Clay pointed out that would not mean part of the designated interstate routes. tee finds would be necessary to complete all the discontinuance of the Federal aid or the There .are two answers likely to be offered the systems and be current at the end of discontinuance of the tolls. His committee to this question: First, that relieving the 10 years. is suggesting that we accept those roads that States of matching on the interstate will re­ Second. The Committee finds that if the are in being if they meet the standards of lease funds for construction of the other present levels of expenditure were continued, the interstate system. systems; second, that the reimbursement for $47 billion of this $101 billion would be pro­ Thus, to treat all alike, the Federal Gov­ funds already-spent will make possible some vided, thus leaving a gap of $54 billion. Now, ernment through this Federal Highway Cor­ "lieu" roads in some neglected sections. that $47 billion would embrace a continua­ poration would stand ready to reimburse the These provisions are very important. In tion of the present Federal-.aid program at States for the acceptable portions of the in­ my State, for instance, we permit refunds the level cited in the 1954 act, plus the State terstate system that it had built to accepta­ of the State gasoline tax to farmers for the and local, plus the existing toll authorities ble standards since 1947, whether toll or portion of their gas that is used off the high­ and whatever other programs are in the pic­ free, and that that money paid for them way-that is, in tractors for plowing, harvest­ ture at the present time. Thus, $47 billion would be available for the State to spend on ing, etc., the nonhighway use. Now, in my of the $101 billion would be provided by building lieu roads. I use the term "lieu State, that happens to amount to 29 percent continuing· the present program but that roads" because out in our State we have what of the revenue we receive in the State gaso­ leaves a gap of $54 billion. The Committee we called lieu land. Sections 16 and 36 in line tax. You know and I know what the would concur in the recommendations of the each township of our State are dedicated as farmers would think about continuing the governors' committee that the Federal Gov­ school lands but there were some sections Federal gas tax at the 2-cent level which is ernment provide 30 percent of this $54 bil­ which were homesteaded and taken up before not refundable in any degree if they thought lion with States and local governments or that provision in the State enabling act was the purpose was only to build a super­ road authorities taking the other 70 percent. adopted. To make up for those, we set aside highway a hundred miles away. Or the resi­ Third. The Clay Committee specifically some other land and called it lieu lands. dents of towns and cities not on the inter­ recommends that the Federal Government Well, these would be lieu roads. In place state route. It will be the job of Congress, take over and complete the presently desig­ of the money that had been spent on the I think, to write the provision for these ·nated national system of interstate high­ interstate system up to date the State would "lieu" roads clearly into the legislation as way system of approximately 38,000 miles at get back this money for building lieu roads. well as to make clear that the funds other­ a cost of $27 billion, of which the Federal That is, would get back the non-Federal por­ wise released from matching on tbe inter­ Government would supply $25 billion and tion of the cost of the portion accepted for state system will be used for completing others $2 billion. In reality, this would be the interstate system. other systems if public acceptance is to be $23 billion Fred Rose, s~y theirs .His local popularity increased, but later is the music of a people who may not At the celebrations held in the past, he was truly discovered in Bristol., Tenn .• prominent leaders in the entertainment, by a Victor record scout, who was search­ know the mathematics of a Wagnerian railroad governmental, labor and politi­ ing the hills for talent. Still battling opera or a Brahms symphony. but they cal worid have taken an active part. tuberculosis, Jimmie Rodgers began a know what it is to hear the sound of Governors White of Mississippi and ·career that was fabulous even in the songs like those that Jimmie Rodgers Clement of Tennessee and other high phonograph industry. It is estimated wrote and sang: Old Pal of My Heart, state officials have actively joined in that the blues yodel records sold over 5 The Land of My -Boyhood Dreams, Mis­ ·these celebrations. The feature speaker million copies. . sissippi Moon, Waiting for a Train, and at last year's memorial celebration was so on. These songs tell a story and touch Jimmie Rodgers left a mark on all hill­ the heart of country alid city folks alike. Adlai E. Stevenson. Mr. W. P. Ken­ billy music. He has been recognized for nedy, Cleveland, Ohio~ president of the the simplicity of his accomplishments. Mississippi can be truly called a musi­ Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, has His songs dealt with real problems. cal State, if one judges by its singing taken a deep interest in these celebra­ They came from the heart and ~he peo­ folk, rather than by the n~mber of its tions and has appeared on the program ple responded. symphony orchestras. Living close to for the past 2 years. Other notables of the soil, they have retained the lore, the Jimmie Rodgers' obituary in the Me­ customs, and the ·songs of their ances­ the Nation's labor world have contrib­ ridian Star stated that he was an honor­ uted much toward making the past cele­ tors. The songs of the railroad, the riv .. ary member of the Texas Rangers, a Ma­ er, and the field are a part of our heri .. brations events of unqualified success. son, and a Shriner, but perhaps his From all indications, this year's tage. Jimmie Rodgers helped to main­ closest ties of friendship always cher­ tain that heritage, not only for the State Jimmie Rodgers memorial celebration ished by him and frequently referred to promises to be even more successful than of Mississippi but for all home-loving in many of the songs of his original com­ Americans. the two previous ones. position, were found within the ranks of Mr. James H. Skewes, editor and pub­ the railroad men of the Meridian section My resolution is as follows: lisher of the Meridian Star, together with whom he served as railroad brake­ Resolved, etc., That the 26th day of May of with capable members of his staff have each year, beginning with the year 1955, is man before entering upon his profes­ hereby designated as National Country Music played a great part in making these sional career, and from whom the active Day, in recognition of the contribution made past events so successful. pallbearers were selected. The singing to American music lore by the writers, Many of the people of the city of brakeman died in New York City where singers, and players of country music. · Meridian and the State of Mississippi are he had gone 3 weeks prior to his death justifiably proud that the late Jimmie to make recordings. Under the care of a The fallowing is a clipping from the Rodgers was the inspiration of this an­ fulltime nurse, he believed himself able March 20, 1955, issue of the Meridian nual celebration. to make further contributions to the de­ Star, Meridian, Miss., with reference to I think it was -fitting, in recognition of velopment of country music in America. .the coming Jimmie Rodgers Memorial his contribution to country, hillbilly, and The demands for hillbilly music have Celebration: folk music that a statue was dedicated continued to multiply since Jimmie Rod­ IN AND ROUND MERIDIAN in Meridian, Miss., to the memory of its gers made his first recording, and some (By C. H. Phillips) native son, James Charles Rodgers, on state as much as fivefold since World The third annual observance of the Jimmie the 20th anniversary of his death, May War II. Ten years ago, if a hillbilly rec­ Rodgers memorial celebration in Meridian 26, 1953. He was universally known as ord sold 10,000 copies, it was a hit; today carries an appeal linked t.o the dreams and aspirations of millions of people in all the Jimmie Rodgers, the blue yodeler and a 50,000 sale is mediocre. These tunes 48, well evidenced by the attendance of America's singing brakeman. He was a continue to come from the plains, the many thousands of visitors in our town in pioneer in that type music that has built prairies, and the hills. Once a specialty 1953 and in 1954. There seems to be little an industry out of hillbilly, or country product marketed mainly in the deep or no doubt but that country music, in and music. South, hillbilly music has a nationwide of itself, expresses the yearnin.;s for peace 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3897 and security so paramount now in the minds In the belief that other Members may am inserting in· the ·RECORD the foUow­ of America's teeming masses, 89 be it be interested in the views expressed, I ing tabulation of replies: * * * In a literal sense, folk in our town have won, and sustained thus far, an achieve­ ment without a parallel in United States his­ Yes No No tory. With the help of such folk and in­ opinion stitutions as Ernest Tubb, Hank Snow, Ralph ------1·------Peer, Roy Acuff, Jimmie Davis, Horace Lo­ Percent Percent Percent gan, Louisiana Hayride, Grand Ole Opry, The L Do you favor an increase in postage rates to reduce the operating deficit of the Post , Office Department?______67 31 2 Billboard, Country Song Roundup, Norm "2. Do you favor lowering the voting age to 18? ______·______35 64 1 Silver, Cash Box, .Pickin' and Singin•, Bill 3. Do you favor raising the present legal minimum hourly wage from 75 cents to 90 cents?_ 75 22 3 Alexander and Steve .Sholes· and others of 4. To reduce the costly rapid turnover of military personnel, President Eisenhower bas RCA-Victor, Governor Frank Clement of Ten­ proposed pay raises and additional benefits for career servicemen. Do you approve?_ 76 21 3 nessee. Governor Hugh White and Lt. Gov. 5. Do you favor pay increases for Federal civil service and postal workers to bring their wages in line with those paid by private industries?------76 21 3 Carroll Gartin of Mississippi, Dan Collins, '6. After thorough study, a special commission recommends a substantial pay increase Adlai Stevenson of Illinois, Railroad Train­ . for Federal judges and Members of Congress. Do you ap~rove? ______60 35 .'.J man President W. P. Kennedy, Minnie Pearl, 7. Do you believe a firm stand (backed by force if necessary) against further Communist aggression is our best approach to world peace? ______: ______'85 10 Eddie Hill, Red Foley, Congressman Arthur '8. The controversial Dixon-Yates contract permlts private capital to construct power Winstead, Senators John Stennis and Jim facilities to replace energy being withdrawn from TVA for atomic energy purposes. Eastland, Congressman Jamie Whitten, Jas Should this contract be cancelled and the Federal Government assume the -respon- H. Skewes, R. D. Hendon and his band, Hank sibility with public funds?______34 56 10 9. H. R. 1 would extend the President's authority to enter in.to trade agreements for '3 Thompson, Hill and Range Songs, Meridian years, with added authority to adjust tariffs. Do you favor,enactment of this bill?__ 66 25 9 and Bigbee Railroad (The M & B donated 10. Do you favor further cuts in Federal taxes, even though this .means an operating the big engine honoring Rodgers on Tom deficit and an in-crease in the national debtL______25 72 3 Bailey di;ive), and hundreds of other ar­ tists, we have set a stage of permanence for tremendous American folk-song potential Trinity River Project cific Gas & Electric Co. of California, and ur­ * * * This column today expresses appre­ gently -requests your support in this matter. ciation to all, for the contributions already Respectfully .submitted. made to this magnificent movement * * * EXTENSION OF REMARKS HEALDSBURG CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, Likewise, it is proper . that we here and now OF GEROLD F. MILLER, President. dedicate ourselves to an expression of thanks MARGARET R. TOWLE, to Dizzy Dean and 'to Falstaff folk who are HON.HUBERT ·B.SCUDDER Secretary-Manager. bringing him here as part of our coming ob­ Dated March 21, 1955. servation which falls, as it were, on National OF CALIFORNIA Country Music Day, May 26, likewise the day IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in 1933 when America's great "Blue Yodeler" Monday, March 28, 1955 passed into immortality * * * Meridian Unemployment folk, and those in all .Mississippi, also will Mr. SCUDDER. Mr. Speaker, under be interested to know, in re the coming show, that the Philip Morris people are go­ leave to extend my remarks in the EXTENSION OF REMARKS ing to give it every possible brealc. It may CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, I desire to state OF be that Tennessee Ernie will be a top guest that I have had a great amount of cor­ this year. But, in any -event, we do know respondence from California favoring HON. ROBERT C. BYRD the Philip Morr_is folk, in the light of the a program which will save the taxpayers OF WEST VIRGINIA truth that g9od will is the one asset compe­ of our country untold millions of dollars IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tition .can neither underse11 nor destroy, are in the construction and operation of the going to give national public plugs to the Monday, March 28, 1955 celebration; Herice, once more, due thanks · Trinity River project, should ~he same to Falstaff and to Philip Morris for assistance be auth•)rized' and constructed. Mr. BYRD. Mr. Speaker, under leave that will not be forgotten * * * In the The Pacific Gas & Electric Co., now to extend my remarks, I wish to include premises, the 1955 program ought to set the serving the greater part of the ·state of a statement which I made last week dur­ final groundwork for · a continued Jimmie California, has submitted an off er to con­ ing my appearance before a 'Subcommit­ Rodgers Memorial Celebration in national struct aJl of the power facilities and tee of the Senate Committee on Educa­ sense * * * In the face of this national at­ transmisson lines, an1 buy from the Fed­ tion and Labor. My statement empha­ tention, it is our hope that we, in our town eral Government falling water devel­ and in Mississippi, will live up to .a tremen­ sizes the fact that present trade policies dous bit of obligation. Let us make all of oped by the Trinity River project. In­ are contributing to growing unemploy­ · the coming visitors feel at home. And ac­ formi'l,tion I have received is that the ment in West Virginia and other tually be at home. Informally, of course. power company would pay in the neigh­ industrial areas. borhood of three and one-half million The statement follows: dollars per year for such falling wa­ STATEMENT BY HON. ROBERT C. BYRD, OF SIXTH ter; also, they would be paying taxes DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA Tabulation of Questionnaire which would be of great benefit to the Mr. Chairman, although I was not a Mem­ local communities, the State, and Fed­ ber of Congress when you conducted hear­ eral Governments. ings in 1950 on the subject of unemployment EXTENSION OF REMARKS . I herewith submit a resolution from and its causes, I was very much interested OF the Healdsburg Chamber of Commerce, in your investigation and followed closely the which I ask be inserted with my re­ newspaper accounts of testimony presented HON. WILLIAMS. MAILLIARD at that time. marks: In 1950, I was a resident of Raleigh County, OF CALIFORNIA Whereas the board of directors of the which, as you know, is perennially among IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Healdsburg Chamber of Commerce know that the top five coal-producing counties of the the Bureau of Reclamat1on has under study Monday, March 28, 1955 State of West Virginia. Every resident of a plan to take water from the Trinity River every coal community is only too well aware Mr. MAILLIARD. Mr. Speaker, last by the building of tunnels; this water to be of any serious drop in production at the year I sent out a questionnaire to every released into the Sacramento Rlver and mines. The businessman sees it in dwindling sixth voter registered in California's used for irrigation of the Sacramento and receipts. The schoolteacher detects it soon San Joaquin Valleys; and_ ~no ugh when children. are not getting proper Fourth District, regardless of party af­ · Whereas the board of directors of the ~ourishment, and the pastor of the church filiation. The response was so enthusi­ Healdsburg Chamber of Commerce believed finds his income drastically reduced when astic that I have again this year asked that a study should be made of the plan the mines are not working regularly. for voter opinions on matters of current presented to the Bureau of Reclamation by These are the tangible evidences of eco­ interest. Twenty percent of the ques­ tlle Pacific Gas ~ Electric Co. in regard nomic imbalance. Certainly no less distress­ tionnaires have been returned, and they ,to the construction of power facilities in ing is the profound effect of business decline are still coming in. · connection with this project: Now, there­ on the attitude and outlook of a people who, fore., be it through the years, have been outstanding I am very pleased with the interest · Resolved, That the board of directors of the Americans and willing and industrious work­ shown by the voters of my di&trict. It is, Healdsburg Chamber of Commerce go on ers. ir. my opinion, a reassuring example of record as favoring the construction of all When I look back to that time 5 years ago, representative government in action. power facilities in this project by the Pa- I must acknowledge that probably none of us CI--245 3898 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 in the mining region had any perception secretary of the Southern Coal Producers from the West V~rginia Department of Em­ whatsoever of the long struggle that was Association, who was the first witness when ployment Security: ahead. While we were not braced for such you opened hearings on March 7, is a resi• "Employment in the Logan area slid from an acute blow to our economy, we neverthe• dent of the district which I have the honor 20,300 to 17,700-2,600 or 13 percent from less were able to understand that certain dis­ to represent. As you know, he is one of the August 1953 to August 1954. The employ­ locations are inevitable in a readjustment best-informed coal men in the country. His ment loss in the area's major industry, from a war to an era of peace. What is lucid testimony included statewide tabula­ bituminous coal mining, has been under way more-largely through the splendid efforts of tions that require no expansion on my part. for several years but the drop of 2,550 or 22 the chairman of this committee-it was es­ George J. Titler, president of district No. 29 percent during the year was very severe. The tablished beyond doubt that the impinge­ of the United Mine Workers of America, who 3,500 persons unemployed in August repre­ ment upon coal's markets was the product of also is a resident of my constituency, pro­ sented 16 percent of the labor force. Nearly a foreign-trade policy that had been C:esigned vided further evidence of the reasons for the all of the area's very substantial labor sur­ and put into practice under circumstances d':lpressed economy of our State, and Gov. plus has accumulated from layoffs in the that were entirely different from those exist­ William C. Marland also offered invaluable coal industry. Due to the growth of the ing in 1950. We naturally assumed that testimony to . this committee. You have labor surplus, this area was classified by the existing inequities would be quickly cor­ heard other West Virginians and, no doubt, United States Department of Labor as a rected, especially since the entire case was additional representatives of government, group IV area in March 1953. With more established without equivocation. industry, and labor from our State will ap­ than 16 percent of the area's labor force being · Mr. Chairman, your investigation proved pear later. I shall, therefore, refrain from unemployed, the area is currently classified beyond question that foreign residual oil was imposing upon your time with the statistics in group IV-B (very substantial labor sur­ responsible for much of the unemployment which I have developed, except for some plus)." in our part of the State and throughout the pertinent d ata reflecting conditions in my Last year, 25 mines in my district were mining areas of West Virginia. I have heard own district. I want to say at this time that closed down and many more cut back opera­ it said since coming to Washington that, as - the cooperation which I have received tions to 1, 2, or 3 days. a consequence of the bipartisan concurrence throughout my tenure in office from various How our national administration can sit of the committee's members, proper action State agencies has been excellent. I am back and permit these conditions to continue would have been taken by the Congress to especially indebted to the West Virginia is beyond my power of understanding. I place a quota restriction on residual oil im­ Department of Mines, the Department of want you to know, Mr. Chairman, that I am ports after the issuance of your report, had Employment Security, and to the West Vir­ a firm believer in trade policies that permit it not been for the unforeseen developments ginia Chamber of Commerce. and encourage the maximum interchange of in Korea. Perhaps the most effective testimony which As we all know, coal is necessary to make goods, so long as there· is no threat to the can be produced to depict the serious eco­ economy and security of the United States the steel which goes into tanks,· airplanes, nomic dilemma confronting us is shown in ships, ammunition, and all other implements of America. When a foreign-trade program the number of persons who are receiving reacts to the disadvantage of domestic in­ of war, so it was only natural that the de­ Government surplus commodities. In my mand for this vital fuel would turn upward dustry and labor, then comes the time for four counties-Boone, Kanawha, Logan, and reappraisal and readjustment. Unfortu­ as soon as military operations were under­ Raleigh, which have a population of 446,- taken. Consequently, "work today" whistles 466-there are a total of 85,829 men, women, nately, however, some international interests were heard more often in our communities, and children for whom surplus commodities insist in pursuing a course that brings only disaster to certain industrial areas. more of our miners returned to work, rail­ constitute the principal source of food sup­ roads called back scores of their men, and ply. To me, Mr. Chairman, the fact that Coal is not the only industry which has there was a general rise in business through- almost 20 percent of the entire population of been harmed by illogical trade policies. Ad­ out our area. · our counties has been forced to qualify for vocates of all-out liberalization of our tariffs Unfortunately, however, as the eyes of the this assistance is a serious indictment of have actually stated that we should be will• Nation turned toward the Far East, more Government policy. ing to sacrifice segments of our glass and and more tankers from foreign countries were Of a certainty, there is no economic elixir · chemical industries if foreign nations are rushed into the ports along the Atlantic Sea­ that overnight would enable all of our able to supply our markets at lower prices. board carrying more and more oil to displace breadwinners to get back on the job and Obviously, a country with modern industrial coal produced by American workers. Your earn their livelihood instead of having to equipment and which pays to its workers committee had shown that a total of 75 mil­ depend upon Government food distribution only a small portion of the earnings of Amer­ lion barrels of residual oil entered our mar­ programs. But we very definitely do know icans is going to be able to keep its produc­ kets in 1949 and that this foreign product that a great proportion of our jobless men tion costs far below United States levels. was definitely injurious to the national econ­ could be returned to work very quickly if Like coal, chemicals and glass are vital to omy. When these facts were presented to only the Federal Government would enact the national defense, and I insist that it is executives of the importing companies who a quota limitation on residual oil imports. inimical to the security of this Nation to appeared before your committee, they in­ Perhaps this formula may sound too simple permit any of these vital industries t·o go formed you that whatever realignment was for the skeptical to accept, but you and I downhill, particularly at this crucial period. necessary could be achieved through the know that many fuel markets would return Last Wednesday, Adm. Arthur Radford, voluntary restrictions of residual oil im­ to coal immediately if a sensible restriction Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said ports. Yet, as soon as Congress turned from on foreign oil were imposed. _Give us a that war could come about "almost any place, the oil import issue in order to face the sit­ chance to get back some of the electric any time." uation in Korea, those companies immediate­ utility markets along our east coast, and So long as such a situation persists, it ls ly undertook to accelerate importations, and you will see a lot of the mines right in my incumbent upon this Government to use by the end of 1950 a tabulation by the United congressional district resume operations every means possible to protect our vital States Bureau of Mines showed that 120 mil­ just as soon as they can be reactivated. You industries. But administration recommenda­ lion barrels of foreign residual oil had en­ will see the railroads calling back many of tions regarding our trade policy would, in tered our markets-an increase of 60 per­ their operating crews, maintenance men, fact, intensify the depressed conditions of cent in a single year. shop workers, and office employees. Our many of these industries upon which we National coal production fell from a high people who have had no income for many would have to depend in the event of an of 613 million tons in 1947 to less than 400 months will finally be able to again start emergency. I have time and again asked the million last year. Employment in the mines buying clothing for themselves and their White House to arrange for me to see the has been cut in half~ropping from 400,- children, with the result that our mer­ President that I might be able to give him 000 men 6 years ago to no more than 200,000 chants wm be able to put their business first-hand information of conditions in my now. Throughout the coal fields in my State, establishments back on a normal operating district. Thus far the palace guard has and of Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and all the basis. Needless to say, more coal production shown no inclination to permit me an audi­ other great producers, are idle tipples, idle would also have an immediate beneficial ef­ ence. Meanwhile, however, practically all railroad cars, deserted shafts, and mine after fect on business in grocery stores and meat of the Cabinet members have shuttled be­ mine closed down. During the past 3 years, markets, and our whole eoonomy would be tween their offices and Capitol Hill to plead at least 150 commercial mines have closed stimulated. the administration's case in the matter of in the State of West Virginia, idling thou­ Our people have had no respite from eco­ further liberalization of our tariff policies. sands of miners. Add to these the thou­ nomic distress for many, many months. As When a Member of Congress takes up the sands who depend on coal for a livelihood­ I have said, we had naturally assumed that problem of residual oil, he usually gets the railroad workers, storekeepers, service sta­ Congress would exercise its sworn duty to standard administration answer: "It is true tion owners, and a host of others, and we protect the jobs of American workers by that foreign residual oil is depriving coal of begin to get some picture of a real depression taking the necessary steps to stem the tide an opportunity to enter certain markets in in coal-producing areas. of foreign residual oil that has engulfed our this country, but for diplomatic reasons any I have been following these hearings rightful markets. Instead, however, the in­ legislative restrictions are undesirable." closely, Mr. Chairman, and I realize that ternational oil companies have been per­ Secretary of State Dulles, during hearings be­ you have already received voluminous sta­ mitted to make their own rules, and condi­ fore the House Ways and Means Committee tistics in reference to unemployment and tions in coal communities have steadily in January of this year, made the statement surplus commodity distribution in the State worsened. Let me read to you one para­ that Venezuela-from which most of the of West Virginia. Mr. Walter R. Thurmond, graph from a report which I have received residual oil flooding the east coast origi- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~HOUSE 3899 nates-ls one 'Of ·the many countries not the country ·and successfully initiated .figh:tln:g anymore!' They tell me how deeply having any appreciable industry of their own outstanding legislative Legion policies the enemies of our liberty- have penetrated. which must export raw materials in order to and accomplished-more successful results into our Government. I agree with them. prosper. I do not quest,ion the fact that by for the World War I veteran than any They tell me how widespread is the influence using our ,e.ast coast as a dumping ground or the disc.reet collectivists 1n our press and for residual oil, it has said an effervescent other national commander up to that magazines, 'B.lld on Tadio ,and television. I effect on Venezuela's prosperity; my ccmten­ time. In 1932, primarily at the request .agree with them. They tell me how Com­ tion is that 1t is a violation of the rights of oI the veterans of Indiana, Paul V. Mc':' munists and pro-Communists are moving American citizens to take away their Jobs for Nutt became a candidate for Governor. 1nto .every .field of Amertca:n llfe--business. the sake of perpetuating an economic boom He was elected and in January 1933 took labor, finance, schools, churches, women's elsewhere in the world. · over the highest executive office in his dubs. I have to agree with them. There are other aspects, :too, of the damag­ Those are not the worst 'Cl-angers. People ing impact of foreign residual. Coal mining home State. The depression was at its also tell me how many Americans who would and railroading are as essential to the con­ lowest ebb when he became Governor.. never acc.ept the Communist ideology, will duct of a mobilization program as are air".' but by reason of his great executive make deals with the Communists for gain­ craft industries, munitions works, and ship­ ability reorganized the State govern­ for a few votes, or a ..few contracts, or some building. Coal mines and railroads cannot ment, reduced taxes, and inaugurated ,eheap publicity. Again _r have to agree with survive under a system which demands that fiscal policies which during his 4-year them. they operate like a stop-and-go traffic light-­ administration erased a $7-million deficit They tell me .how Communists and pro­ on again, off again, 'On · again, gone again. -and replaced it by a $10-million surplus. Communists are trying to surround and con­ The caution light is now burning and, unless struct our military forces, -as they succeeded the rail and coal industries are given con­ Paul V. McNutt was appointed by in capturing our foreign policy in the forties. sideration in the immediate future, the red President Franklin D. Roosevelt as High I have to agree with them. light may be on when this Nation's security Commissioner to the Philippines and Most dangerous of all, they tell how it is is in jeopardy and these great basic indus­ served in this capacity from 1937 to 1939. ·now the .fashion for -supporters of commu­ tries are called upon once more to deliver In 1945 and 1946 he was appointed the nism to make themselves a record as anti­ the goods. first American Ambassaidor to the Philip­ communists. That protects them and keeps Mr~ Chairman, .I conclude my testimony pines, after the islands gained their in.:. us hopelessly confused. with the hope that Congress will act to place dependence. It was Commissioner Mc­ The Communists insist on leading the a quota limitation on oil imports and to anti-Communists procession. They have the provide adequate protection for our basic Nutt who lowered the American :flag at loudest bands and the prancingest major­ domestic industries. I want you to know the Philippines Independence Day cere­ ettes. They try to draw all eyes, to fill all that the people of West Virginia are most mony in 1946. During World War II, ears, to drown out the words of the true appreciative of your efforts in the conduct Governor McNutt served as Federal Se:­ anti-Communists, 1f they have not driven of these hearings. which are doing so very curity Administrator, Dir.ector of De­ them from public life. I have to agree. much to bring to the attention of the Ameri­ fense, Health, and Welfare Services, and , Never in all our history has the danger to can people and of the · Congress itself the our country been so great as it was in 1954. Chairman of the War Manpower Com­ Never was the despair of patriots so intense. reason 'why there is so much unemployment mission; His services won him a Medal in West Virginia and in other producing In the month of February, when ,the Ber­ areas today. of Merit from President Harry S. lin conference opened, with the Red Chinese Truman. In 1947 Governor McNutt installed in full panoply, while our Korean again entered the practice of law in New allies were left out in the cold, it was obvious Paul V. McNutt York City and Washington. At the time that our country was being led into a trap -of his death his firm enjoyed an exten­ from which there might be no escape. ~t Geneva, the balance turned even more com­ sive corporation practice. pletely in favor -of the Soviet Union and its EXTENSION OF REMARKS Indiana is indeed proud of the out­ OF Cllinese satellite. standing accomplishments of Gov. Paul While our eyes were fastened on Europe, _ HON. RAY J. MADDEN V. McNutt in the various capacities in the Red Chinese made their long-planned OF INDIANA which he served his State and Nation drive against Indochina. In the beautifully during his adult life. His host of friends, planned confusion, we talked of entering the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES not only in Indiana but throughout th.e Indochina war, and we talked against enter­ Monday, March 28, 1955 Nation and in the Philippine Islands, will ing the war, but it was all nonsense, be­ cause it was too late for us to enter the Mr. MADDEN. Mr. ·speaker, Indiana mourn his passing. war, too late, that is, unless someone hoped lost one of -its most outstanding native I wish to extend to his wife and daugh­ to .keep our fighting men bogged down in Hoosiers when former Gov. Paul V. ter, Louise, my deepest sympathy in their another Korean campaign, while the iegal McNutt passed away at New York last hour of bereavement over the loss of a control of our Armed Forces was subtly Thursday, beloved husband and father. transferred to U. N. After the dismal retreat at Geneva, we saw Paul V. McNutt revealed his outstand­ the full orchestration of the theme of co­ ing ability and talents as a student and existence. The Soviet Government had lawyer shortly after graduating from We Must Rebuild America planned th~ir peace drive long before, when the Indiana University Law School. In it contrived the Stockholm peace petition to 1917, a few years after graduation, he save it from overwhelming defeat in Korea. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Patriots watched the Soviet theme of co­ joined the. law faculty at Indiana Uni­ OF versity. 1Ie became dean of the Indiana existence, perfectly designed to booby-trap the innocent, the unthinking, the impracti­ Law School in 1925 at the age of 34, the HON. WILLIAM E. JENNER cal, the cautious, as it spread and took new youngest dean ever to hold that position -OF INDIANA hold in the minds of men with no loyalty at the university. A few months after IN THE .SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES to cqmmunism. We watched it take hold assuming this position, he entered the am.ong our leaders, who picked up the Soviet military service in World War I and rose Monday, March 28, 1955 theme for our destruction, and repeated it up. in the ranks until he became a major Mr. JENNER. Mr. President, I ask in accents that were pure American. Never in the field artillery. He was an in­ unanimous consent to have printed in has a plan been devised so apparently simple, in so subtle, so inn,ocent looking and so deadly, structor an officers' training camp the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the text of as the campaign for coexistence. Never has and then commanding officer of three an address entitled "We Must Rebuild it seemed more hopeless to decide how we_ separate units of field artillery. While America,,, delivered by me before the could resist, where we could take our stanq., stationed at San Antonio, Tex., he met National Society of New England Women and what arguments we coUld use against Miss Kathieen Timloat, whom he mar­ in New York on January 24, 1955. so noble and beautiful a word as peace. ried in 19!18. After the war he returned There being no objection, the aiddress But, my friends. there is one important to Indiana University and there organ­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, fact on our side--our people were not fooled. ized an American Legion post in his home as foUows: The Conununists have not ceased to fight for coexistence. T.hey will come up with new city. He was elected commander of his WE MUST REBun.D .AMERICA schemes. But so far, they have not fooled post and later ·state commander of the (Address by Hon. Wn.LIAM E. JENNER, of In­ our people. The subtlest, cleverest, best­ Department of Indiana. In 1928 Paul diana, before National Society, New Eng­ concealed :propaganda campaign ever devised V. McNutt was elevated to the high post land Women, New York City, .January 24, did not succeeed. of national commander of the American 1955) Without any apparent organizatiqn or Legion. _As the _national head of the A great many people come to see me .and leadership or coun.ter-propaganda, the Amer­ American Legion, he traveled throughout say, "Our country is lost. There is no use ican people broke the spell. Many of our 3900 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 leaders now see clearly the jaws of the trap. outdated planes which the administration of Army, Navy, Marines, and Air Force. Many Coexistence is clearly recognized as the anes­ that day was willing to spare from the of these men think they are alone, that no .thetic the Soviet leaders counted on, to put armadas of airships it was sending to Eng­ one else sees the danger. They are willing us to sleep before they struck the final blow. land and the Soviet Union. to fight alone, with no thanks and no re­ So, my friends and acquaintances, who The men who stormed ashore at Tarawa ward, if it wm save our country. But they say. all ls lost, are wrong. They forget one and lwo Jima did not know whether they are not alone. thing. We face a mortal. challenge to our would ever hear the shouts of victory, or Americans have the deepest confidence way of life. There ls no answer, short of a. see our flag planted on the islands they were that we can trust our professional military new birth of freedom, as complete as that risking their lives to win. men to be truly loyal to our system of gov­ which gave birth to Magna Carta, or the In every great fight that has ever been ernment. Probably no nation has ever had Declaration of Independence. It ls a law of fought, the end was uncertain, and victory a more magnificent type of military leader­ life that all new birth comes from pain, only a distant hope on the horizon. with the highest professional competence weariness, and even danger of death. We The men who marched north to the Yalu, and the deepest devotion to freedom-than cannot give up the fight when the hour of to flush out the armed hordes of Red China, we have in Admiral Radford and Admiral new birth may be close at hand. and who executed the magnificent march Joy, General MacArthur, Generals Van Fleet, We are living in times that try men's souls. to the rear in the ice and snow amid the hail Stratemeyer, Mark Clark, and Almond, and We are also liVing in times that try men's of enemy bullets, had no one to assure them others whose names are omitted from no minds. of the success of their struggle. They had lack of admiration for their truly American The breakdown in our society began long only their own inner sense that they must achievements. before the Communists came to power. It keep up the fight, however dark the scene. What ls, if possible, more heartening is shakes our society and our poll tical order to They had the courage that comes from know­ the fact that our younger men are of the its very foundations. In the face of such a. ing that good men were fighting by their same breed. Of course, there are time­ challenge to men's creative powers, we must side, ready, as they were, to give their all. servers and bootlickers, and trimmers. They go down into the valley of the shadow of It would not be honest or fair of me to are as ever present as crabgrass. The impor­ death, and yet not despair. We cannot know give you a falsely optimistic picture of where tant point is that we have among our young whether we shall ultimately win, or not. We we are today. I shall certainly not try. We officers and men in the Armed Forces, Ameri­ cannot know whether we shall have the wis­ are, I believe, in a conflict that is truly a cans whose courageous defense of our liber­ dom, the creative power, and the courage to life-and-death matter for us, and our kind ties, · is as great as Gen. George Washington build a new Jerusalem. But we do know we of government. Our enemy is able, ruthless, could have asked for. must continue to fight. infinitely cunning, and skilled in every form We all know the forces that have been at Americans, when they wish to remind of disguise. work in our schools, in our press and else­ themselves of true courage and devotion, I do not say the struggle will be easy, and where, trying to shape our young people in think first, perhaps, of Valley Forge. But we I do not say victory ls assured. I say that all the collectivist mold. But there ls some­ have many other noble images of self­ true Americans must keep up the struggle thing stronger at work, something deeply sacrifice and greatheartedness. In trying because honorable men and women are made American, which seems to convert these out­ to understand these men who solved other that way. side pressures to make the best of our young crises, we must remember one thing. We And I tell you, you are not fighting alone. men more American than ever. know the end. We know their cause tri­ On every side other brave and patriotic Amer­ J: am not saying-nor do you say-that we umphed. They did not know, but they icans are as determined as you are, that, must be bombastic about what we call the fought on. The soldiers in ragged uniforms while they live, our country will be free. American way. Other people have made who shivered before the campfires of Valley You are with them, and they are with you, great contributions to the world. They have Forge were suffering from something more whether you see them or not. every reason to be proud. But we love our cruel than the cold. They knew that while Brave and loyal Americans come to see me way. We love the system of political liberty they watched and waited in bitter discom­ who say to me-and not without reason-the worked out for us by the constitutional con­ fort, other men who should have fought by struggle ls hopeless. But other men and vention. We love the self-reliance worked their side were living in comfort, or even women come to see me with quite a different out for us by the early seafarers and the doing business, as usual, with the British. story. pioneers. We love the habit of living to­ Politicians were squabbling, generals were We have heard a great deal about the Com­ gether in mutual trust and freedom which disagreeing, diplomats were conniving. The munists in our Government and the sub­ more recent generations have preserved un­ men at Valley Forge with Washington, could versive forces at work. We have not heard der mounting pressures. not know recruits would come, the Conti­ enough about the brave armies of unknown We do not intend to let any alien-minded nental Congress would vote the money they Americans, who with no leaders, no com­ intellectauals or power seekers take our needed, and the young Lafayette would be manding officers, no bands, and no banners, freedom and fair dealing from us, and, sub­ followed by French ships and fighting men, have fought the Communists where they stitute another system based on ruthless and in a few short years the haughty red­ stood, and tried to shut at least one door, power. We certainly do not intend to let coats would be surrounded and defeated at or bar their advance down one narrow cor­ them take our liberty from us, in secret Yorktown. ridor. We have not heard about them, but without a .struggle. We know our people, I love a story from an old children's his­ their name is legion. young or old, important or unimportant, tory book, of the night watchmen who used We know the names of many of the men soldiers or civilians, will give all they have to go through the streets of the cities and in our foreign policymaking who betrayed and are, to keep that freedom, and to keep ring a bell and say "Midnight. All's well." our country-Alger Hiss and Harry White, it bright. On October 19, 1781, they went their rounds Harold Glasser, Victor Perlo, and the rest. You asked me to discuss what you can do. saying, "Midnight. All's well,. and Corn­ But who knows the names of the men who Well, you probably know that far better wallis ls taken." That little story tells us blocked their progress again and again, than I do. all we need to know about the long wait and patriots who were forced out of their jobs, But I have a special angle of visions, from the gnawing doubt with which the Colonists or sent to departmental Siberias where their the Senate of the United States. I can tell paid for our independence. patriotism would not block the traitors? you what we have, and what we need, from With your love of New England you will For myself, I would far rather know the that observatory. think at once of the Pilgrims landing on the names of the anti-Communist reslstance than First, I wish to congratulate you on the stormy coast of Massachusetts, of the first I would the names of the perjurers and splendid things you are already doing. We winter of hunger, or of the brave s~ttlers traitors. We need to know what the Com­ have survived against all the schemes of the who kept moving out to the wilderness munist agents are doing to destroy us, but Soviet leaders and their cunning agents in frontier, knowing well the massacre of wom­ we ought to want to know the names of the the highest places because our patriotic citi­ en and children by the Indians at Deerfield. brave Americans who have tried· to stop zens and patriotic organizations have worked We can recall other victors over doubt or them. They are the minutemen of today. hard and have worked intelligently. despair-the men who fought year after They stand at a Bunker Hill and a Lexing­ You have not merely worried or com­ year in the war between the States, while ton we cannot see. I am reminded of this plained about collectivist schemes to entwine . they sang at night: unknown band of heroes-in our Govern­ our foreign and military policies with U. N., ment, in writing and publishing, in the or our commercial enterprise with GATT, or "Camping tonight on the old campgrounds. moving-picture industry, and in the unions, our Bills of Rights with the U. N. Declara­ Wishing that the war would cease. because I have recently been learning about tion · of Human Rights, which adheres so Camping tonight on the old campgrounds, some men of the same mold in our Armed closely to the Soviet constitution. Waiting for the dawn of peace." Forces. You have collected documents, you have We have in our time not only troubles as Every time the Gommunlsts and· those who analyzed bills and charters, you have read deep as the troubles of the colonists and have made a deal with them, try to tighten the fine print. You have rewritten the the people of the Civil War years, but we the net about our Armed Forces, young men gobbledegook in plain English and mailed have our own heroes as magnificent as they. risk their careers and their peace of mind, to thousands of documents to your friends and The men who fought their way up from set up a bit of resistance, wherever they fellow members so that they, too, could be Australia and New Guinea never saw the are-in the ranks, in the training courses, in informed. fleets of planes which we had at the end of communications, on foreign duty, in mili­ Ycu have been volunteer committees of the war. They fought only with the few tary intelligence, in · ~very branch of the correspondence, like those which helped win 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 3901 the Revolution. · I cannot tell you how to do ment, from extravagant local governments every congressional district to prevent the that task better than you are doing it now. from overhead organizations in every field. nomination of pro-Communists or those who I can only say, "Keep up the good work." Let us not be sentimental about money. ·make a deal with communism, in either We in Congress need the help of every pa­ Money is power. It is the power to com­ party. That is the minimum political step triot who will serve as you are serving. ·mand the labor of others. for security of the United States. While we are fighting the battle of the When we give the Federal Government But we must go further. We must work mimeograph machines, we must be winning nearly a quarter of our earnings, we give it to elect men who are vigorously devoted to another, more difficult struggle. For over 20 the power to command nearly one-quarter our country, who believe in strengthening years, the erosion of collectivist government of the labor power of our Nation-skilled the local community above the Colossus on has eaten away at the foundations of our workers, unskilled workers, teachers, physi­ the Potomac, and who will vote, till it hurts, national life. We can go back only as the cians, writers, business managers, moving to keep our money at home. farmer whose land is eaten away by erosion picture directors. Any government which Your Congressmen and Senators speak for can bring back his green and pleasant fields. controls almost one-fourth of the labor you in the national councils. If you elect We must go back the hard way. We must power of the Nation, will exert a command­ men who believe in colossal government, rebuild weak places in our foundations. We ing power over the rest. you will get it. If you work hard to elect must change our habits of plowing, plant Control of money gives control of the ma­ men who believe our strength lies in our new grasses, raise a shelter belt of trees, and terial aspect of everything in life. You local communities, and not, like an empire, work and watch and wait until the damage cannot· control your schools, your libraries, in its imperial capital, then we can once is repaired by healthy new growth. your public and private welfare, your chance again become a nation of strong, independent The simple things are the most important. for medical care; you cannot preserve free­ citizens, with no overshadowing central gov­ Most important of all, I would say is, dom of the press, and the American belief ernment to rob them of their strength. "strengthen the grass roots." in nonpolitical religious bodies, 1f you give We must resist with all our strength, the This country will not be saved or destroyed your money to the Government. · rapid spread of the Communist plague. in Washington. It will be saved or destroyed Let us be serious about this business of While we are deep in that struggle-we must in the country. I say to you, "Rebuild cutting taxes. The colonists did not de­ also rebuild America. In that task, we have where you are. Strengthen and revitalize mand no taxation without representation architect's designs of which we are all so America where you have responsibility." to keep a few coins in their pockets, al­ proud, the designs left us by the founders Many of the young men in our Armed though there is nothing wrong with that. of this Nation. Forces are, today, guarding some door the They wanted to hold taxes down, so the The design in living things cannot be im­ Communists want to open, and doing it control of their lives would be wholly in posed from without. Good seeds must be alone, without help, because they came from their own hands, and not in that of a dis­ replanted and allowed to grow again. Our a good American home, where they learned tant bureaucracy. The colonists knew the · duty is to clear the soil, remove the debris, the meaning of our country at their parents' power to tax is the power to enslave. the weeds, the bad seeds, replant good seeds, knee. Diversion of American productive power and have faith. Your children bring home a text book from private concerns to Government, will If we.per~evere, I believe we shall one day bought and paid for by your local board of mean the certain end of liberty. We do not, look back upon the Communist threat as the education, but it is a difficult and tedious job as Americans, have a right to let the Fed­ evil which forced us to reach to the deepest to find out where the material in that text eral Government do one thing that State wells of our faith, and so preserved us from book really came from- whether, perhaps, and local governments or private concerns the drift to imperial power. We cannot win the discussion of social security or foreign and organizations can do. against the Communists unless we can regain policy came from a propaganda agency in Again you will say, we cannot cut taxes the spiritual vigor on which our liberty was Washington, or a slanted fifth columnist on when there is danger of war. I say, we can founded. If we meet the challenge, we shall one of the college faculties, or from the Paris always examine our tax payments and we also preserve the Republic of our fathers for office of UNF.SCO. can always find waste and overcentraliza­ generations yet unborn. Every American has influence on church tion. organizations, on clubs, on schools, in the I have not made up my mind about the role of parent, alumnus, or taxpayer, on cuts in the Armed Forces recently recom­ press and radio. If everyone of us would mended to Congress. Our committees are Greek Independence use the influence we possess at this mo­ giving these proposals a most thorough in­ ment--to its fullest extent--we could achieve vestigation. But as a working rule, I am a miracle in almost no time. certain the armed services are better off with Don't make the mistake of thinking I pro­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS fewer men, properly organized, than with a OF pose something easy. That is an illusion. surplus of men stepping on each other's toes. It is much easier to drift along and get all Furthermore. I am confident that the top excited about elections, just before election Communist strategists are deliberately using HON. JAMES ROOSEVELT day, than it is to get up extra early one morn­ an excess of personnel to keep our Army well OF CALIFORNIA ing, when no one else cares, and go out to below its peak performance. We need every IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES vote in the primaries where the real power man our military leaders need for fighting lies. forces. But we should look skeptically at Monday,_March 28, 1955 For over 20 years we have been taught to plans to increase the personnel of the Army, Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, we keep our sights fixed on Washington, where or its civilian staffs, for any other reason. a magnificent pageant was being presented I said in a Senate speech on August 15 that celebrate today the 134th anniversary before our eyes, showing us what the Gov­ too much of our military policymaking is of Greek independence. It was on ernment in Washington was doing to solve already in the hands of international-mind­ March 25, 1921, that Greek patriots, led our local problems for us. ed lawyers, who can graft one-world ideas by Archbishop Germanos, revolted But what were the agents of the brave onto our military policies, as they did to our against their Turkish overlords and, in new world doing while we gazed entranced foreign policy. so doing, touched off the flame of rebel­ at their spectacles? They were working in I keep hearing of mountains of paperwork your town or city, checking public opinion, lion against oppressors which circled the sending back political reports to Washing­ which must be prepared by the military serv­ ,earth to mark the 19th century as the ton, organizing committees for this,. and ices for cost accountants who are trying to era of liberation. committees for that, sending the names of distribute the· cost of every mimeograph ma-· chine or mile of travel among their fancy In thus renewing man's age-old strug­ locaJ leaders to Washington, so that. trust­ gle for freedom and independence, ing citizens could be invited by the Govern­ categories. We need solid accounting of any ment spending agencies to go on a political Government spending, but we do not need Greece was true to its history. Greece Cook's tour, a sort of "intourist" visit to fancy accounting which serves no useful has always stood in the forefront of the foreign parts, and come home and tell their purpose, and could be a means of planned defenders of democracy; indeed Greece neighbors what wonderful projects they had confusion and sabotage through paperwork. gave birth to both the word and the idea. been allowed to see. I am not criticizing the accountants as in the days of its ancient glory. It is true as some of yol_l wi.11 say, that you such. They may be able and working hard to accomplish something, when that some­ And that this inner urge-this drive­ cannot repel a Communist attack by having on the part of the Greeks toward liberty, a strong, truly American PTA. But it will thing is not worth undertaking at all. Americans will give our Armed Forces all not only for themselves but for all peo­ not make the slightest difference how many the money they need for· military purposes, ples, has not diminished with the pas­ billions of taxes you give for military weap­ and to provide their men with what they sage of time is amply demonstrated by ons, if you have a weakened and corrupted deserve.· But we ·should approve no item of their record in these later days. local community which sends to Washington, spending and taxation because it is labeled Mussolini's Fascist spears were blunted Senators or Representatives who are soft on "Defense." and broken on the rock of Greek re­ communism. To strengthen the local community and First, I say, build up your local com­ help our people keep more of their own sistance. Hitler's legions overran Greece munity. Then I say, "Call your money money, one kind of political action is · all­ only through an all-out air, sea, and land back." Recal: it from the Federal Govern- important. We need vigorous efforts in offensive by vastly superior forces--and 3902 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 then only temporarily. The Stalin­ SIONAL RECORD the brief address of the ready been released to the press. We hope backed drive against Greek independ­ Secretary on this program. through these media to get the message to many people who would not otherwise hear ence was smashed with United States '.!'here being no objection, the remarks about it. aid, and when the black flag of totali­ were ordered to be printed in the RECORD. Along with these wholesale methods of dis­ tarianism was raised in faraway Korea, as follows: tribution, we want to get. this story to key Greece sent soldiers halfway around the I am very happy to welcome all of our people, who themselves will pass it on to world to aid in the battle against the distinguished visitors to the Department of others. That is the reason for inviting you new menace. Agriculture today. I believe we have here in here today. We would appreciate .your sug­ As is fitting to nations in whose life ·the patio a message that will be of interest gestions on how to present this story to all streams the urge to freedom runs so to each of you, and to all friends of agri­ consumers. We also plan to invite other strongly, the United States and Greece culture. groups here for this purpose. · have a long history of friendship; a For too many years, it seems to me, con­ We are honored to have the Representa­ sumers have been bombarded with propa­ tives from the Congress with us this morn­ friendship that runs from President ganda about the high cost of food. ing: Your presence here denotes your in­ Monroe, who hearkened to the appeal of The truth is that food today is a better terest and concern in the well-being of the Greek Senate in its earliest days of buy than ever before in history. American farmers and American agriculture being, to President Truman, who gave The material on exhibit is evidence of our as a whole. We hope you will agree that this decisive aid against the Communist intention here in the Department to present story ~s one that needs to be told, and that aggressor. the full story of this better buy in food to you will help us in telling it. Nor did our interest stop with the the public-to consumers, businessmen, and farmers. determined support of Greek aspirations The war and postwar inflation resulted in that we gave under the Truman Doc­ higher incomes for consumers, higher prices trine, for, after that, there was the for industrial goods, and higher food prices. Domestic and Foreign Phases of the Marshall plan, the ECA, and point 4 That much is true. It is also true, how­ technical assistance. ever, that our food prices today are well in Dope Problem But there is another aid that we must line with our incomes. give to the people of this ancient cradle Today we are eating better than ever be­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS of democracy-a gift that is perhaps as fore. Our diets are much better than they much spiritual as material. We must were 30 years ago. The quality of foods is OF higher. We have a vastly wider selection. put an end to the degrading discrimina­ And our foods are available to 'us in con­ HON. AL~XANDER WILEY tion against our Greek brethren that is venient forms-many of them are ready OF WISCONSIN written into our immigration laws. mixed, ready dressed, and ready to serve. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Greece is overpopulated; it is impover­ Yet we spend no greater share of our inco1ne ished by its excess population; yet, un­ for food than we did 30 years ago. Actually, Monday, March 28, 1955 der our present immigration quotas, we we would spend much less if we were con­ restrict Greek immigration to a mere tent to go back to the food habits of the Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I ask trickle. This is a shame to us and a 1920's. unanimous consent to have printed in crime against the brave Greeks whose The full story is one of phenomenal service the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a statement to consumers-on the farm, in our food fac­ summarizing a very interesting luncheon independence day we commemorate tories, and in the distributive trades. It is a today. which a number of Senators and I held story that we must tell the American people, Monday afternoon, March 28, relative to Let us make this commemoration and tell it so it will be clearly understood. meaningful. Let us resolve today that Our friend Earl Butz has been going around domestic and foreign aspects of the in­ all this shall be changed; that we will the country trying to set people straight on ternational narcotics problem. make unused quota numbers available to this matter. He has been pointing out that There being no objection, the state­ countries that desperately need them despite the many improvements in variety ment was ordered to be printed in the like Greece. ' of foods available, in nutritional quality, and RECORD, as follows: convenience of preparation, American con­ We join our Greek allies in striking sumers today spend the same share of their STATEMENT BY SENATOR WILEY over and over at the shackles of in­ income for food as was spent as far back as Few problems have more aroused Ameri­ humanity. 30 years ago. If you bring it down to what can public opinion that that of narcotics an hour's labor will buy, the picture is even addiction among many of our people, par­ clearer. An hour of labor today will buy ticularly many young Americans. almost twice as many loaves of bread, twice Every Senator who has come in contact in Food Packs and Marketing Methods as many quarts of milk, and twice as many the course of his legislative work with this pounds of steak or chicken, as it did 30 years serious problem has, I know, felt a keen sense ago. of obligation to try to stamp out the insidi­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Some of us in the Department decided that ous narcotics menace. OF these facts should be dramatized. We there­ Each Senator has felt, as I have felt, the fore prepared the little booklet that is avail­ need for a continued, determined antiad­ HON. EDWARD J. THYE able here this morning, called More and diction drive on a sound, carefully planned OF MINNESOTA Better Foods From Today's Pay Check. This basis. Each Senator has felt the need for IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES booklet tells a story that every well-informed accurate reporting of the problem, accurate, citizens ought to know. The exhibit which I emphasize, not sensationalized reporting, Monday, March 28, 1955 we are opening· today is an elaboration of but rather down-to-earth, factual analyses of the booklet, and we hope that each of you the situation as it really exists. Mr. THYE. Mr. President, I was pres­ I personally have come in contact with the ent this morning at an official introduc­ will take a few minutes to study these ex­ hibit panels and the message that they tell. narcotics evil on many fronts. I have con­ tion program by the Secretary of Agri­ Several of our friends have already asked fronted it as a former member of the c_ulture, Mr. Benson, of a pamphlet pub­ what we intend to do with this booklet Kefauver · Senate Crime Investigating Com­ llshed by the Department of Agriculture and this exhibit. I am happy to an­ mittee; as a current member of the Senate dramatizing to the public the service the nounce that we have already received Judiciary Subcommittee on Juvenile De­ public is obtaining in the type of food orders for over 200,000 copies of the booklet, linquency: as a former chairman of the Sen­ packs and marketing methods which and more are coming in every day. Some of ate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on the the leaders in the food processing and mar­ International Opium Protocol, and in other have been developed over the years by connections. the food retailers. The program was keting field plan to buy the plates from conducted at the Department of Agri­ which this booklet was made and reproduce ORIGIN OF LUNCHEON MEETING large quantities for their own distribution. I felt that .it woµld be helpful, therefore, cul~ure and was well attended by press, I will not be surp;rised if more than a mil­ to sit down and confer with the Government radio, and news cameras. I commend lion copies of the booklet are distributed in official most familiar with the problem, Com­ the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr. Ben­ this way. missioner Harry Anslinger of the Narcotics son, for having developed this excellent The exhibit wm be made available to our Bureau of the Treasury Department, and to and informative bulletin on the food­ cooperators at the State agriculture col­ have present other Senators who are like­ pacl~ question, and for dramatizing it as leges and in that way we hope its message wise interested in the problem, as well as Will be carried clear across the country, representatives of America's medical and he did on the program this morning. We are also preparing special programs for Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ pharmaceutical professions. radio·and television stations throughout the And, so I arranged for the meeting on sent to have printed in .the CoNGREs- country, and of course the booklet has al- Monday afternoon. 1955. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3903 MANY SENATORS PRESENT cotlcs laws so that it is the professional CONCLUSION We had a splendid turnout of Senators in trafficker who feels the full brunt of those 11. It was stated that President Eisen­ spite of a crowded Senate calendar and laws, while other offenders-technical vio­ hower's Inter-Departmental Cabinet Com­ other meetings. lators, individuals who may get accidentally mittee on Narcotics is now hard at work in My colleagues present included Senator enmeshed, one-time offenders, addicts, and formulating various proposals and future PRICE DANIEL, of Texas, who is chairman of others, are handled in a careful, firm, yet action. the Senate Judiciary subcommittee which is understanding way. Senator DANIEL concluded by inviting the going to make a comprehensive review of 4. Dr. Klumpp spoke briefly and praised cooperation of all of the participants present the narcotics statutes; Commissioner Anslinger as the greatest sin­ in contributing to the work of his subcom­ Senator HERMAN WELKER, of Idaho, and gle bulwark against the illicit narcotics traf­ mittee, whose opening hearings will be Senator JOSEPH O'MAHONEY, of Wyoming, fic throughout the world. announced at an early date. who are members of the Daniels Subcommit­ He emphasized the splendid working rela­ tee on the Narcotics Code. tions which the medical and pharmaceutical Other Senators present included Senators professions have always had with the Nar­ MANSFIELD, of Montana; SPARKMAN, of Ala­ cotics Bureau. bama; MURRAY, of Montana; KUCHEL of Cali­ 5. Many of those present emphasized that Address by Hon. William E. Jenner, of forian; HICKENLOOPER, of Iowa; DWORSHAK, in their judgment, the Narcotics Bureau Indiana, Before Indiana State Bottlers of Idaho; MARTIN Of Pennsylvania; KEFAUVER, should definitely be retained in the United of Tennessee; GREEN, of Rhode Island; WIL­ States Treasury Department. Association, Indianapolis, March 14, LIAMS, of Delaware; HAYDEN, of Arizona; and They pointed out that to attempt to trans­ 1955 HUMPHREY, of Minnesota. fer the Bureau might endanger the consti­ tutionality of present narcotics laws (which PRIVATE REPRESENTATIVES PRESENT are predicated in major part upon the ad­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS We had· an outstanding representation of ministration of tax statutes). A transfer OF membez:s of the medical and pharmaceutical might also seriously disturb long established professions. working relationships between the Bureau HON. WILLIAM E. JENNER Mr. F'rank Kuehl, general counsel, Ameri­ and the medical and pharmaceutical indus­ can Medical Association; Dr. Theodore G. tries. OF INDIANA Klumpp, . president, Winthrop-Stearns Co. 6. Commissioner Anslinger stated that the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES (also president of National Pharmaceutical postwar upsurge in narcotics addiction could Monday, March 28, 1955 Council and chairman of Medical Services in no way be traced to the medical or phar­ Task Force, Hoover Commission); Dr. R. P. maceutical professions. He commented that Mr: JENNER. Mr. President, I ask Fischelis, executive secretary, American both professions have handled their public unanimous consent to have printed in Pharmaceutical Association; Mr: George H. responsibilities in an outstandingly com­ the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the text . of Frates, Washington representative, the Na­ mendable way and have always given him a; tional Association of Retail .Druggists; Dr. speech delivered by me before the complete cooperation. Indiana State Bottlers Association in J. O'Neil Closs, executive vice president, 7. Dr. Berry commented upon the problem ,American_ Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' as encountered by the Armed Forces in the Indianapolis on March 14, 1955. Association; Dr. Karl . Bambach, executive Far East. He stated that the level of addic­ There being no objection, the address· vice president and secretary, American Drug tion among some of our troops was lower was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,· MamJfacturers Association; Dr. John Worley, last year than ih 1953 :and he ,believes · that as follows: · general · counsel, ·American Drug Manufac­ it will be lower this · year than it was last ADDRESS OF HON. WILLIAM E. JENNER, OF IN• turers' Association.· year. DIANA, BEFORE STATE CONVENTION INDIANA OTHERS PRESENT 8. The question of the proposed transfer· STATE BOTTLERS' ASSOCIATION, INDIANAPOLIS, . Also present were Dr. Frank, Berry, Assist­ of units of the U. N. Narcotics Division from IND., MARCH 14, 1955 ant Secretary of Defense, who commented on U. N., headquarters in· New York, to Gen~,va · Y~u have many problems before you at the problem as viewed by the Defense Estab­ came up. It wa.s the consensus of those -this meeting and you should have time for lishment; Mr. Ge9rge Cunningham, Assist­ present that the proposed transfer is ex- fun. Why then do you add politics to the ant to Com.missioner A'nslinger, qf the Nar-. tremely unwise. · list of ma,tters to consider in your limited cotics Burea:u; Mr. M~tton J:Iei:iry, legisl;:i,­ It was felt that there is a tremendous value t ,ime? . t _ive assistant to Senator Frederic~ Payne of in keeping the U. N.· narcotics work centered The·answer is obvlous. If you wish to have Maine (author of Senate Joint Resolution in the United States where the fullest force freedom to run your business, you are of 19-to tighten the narcotics laws); and Mr. of world public opinion can be mobilized necessity in politics. Nothing quivers with Julius N. Cahn, counsel of the Senate Com­ against any offender nations, such as Red the political winds more than a balance mittee on Foreign Relations, who had helped China. Commissioner Anslinger cited ho"?I, sheet. · me set up the meeting. thanks to constructive activity on the part You and your organization are the embodi­ . The luncheon today happened to coincide of the U. N. Narcotics Commission, several ment of free enterprise. Many of you started with a White House luncheon for Prime Min­ countri~s took effective action against dope your own businesses. You enjoy the com­ ister Mario Scelba, of Italy, and I had to factories which have been running full scale. bination of responsibility and freedom. The leave after mak'irig certain introductory re- As a result, these countries ceased to be headaches are headaches you' chose your­ marks. ' ' . centers of illicit narcotics production. Re­ selves as the price of managing your own af­ I am delighted to say, however, that my grettably Red China continues tq violate the fairs. colleague, Senator DANIEL, very graciously conscience of the world. You may not think about it, but your offered to serve as chairman in my absence, 9. In response to a Senator's question, ri'ght to run your own business is a political and from all reports, he did an outstanding Commissioner Anslinger mentioned that right. It is the right to have a Government job, as I had fully expected. there are available in the Narcotics Bureau which operates within limits. When your 250 agents. By contrast, the two principal Government" has broken the bonds which MAJOR POINTS STRESSED · local narcotics squads available to two major hold it within fixed limits, when the execu­ I will not attempt to cover all of the im­ metropolitan police forces number 200 in tive branch has undreamed of amounts of portant points which were made -in the New York and 80 in Los Angeles alone. money, broad legislative powers through di­ course of of the informal luncheon discus­ Several of the Senators present stated rectives, and even the. judicial power to de­ sion. I think, however, that some of the that in their judgment, sympathetic con­ cide appeals from its edicts, it is no longer following points were notable: sideration should be given to expand ap­ limited Government. 1. Commissioner Anslinger stressed the propriations for the Narcotics Bureau in When the Government controls minimum importance of halting the narcotics traffic order to carry on ~ts vital work. . wages, or wages in Government contracts, at its foreign source, rather than waiting 10. It was stressed that the medical and or collective bargaining obligations, or trade to try to intercept the dope at ports of the pharmaceutical industries have an indis­ union organiz!'l,tions or dividends and depre­ United States, which is extremeiy difficult, or pensable need for narcotics supply in the ciation allowances, "free enterprise" is on a inside the United States which is infinitely course of their regular work. leash. It is becoming an obedient satellite more difficult. The general public may not realize what of big Government, no longer is each enter­ 2. He stressed the importance of stiff pen­ an essential role is played by legitimate nar­ prise an independent Republic, as our pri­ alties being meted out by judges in order cotics, as for example, to relieve shock in vate agencies used to be. to dry up the illicit narcotics traffic. emergency cases, as well as for innumerable Many Americans are aware of this grow­ He cited several dramatic instances where, other medical and scientific purposes. ing ·danger, but they cannot get a clear idea in particular commmunities when judges Such bonafide use is, of course, completely of what to do about it. started handing down stiff sentences for re­ in contrast to the use of a terrible narcotic Some of them cherished the innocent hope peated trafficker-offenders, the local drug such as heroin-which is so dangerous a that a change of parties or a change of can­ problem· tended to dry up. drug that it has been literally ·outlawed by didates would halt the growth of the new 3. At tl:}e same time, Commissioner Ans­ the United States and virtually every civ­ Leviathan. Now we know the remedy is not linger emphasized the importance of very ilized country in the w.orld, with but five ·so simple _as that. A few people are tempte_d carefully writing and administering the nar- unfortunate exceptions. to give up the fight. 3904 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE March 28 Today, big Government operates through so Government collected the record total of $2 The administration has about 2½ million many diverse activities that it seems almost -billion in taxes. In that year, however, the employees. Congress has a staff of 4,700 peo­ hopeless to oppose its growth. But all those Government, through RFC, was shoring up ple. operations are controlled by a few key the banks, the farms, and State emergency That gives you a picture of the unbalance switches. If we can find the master switches, relief expenditures. between -the executive and the legislative we can stop the growth of big Government In 1939, after 7 years of the great experi­ branches. It is a hopeless contest for a and cut down the colossus on the Potomac. ment in making America over, Federal tax­ Congress with 4,700 assistants to cut the ex­ penditures of an executive branch with mil­ THE MASTER SWITCH OF GOVERNMENT POWER gatherers were collecting over $5 billion a year, an increase of over 250 percent over the lions of fulltime professional workers whose I want to tell you what is the most hopeful ·worst year of the depression. first responsibility is to keep spending high. fact in our political dilemma today. The Then came the most destructive war in master switch is-taxes. If the American peo­ CONGRESS MUST HA VE HELP ple will put their minds on taxes, they can history. The United States was turned into Now, is there a remedy? Yes, and a simple quickly master their domestic problems. an arsenal filling pipelines, pouring rivers one. A few days ago I read in the morning of food and equipment to every continent. The key to our present shocking tax bur­ paper that the Federal Government had gar­ By the war's end Federal tax collections den is the tax increase that was put through nisheed the salary _of an employee who owed had climbed to an unheard of $46 billion. in 1951 under cover of the fighting in Korea. back taxes. The story said that the Govern­ But war is the great destroyer. We had an The war that was not a war was a fine ex­ ment had withheld the entire salary of the Armed Force of over 10 millions consuming cuse for a big new tax bill. employee for· the current month, and in­ gasoline, ammunition, tanks, planes, ships, The Government did not need _that huge tended to continue withholding every penny shoes, steaks, and everything else. We were increase in taxes in 1951. I knew how much of his earnings until all the back taxes were also giving billions to scores of other Nations fat there was in the budget. I knew extra paid. in the coalition against the Nazis. The taxes would be money down the drain. I I do not know the individual case. The U. S. S. R. alone was given some $12 billions. did not vote for the bill, but I djd not try employee may have been shiftless. He may How much is the Federal Government to build opposition to it. Why? Because have had illness or other personal troubles, collecting from us today? If $2 billion no one could hope to defeat the Govern­ or he may have had a dispute with the in­ were enough for the depression, if $5 bil­ ment's propaganda machine without support come-tax people over what he owed. lion were enough for an· spending of the from the taxpayers. They still believed in What disturbed me was the shocking sad­ socialist planners, if $46. billion were enough fairy tales. What, then, can we do? ism of taking every penny of an employee's at the peak of a devastating war, how much Congressman Hatton ·sumners, of Texas, income at once--his rent, his food, his car­ .are we giving the Government today, with wrote an article for Reader's Digest in 1945. _fare-when it would have been just as easy no war and no depression? Not $1 billion, He had been the distinguished chairman of to collect 10 percent of his salary over a not $5 billion, not $46 billion, but $73 bil­ the House Judiciary Committee, and a vigor­ longer period of time . . If the trouble had lion were taken from the American people ous opponent of the unconstitutional been illness or other mishap, the trail of fur­ in fiscal year 1954. growth of executive power. Judge Sumners ther breakdown or heavy debts to the money­ Let me give you ·a few more figures. said Congress would never be able to attend lenders was only too clear. In 1932 the interest on the public debt to its own proper business, until it gave back I tell this story because Americans of to­ was $600 million. Herbert Hoover was bit­ to the States and local organizations, the re­ day do not yet know what the Colonists terly denounced for such extravagance. By sponsibilities which belonged to them under knew. All tax collections are cruel. Our 1953 the interest burden alone was $6½ bil­ the Constitution. tax-collecting agencies have so far been very lion. Remember that as long as we do not The first responsibilities of Congress are tactful, and they have been working in a pay that interest, but add it to the public foreign policy and military policy. It is not ·period when the American economy had debt, we will go on paying for it not 1 year the business of Congress to legislate on can­ plenty of fat. The tax knives have just be­ . but every year for generations yet to come. cer, lunches for schoolchildren, depreciation gun to cut to the quick. We are just be­ We have already paid interest for 21 years reserves for new machinery, corporate divi­ ginning to know, what every age before us on the debt the Government incurred for .dend payments, giving or withholding Fed­ has seen clearly, that tax-collection is a cruel NRA, AAA, and relief in the first year of eral funds for private school buses, collective and ruthless business, which will bring ha­ the New Deal, and no one knows how long .bargaining, or making up the cost of un­ tred and sadism into our country such as we this waste will go on. balanced budgets in France. have never known in all our history. It is estimated that the deficit for the REVIVAL OF STATES R~GHTS The taxgatherer is the most hated man in year 1934 alone, which was $760 million, has popular story. The publican was despised Congress has become involved in all this already cost us $483 million more, in inter­ busy work because the spenders wanted Con­ and hated in the days of Christ. Rudyard est payments,· with no end in sight. Kipling tells us of the princely states of India gress kept too busy to think. And how well What can we do about it--if we are seri­ they have succeeded. where the tax-gatherers waited at the farm ous and want to do something? until the kid was born, so they could take the I say to you that the first business before farmer's only hope of more income, for taxes WHAT NOT TO EXPECT ·congress is to ctit out the busy work. We to pay for the prince's follies. First, let me tell you what will not help. need a congressional commission to deter­ I am going to talk about taxes. But let I am not interested in the conversation mine what powers and duties Congress us never think taxes are cold statistics. · about a balanced budget. Once upon a time should release at once, and what taxes it Taxes are a gigantic screw which turns and a balanced budget was a restraint upon should reserve to State and local agencies so turns, and squeezes more and more blood executive power. That was true when it they can pay for what they need. from the helpless embittered farmer or was hard to raise taxes, when our people re­ The Congress should .have . established worker or businessman to pay for the Gov­ sisted tax increases as vigorously as the such a commission in 1953, but it hesitated. ernment's follies. colonists did. "Taxes" used to be a fighting The executive branch established a special a. THE FOLLIES OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING word to Americans. commission under Dean Clarence Manion, Taxes were the anchor which held down very able man for the job, but he was retired, We do not have time to discuss the follies and Congress has no more information today of Government spending but let me refresh spending as soon as the budget was balanced. But our Government spenders put a jet than it had in 1952. your memories. Where do you come in? Well, a pitcher I have before me a memorandum that we engine on the old anchor. They learned that it was easy to raise taxes if they spent part cannot win the game unless there are also have just allocated $23 million to Egypt. A .a few good catchers on the team. Congress few days ago it was Yugoslavia. The latest of the money for the Government's propa­ ganda machine. You remember the phrase, cannot rid itself of the incubus of deciding allotment to Egypt is to be used for con­ on State and private matters, unless the struction, by American engineers, of a high­ "Tax and tax, spend and spend, elect and elect." States and local agencies are as eager to way between Cairo and Alexandria, for im­ uphold their rights as Congress is to adhere The spenders realized years ago that an provement of the water supply in the Nile, to the principles of a Federal Republic. for improvement of the port of Alexandria, unbalanced budget was the road to higher taxes. Congress raised taxes in the pious Are our State and local leaders ready to and for a new workshop for the Egyptian demand the powers the Constitution guar­ Minister of Public Roads. hope the budget would be balanced, but the spenders quietly sent spending up higher anteed to them forever? At the same time, the State of Israel re­ Too many of our governors have been ceived $3½ million for equipment, and Paki­ than ever. while the propaganda machines told the people what to think. The fetish bewitched, bothered, and beguiled, by the stan the same for chemical supplies. colossus on the Potomac. They hope that, These are all worthy projects, but why of a balanced budget is now the palace by deference to the powers that be, they can should an American workingman have his guard's best instrument for collecting in share in the apparently endless streams of entire salary garnisheed, to pay for Govern­ peacetime far more truces than they dared wealth which Federal officials can spend. ment programs in Egypt or Israel or Paki­ collect in war. The problem is not to fit But where does that wealth come from? It stan? taxes to spending but to cut taxes first and comes from the billions which were collected THE STORY OF TAXES fit spending to a much lower income. from the people of Indiana and the other Now, let us go back to taxes. I can tell you another hope that will not States. In the fiscal year 1932, which was the low­ materialize. That is waiting for Congress Do you see why I said recently I did not est point of the great depression, the Federal alone to cut spending. want to see the governors of our sovereign 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3905 States going to Washington with a tlncup Roosevelt's dramatic flight to Chicago on can be given the young officers and tech­ in their hands, to ask the Federal Govern­ July 2, 1932, and perhaps something of what nicians who lived and worked with them. ment to please give them back a little bit of he said when he accepted the Presidential But these men, in turn, gained experience their own money? nomination tendered by the Democratic . in managing camps and directing men that We are going to have to face this question Party, then in session. This Nation was in paid big dividends when the Nation faced very soon in the issue of Federal aid for the depression following the stock market the crisis created by the attack on Pearl school buildings. crash of 1929. Men were out of work and a Harbor. Thereafter, the Armed Forces had There is a growing school population, but foreboding sense of uncertainty was every­ priority. there is not the slightest particle of evidence where. It was natural, therefore, that a Being no longer necessary, the Civilian that our States and cities cannot supply wave of hope followed the voicing of a plan Conservation Corps was ended on June 30, their own children with all the buildings for a great public-works project of forest and 1942. It will long be remembered as a suc­ they need. Watch the stories in the news­ land restoration for relief of the unemploy­ cessful effort of a democratic nation to help papers about a report of the Committee on ment that plagued the country. The idea meet some of the difficulties of its people. Intergovernmental Relations which appar­ gripped the imagination and proved dynamic. ently says, "We have been uuable to find a The President lost little time before he State which cannot afford • • • to support laid the plan before Congress. Ten days an adequate school system." That report later, on March 31, 1933, the President signed has been suppressed. Why? the Emergency Conservation l~ct which au­ Decline in Farm Incomes You will tell me it is hard for the legisla­ thorized him to establish a nationwide chain ture o:( Indiana to pay more taxes. Of course, of camps where unen:ployed young men could EXTENSION OF REMARKS it is hard. In Indiana we meant to make it engage in various forms of forest and land hard for governments to spend. The Con­ improvement. OF stitutional Convention meant to make it hard The first Civilian Conservation Corps camp for the Federal Government to spend. If was established on April 17, in the George HON. LYNDON B. JOHNSON Indiana does not supply its own school Washington National Forest near Luray, Va. OF TEXAS buildings, it is asking Congress to use print­ It was appropriately called Camp Roosevelt. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES ing-press money, and raise still higher a By July of that year, there were 1;500 camps Federal debt which is already close to $280 on mountain side and meadow from the Monday, March 28, 1955 billion and rising. Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Canadian For once we have a problem where the line border to the Gulf of Mexico. Others were Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ of action is clear and simple. We can solve added until they were located in every State dent, I ask unanimous consent to have the problems of big spending, growth of and Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the printed in the RECORD a statement by the centralized control, and the withering away Virgin Islands, to the number of 2,600. distinguished junior Senator from Mich­ of the States, if we return to two principles The boys came from all parts of the Nation, igan [Mr. McNAMARA] on the subject of our Founding Fathers-low taxes and but most of them were from the cities. Many Michigan Farmers Await Action by States rights. were undernourished, discouraged, and filled Congress cannot function, and the Consti­ Congress To Combat Dzclines in Farm with fear. Their education and their ex­ Income. tution cannot be preserved, if the spenders perience were largely limited to what was · in both parties make our States into lackey available in a life confined to city buildings There being no objection, the state­ States and our governors into servitors and paved streets. After enrollme:::it they ment was ordered to be printed in the milling about the palace guard. were in the midst of a new environment. RECORD, as follows: CONGRESS AND THE STATES CAN RESTORE THE Out in the open, surrounded by nature, they MICHIGAN FARMERS AWAJ.T ACTION BY CON• REPUBLIC built camps, hewed trails, laid roads, strung GRESS TO COMBAT DECLINES IN FARM INCOME Congress can function, the Constitution telephone lines, constructed bridges, built (Statement by Senator McNAMARA) airplane landing fields, dug drainage ditches, can be preserved, and we can free our ener­ The farmers of Michigan are waiting for gies to meet all our foreign problems, if the fought forest fires, and faced a thousand tasks, such as had never entered their wildest a message of hope from Washington. people of our country will unite with Con­ For many of our smaller farmers, who na­ gress in an irresistible demand for tax cuts dreams. All were volunteers. Their life and their responsibilities were conducted without tionally account for 98 percent of our farms, and States rights. the continued drop in farm income means It is my hope that, in this rededication to military obligations or implications. More than that, an enthusiasm carried them hardship and sacrifice. This is particularly the principles of our founding, the people of true when lower farm income has to be Indiana will lead the way. through their daily duties, such as warranted the judgment that the CCC had provided a shared with unemployed workers, forced by moral equivalent for war. unemployment to return to the farms from their city jobs. For a little more than 9 years, Civilian Conservation Corps camps and their leaders For city workers, the drop in farm income The Civilian Conservation Corps After 22 helped young men to find themselves. Few means fewer customers, at a time when more and better customers are needed for the Years maintained their enrollment for more than a year and at no time were more than 385,000 growing production of our factories and in the camps. But during those years the mills. For them, it means unemployment EXTENSION OF REMARKS CCC gave health, purpose, and self-respect and wasted opportunities. In the interests of all of us, Congress must OF to 3 million young men. , not dawdle. We must act quickly to protect HON. ESTES KEFAUVER Much of their work is still visible. Mil­ our farm families directly, and through them lions of acres are prosperous today because an of us. OF TENNESSEE of what they did. Three million acres are According to the Department of Commerce, IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES growing trees because they planted them. More than 4 million acres of forest have farm income in January of this year (the Monday, March 28, 1955 cleaner and straighter trees because those latest figures available at this time) was at a rate of slightly more than $15 billion per Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, I boys cut out the crooked and diseased ones. Another 8 million acres are in good condi­ year. This is the lowest figure for any Janu­ ask unanimous consent to have printed tion because their crews stopped the spread ary since the end of World War II. It is the in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a state­ of insect pests and tree diseases, and annual rate that is almost $2 billion lower ment prepared by the Legislative Ref­ countless acres are green because they fought than in January a year ago. erence Service of the Library of Congress forest fires on them. Other millions of This decline in income does not hit all concerning the Civilian Conservation acres of grassland were saved from erosion farmers the same way. It does not mean the Corps, which was set up 22 years ago because they built check dams and dispersed same thing for those few who own the big­ in April as an emergency measure to the prairie dogs. As part of all this, millions gest farms as it does for the great majority. meet some of the dif:Iiculties of many of of people can thank the CCC boys for the My concern however is with the majority, picnic spots and the camping areas they the men and women who work the smaller our people. The results of the program enjoy, for ponds in which to fish and for farms which make up 98 percent of the farms are still visible through the millions of better environment for a large portion of our in America. For them, a cut in farm income acres of land cleared and fores ts planted wildlife. may mean an immediate sacrifice of some­ by members of the·CCC. All this was done for the earth, the trees, thing the family needs and has planned for. There being no objection, the state­ the watercourses, and the wildlife. It ls as It means giving up a hoped-for improvement ment was ordered to be printed in the nothing, however, compared with the bene­ .in family living, perhaps evea some family RECORD, as follows: fits received by those young men and their necessity. dependents. Added to the good food and In 1953, when the decline in farm income THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS AFTER 22 healthful surroundings provided by the had begun to draw serious attention to itself, YEARS camps, was the individual stimulus and staff people at Michigan State College inter­ M :i. ny whose memories go back a quarter discipline always present when young men viewed Michigan farmers to find out what oI a century, or more, recall Franklin D. ·are thrown together. Much credit for this ·changes in their plans were being forced on 3906 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 them. Here ls part of what these interviews World Veterans Federation and Peaceful Coast and Ghulam Mohammed of Pakistan; showed: Prime Ministers Robert Gordon Menzies of Fifty-three percent of those interviewed Control of Atomic Energy Australia, Achille van Acker of Belgium, were planning to spend less for new farm Louis St-Laurent of Canada, Sir Jobn Kote­ machinery. EXTENSION OF REMARKS lawala of Ceylon, Hans Hedtoft of Denmark, Many others were cutting expenditures for Dr. Kwame Nkrumah of the Gold Coast, Sir second ·hand machinery. OF Winston Churchill of Great Britain, Mar­ A third of those answering the question­ shal Alexander Papagos of Greece, Pandit naire were planning to spend less on new HON. ALEXANDER WILEY Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Ali Sastroamid­ buildings and on overhaul jobs. OF WISCONSIN jojo of. Indonesia, Nouri es Said of Iraq, There was less interest in proper farm IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Mario Scelba of Italy, Dr. Willem Dress of the Netherlands, Oscar Torp of Norway, Sidney methods, such as applications of lime, pur­ Monday, March 28, 1955 chases of good seed, and improvement of stock J . Holland of New Zealand, Mohammed Ali than in the past. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, on many of Pakistan and Pibul Songgram of Thai­ Other studies made at the same time occasions I have commented on the crit­ land; Dr. Eelco van Klefferi.s, president of the showed that farmers were postponing pur­ ical problem of harnessing the atom for Ninth General Assembly of the U. N.; Dr. chases of furniture, automobiles, and freez­ Dag Hammarskjold, secretary general of the ers as well as other household appliances. peaceful purposes. U. N.; Dr. Ralph Bunche, 1950 Nobel Peace In my opinion, the most regrettable fact I expect to remark on this very im­ Prize winner; David Ben Gur1on, Mrs. Elea­ revealed by these studies was that many portant question on future occasions as nor Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson and other farm children were not going to get the well. outstanding public figures. educations that had been planned for them. I was interested to read in the current WVF Executive Board: President, Albert What new postponements and new sacri­ issue of the magazine the World Veteran, Morel; secretary general, Curtis Campaigne, fices are being d ictated by the continued published by the World Veterans Fed­ Jr.; treasurer general, W. Ch. J. M. van declines in farm income I can only guess, eration, an editorial on the vital signifi­ Lanschot; vice presidents, Gen. Miloje Milo­ since I can find no recent studies that tell cance of utilizing atomic energy for jevitch and Pietro Ricci. what they are. The World Veteran is the official publica­ The fact of these sacrifices ls underlined peace. tion of the World Veterans Federation. by the decline in income per capita. Accord­ Certainly, in all the world, no group However, opinions expressed in articles ing to the Department of Agriculture real­ has a higher stake in peaceful develop­ signed by outside contributors are those of ized farm income per capita in 1954 was $903, ment of the atom than those who them­ their authors and do not necessarily repre­ a drop of $46 per capita of farm population selves bore the brunt of previous global sent the viewpoint of WVF. since 1953. Editor, Curtis Campaigne, Jr.; managing The drop in per capita income might not conflict-those who know from :first­ have been so great if the usual number of hand experience what war can mean editor, Mary Burnet; assistant editors, and has meant. Jacques Boetsch, Roland Jauzan, Edgar farm people had been able to move to the Joubert. cities for jobs. However, with unemploy­ Last year, we sent to Vienna, to the ment in the cities, many who would have fifth· general assembly of the federa­ Office: 27, rue de la Michodiere, Paris (2 e), left the farm stayed home, and many who tion, a fine delegation of American ex­ France._ Tel.: Richelieu 88-06. had been- laid off in the cities went back servicemen. They joined with veterans home. And these people were taken in and ATOMIC ENERGY FOR PEACE cared for, whether they brought with them of many other countries in passing upon a proportionate increase in farm income issues of great importance to the peo­ On December 4 the General Assembly of or not. ples of the world. the United Nations unanimously adopted a During the worst of the unemployment in I ask unanimous consent that the text resolution recommending international co­ Michigan last year, the labor force in Detroit of this federation magazine editorial be operation in the peaceful use of atomic ener­ gy and envisaging a series of measures in­ declined by more than 40,000 workers. There printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, is no doubt in my mind that a great many tended to help bring it about. and that it be preceded by the mast­ Recalling President Eisenhower's speech on of these workers took their families back to head statement of the magazine de­ the farms of America. If these worker's and the subject a year before, the resolution pro­ other thousands like them escaped from scribing the purposes and composition vided for the setting up of an international acknowledged unemployment in the cities, of the World Veterans Federation. atomic energy agency and invited all mem:. they added to the concealed unemployment There being no objection, the mast­ hers of the U. N. and its specialized agencies and the underemployment on our farms. head statement and editorial were or­ to attend a congress for that purpose in August of this year. Those of us who have spent our lives in dered to be printed in the RECORD, as the great cities are deeply concerned with follows: The conference will give particular atten­ this problem of farm income. We are con­ tion to the production of energy and to the cerned as neighbors have always been con­ The World Veteran, is published monthly applications of discoveries in nuclear physics cerned with each other in America. We by the World Veterans Federation whose to medicine, biology, agriculture and indus­ know also that whatever hurts the . farm main aims are support of the United Nations try. Preparations a.re already being made by dweller immediately hurts us. Unless farm and aid to disabled veterans. The WVF an organizing committee consisting of rep­ and city move forward vigorously together, includes 121 veterans' and war victims' asso­ resentatives of Brazil, Canada, France, Great we share the aches and pains of uncertainty ciations in 29 countries, with a combined Britain, India, the Soviet Union and the and economic stagnation. For these rea­ membership of 18,100,000. Nations repre­ United States. sons, we stand ready to help as soon as the sented are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bra­ Although Russia consented to take part in necessary leadership is forthcoming and a zil, Canada, Ceylon, Denmark, Egypt, Fin­ the work of the committee, the Soviet rep­ challenging program has been offered. land, France, the Federal Republic of Ger­ resentative, Arkadi Sobolev, nevertheless let I know that there are bills before this many, the Gold Coast, Great Britai:r;i, Greece, it be known that his vote in favor of the Congress to establish farm policy which India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, resolution was chiefly a token of encourage­ would assist those who most need assistance the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Nor­ ment. It did not imply, he said, that his gov­ to create machinery for getting surplus farm way, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, ernment was abandoning the principles un­ products to those who need them, to create Turkey, the United States and Yugoslavia. derlying the two Russian amendments that additional buying power among city and farm WVF has consultative status with the United had been rejected in the discussion preced­ people. I have the honor to be among the Nations Economic and Social Council and ing the assembly vote. The effect of one of sponsors of some of the proposals. with the Council of Europe. As a member these amendments would have been to place I hope that these proposals, and whatever of the International Committee of Non­ the agency under the authority of the Se­ additional plans are needed will soon get the governmental Organizations for the United curity Council, thus introducing the princi­ vigorous and earnest attention from this ad­ Nations Children's Fund, it also has consul­ ple of the veto, to which the Western Powers ministration that they require. The admin­ tative status with UNICEF. Messages in were firmly opposed. On the other hand, istration may rest assured that, regardless of support of WVF have been received from since Mr. Sobolev made his statement the party label, the Members of this body are Queen Elizabeth of Great Britain; Queen U. S. S. R. has proposed to make available to prepared to do whatever the welfare of the Juliana of the Netherlands; the Grand U. N. members full information about its farm family dictates. Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg; Presidents atomic plant for producing electric power. It may be that some of the steps that must Theodor Koerner of Austria, Sir Ba U of Whatever the result of the negotiations, be taken will require the present Republican Burma, Joao Cafe Filho of Brazil, Rene Coty the next few months will probably witness administration to support plans very mucli of France, Theodor Heuss of the German acceptance of the idea of pooling atomic like some that previous Democratic'. adminis­ Federal Republic, Izhak Ben-Zvi of Israel, knowledge for peaceful purposes, with or tration proposed. There is already evidence Luigi Einaudi of Italy, Ramon Magsaysay without the participation of the U. S. s. R. that this will be necessary. However, I am of the Philippines, Celal Bayar of Turkey, In the beginning, at least, the agency will sure that this will not stand in the way when Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States, perhaps be nothing more than a kind of the facts show what action must be taken. Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia; Gov­ "clearing house" for the atom, organizing We must, all of us, work together if this great ernors General Sir Oliver Goonetilleke of and directing the transfer of fissionable problem is to be adequately met. Ceylon, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke of the Gold materials. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-- HOUSE 3907 The Un,ited States has already offered 200 1954 are shocking, and with a steadily of Red Chlna--peace, trade, and coexistence. pounds of such material, and Great Britain increasing labor force each year, it is Hinton brought in a large amount of printed has pledged 40 pounds. These figures arE? imperative that the Federal Govern­ material; which was confiscated by the considerable. With 2 pounds of uranium United States customs. a generating plant could produce enough ment take concrete action to improve I have no doubt that a carefully planned electricity to furnish a city of 100,000 in­ the economic plight of thousands of campaign is being carried on to propagandize habitants with light and heat for a year low-wage earners, who are nnable to for Red China among students, teachers, and a half. Together, the Unitect States maintain themselves and their families church people, farmers, labor unions, and and British contributions represent the during times of economic adjustment. business groups. equivalent of 300,000 tons of coal. In future Recently in New York a conference of Many innocent people are helping to fur­ years, the fission and fusion of the ·atom ther it without realizing the purpose of the should help considerably to supply the grow­ shop stewards-representing some 500,- 000 CIO members in New York City-was propaganda. This campaign is timed to coin­ ing need for energy throughout the world­ cide with moves in our Government and 1n at a time when coal and oil reserves are be­ held to take action for the passage in U. N. for softening our attitude to Red China. ginning to run low. Congress of bills introduced to increase The Communists know that constant dis­ There is no need to fear a shortage of raw the hourly minimum wage to $1.25. . · cussion helps to keep the issue in the public materials for atomic power production. It Two resolutions were adopted un·ani­ eye, accustoms people to accept a strange, has been estimated that the known deposits mously at that conference; one calling unpleasant idea without thinking, and oth­ of uranium alone can provide enough energy for the enactment of legislation to in­ ·erwise makes recognition palatable. It is the for 5,000 or 6,000 years. Meanwhile, there old story of drops of water wearing away exist considerable stocks ·or fissionable ma­ crease the Federal minimum wage to a stone. terials immediately available in the form of $1.25 per hour, and the other calling for · The propaganda is probably timed to coin­ atomic bombs. It is technically possible to the extension of minmum wage coverage cide with publication of a crop of books and reconvert them and to use their immense to the retail industry. articles on Communist China, putting the energy in developing industry and agricul­ A $1.25 hourly minimum wage would propaganda line in many most enticing ture. put a realistic floor beneath current wage forms. The next step is up to the statesmen. The levels, and would prevent the exploita­ That was the technique used after 194.3 atomic energy program involves infinitely tion of substandard, seasonal, and low­ through the IPR and other public and pri­ more than itself. It involves all interna­ vate agencies to persuade Americans that tional relations. Its success would consti­ wage workers. In addition, it would the Chinese Reds were simple agrarian re­ tute a pledge of peace; its failure would bolster our national economy by creating formers. This is how they persuaded some rekindle the fear of world conflict, and more purchasing power, bettering our people that the United States must insist rightly so, for the history of the ·second half standard of living, and contributing to the Chinese establish a coalition government of the 20th century will be, in large part, the full employment. with Mao Tse-tung. history of man's relations with the atom. I urge my colleagues to consider this We obtained full · proof of the collusion The world Veterans Federation has re­ legislation seriously, and to work for its between American pro-Communists and peatedly pointed out that the atomic energy early enactment. those in Soviet countries through the IPR problem must be solved first if the world is hearings years too late to stop the damage. to have a solid foundation for peace. Last We obtained full proof of the collusion in fall, at its fifth general assembly in Vienna, the · Korean peace settlement through the it adopted a resolution urging implementa­ hearings on General MacArthur and other tion of the Eisenhower proposal. The reso­ Propriety of Debating in Colleges the testimony under oath, but it came too late. lut_ion noted that the plan had already been We shall have formal legal proof of the endorsed by statesmen and other prominent Recognition of Red China by the campaign to whitewash Red China, but not personalities in numerous countries, and that United States while the political decisions are being made. "the test 9f hydrogen bombs has created a Nevertheless, nothing is gained by oppos­ fear throughout the world" which makes it ing the use of this topic in college debates. "even more imperative" to go forward with EXTENSION OF REMARKS Instead, I think American students and this or some similar plan-"iJ?. order that the OF teachers should get into the argument with stupendc;ms force released by nuclear fission everything they have-read every book and be· utilized for the benefit instead of the HON. WILLIAM E. JENNER article, debate every issue, marshal all the destruction of mankind!' OF INDIANA evidence, clarify their understanding, and For while the great discovery of the 20th hold on with fierce determination until every century can lead man to his ruin, it can also IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES student and teacher who has been exposed bring him _prosperity, protect and prolong Monday, March 28, 1955 to Communist propaganda (however skill­ his life. fully disguised) has a chance to learn the Mr. JENNER. Mr. President, I ask full story. If the Communists want a de­ unanimous consent to have printed in bate on Red China, they should get it. If Minimum Wage Legislation the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a statement they want to propagandize for Red China, issued by me in reply to an inquiry re­ we can prove we know how to work even ceived from a college professor with re­ harder to spread the truth, so that not a EXTENSION OF REMARKS single student or teacher in American col­ gard to the propriety of debating in the leges or high schools will be uncertain where OF colleges the recognition of Red China by he stands. the United States. Meeting this issue will give American HON. LESTER HOLTZMAN There being no objection, the state­ students excellent training in one of the ·OF NEW YORK ment was ordered to be printed in the techniques of cold war. The Communists IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES never use logic as western civilization uses RECORD, as follows: it, following the standard set by the Greeks. Monday, March 28, 1955 DEBATING RECOGNITION OF RED CHINA They choose their propaganda slogans and Mr. HOLTZMAN. Mr. Speaker,·today DECEMBER 6, 1954. their subtle camouflage for purposes of de­ DEAR "PROFESSOR: I am glad to give YOU my ception, and then dress them up with schol­ I am introducing a bill which will pro­ opinion of the question whether college stu­ arly references, statistics, maps, and other vide for an increase in the minimum dents should debate the question of diplo­ apparatus of learning. wage to $1.25 per hour, reduce the maxi­ matic recognition of Red China. Such arguments cannot be answered with mum workweek, and extend the cover­ If this were only an academic issue, a topic logic, but we must all learn to answer them. age of the Fair Labor Standards Act. chosen strictly for its academic value, I They can be answered only by the clearest This measure is identical with the one should, of course, say there is no reason why understanding of what the Communists are I introduced in the House. of Represent­ it should not be debated. Is it, however, trying to do, and how well they are dis­ purely an academic issue? guising it;· and then by clear and vivid pres­ atives during the 83d Congre.ss. In hearings before the Internal Security entation of the idea or image which will The President has recently urged the Subcommittee John Powell and William most effectively counteract the suggestion Congress to increase the minimum wage Howard Hinton testified that they had re­ technique of the Reds. to 90 cents per hour. Such a recom­ mained voluntarily in Red China after the I am having prepared a brief bibliography mendation is inadequate at the present Red Chinese made war on us in Korea. of references which may be left out of the time in view of the continuing rapid rise Powell edited one of the magazines used · usual reference lists. We also have avail­ of living costs, and certainly does not . most extensively in brainwashing our men able copies of the hearings before our sub­ held captive by the Communists. committee dealing with Hinton and Powell, take into consideration increased worker Hinton and Powell both refused to answer and including testimony of the American productivity. There is no question about questions before our subcommittee on their fighting men who spent long periods in Red the fact that since 1938 the minimum present activities in this country. They are Chinese prisoner-of-war camps. We have wage has failed to keep up with the cost both here now· on speaking tours at which also a new series on Strategy and Tactics of living. The unemployment figures for they give forth the propaganda line in favor of World Communi'sm. I shall take epecial 3908 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 pleasure in sending copies to you and your Washington Post and Times Herald; Does this tax bill offer any means of students, and, obviously, to any other in­ the moderator, Ted Koop, CBS Wash­ compromise? Is there any way thllt you structors or students or citizens who are in­ ington director of news and public af­ and the President can talk this thing out? terested in the debate. Mr. McCORMACK. Frankly answering your The Communists hope to hoodwink our fairs; and the producer, Theodore Ayers. question, Mr. Lawrence, I would doubt it teachers and scholars, to draw them into Mr. KooP. How do you do, and welcome to very much. a subtle and carefully contrived propaganda Face the Nation. Mr. LAWRENCE. Do you see the President-­ boobytrap. Let us not try to meet the issue Congressman McCORMACK, as one who has or, does the leadership of the Congress see by censorship of the Communists. That held the post of majority leader in the the President at all? is what they are playing for. Let us meet House of Representatives longer than any Mr. McCORMACK. You mean the Demo­ it by using this opportunity to give our other man in American history, you are cratic leadership? young people the clearest understanding of frequently called upon as spokesman for the Mr. LAWRENCE. I mean the leadership of the the question, and the greatest possible skill Democratic Party to defend or defeat bills .Congress, which is, of course, Democratic, in presenting the case for the side of freedom. in Congress. as distinguished from the minority. Sincerely yours, At this session, rou have fought for the Mr. McCORMACK. Well, the majority lead­ WILLIAM E. JENNER. Eisenhower administration in supporting the ership in the House, I have not seen the President's reciprocal-trade program, which President since Congress met in January. FROM THE OFFICE OF SENATOR WILLIAM E. you put through the House. So far as I kriow, Speaker RAYBURN has not; JENNER OF INDIANA, DECEMBER 14, 1954 On the other hand, you have fought as of 10 days ago he had not, and if he had in against the Eisenhower administration in the past 10 days, I think I would know; and The following books and reports have in­ supporting a $20 tax cut, the final outcome formation of value in connection with dis­ as of 10 days ago, I know the chairman of of which is still quite in doubt. the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, cussion of recognition by the United States On the eve of your 14th successful con­ of the Communist regime in China. Congressman RICHARDS, of South Carolina, gressional campaign in Massachusetts last that's a very responsible position, had not This list is intended to be supplementary fall, you referred to the Republican leader­ to standard lists, and not in place of them. seen the President. ship as "faulty, confused, and inept." Whether or not he has in the last 10 days, DOCUMENTS Now that the Democrats are running things I do not know, but if he did, I am sure I (Internal Security Subcommittee, U. S. on Capitol Hill, millions of Americans are would know. Senate, Washington, D. C.) wondering whether the new congressional Mr. LAWRENCE. Is this a failure to cooper­ Hearings, Institute of Pacific Relations, leadership is there for better or for worse. ate, then, in your opinion? series, part 7 A, Chinese Communist Move­ To direct their questions to you today, Mr. McCORMACK. I will let you draw your ment, report, July 5, 1945, War Department. here is our panel of newsmen: John Madi­ own inference. Hearings, Strategy and Tactics of World gan, of the Washington staff of Newsweek; Mr. LAWRENCE. I remember right after Communism, parts 1-5, 1954. William H. Lawrence, national correspondent election that the President did say he Hearings, Communist Propaganda Activi­ for the New York Times; and Alfred Friendly, planned to consult with the Democrats fre­ ties in the United States 1951. assistant managing editor of the Washing­ quently, and he seemed at that time to be Hearings, Espionage Activities of Personnel ton Post and Times Herald. speaking more on foreign-policy issues, but Attached to Embassies and Consulates Under Now, for the first question, Mr. Madigan. I take it that you haven't had even any con­ Soviet Dominion in the United States, 1951. Mr. MADIGAN. Mr. McCORMACK, will the ferences on foreign policy since this-- (Out of print.) Democrats in the House stand firm for a Mr. McCORMACK. We have not had a con­ Hearings, Interlocking Subversion in Gov­ $20-per~person tax cut? ference at all. ernment Departments, part 23, 1954. Activi­ Mr. McCORMACK. That's the intention. Mr. LAWRENCE. None at all? ties of United States Citizens in Red China. Mr. MADIGAN. When does the conference Mr. McCORMACK. On anything, forelgn a.r Report, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1952. begin, sir, with the Senate conferees? domestic, since this Congress-this particu,. Report, Interlocking Subversion in Gov­ Mr. McCORMACK. I understand that is going lar session of this Congress-started. ernment Departments, 1953. to start next Wednesday. Mr. LAWRENCE. Where would the initiative Mr. MADIGAN. Would you hold out indefi­ OTHER for such a conference come from? nitely in that conference? Mr. McCORMACK. It would have to come Raymond L.-G. Deverall, People's China: Mr. McCORMACK. Well, there has got to be from the White House. Sweat-Shop Arsenal; Richard Deverall, Tokyo, final action, Mr. Madigan. We've got to be Mr. LAWRENCE. Have to come from the Japan, 1954. practical before April 1, because the excise Whit'J House? Raymond J. De Jaegher and Irene Corbally taxes expire on that date, and-responsible Mr. McCORMACK. Certainly it should. We Kuhn, The Enemy Within, Doubleday & Co., leadership would not undertake any steps, can't impose ourselves upon a President; he Inc. I think, certainly responsible leadership shouldn't expect us to. . Maria Yen, The Umbrella Garden, Mac- should not, that would result in a loss of Mr. KooP. When you say you haven't seen millan. at least a billion dollars in revenue to the the President, does that include telephone Eudocio Ravines, The Yenan Way. Government. conversations, too? Robert Green, Calvary in China. Mr. MADIGAN. May I interpret that to Mr. McCORMACK. I have not talked with Mark Tennien, Chungking Listening Post. mean, sir, that on the eve of April 1, your the President. It's within his rights, if he Liu Shaw Tong, Out of Red China. Democratic conferees are ready to withdraw desires to do so; I don't feel any way per­ Edward Hunter, Brainwashing in Red on their demands? sonally offended except that people might China. think it strange for its effect upon the American Federation of Labor-various Mr. McCORMACK. Well, I would not admit that, but I would say this: That responsible country. documents on slave labor in Communist Mr. FRIENDLY. Was there a considerably areas. leadership would call for a conference report that would be acted upon before April 1, deeper, tighter liaison in previous admin­ which is the termination date of the excise istrations; I mean particularly in the 80th taxes. We could go beyond that on the cor­ Congress when you had a Republican major­ Face the Nation Broadcast porate taxes, because they could be made ity of Congress, did the President see that retroactive, but you can't make retroactive majority leadership more often than at excise taxes that have expired. present? EXTE:NSION OF REMARKS Mr. McCORMACK. Well, I was the Demo­ OF Mr. MADIGAN. Secretary of the Treasury Humphrey, on this show 2 weeks ago, sir, cratic whip at that time, and I'm unable to . HON. JOHN E. FOGARTY was asked what he thought would happen answer that question. I think on foreign in the conference, and he said, "I believe it affairs there was constant conferences, I OF JitHODE ISLAND wm· be defeated in the Senate, and then I know I participated in a number of confer­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES think there's a good chance· that the House ences-foreign-affairs conferences. Monday, March 28, 1955 will agree to it;" by that he means killing Now, on domestic affairs, I am unable to any income-tax cut at this time. say. Mr. FOGARTY. Mr. Speaker, under Mr. McCORMACK. Well, of course, Mr. Hum­ Mr. MADIGAN. Mr. McCORMACK, I'm not permission to extend my remarks, I in­ phrey is-is entitled to his own opinion. quite clear in your response right here on clude questions asked of and answers He has many presumptious views which this $20 tax possibility compromise. made by the gentleman from Massachu­ he has expressed, which he'd be much Secretary Humphrey, again on this show setts [Mr. McCORMACK] over the Colum .. better off, as Secretary of the Treasury, if 2 weeks ago, was asked if he thought a com­ he had not expressed them. He is an ag­ promise was possible, and he said, "When I bia Broadcasting System television net­ gravating circumstance, and his diplomacy think I am right, I don't compromise," which work and Columbia Broadcasting System in dealing with Congress is lacking sadly. would indicate the Senate would stick by radio network on the program Face the Mr. LAWRENCE. Mr. MCCORMACK, it seems those views. Nation on Sunday, March 20, 1955. The to me that this problem points up one of the Now, are you going to-effect a compro­ panel consisted of William H. Lawrence, issues confronting the country now, with a mise or are you not? of the New York Times; John Madigan, Republican administration, a Republican Mr. McCORMACK, We are going to do every­ of Newsweek; Al Friendly, of the executive, and a Democratic Congress. thing we can from the House side, to try and 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 3909 convince the Senate conferees, that is, our said the amount of loss was grossly exag­ tion with any legislation comes up in conferees are, to recede and accept the $20 gerated. Congress. tax credit which went through the House, Mr. MADIGAN. Mr. McCORMACK-- Mr. LAWRENCE. Well, again speaking broad­ which should be, because · it's based on Mr. McCORMACK. Congr,essman MILLS said ly, sir, not with reference to specific things, equity. the loss would be a billion dollars. isn't it true that at this time of a period of On the other hand, if the Senate stays put, We now know it's going to be well over a peak prosperity, that this is the time to start why, then, there must be a complete regard billion dollars, and here's his letter, a later paying the national debt, and how are you for the fact that at least a billion dollars in letter, on March 7, in which he urgently rec­ ever going to do that if you are going to revenue will expire in the nature of taxes on ommends the repeal of that section and of keep on reducing taxes? April 1; and I imagine, I have strong con­ another section because of the large loss of Mr. McCORMACK. Well, the Republicans victions, expressing my personal views, that revenue. didn't think of that last year, did they? there will be an agreement by the conferees. Mr. MADIGAN. Were there any explanations, Mr. LAWRENCE. Well, I'm not talking Mr. MADIGAN. On what basis, sir? Could sir, why you did not discover this last year about the Republicans or Democrats, sir; you give us some sort of an outline? How during the committee hearings on the bill, I'm talking about the national · interests, could you possibly get an agreement when you people in Congress? irregardless, regardless of party. you are poles apart? Mr. McCORMACK. Well, Mr. Madigan, you, Mr. McCORMACK, Well, now, Mister-if Mr. McCORMACK. Well, I am unable to if you followed the consideration of the bill President Eisenhower had sent a recommen­ state now. There may be an agreement on last year, you will know there was no bill be­ dation to Congress to increase our military something less than a straight $20 tax credit. fore the Committee on Ways and Means; strength, which should be done in the light The Senate could recede and concur in the that the bill was only brought in, in execu­ of the world today, and then recommended Senate amendment. I doubt that very much. tive session; the Democratic members never increased taxes, I have every confidence in Mr. FRIENDLY. Congressman, assuming saw any parts of the bill until it was given the people of America that they'd make the either way that there is a compromise or to them in the morning of a meeting, and sacrifices necessary; but last year, with an that the $20 tax bill is lost, do you think usually 50 to 100 pages, typewritten pages unbalanced budget, the Republicans reduced the Democrats will get any political mileage of parts of the bill were given, thrown at the taxes $3 billion. They did it, and they out of this proposal? them, no ability to study them, and they are going to do it next year, and knowing were adopted that day by the majority, the Mr. McCORMACK. Oh, I think that this, that, it would be faulty leadership on the 15 Republican members of the committee, part of the Democratic Party if we did not the tax bill, has conveyed to the people of and driven through the committee. the country as pointedly as possibly could undertake to take-to do something to bring · Mr. MADIGAN. Doesn't the House jealously justice to the low-income-tax groups of the be conveyed, Mr. Friendly, the basic differ­ guard its taxwriting authority? ences between the Democratic Party and country. Mr. McCORMACK. Then there was a closed the Republican Party. It has shown that Mr. LAWRENCE. The mere fact that they the Democratic Party is the party of the rule. did it last year, and you think it was wrong, people of America, and the Republican Party Mr. MADIGAN, You're the ones who write doesn't make it any better now to go ahead is the party of a select few. the taxes-- and cut some more, does it? Let's pay off the Mr. McCORMACK. Oh, no; that was written Furthermore, it clearly shows that this national debt. by the Republican Party, the Republicans Mr. McCORMACK. Well, I agree with you administration is controlled by certain big in control of the Ways and Means Commit­ that the logical tRing to do would be-to see business interests in the country. tee last year. that the taxes are imposed that would Mr. FRIENDLY. And yet, Congressman Mc­ Mr. MADIGAN. There were Democrats on meet--prevent any deficit and make a con­ CORMACK, what justification can you argue that committee, were there not, sir? tribution toward reducing the national debt, for a tax cut at this time? You, yourself Mr. McCORMACK. Yes, but they were not but the Republicans made that promise of were saying we should have a larger expendi­ given any opportunity to see any bill until a balanced budget, which they haven't kept, ture for national defense, and we are already there were parts of it brought in each morn­ they made the promise of reducing the na­ in a deficit situation. ing, and then it was driven through by the tional debt, which they haven't kept, and Mr. McCORMACK. Well, now, Mr. Friendly, votes of the Republican members. as a matter of fact they have, under the you have to have in mind that the Repub­ Mr. MADIGAN. Did the Democrats vote for Republicans it's been increased temporarily licans put thro.ugh a tax bill last year with the bill containing this measure? $6 billion, and with the knowledge of what a $3 billion reduction. As a matter of fact, Mr. McCORMACK. Well, some of them is going to happen, it would be faulty lead­ it's much more than tb.at because we are didn't. ership, it would be wrong leadership on the now discovering that one of the-of the hid­ Mr. MADIGAN. Some did. part of the Democratic Party if we did not den legislative larcenies was contained in Mr. McCORMACK. But there was no oppor­ undertake to bring justice to the low-in­ _section 462, as a result of which the Gov­ tunity to carefully go into all of the provi­ come-tax groups of this country, when we ernment is going to lose anyways from a sions of the bill . have the history of what the Republican .billion and a half to five billion dollars. But we do know that on this particular has done, Republicans have done for the Mr. KooP. What does that section provide? provision, the Treasury, Mr. Humphrey and select few. Mr. McCORMACK. That enables them, a the Treasury said there'd be a negligible loss. Mr. FRIENDLY. Well, Mr. McCORMACK, a. corporation, to take deductions for esti­ We now know it's well over a billion dollars, minute ago you said that if President Eisen­ mated reserve-reserve estimated expenses and nobody knows how much more. hower proposed a larger defense expendi­ for the next year of their business, accrual Mr. LAWRENCE. Mr. McCORMACK, taking ture, and asked for taxes to pay it, you think year of their business in addition to the ac­ this tax thing in a general way, it's been that it would go through, and that would tual year, and that means that--everyone 13-d­ suggested around this town that this is in be an expression-- mits there is going to be a loss of revenue of some way a political maneuver to prevent Mr. MCCORMACK. I said I think the Ameri­ at least a billion and a half dollars, and the Republicans from putting through their can people would make the sacrifices in the that's a lot of money, and when that matter own tax cut next year just on the eve of world of today. was before the Ways and Means Committee elections. Is that true? Mr. FRIENDLY, Well, let me state the prop­ last year, Secretary Humphrey and the Treas­ Mr. McCORMACK. Well, no; it is not a po­ osition then in reverse: If the House Major­ ury Department representatives said that the litical maneuver, but anything any party ity Leader proposes, as we understand he loss of revenue on that section would be does in Washington has a political connota­ may, a higher expenditure by a couple of negligible. tion. billion dollars for continental defense, is We now know ·there are 70 other mistakes Now, politics was not the intent. We saw his vote to reduce the taxes consistent and made. the lower income tax groups denied justice logical? Mr. MADIGAN. Is it not a fact, though, Mr. last year in the Republican tax bill. We saw Mr. McCORMACK. Well, of course the Ma­ McCORMACK, that Secretary Humphrey has over $3 billion, outside of this-other grave jority Leader ·feels that our continental de­ admitted this and called it to the atten­ mistake which benefits corporations, going to fense should be increased, but it happens tion of the Congress, and is willing to have less than 10 percent of the taxpayers and to I am not going to propose that, because it changed? the big corporations. that's within-that's the duty and the Mr. McCORMACK. Oh, very reluctantly. It We tried to increase the exemption from responsibility of the President. was first exposed by the Democrats. $600 to $700 last year, and the Republicans Furthermore, if Congress increased ap­ Last year, he said, the Treasury testified defeated it. We made every effort to bring propriations for continental defense, there's the loss of revenue, Mr. Madigan, would be about an equitable reduction in taxes last nothing to stop the President from freezing negligible-now, get that. This year, when year, which the Republicans prevented. it. it was called to his attention, when he was Now it's very clear they are going to under­ Mr. KooP. Mr. Madigan. before the Ways and Means Committee, on take to do something next year, and it would Mr. MADIGAN. Did I interpret your reply the tax bill extending the corporate and ex­ be poor leadership, it would be faulty leader­ to Mr. Lawrence before, agreeing with him cise taxes, he said he didn't know anything ship, it would be wrong lead·ership on our in balancing the budget, that you feel we about it. He went back to the Treasury, part if we didn't try to do something this sh,ould now invoke new taxes to bring in and then he wrote a letter to--to Congress­ year that would protect the low-income tax more revenue? man COOPER, in which he said that there groups next year. Mr. McCORMACK. Now? are indications, the Treasury had been look­ Mr. LAWRENCE. But even then-- Mr. MADIGAN. Yes. ing into it, there are indications that they Mr. McCORMACK. And that was the in­ Mr. MCCORMACK. In the light of the his­ ·would have to ask for a repeal, although he tent. Of course, there's politics in connec- tory o{ the Republican Party, no, . I believe 3910 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 we shoufd bring justice to the law income Mr. MADIGAN. Will you continue to do so, war that had to be considered by responsi­ tax groups, knowing what happened last now that you are so mad about the release ble. persons, and you have got to construe year, and knowing what the- Republicans of the Yalta papers? any of these meetings in the light of the intend to do next year. Mr. McOoRMACK. I would never do any­ time they took place, n9t in the light of Mr. MADIGAN. That wasn't my question. thing, Mr. Madigan, and I could not con­ 1955. Mr. MCCORMACK. You agreed with Mr. ceive any responsible, any Democrat doing Furthermore, the world of 10 years . ago Lawrence that we should probably intro­ anythi'ng that would be inconsistent witli is an entirely different world tod~y; we are duce sufficient taxes to balance the budget. the national interest of our country, be­ now -in the atomic world, the_ lwdrogen Mr. McCORMACK. Responsible leadership cause no matter what our personal feelings world, the cobalt world. Who k~-o:ws, the in the White House would undertake to in­ might be, the national interest of the coun­ world, gentlemen, of 10 y.ears. ago is~might crease our national defense and at the same try that each and every one of us loves is just as well be-a world of, or cu,lture or t ime recommend any additional taxes neces­ paramount and supersedes every other hu­ civilization, thousands of years ago so far as sary to bear the burden, and I said if that man consideration. the impact upon human beings is concerned. was done,· if two things were· linked to­ Mr. FRIENDLY. What would be your reac­ Mr. LAWRENCE. Do you have any Poles in gether-- t ion, Mr. McCORMACK, to a continued series your congressional district? Mr. MADIGAN. Are you for-- of releases of other conferences? Mr. McCORMACK. Americans of Polish Mr. McCORMACK. The American people Mr. McCORMACK. That's the responsibility blood? would make the sacrifices necessary, that, at of the State Department. Mr. LAWRENCE. Yes, least that's my opinion. · · And, by the way it's the responsibility of Mr. McCORMACK. I always like to refer to Mr. MADIGAN. You are ·for new taxes right President Eisenhower. I was very much in­ any racial origin as Americans of-- now, then? terested when I read in the paper that his Mr. LAWRENCE. I don't mean to offend you Mr. McCORMACK. If it's coupled with in­ press secretary said the President knew or them, Congressman. creasing our national defense. nothing about those releases. That's very Mr. McCORMACK. Yes; and they are very Mr. LAWRENCE. Well, Mr. McCORMACK, strange, that the President of the United good citizens, and very fine people. we've been talking here about what the Re­ States, and the leader. of the Republican Mr. LAWRENCE. Do you anticipate any publicans have done, which has something Party, didn't know anythini; about . those trouble as a result of the Yalta documents to do with your attitude on taxes. papers being released. and their references to Poland? Last week the State Department entered I accept the statement made by the press Mr. McCORMACK. Well, most people ·over­ the foreign policy field with the approach secretary, but it's very strange that anybody look the fact that--that while there are that this is what the Democrats did, so they in the State Department would be so pre­ some parts of the Yalta agreement that we made public the Yalta documents. sumptuous as to release those papers with­ would disagree with, that the reason that What was your reaction to all that? out letting the President of the United the parts that we agree were not carried out Mr. McCORMACK. Well, that's their respon­ States know, and to me, as an American, it was because Stalin wouldn't keep his prom­ sibility, Mr. Lawrence. What the results shows : a marked weakness in the exe~utive ises,. and in order to have him keep his might be from the .angle of foreign affairs, branch of the Government, and the mere promises we had. to go to war again. tirr ~ will only tell. What it might--what fact that the President says he didn't know, Mr. MADIGAN. Mr. McCORMACK, could I turn effect it might have on future conferences, or through his press secretary, that doesn't to another matter on the Hill, a legislative time will only tell. · mean that he's not responsible for what mat"ter? So far as I am personally concerned, and might flow therefrom. This week the Democrats will attempt to expressing my own views as a Democrat, I ·Mr. KooP. As a general ·practice, Mr_. Mc­ restore rigid price supports in substitution was not disturbed with their making the CORMACK, do you favor the early release of for the President's flexible price-support pro­ Yalta papers public, but I was very much documents of secret conferences? gram for farms. Republican leadership disturbed with the manner in which they Mr. McCORMACK. That's entirely up to the claims you don't have the strength to put made them public, because it was purely State Department, and this administration. it through. '' What' do you think? · - • . .politics. They have to consider what the effect might Mr. MCCORMACK. Well, I am frank in stat­ The State Department, as you remember, be in the light of the national interest of ing that I can't answer that question· now. very neatly concocted the scheme that they our country, that's a question for them to We are having a poll taken;, whether or not, would send the copies up to about 30 or 40 determine. w.hat the poll shows I am unable to state Members of Congress, marked "Secret," with As a matter of fact, the release of these now because it is not complete. papers have brushed aside a lot of false and the security seal upon' them, as if there is Mr. MADIGAN. A poll of your Democratic any secrecy there, knowing there would be a malicious rumors and stories and lies that members? have been circulated around for years. It's leak, because as a matter of fact one news­ Mr. McCORMACK. Exactly. . . been a political dud, so far as the Republican paper man telephoned me, which was the Mr. MADIGAN. The purpose of that is· to first I knew about it, and he frankly told Party is concerned, but the thing that con­ what, to-- me that he was told in the State Depart­ cerns me, gentlemen, is the manner in which Mr. McCORMACK. To find out what the ment that it was sent up for the purpose those papers were released. . views of the · Democratic members are for of leaking. Mr. MADIGAN. Why do you think-- the benefit of the leadership. Mr. McCORMACK. And the injection of the Then, they changed their minds, then they Mr. MADIGAN. If the results should show said that the committees asked for it, know­ State D,epartment into politics. that you could not put it through, would ing that the committees are controlled by Mr. MADIGAN. Why do yo:u think they were you then give up the fight? the Democrats. released? . Mr. McCoRMACI<. Well I'm not prepared to Mr. McCORMACK. Purely political. Then, they changed their minds, and they say t~at, Mr. Madigan, because again that's made them public, we know the reasons why Mr. LAWRENCE. You still think it was a a matter of consultation with the chairman they were made public. The whole thing dud? of the committee. I would say from the was political on the part of the Republican Mr. McCORMACK. Pardon? early reports that I have received, that there Party, and it's the first time in many years, :Mr. LAWRENCE. You think it was a dud? is a reasonable chance of it going through, what disturbs me is, that the State Depart­ Mr. McCORMACK. Yes; they didn't intend because you want to remember, we picked ment, as such, was brought into the field of it to be a dud, they didn't think it would up some new members last, as a result of partisan domestic politics. be a dud. _ the last election, which will bring a change, Mr. FRIENDLY. What did they think would Mr. LAWRENCE. What effect is this going to there are 12 or 13 votes among new members be in it that would be politically advan­ that we didn't have in the last Congress, and have on bipartisan cooperation? tageous to them? Mr. McCORMACK. Well, the effect is, as far then there are other considerations. Mr. McCORMACK. I don't know, I can't read It will be a hard fight. I am frank in stat­ as I am concerned, I am going to be sus­ their minds. picious of the present constituted State De­ ing that, but the early reports that we-the Mr. FRIENDLY. Do you see anything-­ leadership has received indicates pretty good . partment as long as the persons who are Mr. McCORMACK. I'm not going to under­ responsible for this disgraceful episode being strength among the Democrats. take to read their minds. Mr. KOOP. Mr. McCORMACK, on this pro­ in the Department. I've got to· be very Mr. FRIENDLY. Do you see anything in it guarded in any dealings I have with men who gram we frequently ask our guest to get out that will be damaging to the Democratic his crystal ball and look ahead to the 1956 will employ methods like that-- Party? Mr. MADIGAN. The Democrats-- elections. Mr. McCORMACK. Of course, the people Who do you think the Democrats will Mr. McCORMACK (continuing). Particularly have got to realize that Yalta took place nominate' for Presicient 'next year? . where the national interest of our country over 10 · years ago. The world of 10-and is involved. Mr. McCORMACK. Well, y;e. have a number these papers in connection with those meet­ of good candiqates, Mr. Koop. Who they Mr. MADIGAN. The Democrats promised ·co­ ings have got to be construed in the light will nominate, I wouldn't want to under­ operation with the administration on a non­ of the world conditions of 10 years ago, take to look at my crystal ball today-in rela­ partisan basis-- which are different than 1955. We were then tion to that. Mr. McCORMACK. And we have been giving faced with gotng in_to Japan, and the Joint It - We have Governor Stevenson, we've got Chiefs of Staff had said there would be a Stuar~ Symington, we've got Averell Harri­ Mr. MADIGAN (continuing). In our foreign million casualties among American troops man, _we've got Governor Lausche, we've got affairs. alone, in an invasion of Japan. There were _Governor Williams, we've got Senator Lyn­ I,Ir. McCORMACK. We have been giving it. many broad questions then. We were in a don Johnson, we've got Senator Russell, we've 1.955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3911 got Senator Kefauver, we've got Governor merce on the present status of the Com­ in the regulations so as to permit authorized Leader, we've got Governor Meyner, and last mission's handling of the trip-leasing carriers to trip lease agricultural vehicles but not least, I don't know what his views are, matter as involved in Ex Parte No. MC- following a trip with exempt commodities because I haven't talked with him, we've got under all conditions having any relation to that greatest Democrat of all in active pub­ 43. When I received a copy of the Com­ the transportation of agricultural com­ lic service, that's SAM RAYBURN. mission's report I immediately brought modities. The modification in favor of agri­ Now, I haven't talked with the Speaker, it to the attention of the farm organi­ cultural haulers incorporated into this rule but he is the greatest Democrat in active zations that had participated so ear­ the language and terms suggested by the public service today, and one of the greatest nestly last year in the effort to change Department of Agriculture." Americans in active public service. the unsatisfactory order that had been The modification in the 30-day rule re­ Mr. MADIGAN. Do you think Adlai Steven­ made by the ICC and which so radically ferred to by Commissioner Mitchell was con­ son should announce his intentions now? changed the trucking practices that pre­ tained in 1 of 3 orders issued in this Mr. McCORMACK. I think anyone who is proceeding by the Commission on November seeking the-I don't know about now-­ viously had been the custom of farmers. 30, 1953, after the passage of H. R. 3203 (trip­ Mr. MADIGAN, Well, when do you think he In bringing the matter as presented in leasing) by the House of Representatives on should announce? the recent report of the ICC to the at­ June 24, 1953. The import of the under­ Mr. McCORMACK. I don't know. I'm not tention of the farm organizations, I lined statement above is that the 30-day passing on that, but I say that I think that sought their viewpoint with reference to rule, as changed by the order of November anyone who, among the Democrats, who has 30, 1953, was considered adequate and satis­ the ambition to be nominated as President the same. I am in receipt of the following letters factory to the Department of Agriculture. at some time or another should go out and The public record of the position of the Sec­ make an active campaign. which I include as part of my remarks: retary of Agriculture. evidences otherwise. Mr. FRIENDLY. May I ask a quickie on the NATIONAL COUNCIL OF Such evidence is contained in the letter from Republican side? FARMER COOPERATIVES, the _Secretary of Agriculture dated May 6, Do you think that Mr. NIXON could be Washington, D. C., March 21, 1955. 1954, addressed to Hon. JOHN w. BRICK­ elected President on the Republican ticket? Re position of United States Department of ER, as chairman of the Senate Interstate Mr. McCORMACK. Well, you are assuming Agriculture on trip leasing. and Foreign Commerce Committee. A copy that President Eisenhower is not a candi­ Hon. CHARLES A. WOLVERTON, of the Secretary's letter, as incorporated date? House Office Building, Washington, D. C. in the printed record of hearings before a Mr. FRIENDLY. Right. DEAR MR. WOLVERTON: Supplementing my subcommittee of the Committee on Inter­ Mr. McCORMACK. Well, I would say that recent letter, we desire to call to your per­ state and Foreign Commerce, United States NIXON, Vice President NIXON would have sonal attention the enclosed copy of a letter Senate, 83d Congress, second session on very little chance of being elected President which Mr. Brinkley, our executive vice presi­ H. R. 3203 (pt. 2); at pages 398 and 399, is of the United States. dent, has written Chairman PRIEST, with the enclosed for you:r ready reference. Mr. KooP. Would you add Mr. McCORMACK view of preventing any misunderstanding as Pertinent excerpts from ,the Secretary"s to the list of your Democratic candidates? to the unequivocal position taken by the Sec­ letter evidencing his belief as to the inade­ Mr. McCORMACK, I'd be happy to. retary of Agriculture as to the need, in the quacy of the 30-day rule, as amended by the oh, me? Oh, no, no. I haven't got-I interest of farmers, for the passage .of trip­ Commission on November 30, 1953, are quoted didn't quite get your question, Mr. Koop. leasing legislation such as was passed by your below: No, that's far, that's far removed from my committee and the House of Representatives thoughts. "The record of past hearings will indicate in the last session. that a representative of this Department pre­ Mr. KoqP. Thank you, Congressman M9- Sincerely yours, CORMACK, for Facing the Nation, and answer­ sented -testimony before the House commit­ L. JAMES HARMANSON, Jr., tee and before your subcommittee in support ing the questions being asked today by our General Counsel. panel of correspondents: John Madigan, ot of this legislation. Since those hearings the Newsweek; William H. Lawrence, of the New Interstate Commerce Commission has issued York Times; and Alfred Friendly, of the NATIONAL COUNCIL OF several amendments and modifications to its Washington Post and Times Herald. FARMER COOPERATIVES, orders in Ex parte MC-43, Lease and Inter­ Washington, D. C., March 21, 1955. change of Vehicles by Motor Carriers. Those Hon. J. PERCY PRIEST, orders of the Commission have, to some ex­ Chairman, Committee on Interstate· and tent, alleviated the restrictions against short­ Foreign Commerce, term leasing in connection with vehicles en­ Views of National Council of Farmer Co­ House of Representatives, gaged primarily in the transportation of Washington, D. C. . exempt ·agricultural commodities. We be­ operativ~s With Reference to Position Re report of the Interstate Cqmmerce Com­ lieve, however, that the Commission's mission on status of the trip-leasing amended order does not restore the flexi­ of United States Department of Agri­ matter. bility which Congress intended should ac­ culture on Trip Leasing DEAR MR. PRIEST: My attention has been company the exemptions set forth in sec­ called to the communication dated March 4, tion 2o'3 (b), (4a), (5), and (6) of the Inter­ 1955, from Richard F. Mitchell, Chairman, state Commerce Act. We wish, therefore, EXTENSION OF REMARKS Interstate Commerce Commission, addressed to express our continuing interest in and OF to you, reporting by request of a member of support of the legislation proposed by H. R. your committee on the present status of the 3203. HON. CHARLES A. WOLVERTON Commission's handling of the trip-leasing • • • • • OF NEW JERSEY matter as involved in the proceeding ex "The flexible, efficient, and economic IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES parte No. MC-43. movement of exempt and processed agricul­ The purpose of this letter is to correct an tlll'al commodities may not be adequately Monday, March 28, 1955 erroneous impression which I believe a por­ accomplished under the rules presently pre­ tion of the above-mentioned communication scribed by the Commission. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Speaker, the is likely to convey to you and the members question of trip leasing is a subject of of your committee. The portion to which • • • • • great interest to the farmers of ·this Na­ I refer is the underlined sentence in the "Under the proposed rules of the Com­ tion. The House Committee on Inter­ following passage of Commissioner Mitchell's mission, exempt carriers' leasing practices state and Foreign Commerce last year letter: are severely restricted, except on return to the origin of exempt transportation. In held lengthy hearings on the su'bj ect. "In examining the application of the 30- order to best serve its purpose as an agri­ After careful consideration the commit­ day rule to the transportation of agricultural cultural marketing facility, the exempt ve­ tee reported favorably to the House a commodities the Commission became con­ hicle must enjoy such freedom of migration bill that in .effect repealed a recent rul­ vinced that a change in the 30-day rule to as the harvest season shall r~quire. ing of the Interstate Commerce Commis­ meet the objections of the agricultural in­ terests would have no serious effect on the • • • • • sion that was considered detrimental to objectives of its rules. Accordingly a series "A great deal of confusion over a long the farming industry and harmful to our of orders were entered, one of which per­ period of time has resulted in growing un­ economy. The bill passed the House but manently excepts vehicles used in the trans­ certainties and conflicting opinions with was held up in the Senate without any portation of agricultural commodities from respect to the matter of trip leasing. In is application of the 30-day rule. This permits order that all parties may be properly guided action being taken. It hoped, how­ by the intent of Congress, it is our hope ever, that a similar bill will be considered an authorized carrier to lease for periods of less than 30 days motor vehicles with drivers that H. R. 3203 wil be enacted into law, and passed at this session of Congress. after completion of a movement in which thus removing the multiple uncertainties On March 4, 1955, Richard F. Mitchell. such equipment is exempt from regul_ation concerning the activities of vehicles em­ Chairman of the Interstate Commerce by this commission except as to safety regu­ braced within the provisions of section 203 Commission, reported to the'House Com­ lations. This modification was ·not a post­ (b), (4a), (5), and (6) of the Interstate . mittee on· Interstate and Foreign Com- ponement of the effective date, but a change Commerce Act." 3912 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 28 The Commission's latest extension ·to -leasing practices -are ·severely restricted, ex­ 'partment·annotmced·that it was toi;ake March 1, 1956, of the effective date of the cept on return to the origin of exempt trans- over the promontory, or at least a portion 30-day rule, as amended, merely intensifies . portation. In order to best serve its purpose ·of that spot so dear to the people of the and prolongs the multiple uncertainties con­ as an agricultural marketing facility, the ex­ community that I have the honor to cerning the operation of trucks hauling agri­ empt vehicle must enjoy_ such freedom of cultural commodities. We agree fully with migration as the harvest season shall requir~. ·represent in this body. the hope of the Secretary of Agriculture that A vehicle moving an exempt commodity The tragedy is that these spots of the Congress will move promptly to end these · from Florida to New York City may not al­ beauty and of sentiment, ·once taken over, continuing uncertainties in the interest of ways be able to obtain a lease for return from can never be reclaimed. If it is necessary farmers and the public generally by enacting New York City to Florida. Under the leasing for the proper national defense, no one legislation incorporating provisions such as rules, as presently prescribed by the Com­ ·would object. But the only excuse of­ were contained in H. R. 3203, favorably re­ mission, such a vehicle being stranded in fered is that it would be too expensive ported by your committee and passed over­ · New York City, could not return empty to whelmingly by the House of Rer»:esentatives · Philadelphia, Pa., and enter a single trip lease to put this site elsewhere than in Jackson in the last session. · from that point to its Florida. origin. It Park. It is merely a matter of saving There are enclosed sufficient copies of this could lease from New York City to Albany, money, and to save money the sites will letter for individual distribution to the N. Y., or Boston, Mass., but at either of those ·be located in beautiful Jackson Park and members of your committee. J>Oints it would not be permitted to enter where, from the military standpoint, they Copies of this letter are also being sent any lease for less than 30 days. will be least effective. I have presented direct to the Chairman of the Interstate In addition to partially exempt transpor­ as best I could the feeling of our people Commerce Commisison and the Secretary of tation, it is highly desirable that private · in Chicago and have been assured by the Agriculture for their information. transportation of processed agricultural commodities also be permitted the flexibility War Department t_hat the matter is being Sincerely yours, given further consideration. HOMER L. BRINKLEY, and economic advantages derived from a freedom to lease for single return trips. This I am directing the attention of my Executive Vice President. they may not do under the present status of colleagues to the plan under considera­ (Copies to Hon. Richard F. Mitchell, Chair­ the Commission's proposed rules. This.free­ man, Interstate Commerce Commission; Hon. tion for the construction of a chain of dom for private transportation would permit mid-Atlantic and mid-Pacific bases to Ezra Taft Benson, Secretary of Agriculture.) . continuance of very desirable economies to the advantage of the agricultural producer strengthen United . States defenses COPY OF LETTER FROM SECRETARY OF AGRICUL• . and the consumer. of processed agricultural against atomic attack. If this plan be TURE BENSON TO SENATOR JOHN w. BRICKER, commodities. feasible, in the oceans of the Atlantic CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND Many food processors, such as meatpackers and the Pacific, why should it not be FOREIGN COMMERCE, DATED MAY 6, 1954, and canners of agricultural products trans- followed in the Great Lakes? RELATIVE TO H. R. 3203 (TRIP-LEASING) 1 port these processed commodities in their Instead of · tearing up Jackson Park, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, . privatelt owned vehicles. Economies in the · and placing military installations in the transportation are extremely important be- Washington, D. C., May 6, 1954· . cause it is but another link in the marketing place where children play and adults go Hon. JOHN W. BRICKER, . chain between producer and consumer. Our for relaxation and recreation, why should Chairman, Committee on Interstate and . concern for and recommendation relating to not these installa.tions be pJace~ ori float­ Foreign Commerce, private transportation stems from continu- ing bases in Lake Michigan? This, it United States Senate. ing interest in lowering marketing costs of · seems to me, is the one arid only answer. DEAR SENATOR BRICKER: ·we have been in- which· transportation charges. constitute an · I trust that the War Department will so formed that your committee is to hold fur- important part. we believe the greater flex­ decide and that the Congress will give ther hearings in connection with H. R. 3203, ibiiity and economy of movement of com­ a bill to amend the Interstate Commerce Act modities handled by private transportation . the necessary authorization and appro­ in order to prohibit the Interstate Commerce will contribute to this objective. priation. It is a matter which should in­ Commission from regulating the duration of A great deal of confusion over a long period terest. every Member pf this body who certain leases for the use of equipment by of time has resulted in growing uneertai:n­ represents a district in the Great Lakes motor carriers, and the amount of compen- . ties and conflicting opinions with respect to area. sation paid for such use. the matter of trip leasing in order that all The record of past hearings will indicate parties may be properly guided by the intent that a representative of this Department pre- of congress, it is our hope that H. R. 3203 sented testimony before the House commit- will be enacted into law, thus removing the Bank Mergers tee and before your subcommittee in support · multiple uncertainties concerning the activ1- of this legislation. Since those hearings, the ties of vehicles embraced within the provi­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS I Interstate Commerce Commission has issued sions of section 203 (b) (4a) (5) and (6) of OF several amendments and modifications to its the Interstate Commerce· Act. · orders in Ex Parte MC-43, Lease and Inter- If it should be the desire of the committee, HON. EMANUEL CELLER change of Vehicles by Motor. Carriers. These · a representative of this Department will ap­ orders of the Commission have, to some ex- . pear to answer any questions which may OF NEW YORK tent, alleviated the restrictions against arise wlth respect to our continued strong IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES short-term leasing in connection with ve- support of H. R. 3203. Monday, March 28, 195S hicles engaged primarily in the transporta- Sincerely yours, tion of exempt agricultural commodities. E. BENSON, Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, under We believe, however, that the Commission's Secretary.· leave to extend _my remarks in .the amended order does not restore the flexibility RECORD, I . include the following state­ which Congress intended should accompany · the exemptions set forth in section 203 (b) ment made by me before the Independ­ (4a) (5) and (6) of the Interstate Commerce ent Bankers Association at the new Wil­ Act. We wish, therefore, to express our con- · Floating Bases for Defense lnstallati_ons lard Hotel, Washington, D. C., Friday, tinuing interest in, and support of, the legis­ Will Save Chicago's Jackson Park · March 25, 1955: lation proposed by H. R. 3203. BANK MERGERS The flexible, efficient, and economic move­ Bank mergers are in the news. Big news ment of exempt and processed agricultural · EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF for the big banks, but what of the smaller, commodities may not be adequately accom­ independent banker? These mergers are not plished under the rules presently prescribed new. They have been continuing throug.h­ by the Commission. In instances where ve­ HON. BARRATT O'HARA OF ILLINOIS out the Nation at a gallop and the sound hicles are engaged in the transportation of · of heavy hoofs are heard through the land. exempt commodities, at the close of the har- · IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In New York City alone, in the last 7 yea:rs, vesting season, it is necessary to the agricul- . Monday,.March 28, 1955 there have been 17 bank mergers. Since the tural need that they be permitted a freedom · first of this year that area has experienced, to lease, for less than 30 days, for movement Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. M:a.·. Speaker, · in terms of total deposits, the three largest in any direction where a new peak harvest­ I have been much concerned over the bank mergers in the history of our country. ing season is beginning. Under the proposed · First, the Chase National Bank announcE:d rules of the Commission, exempt carriers' : plans of the War Department to destroy - beautiful Jackson Park. First, it was . its merger with the Bank of the Manhattan Co. and the Bronx County Trust Co. Tl;l.is 1 proposed to take Wooded Island as the . See pp. 398-399, pt. ·2 of the printed hear­ site for a military installation. That . merger, if approved, · will make the Chase ings before a subcommittee of the Commit- · Manhattan Bank the second 'largest bank tee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, · was stopped in the very nick of time. - 1n the United states arid it will control over U. S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., on H. R. · But no sooner were we freed of this men- · 22 percent· of all of· New York City's com­ 3203 (trip-leasing). ace to Wooded Island than the War De- mercial deposits. That it will be approved, 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3913 , I have little doubt, despite my protest to In 1921, there were over 30,000 banks serving have gone by way of merger within the past the Superintendent of Bari.ks of the State o( the Nation's commercial borrowers and cred­ few years are such illustrious concerns as New York, who in this instance · is the ap­ itors. At the end of June 1954 less than the Lawyers Trust Co., Title Guarantee & proving officer. He and I do not agree-for 15,000 banks remained in operation. Prior Trust Co., the Corn Exchange Trust Co., · reasons best known to himself. Then, hard­ to 1921 and between the years 1915 and 1921, Brooklyn Trust Co., Commercial National ly before the ink was dry. on that agreement, the average number of new banks which Bank and Trust Co., Continental Bank and. the Bankers Trust Co., :which has been gob­ yearly entered into the business totaled ap-. Trust Co.-all legendary institutions in the bling up competitors in huge bites for several proximately 500. Contrasted to these figures chronicles of New York's financial history­ years, announced plans to acquire tl;le PuQlic is the cold, hard fact that since 1950 less all have served the community long and National Bank. Note that in the last 4 years, than 20 new banks a year on the average honorably. since 1950, the Bankers Trust has absorbed have been granted national charters. While I emphasize that mergers involving large such substantial banking institutions as the Nation's banks were hit bard by the de­ banks are in no way a local phenomena con­ Title Guarantee & Trust Co., Lawyers Trust pression. and the lean years which followed, fined or peculiar to the city of New York. Co., Flushing National Bank, the Commercial we must note that the decline in the total Within the last 4 years more than 7 National Bank & Trust Co., the Bayside Na­ number of our banks set in more than 5 large sized banks, with assets exceeding tional Bank, and now the Public National years before the crash of 1929. According to $100 million have been absorbed by other Bank. All of these were strong, substantial Federal Reserve figures, the number of banks. competing banking institutions in various institutions, ably managed, with adequate doing business bad already declined from areas of the country. In Philadelphia the capital, earning a healthy, competitive profit. the high of over 30,000 in 1921 to 24,000 in Girard Trust Co., one of the 100 largest This month, the Nation's second largest 1929, a total of some 6,000 banks. Between banks in the United States, was merged in bank, the National City Bank of New York, the years 1929 and 1933, some 9,000 banks 1951 with the Corn Exchange National Bank announced plans to take over the First Na­ were forced to close their doors. By 1943 the and Trust Co., another leading bank, to form tional Bank of New York, thus eliminating total number of banks had dropped to 14,579. an entity with assets of more than $500 another vigorous, independent, competitive million. Delaware's two largest banks, Equi­ banking enterprise from the list. :~~~~~fs~~te t~~e ~~r;ce~:~t~ro1:ts~wr~ table Trust Co. and Security Trust Co. were As I said, I wrote the Superintendent of bank assets-despite the new high levels of merged in 1952, and in the same year, the Banks of the State of New York, and also the loans and deposits-despite the greatly in­ Mansfield Savings Trust Bank of Ohio and United States Comptroller of the Currency, creased use made of banldng services-de­ the Citizens National Bank and Trust Co. and the Federal Reserve Board, urging them spite the enormous growth in the number were merged. In Pittsburgh the Mellon to give the closest scrutiny to these mergers. of depositors, the total number of banks in National Bank and Trust Co. acquired the and do all that was within their power to 1953 reached a new low of 14,538. Farmers Deposit National Bank, one of the prevent them. I pointed out that whereas Even in New York State, whi.ch is widely Nation's largest banks, with assets exceed­ New York City had 127 commercial banks at recognized as the financial capital of the ing $100 million and deposits of over $140 the opening of the century, today only 62 world, the number of State-chartered banks million. remain. Almost as if to punctuate my pro­ has dropped. In 1926 the number of State­ The competitive structure of banking in testations, the Franklin National Bank and chartered banks in New York was 611. The this country must not be destroyed. While the Meadowbrook National Bank, both of State's banking structure weathered the de­ some mergers were the result of an effort nearby Nassau. County, Long Island, an­ pression with the loss of less than 100 banks. to avoid financial collapse on the part of nounced consolidation, respectively, with the Yet the number of banks kept decreasing one of the combining institutions, such Roslyn National Bank and the Baldwin Na­ until by 1954 there were 380, a loss more cause has not been a significant factor since tional Bank. In addition, the Franklin severe than the loss suffered in the depres­ the end of hostilities of World War II in National Bank announced plans to take over sion years. 1945. It is my belief, and I think I share it three other banks in Nassau County. Not What is significant is the contrasting rise as common knowledge with most other men to be outdone, the Meadowbrook National in the number of bank branches operated with an interest in the banking field, that Bank entered into consolidation agreements by existing banking houses. I think that more subtle factors underlie this trend of with another group of three banks in that branch banking is an evil to itself, and I bank mergers. For a good many years the area. Between them, these 2 banks will shall discuss it later. Suffice to say, at the stocks of many banking houses have been control over 60 percent of all bank de­ moment, that by the end of 1954 branch selling on the open market well beneath posits, savings as well as commercial, in banks accounted for 25 percent of the bank­ their book value. To illustrate this point Nassau County, N. Y. I firmly believe ing offices in the country. Lest this figure by way of concrete example, as of June 1950 the Franklin-Meadowbrook mergers are tend however, to give too optimistic an ap­ the book value of the Central Hanover Bank flaunting the underlying philosophy of the prai;al of our present banking facilities, it & Trust Co. was $131 per share, yet the bank Celler Anti-Merger Act and our entire anti­ should be remembered that there were, in stock could be purchased on the open mar­ trust principles. To my mind, the approval 1921 more than 31,000 independent banks ket for $99.50, reflecting a discount of 24 of these mergers by these responsible officials servlng depositors. At that time there were percent. In September 1954 stocks of such sharply outline the necessity for Federal only half as many customers with less than banks as Chase National, Irving Trust, New legislation to limit such possible abuses of one-third the volume of present deposits. York Trust, and J. P. Morgan Co. were all their discretion. MERGER AND CONSOLIDATION OF BANKS selling in the market for at least 20 percent So strong has been the "urge to merge" This raises the question of why, even in below book value. This kind of situation, that in the sl_lort period since the end of the face of unequaled economic prosperity, of course, has been giving rise to merger World War II more than 600 of the country's agreements because mergers have proved to commercial bahks have disappeared by way do we hear the death rattles of so many banks? The reasons for the failure of banks be an attractive device for marking up the of merger or consolidation. The result--an price of bank securities. Shareholders, un­ alarming concentration of financial power in during the depression and in earlier periods no longer exist. Since 1945 agriculture has der merger agreements, have been able to the hands of a few banks. The 100 largest obtain the book valuation of their holdings banks in the United States now hold more been prosperous and the deposits of count~y banks have burgeoned. The Federal Deposit in place of the price set in the open mar­ than 48 percent of the Nati~n·s bank deposits. ket. A bank and its securities, in many in­ Unless the present unrelenting merger tren~ Insurance Corporation has liberated the economy from the destructive effects of stances, are worth more to the stockholders is stopped, the financial banking structure as a corpse than as a going concern. I have of the United States wlll soon resemble that "bank runs" and "money panics." Bank management has become a skilled profes­ heard it said among bankers that many of Great Britain, Germany, and other coun­ banks in the United States are worth more tries in which all private financing resources sion. New Deal banking legislation has made savings and deposits in banks today safe dead than alive. are controlled by a mere handful of inter­ A good illustration of how low-market locking giant banks. and sound for even the smallest and hum­ blest depositor. We now have a healthy evaluation of bank shares tend to inspire In England .the so-called Big Five control mergers is the consolidation of the Brook­ 75 percent of all deposits. In Germany the system of strong banks. Why, then, the continuing decrease in their number? lyn Trust Co. with l\,Ianufacturers Trust Co. Big Four, the so-called 4 D banks, controlled There is no longer a serious problem of in 1950. In December 1949 while the book over 90 percent of the total banking assets in value of Brooklyn Trust stock was $194.96 that country. In France there are no ac­ weak banks, with inadequate capital, undi­ versifted loans, subject to special local risks per share, its market value was only $148 curate statistics, but again four large banks per share. Upon merger, the shareholders are known to control an overwhelming pro­ or limitations. If we look, we will find the answer in this movement toward consolida­ of Brooklyn Trust were given $183 in cash portion of that country's banking. It is no for each share of stock and also a share of wonder that in each of these countries the tion, absorption, and merger. In the years 1945 through 1951 there were 581 consoli­ Manufacturers Trust Co., itself worth ap­ Government found it easy to nationalize on~ proximately $55 per share. As a result, the or more of these giant banks, at one time or dations and absorptions among the Na­ tion's commercial banks. In the first 3 shareholders of Brooklyn Trust Co. were able another. Such concentration throttles com-· to realize more than the book value of their petition and depresses the Nation's economy. months of the present year, 52 of the Na­ tion's banks were consolidated or absorbed shares. On the other hand, as a going con­ DECREASE IN NUMBER OF BANKS by other banking institutions. rt· is high cern, the stockholders would not have been During the last 35 years, the number of time that this cartelization of banks was able to dispose of their securities in the banks has been reduced by more than half. stopped. Among the many banks which market without incurring substantial loss. CI--246 3914: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 But perhaps the principal . reason behind bank in New York .City; for example., does· the merger activities of our rapidly expand­ not need the banking offices of one of its· On~ Hunched a~4 Tliirty-F ourth Anniver­ ing banking system .is passion for size as largest competitors, to render to the. public. sary of Greek Independence the symbol of success. The Manufacturers the service for which it was organized. The Trust Co-. is today the fourth lal'gest bank principal value obtained by one of our largest in the United States, due largely as the re­ banks acquiring a large competing bank and EXTENSION OF REMARKS sult, over the years, of some 80 acquisitions merging with it is :the elimination of the · OF and mergers. It operates a branch banking competitor, and, in the case of the presently system .of .112 offices in the greater New York pending mergers, the strengthening of the HON. ED-ITH NOURSE ROGERS area. Another illustration is the Mellon Na­ already all-powerful position of large bank­ OF MASSACHUSETTS tional Bank & Trust Co. of Pittsburgh. In ing institutions. For the borrower it means 1941 the Mellon Bank ranked 23d highest less avenues of credit. No matter how many IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES among the Nation's banks in order of de­ bank branches exist, the borrower fa.ces the posits. By 1954 it had risen to 12th place. same borrowing conditions set by the home Monday, March 28, 1955 In the interim period, it had acquired many office. My strictures are applicable not only Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. small independent . banks in the Pittsburgh to New York but practically every important area, so that today it operates over 40 bank­ area of the Nation. Speaker, on Friday March · 25, every ing offices therein. In the years between The impact of mergers in eliminating the American of Greek descent had cause 1928 and 1948 more than 37 percent of that competition of smaller banks and strength­ for personal pride and happiness be­ bank's increase in loans and 30 percent of ening the financial resources of large banks cause this important day was the 134th its increase in deposits could be attributed has not been considered in recent Federal anniversary of the independence of to assets acquired through other banks. legislation dealing with bank consolidations. Greece . . Americans of every nationality CONCENTRATION OF BRANCHES This is a defect we must remedy. At present, join with their brother citizens of Greek Today, instead of seeing new, independent a~proval of certain mergers must be ob­ descent in this anniversary celebration banking institutions on the horizon, we see tained from the Comptroller of the Currency, of the freedom of the great and inde­ only branch banks. The large State of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, pendent Greek nation. Under the lead­ Pennsylvania has had only three formal ap­ or the Federal Reserve Board. But none of · ership of Archbishop Germenos a long plications for charters since 1933. In the the statutory provisions relating to mergers time ago, in 1821, the gallant and cou­ last 10 years only 1 formal application for a contain any express requirement to study rageous Greek people rose against their charter has been filed in the State of Con­ the effects on competition. In fact, even the necticut. Delaware has had none in the last enemy oppressors. Since that valiant requisite of official approval can be avoided strife 134 years ago, Greece has fought 10 years. What does this mean? It means if the acquiring bank increases its 'capital simply--or not so simply-that whereas be­ stoclt and surplus so that it exceeds that of successfully to maintain freedom and fore we had new and independent banks en-· the merging institutions combined. justice: tering the banking field each year, we now The very purpose of our antimonopoly The ancient ancestors of modern h ave no new banks, but only big banks Greece are also the ancestors of western growing bigger. Take, for example, the two policies established under the Clayton Act recent giant mergers of the Chemical Bank and the Sherman Act is to increa·se instead civilization and culture. The immeas­ & Trust Co. with the Corn Exchange Bank of lessen competition. I secured the passage urable contributions of Aristotle, Demos­ and the Chase-Manhattan Bank merger. In of the Celler Anti-Merger Act which prohibits thenes, Socrates, Plato, together with each case, the prime motive of the bigger · the merger .. of corporations under the juris­ many, many other towering names of bank was to extend itself from the confines diction of the Federal Trade Commission ancient Greece civilization laid the of Wall Street and into the neighborhood where such consolidations would "tend to foundation of modern culture and banking field. substantially lessen competition in any sec­ molded the pattern for our culture and The Chemical Bank had been largely a Wall tion of the country." intellectual western civilization. In Street banker's bank. The Corn Exchange, However, while these laws outline our pub­ on the other hand, had a network of branches their search for truth, the ancient Greek lic policy, they do not contain provisions scholars made possible the development throughout New York City. By joining dealing specifically with bank mergers in all hands with the smaller bank, the Chemical their phases and are therefore inadequate to of modern civilization-by their constant was able to get into the neighborhood bank­ protect the public interest against the elimi-· and progressive elimination of the fron­ ing business in a big way. nation of competition in banking and the tiers of knowledge. In philosophy, sci­ It is the same with the Chase merger. To centralization of financial power. ence, art, literature, politics, architec­ become a real neighborhood bank, the Chase ture and government they profoundly in­ realized, it would need branches outside the In order to remedy this situation and to Wall Street area. The Bank of Manhattan, plug the loophole in our Federal law I have fluenced not only the life of their times with which it merged, had plenty of introduced a bill, H. R. 2115, which will sub­ but the development of the western branches-55 branches, in fact, throughout ject· all bank mergers and consolidations to world. It is in this· sense that every New York City. So, instead of going out and _the scrutiny of Federal bank officials. In de­ American can join in the celebration of establishing new branches in competition termining whether or not to approve a mer­ this anniversary of Greek independence. with the Bank of Manhattan, it combined· ger the officials, under the terms of the bill, The many years of the independence with it and in one fell swoop, it acquired would be obliged to determine whether the of Greece, however, have brought many well-established branches and buildings, a effect of such a merger might "unduly tend highly developed business with a built-up challenges to the Greek people and their to lessen competition or tend to create a freedom. Within our time people all clientele, and, what is more important, it monopoly, in the field of banking, contrary to was eliminating a large competitior. our public policy favoring local ownership over the worlq marveled at the courage­ Out of the 572 commercal banking offices and control of banks." ous stand of Greece against the Fascist now operated by 62 banks in New Y:ork City, I am sure all reasonable and prudent men and Nazi invader. The valiant fight and 4 banks control 313 of those offices, or 54 will agree that we need strong, independent, ultimate victory over communism of the percent of all the banking offices in the efficient, vigorously competitive banks. I Greek people has been a source of inspi­ city. Among them they control 51 percent ration for millions of people dreaming of the commercial deposits. If the Chase­ would not quarrel with the reduction in the Manhattan_merger is approved it will add 58 number of independent banks, if thereby and hoping for freedom ·but still bound branches to this all powerful oligopoly and only weak banks were eliminated or, as the and oppressed by the chains of com­ give to them 64 percent of all banking offices result of . consolidation, the public would munism. and 56 percent of the commercial deposits. receive superior se.rvice. But the mergers From those early days of 1821 to the Is this not cause for concern? Where will which worry me and must worry you are the present time, the people of America have it lead? Assuredly small independent bank~ recently announced ones which are e.liminat­ aided and assisted the Greek people in will find the going rougher and rougher. ing, precisely the kind of strong, independent Local merchants and local industrialists will bank which has so ably served this country. their struggles .to maintain. their inde­ be at the mer.cy of far away banking tycoons I am in favor of any influence which will pendence. Moreover, the United States and far distant panjandrums. strengthen our banks and our banking sys-· is fully conscious of the honor. and the It is, of course, avoiding the issue to say tem. But I am against the paralysis which advantages of having a vigorous nation that none of these recent mergers in New occurs when monopoly takes over a vigorous such . as the Greeks by our side in the York will result in a decrease in banking competing banking system and when signs struggle against Russian communism. locations now available to the depositors. of socialism loom large on the horizon. The fact that recent United States aid The question is not whether there will be a 1 . believe you and I are in the same battle has been given to Greece without any diminution of banking facilities but whether together. I will welcome-any suggestions you territorial or material gains on our part these mergers will tend to unduly lessen wish .to make, for our mutual purpose is to indicates to the Greek .people that there competition in that area. The second larges~ keep ~mez:ican econo~y free and strong• . is no imperialistic intent on the part of 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --- HOUSE 3915 the United States, but only a desire to celebration of Greek Independence Day From the standpoint of the Nation and assist ·in sustaining Greek independence. is of such meaningful significance to the free world, it was particularly wise On the 134th anniversary of Greek in­ Americans. · to make the papers public at this time. dependence the noble spirit of the Greeks After many long and glorious years Suggestions are being made to hold an­ is perhaps best expressed in the words of of history, in the 15th century the . other conference with the Communist their leader, King Paul, in an address Greeks came under the sway of the leaders. As we consider whether such a delivered before the United Nations Gen­ Turks. For about 400 years they were conference should be held, the records eral Assembly, during a trip_ to the subjected to the Turk's alien and un­ of previous conferences should be made United States, when he said: wanted rule. During those years it was public so that they can be studied not With internal political stability and pos­ not possible for them, without effective only by the d::.plomats, but by the people sessing Armed Forces whose organization, outside aid, to fi·ee themselves. But of the free nations. · fighting spirit, and reliability are universally early in the 19th century, they saw Only this way can we adequately be recognized, Greece stands alert. Should the their chance, seized upon it, proclaimed prepared to meet the ruthless tactics of powers of destruction at any moment dare to interfere in an attempt to strangle the their independence on March 25, 1821, the Communists at the conference table. salutary work of the United Nations, Greece waged a long and uphill fight against We also will be reminded again that in stands ready to throw herself at once into the their oppressors, and finally, after many the past a Communist's word has meant struggle at the services of the world organi­ years of fighting and with the aid and nothing once the papers were signed. zation. encour~gement of their friends abroad, Only by studying the record of previous In my home city of Lowell we are very they regained their national political conferences can we avoid making the proud of our American citizens of Greek independence. Since then Greece has same mistakes in the future. ancestry. Their family life represents been free. As we have witnessed during The sensitivities of diplomats, either the fl.nest. They have contributed many recent years, Greece has guarded her ours or those of our allies, cannot be the to the learned professions. Lawyers, freedom with constant vigilance and is decisive factor in determining whether doctors, teachers, and the clergy cooper­ determined to defend it against all foes. to make public the record of a conference ate together with Mr. Citizen to give the In joining this celebration we wish the held 10 years ago. No diplomat's face is community a neighborly spirit. They Greeks success and prosperity in the worth the life of one American boy. have contributed greatly to the defense years to come, and we promise them, as Editorial Columnist Larry Collins, of of our country. They are among my our allies, support in the defense of their the Long Beach Independent newspaper, close friends and for many years I have priceless possession, their national in­ recently set forth the need for recog­ been grateful to them for their loyalty dependence. · nizing and understanding the mistakes and honorable spirit. made at Yalta in the following writing: Throughout the Commonwealth of WHY THE UPROAR? Massachusetts there are many Ameri­ Yalta Papers: Why the Uproar? It is hard to understand why the Demo­ cans with the excellent and noble back­ cratic leaders are so upset over the publica­ ground of the culture of Greece. Our tion of the Yalta papers. They cry out Commonwealth and our country is a EXTENSION OF REMARKS that they have been released for political OF reasons. It would seem as logical to say they much improved place for life and living, had been suppressed for political reasons. for the strength of our defense, f-or the HON. CRAIG HOSMER Those who object so loudly to their publica­ sturdiness of our character, for genuine tion place themselves in the position of happiness because they are with us, a OF CALIFORNIA criticising the actions of President Roose­ part of us, in the constant building of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES velt. Otherwise,· why do they object to the this America, the greatest Democracy on Monday, March 28, 1955 publication of something the people have a earth. right to know about? Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, a lot of It has been 10 years since the Yalta meet­ partisan uproar has followed the recent ing. · What was done at that meeting has The Independence Day of the Greeks release of the Yalta papers by the State changed the social, economic, and political Department. In large part it seems to complexion of most of the world. In the light of what we now know, wrong decisions EXTENSION OF REMARKS be an effort to divert attention from were made at Yalta. But the wrong was ac­ OF the contents of the papers by attacking tually in trusting the Russians. Had they the way they were made public. Rather, lived up to what President Roosevelt ex­ HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. the important thing to discuss is what pected of them, those decisions might have OF NEW JERSEY happened at Yalta, and why it happened, worked out for the best interests of world IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES so the lesson can be well learned not to peace. let it happen again. Before we accept this as a partisan criti­ Monday, March 28, 1955 The decision to make the Yalta papers cism we should recall the de'cision made by Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, many ~epublican President Harding, after World public was unquestionably right. War I. That decision resulted in an agree­ peoples associate their origin with certain The American people are entitled to ment to cut down naval strength of Britain, heroes who have saved them from ex­ . know the facts concerning the conduct Japan and the United States. The United tinction, or who have performed some of the Nation's foreign affairs. This is· States sank some of their nearly completed epic deed which has been of vital signifl- · particularly so in this instance where the great warships. An equal ratio of naval cance to the preservation or glorification papers reveal the details of a conference strength was to be maintained by each of of the nation. These half real and half as a result of which thousands of Ameri­ the three nations. legendary heroes are often presented as can casualties occurred on a foreign The debacle of that conference resulted in the embodiment of the national spirit, as World War II, Japan never lived up to her battlefield. · agreement. She continued building ships, the champions of national independ­ It is President Eisenhower's policy to regardless of the ratio agreement. We fell . ence, or as defenders of liberty. The inform the people concerning the con­ far behind, because we lived up to it. When history and mythology of the ancient duct of the people's business. Tne Re­ Japan started making her conquests in Man­ Greeks are full of such heroes-some of publican Eisenhower administration does churia, we allowed her to continue. We were them real, some of them only products not believe either in making secret deals not strong enough, or were too fearful, to of the fanciful imaginations of poets. which sell out our allies or which are stop her. Had we maintained our strength What is important is that these ancient deliberately kept from the American and not sunk our ships, following World War figures, representing the spirit of free­ I, there probably would never have been a people. World War II. · dom or other noble ideals, were among The position of those who oppose mak­ There were mistakes made in each of these the first symbols of many of our West­ ing the papers public is inconsistent. conferences. The mistakes are important. ern culture's fl.nest concepts. From In one breath they say there is nothing But the suppression of the facts ls the issue Greek history, literature, and mythology new in these papers. In another breath in the Yalta paper disclosures. When it is they have entered the broad stream of they say they contained information so charged they have been disclosed for political the best traditions of the West. For sensitive and secret that their release purposes, the fact is overlooked that the this reason our debt to the Greeks is has been harmful to the national secu­ conference was 10 years ago. It may well be immense. That is one reason why the rity and to the relation with our allies. asked: How long are such facts to be held 3916 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 secret? When are the people supposed to be proposed legislation provides the forum it is one of the Nation's best known pro­ told what has been done about their affairs? for the contest. Why did he not wait ducers of railroad and shipyard cranes, It has been said that, by the disclosure of for the arena to be built? Surely the traveling bridges, and dockside unload­ the Yalta agreement, we have broken faith with other nations, whose leaders took part alleged immoral actions-no illegal ac­ ers; and it has recently acquired the in that conference. It is embarrassing to tivities having been alleged---could await Bayway Terminal ·Corp. of New Jersey, Mr. Churchill. But it is also an issue deal­ an authorized and proper investigation. one of the largest facilities for handling ing with world policy. That means it is the I am confident that my good friend the rail and water shipping on the Atlantic people's business. They are entitled to know. Representative from Connecticut, when seaboard. Moreover, as I have already Holding up the disclosures for 10 years all of the facts are placed on record, will mentioned, Penn-Texas has taken over should be long enough to .satisfy any rea­ agree with me that his remarks unfor­ the Quick-Way Truck Shovel Co. of sonable person. Whatever the reason, it is good for the people that the disclosures have tunately could be, and may I advise are Denver, Colo., the first company in been made. being used to create misleading impres­ America to develop and produce in The mistakes at Yalta should not be used sions to create an unfair advantage in a volume a complete line of truck-mounted for partisan purposes. · The Democratic private dispute. I am sure that he would cranes and shovels. I am advised that leaders are emphasizing the issue by their be the first to wish the record corrected Quick-Way is· now expanding its work bitter denunciation of their disclosure. It when all of the facts are known to him. force and rapidly becoming one of the would be much more reasonable to accept I think that it would be well, therefore, leading producers of earth moving and the issue on its merits and learn a lesson. That lesson should be that secret diplomacy to review briefly the history of Penn­ material handling equipment in the is dangerous for democracies. .It should con­ Texas operations since Mr. Silberstein, Rocky Mountain States. vince anyone that the Communists cannot whom my friend attacks, assumed lead­ Apparently, Mr. Speaker, the Silber­ be trusted. Leaders of both parties should ership of that great enterprise. stein management has been very good for accept the disclosures from these viewpoints Approximately a year ago the Penn­ the corporation. It is my understanding and stop the cry of partisanship. Mistakes Texas Corp. acquired ownership of a that during the period of which I have are not confined to either party. company in my State of Colorado. I am spoken the company's common stock has L.A.C. happy to say that far from having any tripled in value. In addition, Penn­ detrimental effect upon that company, Texas has increased its work force and the Penn-Texas ownership and manage­ payrolls many times over. A gratifying Proposed Commission on Ethical ment has brought it great strength with amount of Penn-Texas products and Practices resulting benefits to the company and services are going into our Nation's de­ its employees. As far as I personally am fense program. EXTENSION OF REMARKS concerned, I would welcome further such Mr. Speaker, I hesitate to interject OF enterprises in the State of Colorado be­ myself into what I consider a private cause I know that it would be good for business dispute. These are matters for HON. WAYNE N. ASPINALL the State and good for the country. the stockholders to decide, not someone OF COLORADO One of the directors of Penn-Texas on Capitol Hill. Nevertheless, when any IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Corp. is Oscar L. Chapman, former Sec­ American citizen, or any American cor­ retary of the Interior. I have known poration is unfairly attacked I believe Monday, March 28, 1955 Oscar Chapman intimately since 1922. there is a moral duty to set the record Mr. ASPINALL. Mr. Speaker, on His reputation for honesty and integrity straight and to afford an opportunity to March 23, my good friend from the First is well-known throughout this country. tell the other side of the story. District of Connecticut introduced a bill Together with all Coloradoans, I am I have done my best to get the best having for its purpose the establishment proud of his career in the public service advice available in this matter. The of a commission on ethical :financial and of his lifetime devotion to the public matters of which I speak are matters of practices. May I state at the outset that interest. I want to say, Mr. Speaker, record and could easily have been I am heartily in accord with the objec­ that Mr. Chapman has discussed this checked before any derogatory state­ tives of such a bill. I regret exceeding­ matter with me and that I have the ut­ ments were made. ly, however, that in the course of his most confidence in his judgment. Various statements were made by my remarks, the gentleman from Connecti­ I have also had the pleasure some time good friend from Connecticut which cut, for whom I have a high personal ago of meeting Mr. Leopold D. Silber­ leave the unfortunate impression that regard, made statements which caused stein, president of Penn-Texas and, I somehow there is something wrong with me to believe that in his own mind he must say, I was very favorably impressed the Penn-Texas interest in Niles­ already had formed -definite conclusions by the man and by what he has been able Bement-Pond. The impression is left of guilt for certain individuals ·and busi­ to accomplish. About a year ago, Penn­ upon the record that somehow the Penn­ ness enterprises and is ready to publish Texas acquired a company in my home Texas stock was acquired in a secret to the world such alleged guilt without State of Colorado and that company is raiding operation and that in some way giving the legislation which he sponsors· now well on its way to becoming one of there is a cloud over the officers and di­ an opportunity to accomplish that for the leading producers in its field. rectors of Penn-Texas. I am informed which it allegedly is sought. This Mr. Speaker, the story of Penn-Texas -~hat the record shows that this is not so. smacks too much of questionable legis­ is a success story in the great American The fact is, Mr. Speaker, that Penn­ lative activities which have become all tradition. Leopold D. Silberstein · took Texas, according to my information, ac­ too common during these times. My over the management of Penn-Texas, quired its stock in Niles-Bement-Pond colleague from Connecticut is entirely then known as the Pennsylvania Coal through open purchases through recog­ justified in explaining on the floor of and Coke Corp., in 1949. At that time, nized brokerage houses and that Niles­ the House the reason which prompted the assets of the organization consisted Bement-Pond was on full notice of these his action in the introduction of legis­ of three bituminous coal mines operating acquisitions. It is a matter of record lation which he sponsors. However, I at a loss. Since 1949 the company has that Penn-Texas has openly invested find myself in disagreement with any grown into a multimillion dollar corpora­ millions of dollars in Niles-Bement-Pond procedure which makes it impossible for tion operating at a profit and paying stock and that Penn-Texas owns almost the accused to answer in the forum in liberal dividends to its stockholders and 50 times as much stock as all of the pres­ which the accusation has been made. good wages to its employees. ent Niles-Bement-Pond management The seriousness of this matter is not In common with many American firms combined. Certainly it is elementary minimized one bit when I realize that seeking to protect their stockholders fair play that persons with so heavy an what really is involved is a stockholders' against violent fluctuations in the busi­ investment should be entitled to some fight in a heretofore rather unknown ness cycle, Penn-Texas Corp. adopted a voice in the management. Yet, Mr. business corporation. The floor of this policy of diversification. Through its Speaker, when the Penn-Texas interests legislative body is not, in my opinion, a subsidiaries the company now owns a requested a minority voice in manage­ good battleground for warring share­ controlling interest in a profitable oil ment I am told that it was ref used. holders of a private corporation; nor is and gas property in Texas; it operates Surely we are not arriving at ,that point it a fit place to carry on an election three ocean-going freighters, all under in this country where one has to be a contest for the board of directors of any the American flag; it is one of the coun­ second generation American to purchase private enterprise. The gentleman's try's leading producers of wire and cable; stock on the open market. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-· HOUSE 3917 With reference to this latter aspect of movement that could have changed the The upward course has been fairly steady, the controversy between Niles-Bement­ entire course of world history. although not spectacular, for the past sev­ Pond and Penn-Texas, I am informed I sincerely hope that our representa­ eral months. Our economy is growing at a healthy rate, production is increasing abso­ that it is a fact as alleged that Mr. Sil­ tives will refuse to consider any further lutely and on a per worker basis, consumer berstein was born in Germany. I also meetings with the Sov_iet representatives incomes are rising, consumer spending is at have been advised of some other per­ until positive action is taken to make a record rate, and higher standards of liv­ tinent facts which I am glad to place amends for this and many other acts ing within the immediate reach of all of us. on the record.. I am told that he was a of Soviet treachery. Nineteen hundred and fifty-four was the respected member of the Berlin Stock second biggest economic year in the history Exchange before he was 30. He left of America. This was accomplished without war, with Federal Government expenditures Germany when Hitler took over, and down $11 billion, and Federal taxes reduced moved to Holland. He was a· member of New Frontiers for the West $7 billion. the Dutch Army when Holland was in­ In my book, the second biggest year in our vaded. He fled to England before the EXTENSION OF REMARKS history is a long, long way from the kind of depression some of our alarmists were onrushing Nazi Armies and along with OF thousands of other Germans of Jewish preaching last fall. Last year was the most extraction, he was interned and sent to HON. WILLIAM S. HILL prosperous depression in our history. The relative stability of the past year is Australia. Before the end of the war, OF COLORADO reassuring. The adjustment in business ac­ the British had brought him back to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tivity from the peak levels of the Korean war England and he is highly regarded in period to the present time has been one of British official and financial circles. He Monday, March 28, 1955 the mildest on record. is now a United States citizen. Mr. HILL. Mr. Speaker, under leave Truly the economic health of America is Mr. Speaker, the fundamental prin­ to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I good. ciples o! fair play and equal opportuni­ include the following address by Earl L. Gross national production in 1955 will ex­ ty for all have made this Nation the Butz, Assistant Secretary, United States ceed the 1954 level of $357 billion. It could equal the record of $365 billion in 1953. It is greatest Nation on earth. Every time Department of Agriculture, before the reliably predicted that our gross production an attack, however unintentional or ill­ third annual farm and ranch congress, will reach $500 billion by 1965. That would advised, is made on those principles, it is Denver, Colo., Monday, March 7, 1955: mean an average increase of 20 percent for an attack on all of us and upon our most NEW FRONTIERS FOR THE WEST each of us, above our present living priceless heritage of freedom. I am The scientific and technological advances standards. proud that this great body is available we will experience in the next decade will be In this overall environment of a stable to as a forum to repair any damage which unparalleled in American agriculture. strong general economy, American agricul­ may have been done. The geographic frontier in America is gone. ture may also look forward to economic sta­ No longer can a young man "go West" and bility. Although farm income has declined stake out his claim. Even the wild and slightly more in the last year than has the woolly Colorado frontier has been tamed. general economy, it is significant that its But the scientific frontier in America is decline has been very markedly slowed from Another Act of Soviet Treachery barely scratched. And the scientific frontier a year and a half ago. The price parity ratio has no effective limit. It is limited only by for 1954 averaged 89, only 3 points below the the mind and imagination of man. 1953 average. The price parity ratio last EXTENSION OF REMARKS Organized and imaginative research is the month stood at 87. This was only 7 points OF vehicle which will push the scientific frontier below the figure for 2 years earlier, January beyond limits we scarcely dare dream of to­ 1953, when Ezra Taft Benson became Secre­ HON. JOHN C. KLUCZYNSKI day. tary of Agriculture. In the 7 months before January 1953, the price parity ratio dropped OF ILLINOIS It follows logically, therefore, that if we 10 points. In the 23 months before January IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES can keep our economy free and preserve an environment !n which individual producers 1953, the price parity ratio dropped 19 points. Monday, March 28, 1955 and scientists are free to dream a little about It now appears that the stability we have ne--v techniques and new ideas, and to enjoy been experiencing will continue through Mr. KLUCZYNSKI. Mr. Speaker, 10 the fruits of their dreams, we shall expe­ 1956. The domestic demand for farm prod­ years ago today, 16 top Polish under­ rience phenomenal progress in the next gen­ ucts will continue strong, with a likely mod­ ground leaders were placed under arrest eration. est increase in foreign demand. in Moscow. Only 2 were since released The above prediction is made with full It is gratifying that in this setting for po­ understanding that the American economy tential progress in agriculture, the 83d Con­ and the other 14 have not been heard gress gave us a new farm bill that will point from. in 1954 was down slightly from a year earlier; but it has turned upward in recent months. American agriculture toward better balance, All of these 16 leaders went to Moscow Entirely too many Americans suffer under greater freedom for individual farmers, and in good faith and belief that a peaceful the economic illusion that it is abnormal-in a more stable and prosperous economy. The solution of Polish-Soviet problems was fact disastrous-for the economic graph to new law establishes the sound economic to be arranged. They had accepted an dip.modestly downward once in several years. principle of flexible price supports which will invitation from Marshal Zhukov to come Some of the modern-day alarmists would help gear our farm production to the needs to Moscow to implement the Yalta agree­ try to superimpose a new politically created of the Nation and will, at the same time, artificial boom on top of an old war-created minimize the need for such stringent con­ ments, for the creation of a Polish gov­ artificial boom, and push our economy from trols over farm production and marketing as ernment after World War II hostilities one unstable excess to another. We have no we experience today. The new bill becomes ended. They were given guaranties of new evidence that man can completely cir­ operative with the 1955 crops. safe return to Poland. cumvent the law of action and reaction, even, It must be pointed out, however, that nei­ Today, when we contemplate the re­ in his economic behavior. Within the ther the new farm program nor any other cent disclosure of the Yalta agreement, framework, however, the long-time growth legislative magic can be expected to solve curve of the economy is distinctly upward. our pressing farm problems in a few weeks this incident should be kept in our or even a few months. The burdensome minds. It marks one of the darkest ECONOMIC STABILITY IS THE KEY surpluses now owned by the Government passages of recent international history America has been enjoying a period o! were accumulated over a period of years by and serves as an everlasting monument relative economic stability during the past following wartime price-support policies long of Soviet treachery and perfidy. year. The general level of prices ha,s been after the emergency had ended. remarkably stable during the past 12 months, How can we even consider having any varying within a range of less than 2 per­ WE NOW FEED OURSELVES ON SCIENCE further meetings with these same lead­ cent.· That is virtually no change. American agriculture is now feeding our ers, until they satisfactorily explain Prices received by farmers have likewise growing population on science and tech­ their treacherous conduct in this in­ been fairly stable during the past year, fluc­ nology. We have increased our total agri­ stance, and until they order the release tuating within a range of less than 6 per­ cultural output in the last 4 decades by 75 of each of the remaining gallant Polish cent. percent, on roughly the same acreage we leaders? The widely advertised business recession had previously, and with 2½ million fewer of 1954 evidently reached the bottom about farm workers. Even in the 15 years since Had these men not been imprisoned, last July. The slow erosion of prices and the beginning of World War II, our farmers Soviet Russia would never have suc­ business activity which had been in prog­ in America have increased their total pro­ ceeded in enslaving the Polish nation. ress since shortly after the Korean boom duction by 47 percent, with no increase in These leaders would have led a resistance halted them, and has turned up modestly. acres and with 1¾ million fewer workers on 3918 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD - -HOUSE March 28. farms. These changes have accompanied-the placed on a good -farm in· Italy, then the and even similar disappointments and frus­ application of science and the advanced most advanced nation of the world. He trations. This development is all for the technology associated with mechanization could have farmed with practically no addi­ good. It has been associated with a lower­ and electrification of the American farm. tional instruction, for the art of agricul­ ing of the drudgery of farm life. The liv­ The efficiency . of agricultural production ture had changed little, if any, in the inter­ ing conveniences of the city have been taken has likewise increased tremendously in re­ vening 12 centuries. to the country. Mechanization and electri­ cent years. In the last 4 decades, total out­ Let us imagine that same farmer brought fication bring shorter hours on the farm than put per man employed in agriculture has back to life on a good English farm in the a generation ago, With opportunity for higher increased 140 percent. In the last 15 years day of Shakespeare, some four centuries ago. economic rewards !or the efficient farmer output per man-hour has increased 70 per­ He still would have been a pretty good farmer than existed a generation ago. cent. This has resulted in higher level of with no additional instruction._ living for farm families, and cheaper food Now let's bring that same ancient Egyptian FOOD IS CHEAP IN AMERICA for urban families. farmer to the eastern shores of America 150 The phenomenal increase in agricultural In the same short 1 ½ decades, we have in­ years ago and put him on Thomas Jeffer­ production inade possible by scientific re­ creased our steel production capacity by one­ son's farm, one of the advanced farms of search has helped urban people as well as half, and have doubled our electric power that day. He still would not have found farm people. It has provided them with a production capacity. Surely a broad base is the art of farming very different from that record high diet at an all-time low cost. laid for a further rise in living standards which he practiced in Egypt 3,000 years Few urban people understand this. We need for the average m,an and woman in America. earlier. He still would have used the same to get the story across, every time we get a Modern science and technology have solved motive power, the same crude implements, chance, that food is not expensive. the age-old problem of hunger and pestilence and large amounts of hand labor. He would The retail price of food in America is lower in the Western Hemisphere. But modern have known very little about fertilization, now than it was a year ago. It's lower than man has not yet learned how to manage improved varieties, high-producing breeds of it has been since 1951. Retail food prices his society and cooperate with each other livestock, and the hundred mechanical and in December 1954 were 110.4 (1947-49=100). in order to accomplish the high level of pro­ electrical gadgets which occur on our modern The 1954 monthly average was 112.6, 1953 duction and prosperity of which. we are capa­ farm. average 112.8, and 1952 average 114.6, and ble. The science of political economy is Now imagine for a moment that same 1951 monthly average 112.6. lagging the physical and biological sciences. farmer on a modern American farm. He Food is cheap and getting cheaper in Our most pressing problem now is to learn would be completely bewildered. He would terms of how long the industrial worker how to live with and to enjoy the age of not· even recognize the working end of the must work to pay for it. It is cheaper now science and technology which we have cre­ tractor parked in the farmyard. He would than before Korea. It is cheaper now than ated for ourselves. probably raise the cry of witchcraft at all it was in 1932, in terms of how long the We must cultivate within our society an the wonderful things performed by mechan­ American worker has to work to get his food. environment in which individual producers ical and electrical power. It would require There is no country on the face of the and scientists are free to experiment with hard years of instruction and apprentice­ earth today where the workingman spends new techniques and new ideas, and to enjoy ship for him before he could even begin to so small a proportion of his working day the fruits of tp.eir labors. We shall experi­ operate the modern American farm. earning the food he eats as in America. ence phenomenal progress in the generation There is no country on the face of. the earth ahead, if we can preserve our system of free MORE CAPITAL IS REQUIRED today where the workingman has so large prices and free enterprise. No administra­ Agriculture is now big business. It is in­ a proportion of his working day left to buy tion in Washington can do that automati­ evitable that family farms are becoming the things that make life so pleasant in cally, for Government cannot go beyond larger, as the number of workers on farms de­ your home and mine, as in America. what the people in.our. various States desire. creases and as mechanization of our farms At the present time the American public Your job and mine must be one of ever­ continues at a rapid pace. It is estimated is spending approximately 26 percent of its lasting adult education about the things that the value of the United States agri,,. disposable income for food. In 1935-39, it that make America great. If we keep our cultural plant is about $150 billion. This spent only 23 percent of its disposable in­ free economy, we ·must preserve a free­ means a national average of approximately come for food. However, if the American price economy. There are too many people $30,000 per farm. Obviously, these averages public were content to eat the same quantity in America today who do not really believe include many small farms. The figure for and the same quality of food per person we in free. prices, but who still believe they typical commercial family farms is larger. It ate in 1935-39, we could get our food for 18 can look to Washington for .price supports, runs from $50,000 to $100,000. percent of our disposable income instead of price regulations, price ceilings, and so on. On our good family farms it now takes an the 23 percent we actually spent 15 years We must get the_point across to every citi­ investment of nearly $50,000 to create one ago. . zen of our country that the incentives under farm job. In American industry it takes an The plain trutb is that on a per capita free prices make our economy great, and average investment of from $12,000 to $15,- basis we are eating ·about 13 percent more make it strong, and make it productive. 000 to create one industrial job. It takes food in this country than we ate 15 years Farmers believe in the free-enterprise sys­ three times as much capital to create one ago. And we are eating better food, with tem. They believe that government should agricultural job on good family operated more meat, milk, and eggs. Consumption be the junior partner and free citizens the commercial farms. Truly agriculture has of restaurant me~ls and prepared foods is up. senior partner. They know this system has become big business. As such it calls !or a We eat "higher on the hog" and enjoy it produced in America the broadest oppor­ very high level of managerial ability on the tremendously. And it doesn't cost us very tunity for free and prosperous citizenship successfully operated farm. much to do that either. The thing that that exists any place in the world. Under When many of us were youngsters it was bothers us most in America is not nearly so this system individual producers and indi­ often said, "If you can't do anything else, much the high cost of living as it is cost of vidual processors can grow and prosper as you can farm." Today the situation is re­ high living. far as their ambition and their ability will versed. I! you can't farm, you'd better do THE AGRICULTURAL HORIZON LOOKS BRIGHT take them. The right to succeed is open to something else. Successful operation of everyone. the modern typical family commercial farm · An exciting experience lies ahead for those Americans who have the capacity to dream. AMAZING CHANGES IN OUR GENERATION calls for a higher level of managerial ca­ pacity than does most of the family operated The America we enjoy today was built by We live in an era of the most rapid scien­ business concerns in your county seat men and women who had dreams. America tific and technological change of all time. .,town. will continue to grow in proportion as her If you were to put the full recorded history citizens dream imaginatively and construc­ of man on the face of your clock, starting THE "COUNTRY HICK" HAS DISAPPEARED tively. with the story of creation in the Book of Scientific research in agriculture has The future is filled with interesting chal­ Genesis and continuing until 1855-100 years changed farming from a "way of life" to a lenges. Science will dominate the next cen­ ago--the hands of your clock would have "way of making a living." The "country tury. Brains will replace brawn in American moved from noon around to 11 :45 p. m. The hick" of a generation or two ago has almost agriculture and industry. Man will direct last 15 minutes on the face of your clock completely disappeared from the American power rather than supply it. Production per would represent the last century. Yet, out­ scene. The city limit sign which appears at man will continue to increase. This means put per worker in the United States has in­ the edge of your county seat town no longer still larger agricultural units with more capi­ creased more in that last 15 minutes than means the same as it did a generation ago. tal. It means increased mechanization. · It in the previous 11 hours and 45 minutes. It is now just a tax boundary. It is no also means high standards of living for those And most of the increase within the last longer a cultural boundary, a recreational who produce our food and fiber. Farming 15 minutes has occurred since the turn of boundary, an education boundary, a social will be even more big business than it is the present century. Many of us now living boundary, or an economic boundary. It is now. It will be still less a way of life than have played a substantial role in this amaz­ Just a legal dividing line. now. ing sciientific and technological revolution. · The same kind of people live on one side LET'S DREAM A LITTLE Let us imagine for a moment that a good of that city limit sign as on the other. They The sun is the ultimate source of energy Egyptian farmer in the day of Moses could have increasingly the same types of ambi­ for our earth. We think American agricul­ have been brought back to life in the day tions, similar cultural, social, and economic ture, scientific as it is, does a pretty good job of the Caesars, some 12 centuries later, and opportunities, comparable ways of living, .tn converting the energy of sunshine into 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 3919 the usable energy of food and fiber. And by years on this earth, I would start them this order not to antagonize the Russians, with historical standards, modern agriculture does day. whom we thought we could come to an okay. Yet a good farmer, using up-to-date The scientific and social challenges which agreement. scientiftc methods, can now capture from lie before us are unparalleled in history. After 7 years what was the result of that 1 acre of crops on his farm in 1 year e.bout I approach my next 28 years with antic­ policy? At least four of these brave lead­ as much energy as God pours on that acre ipation and enthusiasm. ers have died in jail as a result of the tor­ in 1 typical summer day. We now convert I am going to have a lot of fun growing tures suffered. Others, after release from to usable form less than one three hun­ and building and dreaming with this still the prison in Moscow, were again thrown dredth part of the energy poured on our young and vigorous America. into jails in Soviet-dominated Poland, where acres every year. I hope you too can see a great challenge they are languishing. Let your mind dream a little about the for yourselves in the years ahead. Former Ministers Jasiukowicz and Bien possibilities ahead in food production. If were sentenced in Moscow to 5 years im­ we learn somehow how to double our pro­ prisonment. They therefore should have duction per acre, we would still be getting been released and returned to Poland not less than 1 percent of the energy available. later than March of 1950. To this day 2½ What a marvelous challenge ahead for The Fate of 16 Polish Underground years later, there is no sign of life of either science and for men of vision. Leaders of them. Neither is there any news of the fate of the former Minister, Pajdak, who NEW POWER AND PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES who excused from the Moscow trial because Let's dream for just a moment in another EXTENSION OF REMARKS of illness. direction. The history of ·the rise of man's OF Seven and one-half years after his arrest material standard of living is essentially a he has not returned to Poland, nor has he history of increased amounts of energy under HON. THADDEUS M. MACHROWICZ been heard from. the direction of a single worker. A century OF MICHIGAN The United Nations Organizations re­ ago 85 percent of our people were engaged IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cently adopted a bill of human rights which in agriculture. Many agricultural operations provides that no individual may be arrested were performed by hand or with hand im­ Monday, March 28, 1955 without a proper court determination, that plements. As a consequence, output per Mr. MACHROWICZ. Mr. Speaker, no one shall be deprived of his rights be­ worker was so low that there was little sur­ to­ fore a public court trial and. that no one plus food to support those who were engaged day marks the lapse of 10 years since can be imprisoned longer than provided for in nonagricultural occupations. the date that 16 leaders of the Polish in the court's verdict. The Soviet repre­ Today less than 13 percent of our popula­ underground were treacherously lured sentative refrained from voting because he tion is engaged in agriculture, releasing more into Moscow, under the pretext of be­ thought the provisions were not sufficiently than 87 percent to follow nonagricultural ginning Polish-Soviet negotiations for democratic and there is no assurance of the pursuits and to produce the goods and peaceful solution of mutual problems, execution of the provisions. services which make life so pleasant for all It is not time to expose this horrible of us in America. This transformation has and under guaranties of security. All 16 cynicism of the Moscow Communists, and to been made possible partly because each in­ were placed under arrest by the Soviets show them that the United States respects dividual farmer directs so much more power and all but 2 have not since been heard the decisions in which it participates and is now than formerly. This is also true in from. willing and ready to enforce them? industry and commerce. Reflect for a mo­ The person who masterminded this Would that not be the best way to demon­ ment on the changes that have occurred intrigue was Marshal Zhukov, who is now strate to Poland and to the other nations within your own experience in the amount prominent in the Soviet Government. behind the Iron Curtain that the United of horsepower controlled by a single worker States has determined to defend the prin­ in agriculture, in industry, or in trans­ It is this same Soviet Government with ciples of justice against force? portation. Marshal Zhukov, and -others like him, Action by our Government to determine Now let us dream a little. Within this who would now like to lure the United the fate of these brave· Polish underground decade, the nuclear age was born. Possibil­ States into friendly meetings to discuss leaders illegally held by Russia in prisons ities for new sources of energy stagger the peaceful solution of mutual problems. or concentration camps will do more for the imagination. New research developments In the past, each of these meetings cause of the United Nations than any other with tremendous power potentialities occur have led to further concessions to Soviet propaganda behind the Iron Curtain, based with amazing rapidity. on promises rather than actions. Some scientists now assert that our known Russia and have increased their capacity reserves of fissionable materials exceed in to further subjugate the free world, and potential power our known reserves of coal, threaten our own national security. petroleum, and water power. Other scien­ It has been said that Soviet Russia tists predict that within 10 years we shall should first show its intentions of good The Yalta Papers have available in this country as much faith before any new meetings take place. nuclear energy as we now have available I from our coal, our petroleum, and our water submit, Mr. Speaker, that we should EXTENSION OF REMARKS power, combined. request the immediate release of the re­ OF Let yourself dream for a moment in that mainder of these 16 Polish leaders and area. If such predictions are only one-fourth an explanation of the unlawful action HON. USHER L. BURDICK right, it means that in 1965 our whole of the Soviet regime in imprisoning them, OF NORTH DAKOTA economy of 1955 will be obsolete. It means before we ever consider any further ac­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that the job of converting to the new and tion toward meeting with them. more economical sources of nuclear energy · On July 2, 1952, during the debate Monday, March 28, 1955 will dwarf the automobile boom of the 1920's. It means still larger units per on the report of the special congressional Mr. BURDICK. Mr. Speaker, England worker in industry and agriculture. It Katyn committee, I referred to this sub­ is having a nightmare over the publica­ means more capital per plant and per ject matter. Because the remarks are tion of the proceedings at Yalta. Can it worker. equally applicable today, under leave be that Mr. Churchill was less candid THE BEST YEARS ARE YET TO COME to extend my remarks, I am inserting, than he ought to have been when he re­ The challenge of the next decade is un­ herewith, portions of my remarks made ported on the matter to the House of precedented for men and women of vision that day: Commons? and ambition. The challenge for agricul­ The United Nations, to whom we ask When was it discovered that the truth ture is greater than ever before in its his­ that this report be transmitted, should also should be kept from the people? Since tory. The scientists who develop new look into the fate of the 16 fearless Polish the truth is the easiest thing in the world knowledge for agriculture, as well as those underground leaders, who in March of 1945, who apply it, will have the opportunity, were invited to Moscow by Marshal Zhukov to defend, why all this consternation through producing more products at lower under the pretext of beginning Polish-So­ about the publication here of those pro­ cost, to occupy a ringside seat at the greatest viet negotiations. There they were treach­ ceedings? decade in the history of America. erously placed under arrest and placed in No one can read these papers without My life insurance company gives me 28 the infamous Lubianka prison. com:'..ng to the definite conclusion that years yet to live. I am looking forward This fact was at first carefully concealed the Korean War was born as a result of eagerly to those 28 yea.rs in this marvelous by the Russians but was finally revealed the Yalta agreement-and do you not America. I expect them to be the most chal­ during the conference at San Prancisco, think the mothers of the thousands of lenging, the most interesting, and the most where it evoked widespread indignation of rewarding years in the history of mankind. world opinion. boys killed and wounded in that conflict If I could have my choice of the period Under the influence of our appeasement are entitled to know how and why it ot au time wben I would spend. my last :18 ~ic7, however, this mattoc was hushed in started?. 3920 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 I hope the Potsdam papers are pub­ They could have been grossly mistaken lignite, as well as coke, tars, and synthetic lished in full. Then between the Yalta and poorly advised, but what they did liquid fuels); petroleum, and natural gas." and Potsdam reports we can find out who in fact consent to, we should know. It On Fe.bruary 26, 1955, the committee's re­ betrayed Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the isn't too late yet, for the honor of this port was issued by the White House as "The White House Report on Energy Supplies and Baltic States. It would be hard to believe country, for the people to disavow un­ Resources Policy." The opening paragraph that the United States knowingly con­ conscionable and· inhuman agreements. of the report states: sented to turn over 200,000 Germans to The very fact that these agreements "The importance of energy to a strong slave labor, never to be returned by Rus­ are being publish~d is the best protection a'nd growing economy is clear. As condi­ sia to their native land, but when we read the people of the United States can have tions of supplies and reserves of coal, oil, these papers we will know the truth. against any further diplomatic acts of and natural gas change, and as both defense ·were men from Germany in uniform to similar character. and peacetime requirements come more be the slaves of Russia as part of the clearly into focus, the bearing of Govern­ ment policies upon energy needs reexami­ reparation claims against Germany? nation." Vias Russia not willing to take property The complete text of the White House and dollars in reparations, or did they Amending the Natural Gas Act Is in the report ls part of the record of the hearings insist upon men, to become their slaves? before this Committee on Natural Gas Act From these papers we can understand Public Interest and Will Restore the am.endments. why Czechoslovakia was abandoned; we Jobs of Unemployed Coal Miners and I submit that the report and the fact of its incorporation into these hearings should can understand why we didn't take Ber­ Railroaders lin when the Germans offered it to us; guide the Congress in its consideration of we can understand why we delayed until legislation on natural gas. EXTENSION OF REMARKS The Congress should take a look at natural the Russians got there first. gas in relation to the whole field. It should Why should any nation be offended OF .seriously reexamine our supplies and needs, when the truth is being unfolded? Are as the White House committee recommends, we asharr..ed of the truth? Is England HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT and we should give consideration to all of the ashamed of it? One purpose will be ac­ OF PENNSYLVANIA provisions of the White House report as well complished, and that is that these re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES as the recommendations of the Federal Power ports will deter this country from mak­ Commission, the agency charged with the ing any more secret agreements that may Monday, March 28, 1955 administration of the Natural Gas Act. The Natural Gas Act which was passed on not only violate the principles of this Mr. VAN ZANDT. Mr. Speaker, con­ June 21, 1938, has been amended in 1942, republic, but blacken our name on the tinuing my efforts to relieve unemploy­ 1947, and 1954. This year we have the op­ pages of world history. ment in the coal, railroad, and related portunity to amend the basic law in the I don't see how anyone can feel that industries in my congressional district, public interest because we are faced with publishing these proceedings would be a on March 18, 1955, I introduced H. R. many problems to solve under present Gov­ political move. If the Republicans in­ 5068 to amend the Natural Gas Act. ernment policies in administering the Nat­ tended it for that, it comes too early to In support of my bill, the following ural Gas Act. have any effect, and the leaders of the statement was submitted to the House I am of the opinion that this Congress should not confine its legislative activity to Republican Party are entitled to more Committee on Interstate and Foreign only one phase of the many problems in­ credit than that. Commerce on March 25, 1955: volved in the proper utilization and con­ The contents of these documents be­ STATEMENT BY HON. JAMES E. VAN ZANDT, 20TH servation of natural gas. long to the public, for if we were guilty DISTRICT, PENNSYLVANIA, ON H. R. 5068, For that reason; I introduced and urge of making colossal blunders at that time, BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTER­ .passage of H. R. 5068. My bill contains many the effect will be to keep us from making STATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE, MARCH 25, provisions which have been recommended by them again. If our representatives con­ 1955 the Federal Power Commission and by the sented to the enslavement of people to I have introduced a bill, H. R. 5068, to White House Report on Energy Supplies and serve the vindictive and selfish interests amend the Natural Gas Act in certain im­ Resources Policy. of the Soviets, we want the world to know portant respects in the public interest. For example, section 1 of H. R. 5068 would Bills of similar import before this commit­ amend subsection (b) of section 1 of the that the people of this great RepubHc Natural Gas Act to give the Federal Power knew nothing about it and would never tee have been introduced by Representatives STAGGERS, SAYLOR, CARRIGG, KELLEY, MORGAN, Commission jurisdiction over direct indus­ have consented to it if they had known. trial sales of gas in interstate commerce. BYRD, BAILEY, KEE, PERKINS, and MOLLOHAN. If those secret proceedings show the This ls a change in the law requested by My bill addresses itself to a very vital prob­ the Federal Power Commission as recently error our representatives made, and the lem on which President Eisenhower has indi­ people of Europe believe that was the act as 1953. It has also been recommended by cated a deep concern and which involves the the White House Report. of the people of the United States, we welfare of all our people. That problem is never can overcome the ill feeling that the development of a sound national fuels Under present policies, the Commission policy which will restore the balance of com­ does not have jurisdiction over these sales will be fomented against us. It is im­ with the result that large quantities of this portant, therefore, that the people of petitive conditions among our several fuels scarce natural resource are being burned Europe and Asia know that the people of industries. The end results will mean great wastefully-and at prices which are subsi­ the United States have never approved benefits to the consumers of fuel and energy, dized, in some instances, by the consumers the action of our representatives at and growing employment in a prosperous of gas whose prices are regulated by the economy. Commission. Federal Power Commission Teheran, Yalta or Potsdam. They could President Eisenhower recognized the im­ not have approved something we knew regulation would not result in the elimi­ portance and scope of this matter many nation of such sales, but it should result in nothing about. Hereafter, we hope, Mr. months ago. In 1954 he set up 2 committees, a more equitable allocation of the cost of Dulles and the President will not make 1 of which was designated the Advisory Com­ producing and transmitting natural gas to the same error and put our name to any mittee on Energy Supplies and Resources the consumer, with consequent benefit to further secret agreements of similar Policy. This Committee was composed of the the gas consumers. character, the contents of which are kept Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization Section 2 of H. R. 5068 would establlsh from the people. and the Secretaries of State, Treasury, De­ statutory standards to be followed by the In the situation we are now in, there fense, Justice, Interior, Commerce, and La­ Federal Power Commission in the adminis­ is only one thing that will save the people bor. The committee was directed by the tration of the Natural Gas Act in respect to President: conservation of this resource. This section of the United States from world censure "To undertake a study to evaluate all fac­ also is in accord with repeated requests by because of Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam, tors pertaining to the continued develop­ the Federal Power Commission to the Con­ and that is the truth. ment of energy supplies and resources fuels gress that its powers in the area of con­ The action of one Senator in proposing · in the United States, with the aim of servation should be broadened. The Com­ to investigate the leak in the publication strengthening the national defense, providing mission already has general power to effectu­ of these documents serves no good pur­ orderly industrial growth, and assuring sup­ ate the proposed standards in my bill so that plies for our expanding national economy the enactment of H. R. 5068 would merely pose and contributes to further errors on and for any future emergency." supply the necessary legislative mandate. the same subject. The committee was further directed to I think that the extremely limited reserves I am not ready to charge any of our "review factors affecting the requirements of natural gas make it imperative that Con­ representatives with dishonorable inten­ and supplies of tp.e major sources of energy gress clearly authorize and direct the Com­ tions when these agreements were made. · including: coal (anthracite, bituminous, and mission to give effect to sound principles of 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - -HOUSE 3921 ' conservation in regulating the utilization of na1 charges against Robert F. Straub, This day should be proclaimed to the natural gas. Andre Herschler, Simon Kern, Walton F. world, for it symbolizes the thinking of The Federal Power Commission has also H. endorsed the proposal contained in section 4 Mulloy, and E. Thornton, Sr., all asso­ every person who has suffered under for­ of H. R. 5068, which would define the term ciated with the Bunge Corp., of Min­ eign oppression. Four hundred years int erstate commerce to include commerce neapolis, growing out of alleged misrep­ was a long time but it could not still the between any point in a State and any point resentations in connection with certain heart and the will for freedom. The in a foreign nation. wheat shipments. courage and determination of the Greeks Section 5 of H. R. 6068 would require nat­ In certain wheat shipments, which are reflected in their freedom. By pro­ ural gas companies to secure a certificate of apparently were handled by these men claiming their independence day to the public convenience and necessity when seek­ Min­ ing authority to import foreign gas. The on behalf of the Bunge Corp., of world, we show to the people of the world principal objective is to require that all im­ neapolis, the wheat shipments were a shining example of hope for the future, port applications be subject to the same pro­ "slugged''-filled with some high-grade and further ingrain and strengthen in visions that govern domestic applications for wheat and some wheat that was unfit for the minds and hearts the determination, a certificate of convenience and necessity. human consumption-and then certified so passionately desired, to remain free Section 6 of H. R. 5068 would amend sub­ as being first-class wheat only, and in of any oppression. section (a) of section 4 of the Natural Gas doing so ·fraudulently enabled the Bunge .Act to prohibit the sale of natural gas at Corp., of Minneapolis to obtain $1,700,- a price less than its cost, including the cost of transportation and sale, plus a fair pro­ 000 in subsidy payments. It seems in­ portion of the fixed charges. This section congruous that the company which these American Interests Build 6,054,831 Tons incorporates almost the exact language of men were working with and for, the the White House report which is part of the Bunge Corp., of Minneapolis, should of New Ships in Foreign Yards-United record of these hearings. The report says: plead guilty and pay a fine of $5,000 and States Yards Lose $1,800,000,000 "Sales either for resale or direct consump­ then that the individuals actually in­ tion below actual cost plus a fair proportion volved should have criminal charges of fixed charges which drive out competing EXTENSION OF REMARKS fuels constitute unfair competition and are against them dropped because of insuffi­ inimical to a sound fuels economy. The cient evidence. OF committee recommends, therefore, that ap­ However, I am the last individual to priate action be taken that will prohibit rob citizens of their cloak of innocence, HON. CHARLES A. WOLVERTON sales by interstate pipelines either for resale and as a member of the judiciary it is OF NEW JERSEY o'r for direct consumption, which drive out my desire merely to assist in every way IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES competing fuels because the charges are be­ possible to remove this subject from the Monday, March 28, 1955 low actual cost plus a fair proportion of fixed field of controversy and suspicion. charges." Mr. WOLVERTON_- Mr. Speaker, the In light of that clear injunction in the White House report that action is required extent to which big corporations of our on this particular aspect of natural gas reg­ country desert our American Shipbuild­ ulation, I think the 84th Congress would be Greek Independence Day ers and build their ships in foreign yards derelict in its responsibilities to the Ameri­ is astonishing and highly distressing. It can people if it fails to include in any nat­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS is no wonder that our American ship­ ural gas legislation a provision such as sec­ OF yards are in such a distressed condition tion 6 of H. R. 5068. for lack of work. It is no wonder that The White House report contains the rec­ ommendations of a highly respected, im­ HON. JOHN LESINSKI, JR. our ship workers are walking the streets partial committee of distinguished public ·OF MICHIGAN unemployed. The very corporations that servants saying that this ls one of the rea­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES are ignoring American yards and going sons why the competitive conditions in our abroad to have their ships built are the fuels industries are seriously out of bal­ Monday, March 28, 1955 very ones that will cry loudest for. pro­ ance. Mr. LESINSKI. Mr. Speaker, Friday, tection in the time of emergency. As a Representative of a congressional dis­ March 25, was the 134th anniversary of Every sensible person must know that trict whose economy depends upon coal and railroads, this unfair competition fro:::n nat­ the independence of the Greek people. our shipbuilding industry and the ural gas has thrown thousands of coal miners, One hundred and thirty-four years ago trained personnel to operate it cannot railroad workers and other employees in re­ the Greeks rose up against their foreign continue to exist without work. And yet, lated industries out of jobs. rulers and for over 6 years of constant while claiming all the benefits of Ameri­ Sections 7, 8, and 9 of H. R. 6068 round warfare and much bloodshed fought can citizenship, these large corporations out the objectives of legislation which I feel against the chains of their bondage. will build· their ships in foreign yards is needed in the public interest. This rebellion brought about the birth and let our own shipyards dwindle to The principles in H. R. 5068 must be en­ a state of inadequacy. This is not ulti­ acted . for the protection of the peacetime of what today is modern Greece. economy and for the maintenance of a strong This anniversary date should be me­ mately to the best interest of the cor­ mobilization base within the domestic fuels morialized by every-0ne, for it marks the porations to which I refer, nor is it to the industry. rebirth and rejuvenation of a nation best interests of our country or its that had been under a foreign yoke for people. four centuries. In spite of those long The importance of this matter has Wheat Shipments by the Bunge Corp. years of servitude and personal suffer­ been recognized by Marine Engineer­ ing, the Greeks did not lose the traits ing in an extremely well-prepared and that had made their forefathers great. documented article by L. S. Blodgett, EXTENSION OF REMARKS We all know the debt we owe the Greek editor of that magazine. This article is OF nation, for many aspects of our modern replete with factual information that civilization were developed from the supports in every detail the statements HON. CHARLES A. BOYLE knowledge and thinking of the early and conclusions of the editor. I will not OF ILLINOIS Greeks. Even today, many of their find­ dwell upon all the facts and figures. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ings are being rediscovered. Yet, there are some I will mention as Monday, March 28, 1955 As an American, I am proud that in an illustration of the important figures recent times our Nation came to the that are contained in the article. Mr. BOYLE. Mr. Speaker, on this assistance of the Greeks and provided · For instance, in the postwar. period date, after hearing numerous and re­ them with military, economic, and tech­ ship orders placed abroad have resulted peated inferences on the :floor of the nical assistance. our military aid helped in losses to the shipbuilding industry in House of Representatives regarding the prevent the Communists from subjugat­ our country, employment and purchasing Bunge Corp., of Minneapolis, I have in­ ing the people of Greece and reducing power totaling $1,800,000,000 and these troduced a resolution which would au­ them to the status of slaves. Our eco­ losses affect every 1 of the 48 States. thorize the Judiciary Committee of the nomic and technical assistance gave the It is my intention at a later date to ex­ House of Representatives to conduct a nation a ·chance to rejuvenate itself and tend my rerµarks in the RECORD to in­ full and complete investigation of the to build the internal strength that is so clude facts that will . show the detri­ Department of Justice in dropping crimi- needed. mental effect a dwindling shipbuilding 3922 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 28 industry· has in every State. Further­ Martin Dodge; of the ·New York City De­ America t6 turn back the clock, figuratively more, the article shows that now only partment of Commerce and Public Events. speaking, to the 1920's in the matter of tar- · The delegation's spokesman, Representa­ 1ff rates." ' . . . 14 merchant vessels of the 1,347 under tive EMANUEL CELLER, Democrat, of New York, The statement points out that the 50-per­ construction in the world's shipyards in his accompanying letter, called on ODM cent boost in watch tariffs last July, fol­ are being built in this country, And so Director Arthur S. Flem.ming to instruct the lowed by other administration attacks on I might continue, piling fact upon fact members of the new committee to give a new imports, was causing severe injury to the and figure upon figure to show the dis­ look and full consideration to the Defense watch importer-assembled industry which mal picture that now exists and prove Department's recently declassified study of brings "over $250 million yearly into the the distress that follows our neglect of the Jeweled-watch industry which found that New York area and their · ,urchase of goods a full and adequate shipbuilding pro­ "no special nor preferential treatment for and services result in further circulation of the industry is necessary." The Congress­ $150 million annually in the region." It gram. man, in pointing out that the delegation's emphasizes that the jobs of tens of thou­ Marine Engineering has performed a statement had been prepared prior to the re­ sands of workers, many of whom are highly great service, not only to the shipbuild­ lease by the Department of Defense of its skilled, are jeopardized by the curtailment ing industry and its workers but to this long-classified study, also called attention to of imports. The analysis also cites the fact Nation of ours, in bringing pertinent Dr. Flemming's testimony before the Senate that in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island there facts and figures to the attention of the Armed Services subcommittee on June 30, are "a sizable number of Jewelry manufac­ American public that should awaken it 1954, in which the ODM Director "empha­ turers who furnish parts as subcontractors sized the very essentiality which this de­ to the hundreds of watch importer-assem­ into action. I fully agree with the sug­ classified Defense report negates." blers. Any Government action leading to a. gestion that we need a long range legis­ In amplifying on this charge, CELLER curtailment of their operations is an eco­ lative program that will: added: nomic blow to these States as it is to New First. Encourage American shipown­ "We must assume that you were familiar York." ers to build and operate ships under the with the Defense :findings, and are, therefore, In its conclusion, the delegation charged: American :flag, In 1954 United States most interested in the source of the facts "Apparently, the present situation adds :flagships carried only 29 percent of this upon which you based your differing conclu­ up to the fact that the administration is en­ Nation's foreign trade; sions. Undoubtedly, the report of the Senate deavoring to do indirectly what it cannot and Armed Services subcommittee, which was dare not do directly. It is administratively Second. Insure a · modern :flag :fleet, forwarded to the President, was influenced increasing the tariff and setting up all kinds adequate shipbuilding facilities, and an by your testimony. It had about it, shall I of barriers against importation of a product effective force of trained workers to meet say, the halo of your authority and prestige, without consultation with the Congress. any national emergency; and and probably contributed to the President's Through the various agencies involved, the Third. Expand the market for the decision to accept the Tariff Com.mission's administration is using subterfuge and un­ wide range of materials used in ship­ recommendation to increase the tariff on substantiated arguments to hamper and ob­ building which originate in every 1 of watches. Thus, we look forward to receiving struct the importation of Swiss watches and your comments on this situation and trust watch parts. • • • the 48 States. that any damage resulting from your state­ "We also urge the committee to determine I hope this national problem will have ment will be ameliorated at the earliest pos­ whether the Government moves against im­ the full thought and consideration by sible date." porters have actually helped the four domes­ the present administration and that a The delegation's statement is highly crit­ tic producers or have merely injured the im­ long-range remedial legislative program ical of the ODM report which found that porter-assemblers and the Swiss. It is our will result. the skills of the four domestic jeweled-watch conviction that these actions have been con­ companies were essential to national secu­ trary to America's best interest. rity. It points out that this report runs di­ · "Finally, we respectfully suggest that the rectly contrary to a comprehensive review of new committee conduct full and complete Advisory Committee on the Watch the Jeweled-watch industry conducted by the hearings, giving all interested parties an op­ Department of Defense, which determined portunity to appear, and that those in Con­ Industry that all military items produced by the four gress who are interested in these delibera­ watch manufacturers can also be procured tions be kept advised as to the progress of EXTENSION OF REMARKS from nonjeweled segments of the American your studies." OF watch industry and from dozens of the fore­ most United States companies outside the HON. EMANUEL CELLER timing industry. The statement includes an OF NEW YORK analysis of the ODM report's five conclusions The Staff of Life and presents facts and figures to validate the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES delegation's indictment of the report's find­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ings as being obscure and unsubstantiated. Monday, March 28, 1955 OF The detailed document also emphasizes Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, under that recent administration actions against leave granted to extend my remarks in· watch importers were motivated largely by HON. ROBERT C. BYRD the RECORD, I include the following the ODM report. The delegation claims that, OF WEST VIRGINIA statement: by accepting the :flimsy argument of defense IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES essentiality for the four jeweled-watch pro­ CELi..ER, AS DELEGATION SPOKESMAN, DEPLORES ducers, the Government has "opened a Pan­ Monday, March 28, 1955 ADMINISTRATION'S ACTIONS IN WATCH CON­ dora's box by which hundreds of industries Mr. BYRD. Mr. Speaker, under leave TROVERSY AND CALLS FOR PROMPT CORRECTIVE may seek the benefits of high tariffs against · to extend my remarks, I wish to include MEASURES foreign competition on the grounds of de­ a statement which I made today during A strong indictment of recent adminis­ fense essentiality." R. tration actions aimed at curtailing imports "The administration," according to the the hearings on H. 2851 before a sub­ of Swiss watches and a demand for prompt statement, "could have used one or more of committee of the House Committee on review of the damaging consequences to our the direct aids mentioned by ODM--defense Agriculture. This bill would provide for national interest are highlights of a 26-page contracts, technical training, etc.-which the processing of grain into forms suit­ statement :filed with the new ODM Advisory would have avoided the necessity for tariff able for distribution to needy persons in Committee on the Watch Industry. The de­ increases, and would have been in accord the United States. I wish to impress tailed document has been presented on be­ with our traditions of fair play and competi• upan my colleagues the importance of half of a delegation composed of 16 Demo­ tive enterprise. Raising tariffs against a cratic Congressmen, including Representa­ friendly nation to achieve such a goal, on this measure, and the need for imme­ tives Victor L. Anfuso, Charles A. Buckley, the other hand, is contrary to America's diate favorable action being taken. Emanuel Celler, Irwin D. Davidson, Isidore long-range interest." The statemen_t follows: Dollinger, Herman P. Eberharter, Sidney A. The administration's actions in the watch .Mr. Chairman and members of the com­ Fine, Aime J. Forand, Lester Holtzman, Edna controversy, according to the delegation's mittee, I am deeply appreciative of this op­ F. Kelly, Eugene J. Keogh, Arthur G. Klein, strongly worded presentation, sets a prece­ portunity to appear before this distinguished Abraham J. Multer, Leo W. O'Brien, John dent which can easily undermine the recip­ committee in behalf of H. R. 2851. This J. Rooney, and Herbert Zelenko, plus Gov­ rocal trade program envisaged by the Con­ bill is similar to H. R. 2824, which I have ernor Harriman, of New York State; Mayor gress. The document is sharply critical of introduced, and to bills which various Wagner, of New York City; Commissioner the administration for frustrating the will other Members have sponsored. It would Edward T. Dickinson, of the State of New of Congress in its efforts to expand interna­ provide for the payment by the Commodity York Department of Commerce; Commis­ tional trade. It states that "the protection- Credit Corporation of the cost of processing sioner Richard C. Patterson, Jr., of New York 1st actions taken by the administration in an· wheat and corn into a form suitable for City Department of Commerce and Public attempt to assist the four domestic jeweled home or- institutional use . (for example,. Events; and First Deputy Commissioner watch producers is threatening to cause :flour and cornmeal) for - distribution to 1955 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD~ HOUSE 3923~ needy persons in the United States under In the days of Pharaoh, Joseph,- in his MAGNUSON J, the senior Senator from authority of. either section 407 or 416 of the wisdom, advised t_hat food be stored· during Oregon .[Mr. MORSE], the Senator from Agricultural Act of 1949, as amended. Un­ the 7 plenteous years for use against the 7 der the present law, wheat and corn can­ years of famine, and "in the 7 plenteous Montana [Mr. MURRAY], the junior Sen­ not be processed into flour and nreal re­ years the earth brought forth by handfuls" ator from Rhode Island [Mr. PASTORE], spectively at the expense of the Commodity and "the 7 years of dearth began to come, and the junior Senator from Oregon Credit Corporation prior to distribution in according as Joseph had said. And the [Mr. NEUBERGER]-have introduced a the United States. dearth was in all lands, but in· all the land similar piece of legislation. Mr. Chairman, in my opinion, this legis­ of Egypt there was bread • • • and Joseph This bill is not new or novel. Similar lation is a must. In West Virginia, we are opened all the storehouses." bills were introduced in 1944 with the ex-periencing a depression. All throughout Mr. Chairman, there is a virtual famine in the coal-producing sections of that State some areas of our own country today; but, active support of the then Secretary of are idle tipples, idle railroad cars, deserted unlike the land of Egypt in Joseph's day, War Henry L. Stimson, in 1951, as an shafts, and mine after mine closed down. there is no bread, and unlike Joseph who amendment to the universal military During the past 3 years, at least 150 com­ opened all the storehouses, we are foolishly training bill, and during the 83d Con- _ mercial mines have closed in the State, keeping them closed. Is this justice? gress. idling thousands of miners. Add to these Shakespeare, in that magnificent work of This bill should be enacted by this the thousands who depend on coal for a live­ genius, the Merchant of Venice, placed in session of Congress. lihood-railroad workers, storekeepers, serv­ the mouth of Portia these words: The purpose of this bill is to extend to _ ice station owners, and a host of others­ "The quality of mercy is not strained; it and we begin to get the picture of a real de­ droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven members of the Armed Forces of the pression in coal-producing areas. · upon the place beneath • • • it is en­ United States the protection of the Fed­ When I think of the distressed conditions throned in the hearts of kings; it is an at­ eral Government of the United States prevailing in my State, I am reminded of tribute to God Himself; and earthly power against bodily attack while such person­ the Biblical plagues of Egypt. There can doth then show likest God's when mercy nel are on duty or on account of the be no greater affliction than that of unem­ seasons justice." performance of their duty. The bill pro­ ployment, starvation, privation, and want, Mr. Chairman, our people ask not for vides Federal .sanctions against unpro­ and it· is most perplexing and paradoxical mercy; their plea is for Justice. I urge the voked physical assault on uniformed that such a situation could exist in a land committee to act favorably upon this legis­ of plenty. Thousands of families are with­ lation in order that the unemployed and military personnel if committed while out food, unemployment compensation their children may have bread. such personnel are engaged in perform­ checks have been exhausted, more and more I am grateful, again, for this opportunity ance of duty or on account of the per­ demands are being made for free lunches in and privilege to give you this expression of . formance of duty. the public schools, and the specter of pov­ my views on such an important matter. From experience we know that there erty stalks the countryside. Many of these You have been kind to listen. With your are many localities in our country near families have barely been able to keep body permission, I shall include a letter which I which are located military bases where and soul together with surplus food com­ have just received from Mr. Waggy, West the local police authorities are inade­ modities ·which have been made available. Virginia State supervisor, division of com­ In my 4 counties-Boone, Kanawha, Logan, modity distribution. The letter follows: quately staffed and do not possess the and Raleigh, which have a population of "Hon. ROBERT C. BYRD, resources by .means of which they can 446,466-there are a total of 85,829 men, "House of Representatives, give adequate protection to the military women, and children for whom surplus com­ "Washington, D. C. personnel. Such protection by the Fed­ modities constitute the principal source of "DEAR CONGRESSMAN BYRD: We have under­ eral Government is already extended to food supply. This is almost 20 percent of stood that it might be possible to receive many categories of Federal officers and the entire population in my district. · There flour processed from Government wheat for employees, including members of the are 250,000 persons certified to receive com­ distribution to needy unemployed families. modities in West Virginia, and this figure We have 250,000 persons certified to receive Coast Guard. represents one-eighth of our total popula­ commodities in West Virginia, and flour Only within the past year o:r 2 we tion. would greatly add to the diet of these per­ have had a Federal _grand jury accuse These people are of a noble race. They are sons, in that we now have butter, shortening, an entire police force of a small locality good taxpayers, they are hard workers, they cheese, milk, rice, and beans. in the southern part of the United States make excellent soldiers, and they are Ameri­ "We get numerous requests daily for flour for failing to provide protection for thJ can to the core. Our Government has a re­ for distribution and would appreciate it very soldiers on leave in the town, and where sponsibility to them. The precept that we much if this item could be made available. "Yours very truly, unprovoked attacks against military are our brother's keeper has been assiduously police were frequent. Press reports indi­ followed with reference to-our fellow human "WILLIAM WAGGY, beings all over the world, but charity begins "State Supervisor, Division of Com­ cated that the local police force was in­ at home; and while we have been liberal in modity Distribution." volved in importing illegal liquor, pro­ providing a helping hand to our brothers in tecting prostitutes, and maintaining foreign lands, we have been, in a manner, gambling establishments. The military negligent concerning our own flesh and blood. police were most seriously hampered in Under title 2 of Public Law 480 of the 83d Protection Against Bodily Attack to Uni­ trying to carry out their duty, and this Congress, certain surplus agricultural com­ community had to be closed off to all modities may be made available to meet formed Members of the Armed Fore es famine or other urgent relief requirements military personnel. overseas. Wheat, for example, has been EXTENSION OF REMARKS This, of course, is not true of all the communities near which military estab­ shipped overseas under authority of this title OF as both raw wheat or as flour, depending lishments are located but because it can upon the needs of the particular situation. HON. CHARLES A. BOYLE happen and because it is possible that It would be a serious indictment of govern­ OF ILLINOIS the military personnel will not receive mental policy to continue to fail to provide IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES adequate protection we should enact this flour for our own needy peoples. law which will provide for adequate pro-. At the present time certified individuals Monday, March 28, 1955 tection by the Federal Government to are being given butter, shortening, cheese, milk, rice, and beans. I and my people are Mr. BOYLE. Mr. Speaker, today I our men and women in the service, re­ grateful· for these, but bread is the staff of have introduced for appropriate refer­ gardless of race, creed, color, or national life. The average American does not know ence a bill to extend to uniformed mem­ origin. what it is to sit down to a meal without bers of the Armed·Forces the same pro­ bread. The recipients of surplus commod­ tection against bodily attack as is now· ities have every right to expect and demand that flour be supplied them. The wheat with granted to personnel of the Coast Guard. As I See It which our storehouses are bulging has been A number of Senators-the Senator procured with money from the taxpayers' from New York [Mr. LEHMAN], the Sen­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS pockets, and when the American taxpayer ator from Kentucky [Mr. CLEMENTS], OF needs this grain for his very existence it is the Senator from Illinois [Mr. DouGLAS], only right that it be provided. The cost of the senior Senator from Rhode Island HON .. CLARE E. HOFFMAN processing grain would likely be no great­ [Mr. GREEN]. the Senator from Missouri OF MICHIGAN er-if, indeed, as great-than the cost of keeping it. in storage, and I am sure that it [Mr. HENNINGS], the Senator from Min­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES would be far better to pay whatever cost· is nesota [Mr. HUMPHREY], the Senator Monday, March 28, 1955 necessary to provide hungry people with food from Mass_achusetts [Mr. KENNEDY]. the than it would be to continue wasting the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. LAN­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. taxpayers' money in warehousing costs. GER], the Senator from Washington [Mr. Speaker, trying to describe to the home 3924 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE March 28 folks the situation as it exists here ls not that is an attitude . reflecting intellectual l alta: What Happened and the Price maturity and real statesm~nship. a pleasant nor is it a simple task. This We Are Paying There is no confliqt betwee.n this attitude for the reason that the present outlook and the approval of. public circulation of the is for billions of additional tax dollars, Yalta documents. The publication of a fact conscription for universal military serv­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS is not in itself an act of condemnation. ice greater hardship · for those without OF Vice President NixoN, who has always been jobs, and no adequate remedy in sight for HON. CRAIG HOSMER a severe critic of the prod~cts of the secret the immediate future. Now, as some Y:alta Conference, refused i:t:i a speech several radio commentators say, the details or OF CALIFORNIA days ago to accept the interpretation by a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES partisan in his audience that Yalta was a specifications. sellout. · · The increase in pay for Members of Monday, March 28, 1955 He did stick to his guns when comment­ Congress and for the Judiciary is esti­ Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, up to this ing on the results of the conference. The mated to cost approximately $5 million. time the most well-publicized result of fall of China to the Reds could be laid The conscription act passed by the the Yalta Conference has been the sell­ directly to the door of the Yalta pact and House on February 8, 1955, calls for a "of course it naturally followed that we out of Poland and the Eastern European had a war in Korea and one in Indochina." minimum annual expenditure of $36 bil­ nations. Poland, the Balkan nations, He said there was no doubt that conces­ lion. and all the rest have Communist govern­ sions given to the Russians in the pact were The bill increasing the pay of men in ments today because of the deals made detrimental to the United States and the the armed services, passed March 10, will at Yalta. free world. Th.at's a statement with which cost approximately an additional $745 What happened in Europe as a result anybody, regardless of politics, should be million. · able to agree. of Yalta was bad enough, but what hap­ However, NIXON continued, "The reason . The contemplated increase in the pay pened in Asia was even wprse as far as of postal employees is estimated to cost the concessions were made was that the lead­ the interests of the United States are ers of the free world simply didn't know an additional $200 million. concerned. what the Communist animal was like. An­ Additional pay for other Federal em­ As a result of a secret deal made at other reason was that we badly needed Soviet ployees is figured at $325 million. Yalta, concessions were given to the Rus­ support at the time for the conquest of One phase of foreign aid calls for $3 sians which paved the way for the Com­ Japan. · I don't believe there actually was billion. any deliberate attempt to sell us out to the munists to take over China. The Korean Communists." The President, on March 11, reiterated war, the war in Indochina, and the crisis his promise to keep our Armed Forces- That is a fair comment. But we wonder in Formosa resulted directly from the 1f some partisans will eventually twist it 250,000 fighting men, additional thou­ fact that China went Communist. around, as they have twisted N1xoN's com­ sands of civilians-in Europe until there The Yalta deal · contributed in two ments on other matters, to make it appear is no threat of war from Russia. Just ways to the Communist victory in China. that he has smeared the opposition. when that will be, what it will cost, your Turning over to the Russians rights to In any event, it occurs to us that histor­ guess is as good as anyone's. ical events may do for American politics the jugular-vein Manchurian Railway what Winston Churchill says the atom bomb By the adoption of the Formosa reso­ and the warm-water ports, together with lution, we promised to defend Formosa may be doing for world peace. the recognition of Outer Mongolia as a The great depression as a political issue and any other territory the President satellite state, were concessions which in a sense of balances off the Yalta Con­ might decide if and when Chou En-lai materially assisted the Communists in ference. Both sides having such ammuni• attempted to take that island as he has their struggle with the Nationalists. tion in the stockpile of past events, they promised the world he will do. We au­ In addition, the fact that this agree­ may decide it would be unprofitable for thorized the President to use the Armed ment was made without the Nationalist either to fight with that kind of stuff. Forces for that purpose when and where Chinese being consulted had a disas­ he pleased. trous effect in destroying the face of Today's press states that Senate Dem­ Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists If Consumers' Purchasing Power Does Not ocratic Leader LYNDON B. JOHNSON de­ once the deal became publicly known, scribed talk of a war to defend two of soon after it was made. Keep Pace With Production, Boom Will the islands as "an irresponsible adven­ In light of this, the restraint· with Come to Quick and Disastrous End ture for which we have not calculated all which the two top men in our Govern­ the risks." ment have handled the situation is re­ · Why authorize the President to exer­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS markable, indeed. It was commented on OF cise his judgment; then, when he does, in the following editorial appearing in complain? the Long Beach Press-Telegram news­ HON. MELVIN PRICE · Then, to finish the job there is in the paper on March 24, last: OF ILLINOIS hopper, with supplementing legislation RESTRAINT, FAIRNESS DISTINGUISH !KE, NIXON IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in sight, a demand for universal military VIEWS ON YALTA TALKS Monday, March 28, 1955 training for a period of 8 years with a Both Republicans and Democrats can take possibility of an additional 2 years or a instruction from the words of President Mr. PRICE. Mr. Speaker, under per, total of 10 years-120 months-con­ Eisenhower and Vice President NIXON about mission to revise and extend my remarks fronting the youth of our land. the Yalta papers. I call attention to a remarkable final Oh, yes. Several hundred letters have The two top national leaders set an exam­ paragraph in a column _by Carroll Kil· come in from employees demanding that ple of fairness and restraint. patrick in the Washington Post and the minimum wage be increased to $1.25 In the long run this attitude can do much Times Herald. This paragraph, after per hour. Personally, I have no idea how more for administration and party prestige the column reviews the economic prog­ many employers can pay $1.25 an hour, than can be done by fighting with the past. ress of America, says that the one ''great continue in business, create, and give The people still appreciate the Golden problem now is to make sure that con­ Rule. sumers have the income purchase jobs. Nor do I know the price at which The President made two main points in to the things produced by such employees his reply to questions on the subject at his goods the factories can produce. If pur­ and management must be sold; nor news conference yesterday: chasing power does not keep pace the where the prospective customers are to One, there is nothing to be gained by boom will come to a quick and disas­ get the purchase price to buy and so going back 10 years and, in the light of trous end." keep folks employed. Nor do I know subsequent events, trying to show that some­ Mr. Speaker, we heard a good deal whether or how many industries in small one may have been wrong or right. Docu­ about fiscal irresponsibility when the towns and cities will be forced to fold ments such as the Yalta papers should not Democrats in this House passed a tax up because they cannot meet the com­ be used to damage reputations. measure that would have bolstered pur­ Two, there is nevertheless a value in study­ petition of the billion-dollar corpora­ ing such documents. They may be consid­ chasing power among the great bulk of tions, which perhaps can pay a guar­ ered with a view to profiting from mistakes families in the low-income and middle­ anteed annual wage at that rate. which were made. income brackets. Hope you are doing some serious To learn from history, but not to judge Now we hear soft and tinkling sug­ thinking. Know I am. the motives of its makers by hindsight- gestions from spokesmen of the admin- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL. .RECORD-· HOUSE 3925· istration that next year maybe-an elec­ pany would have to add 8 mlllion tons of - As a Democrat I was more often in tion year-it might be· just possible for capacity in the next decade merely to hold its position in the industry. disagreement than in harmony with the us to have some tax cuts. great publisher, but I have respected his The businessmen with whom the ad­ Benjamin F. Fairless, retiring chairman of United States Steel, announced that "if our devotion to the principles in which he ministration spokesmen foregather seem corporation is to continue to hold its pres­ believed, and I wish to pay tribute to a · to have little interest, however, in tax ent position of leadership in the industry, great fighter who never backed away cuts to bolster purchasing power among at the peak of the prospective demand, we from a fight; never yielded ground to the the bulk of families. They want tax shall have to create the equivalent of 1 opposition, and always upheld demo-· cuts for themselves-tax cuts giving the new Fairless Works about every 2 years throughout the next 2 decades." That cratic principles as he saw them. cream of the relief to those who already My personal admiration for the have most of the luxuries as well as the would mean adding Ll million tons of ingot capacity every 2 years. colonel's rugged individualism dates necessaries of life. Contrast those optimistic statements with back to the period when I as a boy de­ We are going to hav.e a fight about tax the gloomy report of a United States Steel livered the Tribune to Chicagoland cutting next year, obviously, and some official in 1946, who then predicted that in homes. I have watched the function­ of us are going to feel that the cuts the long run the industry would operate at ing of his tremendous organization under should be applied one way, others will about two-thirds of capacity. The next year his careful stewardship from that time feel they should be applied another. the president of another large steel com­ to this. To me it is the height of fiscal re­ pany told a Senate committee that the de­ mand for steel in 1955 would be about 78 In these days of political lethargy, sponsibility to say that continued pros­ million tons. where party lines frequently become perity depends on spreading purchasing Actually, the demand this year will be blurred and differences are often mere power, that relief should go to those about 40 million tons more than he pre­ shades of difference, I believe the colo­ to whom $100 saved in taxes means $100 dicted. If his prediction had come true we nel has made a real contribution by more to be spent from a modest sum on would have at least three times as many un­ painting in bold, clear, decisive colors food, shelter, clothing, education, and employed as we have today. Steel is a .basic his policy and the policy of his paper. health. commodity that provides in its production index an excellent barometer of business I believe that this type of fighting op­ Our factories are marvels of produc­ conditions. position is typically American. Whether tive efficiency, but they will grind to a If the industry should fall much behind the opposition is of a liberal or conserv­ limping pace unless the consuming power in meeting its orders it would itself gen­ ative stripe, this is a contribution to of ordinary millions of Americans is erate stoppages in other industries and our democratic heritage. A heritage steadily broadened. cause serious unemployment. Mr. Fairless that places among its highest values the I offer for the RECORD the entire column reported that in recent months the demand right to disagree and the freedom of the which I mentioned, and call particular for steel had exceeded capacity by a "con­ press. attention again to its final paragraph: sidera}?le percentage." This is not a healthy situation although the backlog of orders Colonel McCormick was a rebel within UNITED STATES AT NEW STAGE IN WEALTH is not yet seriously retarding any other his own party who fought the New Deal PRODUCTION industry. But if the steel industry failed and the new and more progressive ele­ (By Carroll Kilpatrick) to expand it soon would drag American busi­ ments within the Republican Party with A big book of more than 1,10·0 pages weigh­ ness down into a new depression. equal fervor. The late Joseph Pulitzer ing as much as the Federal budget came The greatest increase in basic producing capacity has taken place in the last decade. was a different kind of a rebel. This out last week with the conclusion that this great liberal publisher of the St. Louis great bastion of capitalism has drawn nearer Hence, the social and economic problems the socialist goal of abundance for all in a that the new technology produces are now Post-Dispatch was a rebel against the classless society than any other country. on our doorstep to a larger extent than ever old guard and a proponent of the new In the las~ quarter century we have experi­ before. Capacity in basic manufacturing in­ and the liberal approach to America's enced a fantastic increase in the capacity dustries increased at an average rate of 3.9 problems. to produce and a significant trend toward percent in the prosperous twenties, 1.8 per­ The fabric and texture of American equalization of living standards. . cent in the depressed thirties, and 9 percent in the spectacular forties. Except in steel democracy must always be sufficiently Millions of Americans now in middle life strong and malleable to accommodate have seen a greater change in the patterns and 1 or 2 other industries there 1s no of life and material standards of living than longer any impressive shortage of producing every type of political opinion. The all the previous centuries of Western civili­ capacity; there is adequate capacity or the lives of these two great publishers are zation, according to the book, America's means for building it. a tribute to our form of democracy. As Needs and Resources, published by the The great problem now is to make sure a Member of this great legislative body, Twentieth Century Fund under the direction that consumers have the income to pur­ chase goods the factories can produce in I should like to place on record today of J. Frederic Dewhurst. a personal tribute to both of them. The volume is full of tables on industrial ever-expanding amounts. If purchasing production and capacity and on the problems power does not keep pace the boom will of an expanding population and rapidly de­ come to a quick and disastrous end. veloping tech.nology. It says that technol­ ogy is our primary resource. For example, Suspicious of a Military Government the same labor force in 1939 could mine 47 percent more coal than it could in 1929. And Col. Robert R. McCormick every ton of coal we burn for power totj.ay EXTENSION OF REMARKS yields about six times as much energy as it OF would have in 1900. EXTENSION OF REMARKS More astounding is the fact that in 1939 OF HON. CLARE E. HOFFMAN the same number of persons employed with OF MICHIGAN the same degree of utilization of equipment HON. CHARLES A. ~OYLE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES could have produced 22 percent more goods OF ILLINOIS than in 1929. In 1900, g.n average farm IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Monday, March 28, 1955 worker produced enough for himself and 7 others whereas now he produces enough for Monday, March 28, 1955 Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. himself and 14 others. Mr. BOYLE. Mr. Speaker, the news Speaker, some think I am altogether too Yet in all these years of high production suspicious of the objectives and pro­ except the war years nearly every industry of the death of the great tycoon of the publishing field, Col. Robert R. McCor­ cedures of the armed services. Benjamin has operated below capacity. Even in 1929 Franklin once said: only the steel and machine tool industries mick, comes as a shock to many citizens were producing at near capacity; the trans­ ·of this country. The Chicago Tribune Experience keeps a dear school, but fools portation industry in that boom year could and Colonel McCormick are synonymous will learn in no other. We may give advice, have doubled the tonnage it carried. With­ to most of us. Seldom has a publisher but we cannot give conduct. out much effort · the automobile industry been so personally and colorfully identi.. Congress tries to prevent waste, in­ today could double or even triple its output of cars and trucks. fled with the publication he controls. efficiency, but-read on. These figures help us to understand the The two have been known to all of us It is not my contention that we are significance of the big news from the steel for their unyielding position on the fools, but sometimes it seems we are fool­ ·industry. Eugene G. Grace, chairman of issues which the colonel considered of ish in not insisting upon reforms in Gov - I;ethlehem Steel, announced that his com- paramount importance in this Nation. . ernment. 3926 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ·:.:.... HOUSE In 194:7, following hearings over sev­ Ignoring the repeated- efforts of the '175,000 pounds of east-coast tomatoes to eral years, it was my privilege, as chair­ Congress, the armed services have insist­ California. man of a House committee, to assist in· ed upon fallowing their own ways of do­ Third. Just one more-and believe it writing and reporting out the so-called ing business-many of them ridiculous­ or not, investigators for the Hoover Com­ unification bill. One of the purposes of many of them wasteful-many of them mission learned that 13 tons---13 tons­ that bill was to maintain the integrity ineffieient. Congressional committees of cement were shipped by air to of the Marine Corps; another was to continue to hold hearings, make recom­ Bermuda. minimize and, if possible, end waste in mendations; have them disregarded. This Reader's· Digest article may give connection with duplicate purchasing, From the Digest article, permit just you an inkling ·of why, after years of competitive bidding, by the Army, Navy, three citations: experience here, I am just a little un­ and Air Force. First. Fort Totten in New York harbor willing to accept at face value everything As I stated at the time, the bill did needed a carload of sugar. Almost with­ said and done by the armed services. not require the doing of anything which in sight was a refinery turning out sugar I cannot accept the armed services' the Armed Services could not volun­ for the Army, but instead of shipping the conclusions that it is necessary in order to defend the United States o:f America. tarily do were they so inclined. sugar across the harbor to the fort, it to conscript every mentally and physi­ That our legislation was not effective. was shipped through Army channels, 150 cally fit young American for & period did not accomplish the purpose the com..: miles away to an Army distributing of 8 years---96 months-to take orders mittee and the Congress had in mindF depot, thence, back to New York-300 :from the armed services-when we have you will learn if you read the article cap­ miles in all. an unequalled Navy, the guided missiles.­ tioned "Ridiculous Waste in the Armed Second. The Army shipped 800.000 the A-bomb, and the hydrogen bomb. Services" in the April 1955 issue of the pounds of California canned tomatoes to Have we swallowed too much fear Reader's Digest. the east coast, but the NavY also shipped propaganda?

S. 46. An act to further amend the Agricul­ S, 432. An act for the relief of Aniceto HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, Sparagna; to exempt certain wheat producers from lia­ S. 465. An act for the relief of Ernest Lud­ TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 1955 bility under the act where all the wheat crop wig Bamford and Mrs. Nadine Bamford; is fed or used for seed on the farm, and for S. 466. An act for the relief of Capt. George The House met at 12 o'clock noon. other purposes; Gafos, Eugenia Gafos, and Adamantlos The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp; S. 72. An act to provide that certain lands George Gafos; D. D., offered the following prayer: acquired by the United States shall be ad­ S. 471. An act for the relief of Aina Brlzga; Most merciful and gracious God, we ministered by the Secretary of Agiiculture as S. 474. An act foi: the relief of Maria Elena rejoice that Thou art always accessible national forest lands; Venegas and Sarah Lucia Venegas; S. 128. An act for the relief of Francis S. 481. An act for the relief of Gerard and available unto us when we come unto Bertram Brennan; Lucien Dandurand; Thee in humility and with a penitent S. 129. An act for the relief of Mi:roslav S. 503. An act for the relief of Cirino Lan­ and contrite heart. Slovak; zafame; Help us to face the tasks and respon­ . S. 13L An act for the relief of Bohumil S. 585. An act for the relief of Dr. Chang sibilities of this day with the spirit of Suran; Ho Cho; adventure and hope. Make us more im­ S. 143. An act for the relief of Kurt Glaser; S. 599. An act to prohibit the transporta­ pervious to those devastating moods of S. 163. An act for the relief of Philopimin tion of obsc~e matter in interstate or for­ Michalacopoulos ( Mihalakopoulos} ~ fear and worry which so frequently as­ eign commerce; S.167. An act for the relief of Ernesto De­ S. 600. An act to amend title 1S of the sail us and play havoc with our peace. of Leon; United States Code, ,elating to the mailing of mind. S. 195. An act for the relief of Giuseppe obscene matter; · We are daily praying that the life of Minardi; s. 632. An act for the relief of. Jan R. our Republic may be more firmly rooted S. 243. An act for the relief of Szjena Cwiklinski; in the religious ideals and principles of Peison and David Peison; S. 640. An act for the relief of Roger Oul­ S. 244. An act for the relief of Anna C. lette; the Founding Fathers who took God Giese; into account and sought to respect and S. 734. An act to amend title 18, United S. 2.45. An act for the relief of Ahmet Hal­ States Code. section 871, to provide penalties obey His divine law. dun Koca. Task.in; for threats against the President-elect and Grant that we may also continue to S. 246. An act for the relief of Marina the Vice President; pray and labor for the blessedness of an Bernardis Zivolich and Mil'ko Zivolich; S. 735. An act for the relief of SaYah mankind, for our human race is one in S. 271. An act for the relief of June Rose Kabacznik; origin and destiny and must be one in McHenry; S. 323. An act for the relief of Luigi Or­ S. 802. An act to amend the Universal Mili­ a great fellowship of sympathy and lando; tary Training and Serv.iee Act, as amended, service and of brotherhood and good S. 348. An act for the relief of Charlampos to remove the .requirement for a :final physi­ will. Socrates Iossifoglu, Nora Iossifoglu, Helen cal examination for inductees who continue Hear us in Christ's name. Amen. Iossifoglu, and Efrossini Iossifoglu; on active duty in another status in the S. 349. An act for the relief of Aron Klein Armed Forces; The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ and Zita Klein (nee Spielman); S. 804. An act to amend section 201 ( e) of terday was read and approved. S. 350. An act for the relief of Siegfried the Career Compensation Act of 1949, as Rosenzweig; amended, to provide for advance payments S. 351. An act for the relief of Ellen Hen­ of certain pay and allowances of members of MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE riette Buch;· the uniiormed services~ and :for other A message from the Senate, by Mr. S. 352. An act for the relief of Isaac Glick­ purposes; Carrell, one of its clerks, announced that man, Reghina Glickman. Alfred Cisma.ru, and S. 891. An act for the relief of Chokichl the Senate had passed, with amend­ Anna Cismaru; Iraha; ments in which the concurrence of the S. 375. An act for the relief of Alexy W. S. 948. An act to provide transpo1tation House is requested, a concurrent resolu­ Katyll and Ioanna Katyll; on Canadian vessels between ports in south­ S. 378. An act for the relief of Giuseppina eastern Alaska, and between Hyder, Alaska, tion of the House of the following title: Latina Mozzica-to and Giovanni Mozzicato and other points in southeastern Alaska or H. Con. Res. 85. Concurrent r.esolution au­ (John Mozzicato) ; the continental United States, either directly thorizing the printing as a. House document S. 386. An act for the relief of Sandra Lea. or via a foreign port, or for any part of the the pam.phlet, Our American Government, MacMullin; transportation; What Is It? How Does It Function? S. 394. An act for the relief of AU Hassan S. 1021. An act for the relief of Leo A. Rl­ The message also announced that the Waffa;· · bitzki, Mrs. Charlotte Ribitzki, and Marion Senate had passed bills and a concurrent S. 409. An act for the relle! o! Inge Karup; A. Ribitzki; S. '412:. An act for the relief of Jan Hajdu­ S. 1166. An act to amend section 6 of the resolution of the following· titles. in kiewicz; act of August 30, 1890, as amended, and which the concurrence o! the House is S. 416. An act for the relief of. Anastasia. section 2 of the act of February 2, 1903, as requested: Alexiadou; amended; S. 39. An act for the relief of Stanislavas S. 429. An act for the relief of Franciszek S. 1167. An act to amend the Soil Conser­ Racinskas (Stacys Racinskas); Janicki and his wife Stefania Janicki; vation and Domestic Allotment Act; and