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The Ionian Islands in the Napoleonic Empire: the Period of Donzelot 1808-1814, by Thomas Zacharis 1 More Furniture 10 Spain Triumphant: the Texas Campaign of 1813 14

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The Ionian Islands in the Napoleonic Empire: the Period of Donzelot 1808-1814, by Thomas Zacharis 1 More Furniture 10 Spain Triumphant: the Texas Campaign of 1813 14 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER December Supplement 2013 The Ionian Islands in the Napoleonic Empire: the Period of Donzelot 1808-1814, by Thomas Zacharis 1 More Furniture 10 Spain Triumphant: The Texas Campaign of 1813 14 A Supplement? We looked forward to publishing this article by our friend, Thomas Zacharis, in Thessaloniki, but we thought it might be too long for anewsletter. The newsletters are limited by the file size. Too large a file can be awkward to send. But it gave us an excuse for a supplement, and that gives us an opportunity to add a few items for which there wasn't room in the November-December Newsletter. There’s not much in the way of pictures of Donzelot. This one was done by André Dutertre, one of the savants who joined Napoleon for the Egyptian Antidote for the winter blues? campaign, and drew 184 portraits of the soldiers and scientists he met. February 1st. Fortunately, one of them was Donzelot. The NHS will have a special THE IONIAN ISLANDS IN THE NAPOLEONIC one day conference in Louis- ville, KY. We’ll all go see EMPIRE: THE PERIOD OF DONZELOT (1808-1814) the Eye of Napoleon exhibi- by Thomas Zacharis tion, and much more. Keep The first Chief of Staff of the right 7 January 1764 and died at the castle checking napoleonichistori- wing of the Army of the Rhine, of Ville-Évrard (Neuilly sur Marne, calsociety.com for updates. Comte François-Xavier Donzelot Seine-St.-Denis) on 11th June 1843. was born in Mamirolle (Doubs) on He managed first to bring himself December 2013 Supplement Page 1 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER to the attention of General Moreau, bridgehead at Vouthroto (Boudino). to put obstacles in the way. while later he struck up a friendship The Venetians had surrendered to Napoleon was now learning the with General Desaix, who took him the French a large fortress at this mysteries of Oriental diplomacy. to Egypt. There he took part in the location. During the hostilities of The courier bringing the Sultan’s campaign against Murat Bey, in 1798 General Chabot had ordered decree could not find a horse to bring which his brother lost his life. the fort to be mined and blown him to Epirus. On another occasion The Emperor appointed him to a up. Ali Pasha later built a smaller he mislaid the satchel containing government post in Apulia, and fortress on the same site. his messages. On another he took then, after making him a baron, After the Treaty of Tilsit the the wrong road. Meanwhile Ali sent him as governor to Lefkada French were insistent that the site Pasha summoned to Preveza all the (St. Maura), on 9 October 1807. be conceded to them so that they Beys and informed them that the He was later made a divisional could keep the straits of Corfu under Porte was at war with the French, administrator, on 6 December of cross-fire. This, of course, was just claiming that the messengers who the same year, and then governor of a pretext to build a larger bridge- were to have brought the news Cephalonia. By a secret decree of head. Berthier came under pressure had been prevented from arriving 28 January 1808, he took over from from Napoleon to detach a force by snowstorms. Berthier issued César Berthier the administration to seize Vouthroto; which together an ultimatum: Vouthroto must be of the Ionian Islands. However, he with troops sent by Marmont from surrendered to him within ten days, did not officially take up his posi- Dalmatia would amount to 8,000 or he would take it by force. tion until 28 March 1808, because men. This presented Berthier with In March 1808 relations dete- the Emperor wished for a detailed a problem; he was afraid it would riorated further. Marmont ordered briefing from Berthier on the leave the Corfu garrison under the 3rd Light Artillery Regiment to various problems of the administra- strength. prepare for action. Four officers sent tion. In February 1808 Ali Pasha forward to reconnoiter entered the The first major problem that received a letter from Berthier fortress of Antivari (Bar) without confronted Donzelot was Ali Pasha informing him that the Sultan had the permission of the governor and of Ioannina, the worst ally France agreed to concede Vouthroto to the were killed by the garrison. To the ever had. The first item Donzelot French. Ali Pasha refused to comply protests of the French, the Porte had to deal with was the issue of the with the Sultan’s wishes and began replied that the men had no pass- What are these islands called? It can be hard to keep track of some Kythira (Cythera/Cerigo). after his victories in 1805. of the placenames used two centu- When it was a part of Napoleon’s ries ago. Many used the Venetian Across the sea, in Greece and Empire, the islands were known in names, as they had been the recent Albania, the names can be more French as the République Septin- rulers. These were often mangled confusing, with Serb and Albania sulaire or République des Sept- by French or British writers. Of variants in frequent use, with Îles. Napoleon thought the islands course today the Greek names are many options in spelling. So when would control the Adriatic and official, but old English names like Thomas Zacharis refers to Vouth- project French power in the direc- Corfu and Zante are still popular. roto (Boudino), on modern maps tion of the Eastern Mediterranean The seven islands constituting the it’s the city of Butrint. It’s best not and Egypt. Republic were: to worry too much. When the British took over in Kerkyra (Corfu) The Septinsular Republic existed 1814, they liked tCorfu so much Paxi (Paxos) from 1800 to 1807. Russia and it was 1864 before they left. They Lefkada (Leucada or Santa Maura) Turkey created it out of old Vene- finally handed it over to their friend, Kefalonia (Cefalonia) tian territories grabbed after Napo- Greece, which had been waiting Ithaki (Ithaca) leon dispossessed Venice. But patiently since its independence in Zakynthos (Zante) Napoleon regained them by treaty 1826. December 2013 Supplement Page 2 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER December 2013 Supplement Page 3 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER The worst ally Napoleon ever had? This is portrait of Ali Pashawith his favorite, KiraVassilik, painted by Paul Emil Jacobs in 1848. I suspect Jacobs had little idea what Ali Pasha really looked like. But we really need a good biography of Ali Pasha. port from the Sultan. will get nothing, not a single sheep. at the same time that Donzelot The dispatch of troops by Not all the armies of France can assumed his post, the position of Marmont was deferred, while Ali take Antivari. Your Emperor wants Political Commissar was taken up Pasha received a ‘gift’ from the to treat me as a subject, but he will by Gerard-Pierre-Julien Bessieres British in the form of a ship with never have me in the position to (a cousin of the Marshal). Bessieres military equipment and artillery for which Spain has been reduced.“ was to employ the tactic of friend- use against the ‘common enemy’ – This was the response of Ali Pasha ship with the despot of Epirus. the French. to the protests of Pouqueville that In addition to the questions of “What can the French do? For he was siding with the British. policy towards Ali Pasha, Donzelot months now they have been threat- Ali Pasha’s position had been also found himself confronted by ening the Pasha of Shkodra. They strengthened in a way because problems of a financial nature. December 2013 Supplement Page 4 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER As Berthier was to inform him, achieved great success, thanks to appeared two British ships of the there was an annual deficit of the planting of large areas of land, line, three frigates and five transport 400,000 francs, and the supplies in Corfu that had previously been ships; the garrison of Zakynthos left by the Russians were so badly regarded as infertile. was placed on battle footing but damaged that he refused to pay At the same time, new taxes when it marched out the following for them and was compelled to were levied. Commissar Bessieres day it found a detachment of 1,200 purchase new provisions to build secured ratification from the Senate men had already landed and was up a sufficient store to withstand a in 1808 of a law on stamp duty, proceeding towards the city. The six-month siege. which had been passed four years surrender was signed on 4 October The fortifications, too, were in a before but never enacted. and the flag of the Septinsular wretched state, but Berthier had not When some senators objected to Republic once again flew over the ventured on the necessary repairs the new tax, Bessieres replied iron- fort. These events were repeated on for want of money. ically that he could perfectly well Cephalonia. Zakynthos and Cepha- A lively discussion took place enforce it without the consent of lonia had garrisons of only 200 men between the two generals. the Senate, which ‘being of no use, each. Finally, Donzelot summoned the might as well be closed.’ Ithaca, which was defended by courage to request in May 1808 – as Faced with this ultimatum, the one battery of guns, surrendered a gift marking the assumption of his Greeks decided to make a virtue on 8 October, and Cythera, with a duties – a subsidy of 200,000 francs of necessity and voted to approve garrison of 104 men, on 12 October.
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