Early Years and Key Stage 1 Arts, Crafts and Dressing Ups!

Greek Revolutionary Weaponry

Posters and Reflections on Heroes of 1821 and 2021

How can we make the world a better place? • Reduce the use of fossil fuels • Reduce the use of plastic • Reduce the consumption of meat • distribute food and clothes to refugees • Plant more trees and plants • Volunteering • Respect peoples’ rights and opinions • Donate to charities • Being generous and kind • Conserve water

The 200 in Mathematics Challenges!

Make 200 by using the numbers 1, 8, 2, 1 and t operations +, -, ÷, ×

You have to use all numbers at least once! The 200 in Mathematics Challenges! Heroes of the Greek revolution

By Stefanos Anthony and George Tsairelis Andreas Lodos (b.1786, Egio- d. 1845 - )

• One of the founders of the Society of Friends (A secret society that planned to overthrow the ) • Declared the revolution in Egio, N. Pe • Supporter of the British Government at that time (Robert Jenkinson). • He commited suicide after having too many economical problems. Alexanthros (b. 1792 - d. 1828 )

Started as a senior official of the Imperial Russian cavalry during the .

Became the leader of the Society of Friends (see slide 2)

Co-ordinated the Greek Revolution against the Ottoman Empire. Giannis Diovouniotis (b. 1757 Dio Vouna- Athens 1831)

• Named after his place of birth. • He married the daughter of the powerful and rich family of Gioldasides, having a son, George. • His most glorious moment was his clever plan to intercept the army of Beyran at Vasilika, on August 26, 1821. • The victory in Vasilika wrecked the Ottoman plans of strengthening Trippoli. Petros Mavromihalis (b.1765 Areopoli – d.1848 Athens )

• His family had a big history uprising against the Ottoman empire. • He was a Greek general, politician and the leader of the Maniot people during the first half of the 19th century. • After the revolution, Mavromihalis became a member of the first Greek , which was lead by Ionnis Kapodistrias. (b. 1771 Istanbul – d. 1825 )

Bouboulina grew up on the island of Spetses

She was one of the few women of the Revolution and allegedly member of the Society of Friends (see slide 2)

Bouboulina used her fortune to make weapons and ships for her country. She also collected men to fight with her against the Ottomans.

She was the first woman of the Imperian Russian Navy

Famous for fighting in the Seige of

She spent all her fortune for the War of Indepence and was killed in her house in Spetses as a result of a family vendetta (b. 1782 Central – d. 1827 Faliro)

• From a very young age (15), he joined the ''κλέφτες'' rebel groups. • He took part in several battles in , most of which, he won • He was fearless and fearsome • He was in command of a large group of fighters and everyone respected him • He was killed at his camp in Faliro while trying to prevent an Ottoman attack. (b. 1793, - d. 1877, Athens) • Konstantinos Kanaris was a Greek Admiral, patriot, and politician • He was a native of the island of Psara, a small island NW of . He was an orphan from a young age. To earn his livelihood he became a seaman • He was famous for blowing up the ship of the leader of the in Chios in 1822. • After the War, he became the Prime Minister in later years. Greek Revolutionary Flags

Year 6 Flag of the revolutionaries in Mani Flag used by the fighter Flag of Flag of the Kolokotronians Flag of Spetses Flag of Miaoulis Thank you for your attention! Greek Revolution of 1821

By: John Roy, Nick, Soultana, Panayiotis, Katerina, Adam and Isabella Introduction

Before the Revolution: • The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire.

• The war of independence led to the formation of modern Greece.

• This revolution is celebrated by around the world as the independence day on the 25th March.

Some Statistics: • Duration: 1821-1830 After the Revolution: • Location: Balkans (Mainly Greece) , • Combatants: Greek Revolutionaries, United Kingdom, , • Casualties: 50,000 Greeks, 181 Brits, French and Russian, 115,000 Ottoman, 5,000 Egyptian Events

• Filiki Eteria (Friendly Society) – was an organization founded in 1814 whose purpose it was to overthrow the Ottoman rule in Greece to gain independence. • Its three founders were , and Athanasios Tsakalov. • Their moto is one of the most famous sayings of the entire Greek Revolution being “Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος” meaning Freedom or Death.

• Philhellenism - the love for Greek culture • Many philhellenes supported and aided the Greek revolution with finance, artistic works and writings. • Their major role and support was crucial to the outcome of the event. • Some, notable even took up arms to join Greek revolutionaries. Philhellenism – Eugene Delacroix

• Two of Delacroix’s most renowned paintings have drawn inspirations from scenes of the Greek Revolution; the Massacre at Chios and the ruins of Messolongi. • The significance of paintings such as these had a great impact on the European public opinion at the time. Philhellenism – Lord Byron

• Lord Byron is one of the most well known philhellenes that actively took part in the Greek Revolution, playing an influential role. • Not only did he write distinguished and noteworthy poems, Lord Byron fought on behalf of the Greeks against the Ottoman empire in the Greek War and offered financial aid forming the Byron Brigade. The Exodus of Messolongi

• The Exodus of Messolongi is one of the most significant historical events of the revolution in April of 1826. • The inhabitants of Messolongi, battled the Turkish army with courage and strength for a whole year. The Turks were able to suspend food and other supplies from entering the town which as a consequence made people die from famine and diseases. • On the night of April, 10th, 1826, the exhausted residents of Messolongi decided to stealthily exit their city and hide in the mountains and the close by villages. However, their plan was disclosed to the Turks. This made the enemies prepare so when they carried out their plan to escape, the Turks ambushed and killed all the residents including all women, children and the majority of the soldiers leaving behind 1300 men. • The Exodus is considered to be a great act of courage and it is celebrated every year in Messolongi the Sunday before Easter, as a remembrance of this heroic act. ATHANASIOS DIAKOS

• Manto Mavrogenous was a Greek fighter of the Greek Revolution of 1821. • For her overall contribution to the struggle, she was honored by the Greek State with the rank of Lieutenant General. • She was one of the most important fighters of the revolution of 1821 and was from a rich family. • Furthermore, she donated all her fortune in order to aid the war and better Greece’s efforts as a whole.

• Markos Botsaris was an important leader early in the Greek War of Independence. • He was a Greek general and hero of the Greek War of Independence and captain of the . • Botsaris distinguished himself through his courage, tenacity and skill as a partisan leader. • He played a key role in the defense of Messolongi during the first siege of the city; because of this, he was named General of Western Greece. • He bravely led the attack on on August 1823. Despite this, he was shot in the head and killed. • His legacy continues to live on and this is evident in the numerous statues, poems and songs which honour him. • Theodoros Kolokotronis was a Greek general and leading figure of the Revolution of 1821, chief, proxy and Counselor of the State. • Kolokotronis came from a famous family. In 1805, Kolokotroni took part in the naval operations of the Russian fleet during the Russo-Turkish war. In 1818 he was initiated into the Friendly Society. • He acquired the nickname “Geros of Moria”. • After his death he was honoured by the Greek State with the rank of Marshal. • He starred in many military operations of the Struggle, • such as the victory at (May 13, 1821), • the fall of Tripolitsa (September 23, 1821), • the destruction of Dramalis' army at (, 1822), where he saved the Struggle in the . • After the intelligence and boldness of his strategic mind reigned. These successes made him the general of the Peloponnese. Georgios Karaiskakis

• He was born in 1782 at Faliro and died in 1821 . • He started as a kleftis and then became stratarxis of the Greek revolution in 1821. • From a young age he wanted to become the captain of which he succeeded in 1821 with the help of Giannaki Ragko. • He was killed in action on his Greek name day on the 23rd of April 1827 when he got seriously wounded by a riffle bullet at the Battle of Phaleron. Laskarina Bouboulina • She was born on the 11th of May 1771 in a prison in . She was killed as a result of a family feud in Spetses. • She married twice . Once to a wealthy ship owner and Captain and the second to a Russian ambassador. • She took over her first husbands fortune and ships and built her own ship, the Agamemnon. • Bouboulina then joined the Filiki Eteria, the underground organization preparing for the revolution against Ottoman rule. • March 13th 1821 she raised the Greek flag on Agamemnon and then she sailed with 8 ships to Nafplion. • She arrived at Tripolis in time to witness its fall on 11 September 1821 and to meet general Theodoros Kolokotronis. Their children later married. • The Greek government arrested Bouboulina for her family connection with Kolokotronis in 1824 and she had exhausted her fortune during the war. Konstantinos Kanaris

• He was born in 1793 at Psara and died in 1877 in Athens • During the revolution of 1821 he was a captain and a politician of the Greek forces • In June 1822 after the Greek fleet was unable to save Xio from a slaughter, Kanaris blew up the flagship of Kara Ali which was the chief of the Turk army • The Naval took place on October 20th 1827. • The Turks allied with Egypt in this attack but fortunately, the British, French and had intervened with their warships, siding with the Greeks The Battle of which led to the defeat of the Turks. • This occurrence created a domino effect that drove out the Turks, creating Navarino independent Greece in 1832. • The Battle of Navarino proved to be a pivotal event since the independence of our nation emerged from this very battle. Greek State –

• Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias was one of the most renowned and distinguised politicians in all of at the time. • Being a respected diplomat, he was elected as the first head of state of the newly independent Greece. • He played a massive role in his four years of service but also during the time of the Revolution. Importance of the 200 years • This year we commemorate 200 years since the Greek Revolution of 1821. • The revolution was part of an instrumental fight for human rights and a society where people’s freedoms and liberties are respected. • To celebrate this event, the “Greece 2021” committee has chosen to carry out several events such as but not limited to the performance of the song “May the dances never stops” as this song embodies all the qualities which continue to live or “dance” on since the revolution; Hope, perseverance and the never- ending journey and evolution of Greece. Importance of the 200 years

• The Greek Revolution was of monumental significance in the altering of Europe’s geopolitical map shifting away from the 18th century standard of multi-ethnic empires ruled in autocracy, to the 20th century model of self-determination for states. • The Greek state was born at that moment and took its place on the political map of Europe.

Concluding Video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXXVXXF4wHE

1821 and Key Topics

Year 10, during the Greek lessons, discussed in depth major topics concerning the Greek Revolution, researched them and presented them in class:

The Importance of the Greek Revolution

The Greek Revolution was of monumental significance in the altering of Europe’s geopolitical map shifting away from the 18th century standard of multiethnic empires ruled in autocracy, to the 20th century model of self-determination for states.

The Revolution resulted in the development of the “ Protocol”, declaring that “Greece will form an independent State, and will enjoy all those rights – political, administrative, and commercial – attached to complete independence. Greece (or “Hellas”/Ellada in Greek) was born at that moment and took its place on the political map of Europe.

Greek independence is regularly described as the “revival,” “regeneration,” or even “resurrection” of the ancient Hellenic civilization. Between 1821 and 1832 the Greek Revolution restored something that hadn't existed for nearly four hundred years - an independent Greek state. The Ottoman Empire had wiped the last one, the Byzantine Empire, off the map in 1453 and had ruled over the Greeks ever since, but with the help of Britain, France, and , Greece was able to regain its independence from the Turks.

It brought with it the revival of an idea that seemed to have gone extinct after the . Historians argue that the Greek Revolution was a nationalist movement for the establishment of a Greek nation-state. In reality it was a race for human rights and freedom, a vertical movement that united most social classes under a common goal, disrupting the domination of autocracy and totalitarianism.

The Greek battle for independence renewed the great promises of the American and French revolutions, and brought their ideas for the first time into Eastern Europe and the Balkans, thus accelerating the process of fragmenting the surviving medieval empires by introducing the ideas of self-determination and self-government.

For the first time, a Christian subject people successfully rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and established a fully independent state, recognized by Europe. This would give hope to the other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire, as , Bulgars, Romanians, and Arabs would all successfully throw out the Turks and establish free states.

Philhellenes

The term “Philellinas” is a description of those who have a special love for the Greeks. From the end of the 18th century it declared the ideological and political movement that developed mainly in European countries and in America and aimed at both the moral and material strengthening of Hellenism during the Turkish occupation and during the Revolution of 1821.

Α large philhellenic current had already been created before the outbreak of the Revolution, which had already visited between the countries of the East and Greece. It had admired the ruins, it had praised the importance of Greek culture and it was convinced of the germ of the enslaved, as well as of the important culture they were trying to save and regain, but first of all the insurgents were fighting for their freedom.

Famous philhellenes:

Lord Byron He was an English poet and one of the most important philhellenes. He died on April 19, 1824 in Messolonghi, after a fever when he was only 37 years old. His contribution to the Struggle for Independence has been great; both with his poetic work and with his presence he strengthened the philhellenic current.

Ioannis-Gabriel Einardos He was a Swiss banker, philhellene, honored with the title of benefactor of the Greek nation and pioneering photographer. During the revolution of '21 he allocated huge sums in favor of the Greeks and repeatedly intervened in European diplomacy in favor of Greek . After the assassination of Kapodistrias, he showed personal interest in the formation of the Greek national economy and made a catalytic contribution to the establishment of the National Financial Bank, of which he was also an honorary governor.

Victor Hugo He was a French novelist, poet and the most important and prominent representative of the French Romantic movement. He was among the ardent supporters of the Greek cause. He expresses his ideas in the poetic collection "Ta Anatolitika", published in 1829, with references to the Greek Revolution and to leading events, such as the Chios Massacre.

George Finley He was a warm philhellene, who wrote “a History of the Greek Revolution” which is an effort that proves, among other things, the practical value of philhellenism. This story was translated by Alexandros Papadiamantis, adding another important text to his great literary production.

Eugene Delacroix He was a great French romantic painter of the 19th century , which influenced painting contributing to the development of Impressionism. His famous painting the "Slaughter of Chios" paves the way for a series of works inspired by the Greek Revolution, in which he participated ideologically.

Heroines of the Greek Revolution of 1821

Laskarina Bouboulina: • Born in a prison cell in Constantinople, she was the daughter of Stavrianos Pinotsis, a captain from Hydra • She married twice, but took on the surname of her second husband, Captain Dimitrios Bouboulis, a wealthy shipowner. • She allegedly joined the Filiki Etairia, an underground organization which worked towards the Revolution. She gave all she had, buying arms and ammunitions at her own expense, which she said she did “for the sake of my nation”. • Laskarina Bouboulina was killed in 1825 as the result of a family feud in Spetses.

Manto Mavrogenous: • Born in , which was part of , but is now located in , she grew up in an educated family and studied Greek , while also speaking fluent French, Italian and Turkish. • A wealthy woman, she spent all her fortune for the freedom of Greeks. • She also managed to raise funds by getting her European friends to contribute money and guns to the Revolution. • In 1809, she moved with her family to and learnt that plans were underway for a Revolution. She later moved to , her island of origin, and influenced many of the leaders of the region to join the Revolution.

Rallou Karatza: • Born a princess in 1799, Karatza became an actress, theater director and translator. • She was participant in the Greek War of Independence as it is rumored that she too became a member of the “Filiki Etaireia” and she used her influence as a stage actress to help the revolution. • Karatza translated and performed plays from Western Europe in the “Cişmeaua Roşie” in , where she became a valuable weapon of propaganda for the revolution. • Reports say that she died in 1870.