Biology 453, Winter 2014 Laboratory Practical 2

Station 1: SHARK DEEP THROAT/VENTRAL MUSCLES A. Interhyoideus, B. Intermandibularis, C. Coracomandibularis, D. Coracohyoids, E. Coracoarcual 1. Identify one muscle in a cat that is both a homolog & analog of muscle B. Mylohyoideus 2. What is the insertion of the muscle labeled C? Meckel's cartilage 3. Identify the letter(s) (A-E) of the muscle(s) that is/are of 1st branchiomeric arch evolutionary origin: B 4. Give ONE action of the muscle labeled E. Depress Meckel’s Cartilage or Expand oral cavity

Station 2: SHARK SIDE MUSCLES A. Cucullaris, B. Levator Hyomandibulae, C. Spiracularis, D. Levator Palatoquatrati, E. Adductor Mandibulae 5. List the letter(s) (A-E) of muscle(s) that is/are hypomere in evolutionary origin. A 6. Identify 1 cat muscle that is homologous to E. Masseter, Temporalis, Pterygoideus, Anterior Digastric, Mylohyoid 7. List the letters (A-E) of two muscle(s) that share the same insertion on the palatoquadrate. D, C

Station 3: CAT DORSAL HIND LIMBS A. Biceps femoris, B. Sartorius, C. Vastus lateralis, D. Gluteus medius, E. Gluteus maximus 8. List the letter(s) (A-E) of the muscle(s) that originate on the ilium. B, D 9. Identify the evolutionary origin of the muscle labeled A. Ventral appendicular 10. Identify one action of the muscle labeled C. Extend tibia

Station 4: CAT VENTRAL A. Serratus ventralis, B. Rectus abdominus, C. External obliques, D. Pectoralis major, E. Pectoralis minor 11. List the letter(s) (A-E) of the muscle(s) labeled that is/are appendicular in origin. D, E 12. List the letter(s) (A-E) of the muscle(s) that insert on the humerus. D, E 13. Identify muscle B. Rectus abdominus 14. Identify the action of muscle C. compress viscera

Station 5: Cat Shoulder intact A. Latissimus dorsi, B. Acromiotrapezius, C. Spinodeltoid, D. Clavotrapezius, E. Acromiodeltoid, F. Spinotrapezius 15. Identify the muscle labeled A. Latissimus dorsi 16. Name the muscle(s) (A-F) that originate on the scapular spine. (Actually none of these, so any answer ok) 17. Identify 1 action shared by the muscles labeled B and C. (Actually no actions shared, so any answer ok) 18. Identify 1 shark muscle that is homologous to F. Cucullaris

Station 6: Cat Throat, mylohyoid reflected on one side A. Sternohyoid, B. Mylohyoid, C. Anterior Digastric, D. Sternomastoid, E. Masseter 19. List the letter(s) of the muscle(s) (A-E) that is/are of hypobranchial origin. A 20. Identify ONE muscle that is deep to the muscle labeled B. Geniohyoid 21. List the letter(s) of the muscle(s) (A-E) with origins at the sternum. A, D

Station 7: Cat Skull (separate from rest) & Skeleton A. Ilium D. Anterior portion of dentary on a skull B. Sacrum E. Angular process of dentary on a skull C. Thoracic neural spine F. Coronoid process of dentary on a skull 22. Name ONE muscle that has an origin on bone A. Longissimus dorsi, Sartorius, Gluteus medius 23. List the letter (A-F) of the Gluteus maximus muscle origin. B 24. List the letter (A-F) of the Temporalis muscle insertion. F

Station 8: Cat deep shoulder muscles A. Teres major, B. Infraspinatus, C. Rhomboideus, D. Serratus ventralis, E. Supraspinatus 25. List the letter(s) (A-E) that is/are appendicular ventral in evolutionary origin. B and E 26. Identify the muscle labeled A. Teres major 27. Identify 1 shark muscle that is homologous to D. Lateral or ventral longitudinal bundle myomeres

Station 9: Shark laying on side A. Myosepta X. Ventral longitudinal bundles Y. Lateral longitudinal bundles Z. Dorsal longitudinal bundles 28. Identify structure A (that separate the muscles). Myosepta 29. Identify the muscle labeled X. Ventral longitudinal bundles 30. Identify the evolutionary origin of muscle Y. Hypaxial

Station 10: A. Moose skull B. Horse Skull 1. Enamel C. Elephant tooth 31. Identify the tooth shape of specimen A. Selenodont 32. What term describes the crown height of specimen B? Hypsodont 33. What is the name of the material at 1 in specimen C? Enamel

Station 11: A. Varanid lizard B. Alligator C. Wolf Eel D. Nutria 1. Diastema 34. Identify the tooth attachment of specimen A. Pleurodont 35. List the letter(s) of the specimen(s) that is/are homodont. A, B, C 36. List the letter(s) of the specimen(s) that is/are diphyodont. D 37. Identify the space marked 1 on specimen D. Diastema

Station 12: A. Monkey skull B. Wolf skull 1. Canine, 2. Premolar 3, 3. Premolar 4, 4. Molar 1 38. What is the dental formula of the upper tooth row in specimen A? 2, 1, 2, 3 39. What is the shape of the cheek teeth in specimen A? Bunodont 40. Identify the tooth (1-4) that corresponds to the carnassial on specimen B. 3 41. Identify the tooth type of tooth 2 on specimen B. Premolar

Station 13: A. Lamprey 1. Keratinized tubercle B. Cod Skull 2. Pharyngeal jaws C. Walrus Skull 42. Are the teeth in specimen C homologous, analogous, or both, to the feature marked 1 in specimen A? Analogous 43. The structure marked 2 in specimen B is a shared derived character of what clade? Teleosts (Teleostii) 44. What is the diet of specimen C? Durophagy/Molluscivore 45. What is the tooth that is most anteriorly located on the maxilla in specimen C? Canine

Station 14: A. Preserved Chicken: 1. Crop, 2. Gizzard, 3. Cecae, 4. Small Intestine 46. What is the function of the structure labeled 1 in A? Temporarily store excess food prior to digestion and also soften food 47. Identify the structure labeled 3 in specimen A. Cecae 48. List the number of the pin that marks a shared derived trait of the clade Archosauria. 2 49. Which of the organs (1-4) is the major site of nutrient absorption? 4

Station 15: A. Shark with dissected stomach X. Pin in rugae of stomach 1. Another pin just in the stomach, 2. Valvular intestine, 3. Liver, 4. Spleen, 5. Rectal gland 50. Identify the structures at pin X. Rugae 51. Identify the structure at pin 2. Valvular (Spiral valve) intestine 52. List 1 function of organ 3 in a shark. Fat storage, and buoyancy 53. List the number(s) (1-5) of the pin(s) that mark shared derived character(s) of the clade Gnathostomata. 1

Station 16: A. Rabbit 1. Cecum B. Cow 2. Rumen, 3. Omasum, 4. Abomasum, 5. Reticulum 54. Structure 1 in specimen A is an analog to what chamber (2-5) in specimen B? 2 55. What type of fermenter is specimen B? Foregut 56. Identify structure 5 in specimen B. Reticulum 57. In B, list the pin number(s) (2-5) that mark(s) the region where there is major water reabsorption from digested foods. 3

Station 17: A. Cat 1. Greater omentum, 2. Spleen, 3. Pancreas, 4. Kidney, 5. Ileum, 6. Duodenum, 7. Jejunum, 8. Bladder, 9. Colon 58. In specimen A, identify the numbers of the organs in the order that food passes through them. 6, 7, 5, 9 59. Identify structure 1. Greater omentum 60. List 1 function of the pancreas. Secretion of insulin and digestive enzymes

Station 18 1) Gastric Artery; 2) Ventricle; 3) Celiac Artery; 4) Conus Arteriosus X) Vas deferens, Y) Seminal vesicle 61. List the numbers (1-4) in order to follow the shortest path of blood starting in the atrium and heading to the stomach. 2, 4, 3, 1 62. What is the homolog of the structure labeled X in a male mammal? Be specific. Vas deferens (or other portions of archinephric duct) 63. List one function of the structure labeled Y. Store sperm

Station 19 X) Large Intestine; Y) Liver 1) Celiac Artery; 2) Dorsal aorta; 3) Splenic Artery; 4) superior mesenteric vein; 5) posterior mesenteric vein; 6) posterior mesenteric artery, 7) vena cava 64. List the numbers (1-7) of the shortest path of blood starting at the dorsal aorta, ending at Y, and you MUST pass through X (not all numbers may be needed). 6, X, 5, 4, Y 65. What vessel in a shark is analogous to the vessel labeled 1? Celiac Artery 66. List the number(s) (1-7) of the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood. 1, 2, 3, 6 67. What is the name of the homologous vessel to 7 in a shark? Posterior Cardinal Veins

Station 20 A) Sheep heart: 1) Right ventricle; 2) myocardium B) Sheep lungs: 3) Visceral pleura C) Sheep larynx: 4) epiglottis 68. Through what blood vessel does blood flow after it exits the heart chamber labeled 1 in Specimen A? Pulmonary artery 69. What tissue layer is labeled 2 in Specimen A? Be specific. Myocardium 70. Identify the membrane labeled 3 in Specimen B. Visceral pleura 71. The structure labeled 4 in Specimen C is a shared derived trait of which clade? Mammalia

Station 21 1) R. subclavian vein, 2) L. common carotid artery, X) Spleen 72. From which body region does the blood vessel at 1 receive blood? Be specific. R. forelimb/R. arm 73. What is the germ layer origin of the heart? Be specific. Hypomere mesoderm 74. Identify the blood vessel at 2. Be specific. L. common carotid artery 75. List one function of structure X. Storage, production, degradation of red blood cells and/or immune functions

Station 22 A) Sheep heart: 1) aortic arch B) Sheep heart: 2) inferior vena cava C) Sheep heart bisected: 3) AV valve 76. Identify the structure labeled 1 in Specimen A. aortic arch 77. Does the structure labeled 2 is Specimen B transport oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? deoxygenated 78. Identify the structure labeled 3 in Specimen C. AV valve

Station 23 A. Perch with gills exposed B. Shark heart & shark gill: 1) Gill raker, 2) Commissural artery 79. What is the most narrowly defined CLADE that Specimen A belongs to? Teleostei 80. Identify the structure labeled 1 in specimen B. Gill raker (or bar OK) 81. Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to number 2 in specimen B. Efferent Branchial Artery

Station 24 1) Pancreaticomesenteric A., 2) Gastric A., 3) Celiac A., 4) Hepatic Portal V., 5) Gastrosplenic A., 6) Lienomesenteric V., 7) Anterior Mesenteric A., 8) Hepatic A., (X) Dorsal Aorta, (Y) Spleen, (Z) Liver 82. List the number(s) (1-8) of the vessels to trace the shortest path for blood flow from structure X to structure Y. 3, 5 83. List the numbers (1-8) of the vessels to trace the shortest path for blood flow from structure Y to structure Z. 6, 4 84. What is an analog of the vessel labeled 6 for a cat? Posterior/Anterior Pancreaticoduodenal Vein

Station 25 A. Bird lung latex cast: 1) Trachea; 2) Parabronchi; 3) Air sacs B. Sheep lung (preserved): 4) Bronchiole; 5) Trachea; 6) Diaphragm C. Teleost fish: 7) Gills 85. The structure 6 labeled in Specimen B is a shared derived trait of which clade? Mammalia (Or Therapsida) 86. List the numbers (1-7) of the structures that is/are a direct surface for gas exchange. 2, 7 87. Rank the respiratory systems in specimens (A-C) in order from highest to lowest efficiency. C, A, B

Station 26 A. Bull: (3) Pampiniform plexus, (4) epididymis B. Male Cat with prostate visible: (5) spermatic cord, (6) penis, (7) prostate gland C. Shark: (1) Leydig’s Gland, (2) testes 88. List the numbers (1-7) of a pair of structures that are analogous. 1, 7 89. List the numbers (1-7) in order (not all may be needed) to follow the path of sperm from production to ejection. 2, 4, 5, 6 90. List the number (1-7) of the structure where sperm become motile (learn to swim). 4 91. List the number(s) (1-7) of the structure(s) that is/are homologous to the archinephric duct. 4

Station 27 A. Shark: (1) Infundibulum, (2) Shell gland, (3) Cloaca, (4) ovaries, (5) uterus B. Non-pregnant Pig Uterus 92. Name the homolog in mammals of Structure 1 in Specimen A. Infundibulum 93. List the number of the structure(s) (1-5) where fertilization occurs in Specimen A. 2 94. What uterine type does Specimen B have? Bipartite

Station 28 A. Pig kidney 1: renal cortex (1), renal papillae (2), renal pyramid (3) B. Pig kidney 2: renal pelvis (4), ureter (5) 95. Name the analogous (but not homologous) organ to A & B in a shark. Digital (Rectal) Gland (or Opisthonephric Kidney) 96. What germ layer is the kidney derived from? Be specific. Mesomere Mesoderm. 97. List the numbers (1-5) in order of urine production using specimens A & B. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5

Station 29 A. Kitten: zonary placenta (1), amnion (2) B. Shark: embryo with yolk sac C. Goat: placenta with umbilical chord (3), cervix (4) D. Skate: embryo with yolk sac 98. List the letter(s) of the specimen(s) (A-D) that has/have a non-deciduous placenta. C 99. Name the structure(s) (1-4) that is/are a shared, derived trait of Amniota. Amnion 100. List the specimen(s) (A-D) that are ovoviviparous. B (shark)

Bonus Questions:

Dall Porpoise Kidney (renal pyramids are not enclosed in a common capsule) Bonus 1: Identify this organ. Metanephric Kidney (1/2 kidney)

A. Right ventricle, B. Left ventricle, C. Pulmonary artery, D. Left atrium, E. Right atrium Bonus 2: List the letters (A-E) in order, to correctly trace the shortest pathway of blood flow through this Crocodile heart, starting with blood exiting the vena cava. (Assume it is breathing normally). E, A, C, D, B

A. Partial pharyngeal teleost jaw – durophagous, B. Mink skull – carnivore, C. Raccoon skull – omnivore, D. Piranha mount – carnivore – eats more than just fish, E. Bat skull - insectivore Bonus 3: List the letter(s) (A-E) of the specimen(s) that has/have a carnivorous diet. B, (D optional)

A. Gharial head, B. Tuatara skull, C. Frog skull, D. Snake skull, E. Lizard skull, F. Cormorant skull Bonus 4: Place the letters (A-F) in order, left to right, to place each specimen at their correct location on this phylogeny: C, A-F, B, E-D