"Who Are You to Tell Us Our History?" Kultur Och Religion I

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Kristina Hellner Taylor ”Who are you to tell us our history?” Kultur och religion i hawaiianers möte med amerikansk mission Copyright © Kristina Hellner Taylor 2008 Till Pali 1 PROLOG Det är något magiskt över dessa Hawaiiöar som ligger mitt ute i Stilla Havet. Jag kan inte tänka mig att det är många besökare som har lyckats undgå den känslan. Personligen blev jag helt överväldigad då jag 1988 för första gången steg av planet i Honolulu och möttes av en fantastisk blomsterdoft och ett lugn som jag aldrig förr upplevt. Mitt besök hade ingen som helst anknytning till akademiskt arbete utan jag var där för att besöka en vän som bosatt sig på norra O‘ahu. Som turist tillbringade jag tre veckor i ett slags eufori som ständigt fylldes på av ögonbedövande vackra omgivningar, turkosblåa glittrande hav, lekande delfiner, kilometerlånga vita stränder, vattenfall, blomsterprakt, färgglada Aloha- skjortor och enorma ananasodlingar. Tanken på att detta paradis var en plats för en rad kontroverser som berör landtillhörighet, rätten till kultur och historia gick mig helt förbi. De vackra fasaderna avslöjade inget om konflikt. Det var först cirka tio år senare då jag i samband med min tredje vistelse (som akademiker) på öarna kom i kontakt med vad som pågick och ännu idag pågår på Hawaiiöarna. Det finns nämligen en annan sida av dessa öar som alla de miljontals konsumtionsstinna och soldyrkande turisterna aldrig kommer i kontakt med eller ens känner till. En av mina flera intentioner med denna avhandling är att visa aspekter av denna sida som sällan eller aldrig når majoriteten besökare. I mitt arbete blev Malcolm Nāea Chun en av mina ögonöppnare och i min forskarrapport från en två månaders vistelse under våren 1998 reflekterar jag kring vårt givande möte: Jag hade bara några dagar kvar i Honolulu när jag äntligen fick nöjet att personligen träffa Malcolm Nāea Chun som bland annat har översatt David Malos verk Ka Mo‘olelo Hawai‘i – Hawaiian Traditions. Någon vecka tidigare hade jag talat med honom i telefon och trevande försökt att förklara vad jag inriktade mig på och intresserade mig för. Han verkade en aning avig gentemot mina idéer och jag kände mig ganska osäker på både mig själv och mitt ämnesval. När jag satt på bussen ut till Lili‘uokalani Children’s Center, där Malcolm arbetar, oroade jag mig inför mötet och jag kände en rejäl klump i magen. Vårt samtal tidigare hade ju inte varit så uppmuntrande. Men det visade sig att min oro var helt ogrundad och i samma ögonblick som Malcolm tog emot mig kände jag mig behaglig till mods. Han började med att visa ett par svenska trä-tofflor han hade införskaffat under en vistelse i Europa och jag konstaterade glatt att de verkligen klädde honom. Vi samtalade vitt och brett och slutligen närmade vi oss kärnan – mina syften. Jag berättade att jag var intresserad av hawaiiansk kultur- och dess muntliga tradition och hur jag ville studera hur den muntliga traditionen förändrats och tolkats. Malcolm ställde sig plötsligt frågande till ”vårat”, dvs. västerlänningars, enorma intresse för andra kulturer, i detta fall den hawaiianska, snarare än för våra egna. Jag menade att det var väl inte så konstigt att man intresserade sig för och försökte förstå en annan kultur än sin egen. Jo, tyckte han, det var ett av ”våra” stora problem – att vi i alla tider varit så ivriga att studera och värdera andras kulturer och dessutom inte nöjt oss med det, utan också velat skriva deras historia. Detta så ivrigt att vi faktiskt glömt bort vår egen kultur, samt att analysera oss själva, våra tillvägagångssätt och inte minst vad för resultat och konsekvenser vår iver har och har haft. Malcolm poängterade att vi kanske borde stanna upp och istället koncentrera oss på och analysera vår egen roll i historien och historieskrivandet – i detta fall i den hawaiianska historien. 2 Till en början måste jag erkänna att jag kände mig en aning förnärmad. I tankarna tog jag mig tillbaka till skolbänken och kursen ”Aboriginal Culture” som jag 1995 läste vid Murdoch University i Australien. Där var kritiken gentemot ”vita akademiker” och deras roll i historieskrivningen hård och under fler tillfällen kände jag mig rent ut sagt attackerad (vilket i och för sig var väldigt nyttigt). Jag kom också att tänka på ett samtal med min goda vän och informant Pali Jae Lee i Honolulu, där hon irriterat hade utbrustit ”Anyway, who are you to tell us our history?” Jag hade då påstridigt försökt att försvara mig och menade att jag inte alls var ute efter att skriva någons historia. Jag representerade vare sig imperialism eller kolonialism, och var definitivt inte ”one of the bad guys”. Men i stunden, med Malcolm framför mig, förstod jag precis vad han menade. Och jag kunde inte värja mig. Det var och är faktiskt så. Som västerlänning och dessutom akademiker representerade jag hela den kultur som systematiskt brutit ner den hawaiianska. Vare sig jag ville eller inte. Jag var och är delaktig. Visst hade jag tidigare noterat problematiken angående rådande tolkningsföreträde, men inte förrän nu förstått hur viktig den var och är, samt vilken roll den skulle komma att spela i mitt arbete och inte minst i min avhandling. Min intention blev nu inte bara att förstå utan också öppna upp för olika former av och uttryck för förståelse. Jag kom att möta och samtala med Malcolm fler gånger vid mina efterkommande besök. Han har varit en stor inspiration och hjälp och jag är ytterst tacksam för våra samtal samt hans vassa kritik som resulterade i att jag vågade ta andra vägar i mitt avhandlings- arbete. Det har funnits många tillfällen att ventilera mitt arbete under processens gång och jag har en rad människor från både när och fjärran att tacka för stöd, kloka ord och kommentarer. På Hawai‘i finns Pali Jae Lee Willis, min informant och mycket goda vän, som jag vill rikta mitt yttersta tack till. Utan Pali hade denna bok inte existerat. Det var nämligen hon som var den allra första att väcka mitt intresse för detta fält. Jag hade fått tag på hennes bok om maken Kokos familjehistoria och på ren chansning skrev jag ett brev varpå jag fick ett svar med en inbjudan att besöka henne i Honolulu. Det är inte många som utan att tveka inackorderar vilt främmande människor från andra sidan jordklotet, men det gjorde Pali – flera gånger. Dessutom har hon tillbringat ett antal timmar med mig vid sitt köksbord och outtröttligt svarat på alla frågor jag har haft. Hon har tagit mig på resor runt öarna under vilka jag fått möjlighet att uppleva fantastiska miljöer och träffa intressanta människor. Exempelvis introducerade hon mig för Malcolm Nāea Chun som jag berättat om ovan. Jag fick också, genom henne, möjlighet att kort träffa och samtala med John Lake, chanter, hula mästare och lärare i Hawaiian studies, vilket var mycket givande. Vidare vill jag också tacka författaren Robert L. Becker, nuvarande ordförande vid Mission Children’s Society. Robert anställde mig som researcher i ett av hans skrivprojekt rörande missionärer på Hawai‘i och finansierade därmed en av mina vistelser. Det är inte alltid lätt att navigera i det ofantliga material som finns i arkiv och bibliotek på Hawai‘i, men som väl är finns det oftast hjälpsamma och engagerade anställda som gärna informerar om befintliga texter och bilder. Jag har spenderat ett otal timmar på bibliotek och arkiv i Honolulu och har där kommit i kontakt med en rad personer som varit till stor hjälp. Utan den kunniga personalen på Hamilton Library vid University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Bishop Museum Archives, Hawai‘i Archives och Mission Children’s Society hade jag troligen inte haft samma möjlighet att ta del av det intressanta material som jag fått tillfälle att göra. Och så är det så när man är på resande fot att man också möter trevliga människor som inte alls har med ens arbete att göra, men som kommer att ha stor betydelse ändå. Under en av mina vistelser mötte jag en underbar dam och hennes ressällskap på besök från Alaska som utan vidare erbjöd mig att vid framtida vistelse bo gratis i hennes lägenhet 3 mitt i Honolulu. Så tusen tack, Irene Grives, för den vistelse denna fantastiska generositet genererade. På hemmaplan vill jag rikta ett tack till min handledare Tord Olsson, professor i religionshistoria och religionsantropologi. Tords skarpsinnighet och förmåga att uppmuntra och formulera intressanta diskussionsämnen är enastående. I samband med hans ledning av forskarseminariet i religionshistoria har jag haft möjlighet att ventilera mina texter och tankar och har alltid lämnat seminarietillfällena med en känsla av upprymdhet. Bidragande till detta är också alla de kollegor som har närvarat, bara för att nämna några: Åse Piltz, Ann-Christine Hornborg, Hege Markussen, Lars Steen Larsen, Kristina Myrvold, Anna Törngren, Katarina Plank, Frida Mebius-Önnerfors, Pierre Wiktorin, Karin Sjögren, Ingrid Callewaert, Bodil Liljefors Persson, Thomas Larsson, Kerstin Honeth. Ett speciellt tack vill jag rikta till mina kollegor Torsten Janson, Max Nordin och Åsa Trulsson som lagt ner extra tid och engagemang på mitt arbete. Till min biträdande handledare Ylva Vramming, som har funnits med från allra första början, vill jag rikta ett extra stort tack. Hennes aldrig sviktande stöd och engagemang har betytt oerhört mycket för mig. Hennes oändliga kunskaper och därtill fantastiska förmåga att få igång, och inte minst, reta gallfeber på en trög hjärna är dessutom häpnadsväckande. Tack för alla givande stunder! Jag vill också tacka Ann-Louise Svensson, Jan Hermansson och Ingvar Bolmsten för hjälp med alla administrativa åtaganden. Också ett varmt tack till Walter Übelacker vars dörr alltid stod öppen för mig under min tid på institutionen.
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