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Angoon Deer Hunting, 1982

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Angoon Deer Hunting, 1982 ANGOONDEER HUNTING, 1982 Gabriel D. George and Matthew A. Kookesh Technical Paper Number 71 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Angoon, Alaska March 1983 A&ST&XT The Alaska Dzpartrrientof Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence is con- ducting a study of Admiralty Island resource use. Phase 11 of this study concentrates on land mammal use and was initiated in the winter of 1982. This paper presents preliminary research results specifically addressing the use of deer by the community of Angoon. Survey results indicate deer are an important source of red meat for the residents of Angoon. Deer are hunted. in the alpine, muskeg, forest and beach areas of the island using three hunting strategies: Alpine Hunt, Muskeg and Forest Hunt, and Beach hunt. Beach hunting, however, was the dcminant strategy used. Survey findings indicate household yearly deer meat requirenents were not met in 1982 by household hunters. This may be partially attributed to the use of beach hunting as a main hunting strategy. This method is depend- ent on heavy snowfall to bring deer from the upland forest down to the beach. Thus, a mild winter with no heavy snow accumulation during the past year illay have contributed to low success of Angoon hunters. AERiXRAm ............................................................. i LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................... iv LIST OF TAEkES ....................................................... V LNIXODUCT~ON......................................................... 1 METHODOLDGY.......................................................... 2 STUDYAKEA ........................................................... 3 Environment ..................................................... 3 Imal Economy ................................................... 3 HLSTOKLCDEEK HlJiVL'INGIN ANGOON...................................... 4 FINDINGS -- CONTkXJ?OKAKYDEliK HUNIWG IN ANGOON Areas Hunted .................................................... 6 The Hunter ...................................................... 9 Hunting ?kthods and Strategies .................................. 10 Alpine Hunt ................................................ 12 Phxkeg and Forest Xunt ..................................... ‘4 I Beach Hunt ................................................. 14 Harvest lkwels .................................................. 1s Household Use ................................................... 16 DISCUSSION ........................................................... 17 APPENDIXA APPENDIXB iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of Study Area . 5 'Figure 2: Kange of Sampled Angoon Deer Hunters, . 7 1982 Figure 3: kmber of Deer Hunting Trips by pbnth, Angoori, 1982 . 11 Figure 4: Percentage of Total Deer Hunting Trips by Area Hunted, Angoon, 1982 . 13 Figure 5: Angoon Residents' Reported Yearly Household i>eer Needs . 16 Figure 6: Percent Deer Meat of Total ed Meat Consumed Inuring 1982 by Angoon Households . 18 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Survey Sample . 2 Table 2: Preferred Hunting Areas on Admiralty . ..*........................................ 8 Table 3: Source of Instruction - Angoon .ker Hunters . 9 Table 4: Deer Hunters Teaching Others . 10 Table 5: Reported Deer Harvests by Angoon Households . ..*........... 15 Table 6: Deer Preservation &thods . ..i......... 19 V INi'l..DUCTION This paper provides background information on deer hunting areas, hunting strategies, deer harvest levels, and deer meat distribution patterns of Angoon'residents in 1982 for use by'the Board of Came while considering proposed regulatory changes. Information was obtained as part of a compre- hensive study of Admiralty Island which will describe resources used by residents of Angoon, Kake, Hoonah, and Petersburg. 'Ihe Admiralty Island resource use study began in 1982 and will be com- pleted in 1984. The purpose of the study is to gather information on the contemporary use of island resources. This information will assist local, state.and federal agencies when making land planning and management deci- sions affecting resources and resource users. In addition, detailed re- source information is necessary to provide for effective resource manage- ment. Iocal fish and game advisory committees, Southeast Regional Council, and boards of Fisheries and Came, require technical data to determine approp- priate resource management strategies. In response to proposed regulation changes suggested by local advisory committees, the Division provides background papers, such as this, which are based on preliminary information gathered in the course of the long term study. 'Ihe paper also provides a brief introduction of the Division's research program in southeast Alaska to the new board of game members. TW survey instrmerxs were developed to collect current information on uses of deer, bear, and furbearers by Angoon residents (Appendix Aand B). Conducted during the first tm weeks of January 1983, the surveys obtained information on household and deer hunter characteristics, harvest levels, and household uses of deer. A household sumey was administered to 33 randomly selected households representing 25 percent of Angoon's 132 households. Fifty-one active hunt- ers were identified within these 33 selected households. A hunter survey was administered to an opportunistic sample of 28 of the identified hunters; each hunter surveyed was from a,separate household. These 28 hunters repre- sent a 54.9 percent s&ple of the identified hunters in the interviewed households (Table 1). SUKWY SAXPL.C Total households Percent Households Interviewed Ihterviewed Household Sample 132 33 25.0 Total Hunters Present Hunters Percent in Household Sample Interviewed Interviewed Hunter Sample 51 28 54.9 2 STUDY AREA Ei-ivironment Admiralty Island is the second largest island of the Alexander Archipelago. It is approximately 96 miles from north to south, and at its widest point, extends approximately 30 miles east to west. Island landscape is characterized by steep terrain and an extensive and complex coastline with 27 major bays and inlets. Island mountains peak at 4,650 feet in elevation, and the coastline stretches for 678 miles with 27 major bays and inlets. Designated as Admiralty Island National I%nument in 1980, most of the island is currently managed by the United States Forest Service. Island vegetation is dominated by a mature forest of western hemlock and Sitka spruce broken by clearings of muskeg. The forest provides excel- lent deer habitat and a healthy population of Sitka blacktailed deer range throughout the Island (Shoen 1981). Fawns are born in late spring in trees edging muskeg or beach. In the summer, deer move into the alpine areas until the fall when th(?y enter the mature forests. Wing the winter, deer live in the forest below the snow line until heavy snows drive them down to the beaches where the forest fringe of old growth timber keeps the ground relatively snow free (Xerriam 1978). tical Economy Angoon, the only permanent village on Admiralty Island, had a 1982 population of 562, the majority of whom were Tlingit residents (Cynthia Paul, personal communication). The village is located on the soutiest side 3 of Admiralty Island at the entrance to Kootznahoo Inlet (Figure 1); ?he Angoon household economy is mixed, based on a combination of cash income and the harvest of wild resources for family and conrnunity use. &mnercial fishing (hand trolling, power trolling, and seining for salmon, and halibut fishing) is a major source of income. A limited number of wage jobs are available outside the fishing industry. In 1982 the city, state, and federal governments provided 13 full-time jobs and 9 seasonal part-time jobs. The school system employed 30 people, primarily from out- side the community. In addition, summer construction mrk is sometimes available (Environmental Services 1982). 'Ihe community depends on fishing, hunting, and gathering intertidal and land resources as a significant part of its food supply. Hunting deer is one component of the subsistence sector of the local economy. HISTOKIC DEEK HUNTING IN ANGCON Historicallqr, Angoon people harvested deer within a territory extend- ing along the western 'shores of Admiralty Island from Point Marsden, located on the northwest shore approximately 42 miles north of Angoon, southward to olapin Bay 27 miles from Angoon, around the southern tip of the Island. -.tigoon people also harvested deer from the eastern shores of Chichagof and Baranof Islands from Basket Bay 15 miles northwest of Angoon to Gut Bay located 46 niles southwest of Angoon. Hurters followed the shorelines of Peril Strait north to the head of Hoonah Sound 45 miles northwest of Angoon (Goldschmidt and k&s 1945). 4 ? North Scale 12 miles to 1 inch Fig. 1. Location of Study t-\rea 5 Deer hunting methods during the nineteenth century included the use of dogs and a variety of weapons and traps. Ibgs were used to drive deer down to the beach where hunters waited. Deer hunting capons included bows and arrows, spears, a pick-like weapon, and knives. Deers were also captured by deadfalls and snares (Owen 1967; Krause 1970; Oberg 1973; de Iaguna 1960). CX7e account docments the. use of a torch in night hunting. The torch's light mesmerized the deer which then became easy prey (&en 1967). COihTlTMFOKI1KYDEER HUYTINC II3 ANON Areas Hunted Currently, the people of Angoon harvest deer and gather other wild resources from many of the same areas used by their ancestors. In their search for deer, the sample of
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