KR0000138 KAERI/RR-1968/99
Study on the Fundamentals of Atomic Energy
Development of the plastic solid-dye cell for tunable solid-state dye lasers and study on its optical properties
31/31 KAERI/RR-1968/99
Study on the Fundamentals of Atomic Energy
Development of the plastic solid-dye cell for tunable solid-state dye lasers and study on its optical properties 2000^
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-6- SUMMARY
I . Project Title
Development of the plastic solid-dye cell for tunable solid-state dye lasers and study on its optical properties n. Objective and Importance of the Project
It is essential to use tunable lasers in atomic spectroscopy, environmental analysis and the atmospheric remote sensing. And it is required to use a compact and rugged tunable lasers for the portable measurement system. The most widely used tunable lasers are dye lasers based on liquid solutions which can offer wide tuning range and high efficiency. However, because of dye degradation, heating, and triplet-state formation, dye laser solutions have to be flowed through the laser cavity to maintain constant gain and beam quality. This requires bulky dye-flow systems and reservoirs, which requires large quantities of often flammable and toxic solvent to dissolve dye.
Many efforts have been done worldwide, to develop novel tunable solid-state laser materials which can substitute dyes in liquid and several solid-state laser materials, such as, Ti^sapphire, GrLiSAF, Alexandrite, and fosterite have developed. The lasers with these materials can be compact, robust, and versatile. But these material are expensive and the lasing wavelengths of these lasers are generally near infrared region, which means that frequency conversion process is needed to get visible wavelength.
Recently there have been many studies all over the world to
-7- fabricate solid-state dyes by doping dyes in sol-gel, silica, and polymers. It's because that solid-state dyes can be produced in an extremely low unit cost and have the same tunability as liquid-dyes and therefore can solve the problems which both solid-state laser materials and liquid-dyes have respectively. Dye-doped solids may be refreshed within the laser cavity by either movement or replacement and also tunability over the entire visible range range is possible with several automatically interchangeable gain elements doped with different dyes. So solid-state dye lasers have potential to become small, efficient and cheap tuning extentions to pulse pump lasers.
By considering that the advanced countries are eager to develop these solid-state dyes and the laser market is governed by these countries, it is very important to develop solid-state dyes and compact tunable solid-state dye lasers system by ourselves. And it is the very object of the project.
DI. Scope and Contents of Project
In this year, we have investigated the-state-of-the-art of the advanced countries and have studied the appropriate plastic host materials which are suitable for doping dyes. And as results we have fabricated solid-state dyes with Copolex NK-55, which is the base element of plastic lens, and PMMA. And by doping several dyes in the host materials we have tried to extend the tuning range. The flatness and homogeniety of the solid-state dyes have been investigated. We also designed and constructed various kinds of solid-state dye laser oscillators which is very compact because there is no circulating system. And a new oscillator in which the gain element can be rotated and translated by the stepping motors has been constructed to increase the operation time. Finally, we have performed a series of lasing experiment in various kinds of laser oscillators with different solid-state dyes.
IV. Result of Project
In this year, we have fabricated solid-state dyes with Copolex NK-55, which is the base element of plastic lens, and PMMA with each polymerization process in which there are free radical reaction, polymerization process, molding, and heat treatment. We have measured the longevity of solid-state dyes doped in both polymers and found that PMMA has better propeties than Coploex NK-55. We have realized the tuning range of 560-620 nm by doping rhodamine 6G and rhodamin B in the manufactured solid-state dye laser oscillators. In the standing-wave cavity we achieved the slope efficiency of 10.8% and in the grazing incidence cavity, 1.2%. We have constructed a very compact grazing-incidence cavity which is only 6-cm long and the linewidth of the laser was less than 1.5 GHz with 3~ns pulse duration. And we have fabricated a disk-type solid-state dye cell and installed it in the cavity in which the dye cell can be translated and rotated with the help of the two steeping motors. By this we could constantly changed the illuminated area of the dye cell and, therefore, were able to achieve long time operation and to use almost the entire region of the solid-state dye cell.
V. Proposal for Applications
We could make a solid-state dye laser system which is very compact, handy and versatile when we develop the technologies of the fabrication of the solid-state dyes through this project. This means that this laser system can be applied to atmospheric and underwater sensing, monitoring of the environmental pollutions, local area communication networks, and spectroscopy.
And as a solid-state dye laser can be compact, inexpensive, short in maintenance time, and nontoxic and the solid-state dyes are disposable,
-9- the advanced countries, such as the United States, recognized the merits of them and are eager to apply it to medicine. Therefore it will be possible to apply the solid-state dye laser system to the apparatus of medical treatments after the development of the laser system is finished.
And almost all of the tunable lasers, including dye lasers, in our country have been imported from other countries. So we could expect this laser system might be a substitute of some of them when we finish the development.
We believe that ceaseless supports are necessary to reach the final goal of the project because it is possible to develop a new versatile tunable laser system with small research fund and we can obtain the fabrication technology of laser gain media.
-10— Summary *i] 1 ^ A1 ^ 15
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Rhodamine4 Coumarin ^!it %i7l-5| ORMOSIL(organically modified silicate) Ji^-4 ^4(polymer host)* ^|^«H ^ °1 ^-(optical gain), ^1°]^ ^^Klaser oscillation)4 (photostability))-i- r o. ofl^j Ufl^-ofl 40:l MPMMA* l(laser damage threshold energy)* §14^ 4.[9,10,14,19] -18- [12,18,30]£ "S Eastman Kodak^ F. J. Duarte 3.%-g: 1994^B] 7J . [15,20,21,22,23,24,32, 35,38] Manchester tfltvo] T_ A_ KJ^ ^^.^ PMMASf Solgeli iJi§Fji ^4125,33,37] ^ff^geflH^ Otago tfl^ I. T. McKinnie n-f-^r PMMA2] 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate4 methyl methacrylate^ Akihiro Tagaya nf^ ^ Coumarin ^if ^7f^ sol-gel 11^1 4129,30,41,42,45] -19- Copolex NK-55 Copolex NK-55 (thermosetting plastics)^ Qg.7} -^*14, *1 (thermosetting resin £^ ^•t^lKcrosslinked matrix)^ methylol melamine-cr (condensation reaction) °ll 5] sfl ^JLtb H^l melamine ^* (thermoplastics)^ 1, CR-39S] ^r ^^^ ADC(Allyl Diglycol Carbonate)°1 JL 9~15 cps(centipoise), PH 7±l4 1.498°]4. M^ copolex 8.0cst(centistoke)°H, 20 AA 1.134 1.505614. 3~24 •-^4 IPP 27%4 CT ^^^11 (monomer) UV 4. efl o] i ^M9] pore 7 V 3-34 E °1 ^S. 28°C \I 3^1 A -20- Copolex NK-55°11 %7}Q ^±^r Rhodamine 6G chloride0]4. 5xiO'4mole/lS >fl^)-$ ^^1 n^ 3-4^14. «l^^.S.fe efl°l^ # 3 ^ - 10 afl ^7>A]^ 5xiO" mole/l^S. ^^7]- 3mm o] n^ 3-5614. ^^ ^31^2^^ #^§f7l ^*> fe Milton Roy nt$\ Spectrophotometer (Model : Spectronic® 3000 3-64 -21- o II CH2—CH2—O—C—O—CH2—CH=CH2 CH,—CH2—O—C—O—CH2—CH=CH- II O 3-1. ADCCAllyl Diglycol Carbonate)^ -22- Monomer OHgomer Monomer+ IPP^ OH 391 (63%) (27%) Oligomer Monomer + (96.8%) Oligomer (3.2%) I SE40COIIA1 ! 10-205? E r 2i AI 3-2 Copolex NK-55- -23- 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time(hr) 3-3 Copolex NK-55 A] -24- •'' ' £ • 'ii 3-4. 5xiO"\-44mole/l^I Copolex NK-55 -25- "T? 3-5 5X10\~ 3mole/13. -26- >00 300 400 500 600 700 800 Wavelength(nm) 3-6. Copolex NK-55 -27- 2 ^ PMMA1- H 1 ^ /1/10 °1-5>614. ^115] 3.7]4 ^-^fe- 20mmx 10mm 7Evc|-_ 4^-^ 4^ a:^£ #^^4 3-$ 3-84 ^o] UV 475nm ~ eflo]^ ^4:71- ^7>£l Jlxfl Aj-Efl ^5]^ ^^^ PMMA^ 3-94 7^°1 Free Radical £-§- 3-104 ^4. 7ls ^^ MMA St^t 100°C44 ^£# -i-el^^l 44*1 H^V §H^ ^ 44 MMAf ^r^^H 2-^7} life 5i# 4^ 80°C^i44 ^-4?t4. t 90~95ti- ^-44^4 ^^1- ^-4 60°C44 (AIBN), 44. 48to]4si ^£# 444^ 5J°) T'flno- -^--5144. 4 104 #°1 44^ > PMMA -28- 20mm •i-r'.JK'a-. s-si:!:•:''.::• ••!-:! «•: r. •"':••- 10mm 3-7. -29- 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Wavelength(nm) 3- -30- )c=o (a) Methyl methacrylate VWWVV W w > electron Initiator HH vwwvv \ HH I^H vwwvv ^H W A (ft (b) Free radical propagation —31— Temp. =85 - 95°C ye Oligome Solution p Solution Filtering Caster 2-step 3-step 4-step Temp.(°C) CO Temp. =47.5-48 °C Temperature Control 5-step 6 8 10 12 Time(hr) I Zh. 6) " \\ 3-11. -33- 3 71 £ ^ l;^i-0l 4 SA>§f7l ^§}^ 5^^- 612nm^] TEMoo He-Ne 4 °] z\ (Research Electro-Optics, Inc. Model : LHOR~0300)# 4. 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Zygo-1- -37- 14 J2 12 J- 10 P-nlv'uieihvl mfthacrvlate) 2 8 c 6 I 2 8 ° 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Number of laser pulses x 1000 3-14. 4 *L fe- 7)7} 4i^ ojsj^ 4- 4)4:2] ^^^ OL %^o] 50% afe 70% ^fi£ ^^i^lfe watt-hours S. £^l§l-fe- 3M iL -sf^ rhodamine 6G^1 ^-f ^ 2000 watt-hoursl- ^fe 711 4. ^. cfA] -39- - o rhodamine 556nm -40^ Potential energy and cross section of Rhodamine 6G dye Short Wavelength S!x>gl6l Absorption ss I s •fi < o I a. Long Wavelength Structural Sublevgl Cross sections coordinate populations -15. Rhodamine 6G fi] -41- . 3j^ J|*S(plane-parallel)^ 4-14 ^o] #^2§^4 ZL^ 4-2^1 ^^^^^.^ 550nm ~ 650 nm 4°HAi ^4"i: 99% 4-14 17] ^ §H ^^ ^ a] T^ o.6fl Afl^ 4^ Brewster Angled ^ ^1 AI ^ ^ ^§ 5] £ - 2: Copolex NK-55 ^rnfl ^(host material)°ll Rhodamine 6G chloride* $7} } 4\± i|4 ii^g 4-34 ^Vol 3J*S 5J^^ ^^l7lofl ^^1*>^4. i^] 21 i^ ^^ l^^l^l clia. ^Efloic}. ^#7lsi ^o]^ 7cm<=lJi ^ ^-fil ^1^41- 3mJ/pulse^ *g5.Sr$5l-fr ^ ^ °1 ^ r a^ 4-44 7EVO1 f"S 4^ 557nm^H>H 4 lOnm PMMA f'llf 4-54 __42_ t- 3mJ/pulse^ ^*>SM- *fl 3M ^^^ n^ 3-64 £°1 f1^^-^ 600nmi^ ef 20nm S]4 Edmund Industrial Optics S. 7} %7}& PMMA ^^ °l-g-$ eflc]^ ^v^i ^^£ 0>^-ei ^sS§f^4. o] f. 5}^^ ^^ ^ol7V 5mm7> s]5.^- ^^><^ €fiAS ^ir&iL^ «»11- 45. ^^ 50S) ^£ ^7]-^^; *> ^ #%• 4-84 ^"°1 2fl°l^ #^ ^a]M^^: #^tt ^4 ^^4^" 605nm°iH ^ 20nm ELK 5)4^1 ^1^^ PMMA^ll JL^l ^i -i-l: ZL^ 4-94 ^°1 ^~ 5^ ^^ 4-104 ^°1 4^ 590nm ^4 71^-71 3L^^1 10.8%^1 Si4. -43- 532 nm Pump Baem Cylindrical Lens igh Reflection Mirror j Output Coupler Dya Laser Output 4-1. —44- 532 nm Pump Baem Focusing Lens High Reflection Mirror •j ~ Output Coupler J N t.l 4-2 -45- * * nf] 4-3. Copolex NK-55-I- £-)] O] ^ . -46- J$L !ntensity(arb. unit) \m o r^ XJ x 4-5. -48- 580 590 600 610 620 630 Wavelength(nm) —49- 4-7. -50- aSe0 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 Wavelength(nm) 4-8. £l PMMA ^4 ^1 3fl E -51- -52- 560 570 580 590 600 610 Wavelength(nm) 4-ia -53- 1000 Slope Efficiency = 10.8 % 0 12345678 Pump Energy(mJ/pulse) 4-11. -54- Littrow^ ^^71^ n% 4-124 £<>i f^^§4 izeJ 4-133 3) a.5. ^4^4. 4-§-€ #*}% tsa^ £1^344 groove 24001ines/mm°M 650 nm A}o]oflA^ Copolex NK-55 31 ^ q±. 4.Q Littrow^ ^^17](ZLSJ 4-14) ^ 545nm~585nm PMMA i^ xfl^ eflol^-g. ^^ 4-164 ^o] ^^§^4 ^^ 4-17i^ 620nm . Edmund Industrial Optics^! PMMA^H Littrow^ ^7}$] sf^^s]-^ H^ 4-184 £°1 590nm~620nm?W ^%&$t7} 7f^§]-^4. ^^^^ PMMAi rhodamine 6G7V ^^l7l^ n^ 4-194 4-204 £°l -55- 532 nm Pump Bae Focusing Lens Holographic Grating Dye Laser Output 4-12. f^ Littrow^ -56- 532 nm Pump Baem Cylindrical Lens Holographic Grating fy Output Coupler 4-13. Littrow^ -57- * ! $ 4-14. Copolex NK-55 Littrow^ Ji^] *A± 4°} -58- -L&] 4-15. Copolex NK-551- *]-%•$} a-] -59— 4-16. $±7} -60- 580 590 600 610 620 630 Wavelength(nm) 4-17. -61- 1.6 2f1-4 •g 1.0 §0.8 | 0.6 fj 0.4 "" 0.2 0.0 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 Wavelength(nm) 4-18. Edmund PMMA Littrow^ -62- *H 6 S- [1]. B. H. Soffer and B. B. McFarland, "Continuously tunable narrow-band organic dye lasers", Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 266 (1967). [2]. O. G. Peterson and B. B. Snavely, "Stimulated emission from flashlamp-excited organic dyes in polymethyl methacrylate", Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 238 (1968). [3]. D. A. Gromov, K. M. Dyumaev, A. A. Manenkov, A. P. Maslyukov, G. A. Matyushin, V. S. Nechitailo, and A. M. Prokhorov, "Efficient plastic-host dye lasers", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 1028-1031 (July 1985). [4]. F. Salin, G. Le Saux, P. Georges, A. Brun, C. Bagnall and J. Zarzycki, "Efficient tunable solid-state near 630 nm using sulforhodamine 640-doped silica gel", Opt. Lett. 14, 785-787(3 May 1989). [5]. E. J. A. Pope, M. Asami, and J. D. Mackenzie, "Transparent silica gel-PMMA composites", J. Mater. Res. 4, 1018-1026(1989). [6]. Edward T. Knobbe, Bruce Dunn, Peter D. Fuqua, and Fumito Nishida, "Laser behavior and photostability characteristics of organic dye doped silicate gel materials", Appl. Opt. 29, 2729-2733(20 June 1990). [7]. Theodore G. Pavlopoulos, Joseph H. Boyer, Mayur Shah, Kannappan Thangaraj, and Mou-Ling Soong, "Laser action from 2,6,8-trisubstituted 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-pyrromethene-BF2 complexes : parti", Appl. Opt. 29, 3885-3886(20 September 1990). [8]. Joseph H. Boyer, Anthony Haag, Mou-Ling Soong, Kannappan -85- Thangaraj, and Theodore G. Pavlopoulos, "Laser action from 2,6,8~trisubstituted l,3,5,7-tetramethyl-pyrromethene-BF2 complexes : part2", Appl. Opt. 30, 3788-3789(20 September 1991). [9]. K. M. Dyumaev, A. A. Manenkov, A. P. Maslyukov, G. A. Matyushin, V. S. Nechitalio, and A. M. Prokhorov, "Dyes in modified polymers: problems of photostability and conversion efficiency at high intensities", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 143-151 (January 1992). [10]. D. Lo, J. E. Parris, J. L. Lawless, "Laser and fluorescence properties of dye-doped sol-gel silica from 400nm to 800nm", Appl. Phys. B 56, 385-390(28 Feburary 1993) [11]. Steven C. Guggenheimer, Joseph H. Boyer, Kannapan Thangaraj, Mayur Shah, Mou-Ling Soong, and Theodore G. Pavlopoulos, "Efficient laser action from two cw laser-pumped pyrromethen-BF2 complexes", Appl. Opt. 32, 3942-3943(20 July 1993). [12]. A. Tagaya, Y. Koike, T. Kinoshita, E. Nihei, T. Yamamoto, and K. Sasaki, "Polymer optical fiber amplifier", Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 883-884(16 August 1993) [13]. Robert E. Hermes, Toomas H. Allik, Suresh CHandra, J. Andrew Hutchinson, "High efficincy pyrromethene doped solid-state dye lasers", Apl. Phys. Lett. 63, 877-879(16 August 1993). [14]. M. L. Ferrer, A. U. Acuna, F. Amat-Guerri, A. Costela, J. M. Figuera, F. 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Stamdard Report No. INIS Subject Code Report No. Report No. KAERI/RR-1968/99 Title / Subtitle Development of the plastic solid-dye cell for tunable solid-state dye lasers and study on its optical properties Project Manager Ko, Do-Kyeong (Quantum Optics Team) and Department Researcher and Jongmin Lee(Quantum Optics Team), Byung Heon Cha(") Department Jonghoon Yi("), Kang Soo Lee("), Sung-Ho Kim(") Gwon Lim(") Publication Publication Taejon Publisher KAERI Jan. 2000 Place Date Page 89p. 111. & Tab. Yes( o ), No ( ) Size 29.7 Cm. Note '99 Institute Basic Project Classified Open( O ), Restricted( ), Report Type Research Report Class Document Sponsoring Org. Contract No. Abstract (15-20 we have fabricated solid-state dyes with Copolex NK-55, Lines) which is the base element of plastic lens, and PMMA. We have measured the longevity of solid-state dyes doped in both polymers and found that PMMA has better propeties than Coploex NK-55. We have realized the tuning range of 560-620 nm by doping rhodamine 6G and rhodamin B in the manufactured solid-state dye laser oscillators. In the standing-wave cavity we achieved the slope efficiency of 10.8% and in the grazing incidence cavity, 1.2%. We have constructed a very compact grazing-incidence cavity which is only 6-cm long and the linewidth of the laser was less than 1.5 GHz with 3~ns pulse duration. And we have fabricated a disk-type solid-state dye cell and installed it in the cavity in which the dye cell can be translated and rotated with the help of the two steeping motors. By this we could constantly changed the illuminated area of the dye cell and, therefore, were able to achieve long time operation and to use almost the entire region of the solid-state dye cell. Subject Keywords (About 10 words) solid-state dyes, tunable, Colpolex NK-55, PMMA, laser, compact, grazing-incidence