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Three Essays on Collective Action and Communal Rangeland Management in Botswana

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Three Essays on Collective Action and Communal Rangeland Management in Botswana 1 ....mmw .... Ru...» . .fik. ...»Mfi {2.5 in. $13: . g a“ I! a X\ .5. c .. NT ~M§W§$yumw V . x... in»? Maw?» : .3 5121:3111 u .3. s 93%» .I . .m .. in . .1? p .u . .. ..r u . .wm #5? .w gm .... 2.. r 4.1.5.» an! . U B RARY This is to certify that the M iChiQan State dissertation entitled U mversnty THREE ESSAYS ON COLLECTIVE ACTION AND COMNIUNAL RAN GELAND MANAGEMENT IN BOTSWANA presented by PATRICIA MASEGO MAKEPE has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for the PHD degree in RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (/11... {M k Major Professor’s Signature 2003 Date MSU is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. To AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 6/01 c:/CIRC/DateDue.p65—p.15 THREE ESSAYS ON COLLECTIVE ACTION AND COMMUNAL RANGELAND MANAGEMENT IN BOTSWANA By Patricia Masego Makepe A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Resource Development 2003 ABSTRACT THREE ESSAYS ON COLLECTIVE ACTION AND COMMUNAL RANGELAND MANAGEMENT IN BOTSWANA By Patricia Masego Makepe This dissertation is composed of three distinct chapters, all of which explore the mechanism of collective action and communal rangeland management in Botswana. A sample of borehole syndicates in Botswana’s Kgatleng district is used for empirical analysis. Chapter one is a literature review and traces the tradition and evolution of the institutions and rules governing communal grazing lands in Botswana. Chapter two explores the nature, extent and determinants of collective action over water and grazing management in Botswana’s Kgatleng district. Using factor analysis, two indices of collective action are developed from the survey data. Multivariate econometric methods are used to examine the underlying factors which determine collective action in Kgatleng district. The analysis provides evidence that syndicate members actively take steps to work together over borehole water provision and management. Chapter three explores the impact of collective action over borehole water provision on investments made to improve the water source and reduce grazing pressure on the surrounding grazing land. Multivariate econometric methods are used to examine these relationships. The analysis shows that collective action over borehole water provision matters for investments made to improve the water source but not necessarily for rangeland conservation. Cepyn'ght by Patricia Masego Makepe 2003 To my parents iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first and foremost express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my major professor John Kerr for his unwavering support, guidance and encouragement. I am also indebted to the following members of my committee, Professors Jeffrey Riedinger, George Rowan and Thomas Reardon. I benefited fi'om their constructive comments and suggestions. I owe special thanks to Professor Felix Nweke, whose advice helped me navigate the rough waters of graduate school as well as the dissertation process. I benefited enormously from his wisdom. His help and comments were invaluable to me. This work would not have been possible without the financial support I received from the University of Botswana, for this I am grateful. I would also like to thank the following individuals in the Ministry of Agriculture whose assistance proved to be valuable during the data collection process: Bonnake Tsimako, Raymond Kwerepe, Loeto Makubate and Michael Manowe. Lastly, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my parents for giving me the motivation to go this far with my studies. I thank my parents for their love and encouragement throughout my learning journey. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1 THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS AND RULES GOVERNING COMMUNAL GRAZING LANDS 1N BOTSWANA ........................................................................... 1 1 . 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... l 1.2. The Rural Economy ............................................................................................. 6 1.3. Livelihood Systems: A History of Mixed Economic Strategies .......................... 8 1.4. Pre-colonial Institutions for Land Tenure and Management in Botswana .......... 9 1.5. The Erosion of Pre-Colonial Institutions of Land Management ........................ 14 1.6. Efforts at Improving Institutions of Land Management .................................... 17 1.6.1. The Tribal Land Act 1968 ........................................................................... 19 1.6.2. The Tribal Lands Grazing Policy of 1975 .................................................. 20 1.6.3. The Fencing Component of the 1991 National Agricultural Development Policy .................................................................................................................... 23 1.7. Differences in the Implementation and Outcomes of Privatization ................... 24 1.8. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................... 35 THE NATURE, EXTENT AND DETERMINANTS OF COLLECTIVE ACTION OVER WATER AND GRAZING MANAGEMENT IN BOTSWANA’S KGATLENG DISTRICT ..................................................................................................................... 35 2.1 . Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 5 2.2. The Study Area .................................................................................................. 39 2.3. Data .................................................................................................................... 39 2.4. Collective Action over Water and Grazing Resources in Kgatleng district ...... 42 2.5. Measuring Collective Action at the Borehole Syndicate Level ......................... 44 2.6. General Models .................................................................................................. 5 1 2.7. Explanatory Variables and Hypothesized Relationships ................................... 51 2.8. Econometric Results .......................................................................................... 56 2.9. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 6O BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 69 vi CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 72 THE IMPACT OF COLLECTIVE ACTION ON WATER AND GRAZING MANAGEMENT IN BOTSWANA’S KGATLENG DISTRICT ............................... 72 3.1 . Introduction ........................................................................................................ 72 3.2. The Study Area .................................................................................................. 75 3.3. Data .................................................................................................................... 76 3.4. The Management of Water and Grazing Resources in Kgatleng District ......... 78 3.5. General Models .................................................................................................. 82 3.6. Explanatory Variables and Hypothesized Relationships ................................... 84 3.7. Econometric Results .......................................................................................... 90 3.8. Conclusion and Policy Implications .................................................................. 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX A The Range Condition Score Card ........................................................................... 108 APPENDIX B The relationship between population density, size of operation, and collective action for monitoring and investment ................................................................................ 109 APPENDIX C The Questionaire ......................................................................................................... 116 vii LIST OF FIGURES Table 1.1: Differences in the Implementation and Outcome of the Tribal Grazing Lands Policy and 1991 Fencing Component of the National Agricultural Development Policy in Botswana ........................................................................................................................... 29 Table 2.1: Reasons for the Extent of Conflicts and Conflict Resolution over Water and Grazing in Botswana’s Kgatleng District ......................................................................... 62 Table 2.2: Factor Analysis Results on Five Indicators of Collective Action
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