Towards a space- enabled future for Europe STOA Annual Lecture 2016

EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) PE 581.925

STOA Annual Lecture 2016

Towards a space-enabled future for Europe

Participants’ Booklet

16 November 2016, 14:30-17:00 Paul-Henri Spaak Building, Room 3C050 European Parliament, Brussels STOA - Science and Technology Options Assessment

Prepared by Nera Kuljanic, Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), with input from Anita Heward (Europlanet) and Christina Giannopapa (ESA)

Available at www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/cms/home/workshops/annual_lectures/annual2016

Join the conversation on Twitter by using the hashtag #SpaceLecture2016 and by tweeting at @EP_ThinkTank

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© European Union, 2016 © Cover image: rangizzz / Shutterstock PE 581.925

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Contents

1. Programme ...... 4

2. Introduction ...... 5

3. The exhibition...... 8

4. Speakers' Biographies...... 10

Paul Rübig MEP, Chair of STOA...... 10

Johann-Dietrich Woerner, Director General, ...... 11

Kai-Uwe Schrogl, European Space Agency ...... 12

Philippe Brunet, European Commission, DG GROW...... 13

Sir Martin Sweeting, Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), Surrey Space Centre...... 14

Ariane Cornell, Blue Origin, LLC...... 15

Johannes von Thadden, Airbus Defence and Space ...... 16

Reinhold Ewald, European Space Agency...... 17

Thomas Pesquet, European Space Agency ...... 18

Clare Moody MEP, STOA Panel Member...... 19

Mairéad McGuinness MEP, EP Vice-President responsible for STOA...... 20

Eva Kaili MEP, First Vice-Chair of STOA ...... 21

5. Previous STOA Annual Lectures 2003-2015...... 22

6. About STOA ...... 27

7. STOA Panel members...... 28

STOA Bureau...... 28

STOA Panel...... 29

8. STOA administration...... 31

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1. Programme

Chair: Paul Rübig, STOA Chair Moderator: Kai-Uwe Schrogl, Chief Strategy Officer, ESA

14:30 WELCOME Paul Rübig, STOA Chair , ESA of French nationality (video)

14:40 INTRODUCTION Johann-Dietrich Woerner, Director General, ESA

14:50 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE EU SPACE POLICY Philippe Brunet, Director, DG GROW, European Commission

15:00 KEYNOTE SPEECH ‘Small satellites – changing the economics of space’ Sir Martin Sweeting, Founder and Executive Chairman of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), Director of the Surrey Space Centre

15:30 FROM IDEA TO REALITY Ariane Cornell, Blue Origin Business Development & Strategy Johannes von Thadden, Head of Institutional Relations, Airbus Defence and Space

15:50 LIFE IN SPACE Reinhold Ewald, ESA Astronaut of German nationality

16:10 Q&A with the participation of Clare MOODY, MEP

16:50 CONCLUSIONS Mairead McGuinness, MEP and Vice-President responsible for STOA

16:55 CLOSING REMARKS Eva Kaili, MEP and First STOA Vice-Chair until 18:00 RECEPTION

Interpretation in and from EN, FR and DE will be provided.

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2. Introduction

About the Annual Lecture

To raise public awareness of and interest in science and technology issues, every year STOA hosts an Annual Lecture. It is a high point of STOA’s activities. The event features eminent speakers - often Nobel Prize laureates - who are invited to talk about subjects placed high on the political agenda. More information about speakers and topics of the past STOA Annual Lectures is available on p. 22.

European space activities

The governance of space activities in Europe is based on cooperation between the European Union (EU), the European Space Agency (ESA) and their member countries. Motivation to maximise the impact of what can be achieved with the budget available for space activities is strong.

Today, the close cooperation between the EU and ESA is based on the 2004 Framework Agreement. The EU and ESA have two flagship programmes: Galileo and Copernicus. Galileo is a system of navigation satellites, designed to provide greater accuracy than the US-developed global positioning system (GPS). Copernicus is the world’s largest earth observation programme, with primary applications in climate change, emergency management and security. The EU also funds space research through other programmes, notably Horizon 2020. ESA has a comprehensive space programme and is active in a range of different activities, both in Europe and internationally.

The European Commission presented the Space Strategy for Europe1 on 26 October 2016. Among the priorities are market uptake of space data by the public and private sectors, and supporting private sector involvement and space entrepreneurship. The challenge in implementing these new policies is to reap societal and economic benefits for all Europeans, encourage rapid growth and stimulate industrial competitiveness, and promote European leadership in space. On the same day, a ‘Joint Statement on Shared Vision and Goals for the Future of European Space’ was signed by the EU and ESA. The common European vision is that Europe should remain a world-class actor in space and a partner of choice on the international scene. By 2030, Europe should be able to fully benefit from its space solutions to implement its policies, strengthen European values and security, improve knowledge and foster prosperity. Every single European citizen should benefit from Europe's space capacities and capabilities.

1 http://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/19442

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Space research and innovation

Innovating for the challenges of the future Space research and exploration push the boundaries of science and engineering. Building spacecraft to meet increasingly ambitious goals, such as to mine asteroids or to prepare for a human mission to Mars, drives innovation in technology and materials science.

Space missions can take a decade or more from initial planning to launch, so roadmaps are needed to develop the technology for future . Horizon 2020 funding complements the European Space Agency’s programmes for the exploration of our Solar System and beyond through the development of facilities, infrastructure and protocols that will make Europe a world leader for decades to come.

Exploring planets, understanding Earth Studying our planetary neighbours can improve our understanding of the Earth, its history, evolution, climate and the risks that it faces from space, such as geomagnetic storms or asteroid impacts. Likewise, understanding where and how life has developed on Earth gives us clues about where to look for life elsewhere in our Solar System.

Places on Earth that have the same geological, physical or extreme environments found on other planets, such as Mars or the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, are vital test-grounds in preparing for future missions and in the search for extraterrestrial life. Horizon 2020 funding is supporting comparative planetology research that will help us prepare for future missions and understand our planet and the origins of life.

Inspiring a new generation Europe needs a trained workforce with the technical, academic and entrepreneurial skills to keep its position as a global leader. Space exploration, with its blend of intellectual challenge, aesthetic appeal, human endeavour and practical applications, is uniquely placed to inspire European citizens and attract young men and women into careers in science and engineering. Horizon 2020 funding is supporting the development of free, high-quality tools and educational resources that will engage young people with science through space.

Creating partnerships Horizon 2020 investment is developing space research expertise in Europe’s newer member states, integrating researchers, institutions and industry into the established community and strengthening links at a personal, regional and national level.

Space and Industry

Space 4.0 for a United Space in Europe. Preparing for the future of the European Space Sector Space technologies and applications are an integral part of everyday life when using mobile phones, live TV broadcasting, banking transactions, weather forecasting, air-marine-road-rail transport systems, etc. Even though space activities are taking place already for more than half a century, today there is a shift of paradigm. There are more space-faring nations, more

6 Annual Lecture 2016 commercialisation, and space agencies have a new role to play. The Director General of the European Space Agency calls this ‘Space 4.0’ and it is intertwined with the fourth industrial revolution - ‘Industry 4.0’. Industry 4.0 and Space 4.0 are expected to transform the lives of the citizens, decision and policy-makers and businesses.

Space 4.0 marks a new era, in which space is an enabler. It enables knowledge, jobs and growth, decision and policy-making, inspiring and motivating the next generations. Together with Industry 4.0 it will be the driver for contemporary technologies in automation, miniaturisation, advanced manufacturing, machine to machine/human interaction, connectivity, big data, biotechnology, etc. This process cannot be carried out by a single entity alone, which is why Space 4.0 aims to foster the interaction of different sectors with spin-in, spin-off and spin- together of technologies and concepts. Space 4.0 can be used as a tool to tackle global challenges, such as climate change, demographic development, migration, shortage of resources, conflicts and catastrophes, energy, digital divide, health and curiosity.

About ESA

The European Space Agency (ESA) is the European intergovernmental organisation, which over the past fifty years has been mandated to foster cooperation among European countries in space research and technology, and their applications. ESA is an agency with the full range of space activities, which has successfully developed Europe’s space capabilities and competitiveness in all fields of space technology: transport, navigation, Earth observation, telecommunications, science, exploration, technology applications and space situational awareness (SSA). ESA is a globally recognised, reliable partner entrusted to implement a long- term European space policy and align Member States’ policies with respect to other national, European and international institutions. Therefore, today ESA is in the driving role to enable the transformation of the European space sector for the new era of Space 4.0.

In December 2016, the European Space Agency will hold a Council at Ministerial Level to decide on Europe’s way forward ‘Towards Space 4.0 for a United Space in Europe’. In setting up the proposal, ESA has been consulting the space actors, including Member States, industry, academia, European institutions and the European citizens. In particular, in order to ensure that ESA programmes reflect the expectations of the EU, it has used the visions and goals listed in the ‘Joint Statement on Shared Vision and Goals for the Future of European Space’ signed with the European Commission on 26 October 2016, in Brussels. These goals are: a) to maximise the integration of space into European society and economy; b) to foster a globally competitive European space sector; and c) to ensure European autonomy in accessing and using space. ESA endeavours to represent all space actors and lead European space activities on the sound foundation of existing activities and structures, while aiming to respond to the needs of science, industry, politics and society for the benefit of the European citizen.

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3. The exhibition

European Parliament, Brussels, Altiero Spinelli (ASP) building, 3rd floor

©ESA/ATG medialab

The exhibition linked to the event highlights the impact of EU funding on planetary research and exploration. The focal point of the exhibition is a 1:4 scale model of the European Space Agency’s Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission, which went into orbit around Mars successfully on 19 October 2016. The spacecraft’s instruments will detect methane and other atmospheric gases that are present in small concentrations and could be evidence for biological or geological activity on Mars. The model is provided by the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, which leads the TGO NOMAD instrument that will detect and map concentrations of gases in the Martian atmosphere.

The exhibition also offers an opportunity to explore the Martian surface using Virtual Reality (VR) headsets and real imagery sent back by spacecraft and rovers at Mars. The VR system, developed by François Civet and Stéphane Le Mouélic of CNRS/University of Nantes, won the Europlanet Prize for Public Engagement 2016.

The exhibition is hosted as part of the 8th European Innovation Summit, in collaboration with Europlanet and Knowledge4Innovation.

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About EUROPLANET 2020 RI

Planetary science covers the study of our Solar System and planets around other stars. It is an interdisciplinary field that spans physics, chemistry, astronomy and geophysics, robotic and human exploration of other planets, as well as the search for extraterrestrial life. Since 2005, the EU has supported the European planetary science community with over €40 million funding, including €9.945 million for the Europlanet 2020 Research Infrastructure (RI) to integrate planetary science across the European Research Area.

Europe has world-leading facilities and a community of planetary scientists comprising around 5000 researchers and postgraduate students in more than 20 countries and 200 research institutes. EU funding has played a vital role in enabling Europe’s diverse planetary community to carry out coordinated activities. This coordination maximises the scientific return from investment in planetary missions through ESA, and national and international programmes.

EU funding has enabled Europlanet to found a sustainable community organisation for academia and industry involved in planetary research and exploration, with a membership of over 90 research institutes and companies. Europlanet provides the community with a platform to exchange ideas and personnel, to share research tools, data and facilities, and to define key science goals for the future.

Europlanet is engaging with Europe’s citizens and leaders to build a planetary exploration programme that inspires a future generation and supports a competitive, thriving academic and industrial community.

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4. Speakers' Biographies

Paul Rübig MEP, Chair of STOA

Paul Rübig has been elected as STOA Chair for the first half of the European Parliament's 8th legislature.

He previously served as Chair from 2009 to 2012 and as First Vice-Chair from 2012 to 2014.

Paul Rübig, born in Upper Austria, has been a Member of the European Parliament since 1996 and belongs to the European People's Party (EPP).

He is the owner of an Austrian blacksmith company and has a degree in Business Administration, Marketing and Production Engineering from the University of Linz, Upper Austria. In his Master thesis he wrote about ‘License and Patent Policy in investment goods marketing’. He is married and has two children.

Paul Rübig is full member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy and of the Committee on Budgets. He is Vice-Chair of the Delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula and substitute member of the Delegation for relations with Switzerland and Norway and to the EU-Iceland Joint Parliamentary Committee and the European Economic Area (EEA) Joint Parliamentary Committee. Furthermore, Paul Rübig is a substitute member in the Committee on Development.

Paul Rübig is very active in the field of the small-scale business promotion. He is president of SME Global, a working group of the International Democrat Union (IDU), whose objective it is to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) and to improve their business environment.

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Johann-Dietrich Woerner, Director General, European Space Agency

Johann-Dietrich ‘Jan’ Woerner became the ESA Director General on 1 July 2015. Previously, from March 2007 to June 2015, he served as Chairman of the Executive Board of the (DLR). Jan Woerner was born in Kassel, Germany, in 1954. He studied civil engineering at the Technical University (TU) Berlin and TU Darmstadt, from where he graduated in 1985. In 1982, as part of his studies, he spent one year in Japan, investigating earthquake safety of nuclear power plants. Until 1990, Mr Woerner worked for consulting civil engineers Koenig und Heunisch. In 1990 he returned to TU Darmstadt, where he was appointed as a professor of Civil Engineering and took over as Head of the Test and Research Institute. Before being elected as President of TU Darmstadt in 1995, he held the position of Dean of the newly established Civil Engineering Faculty. Jan Woerner headed the university from 1995 to 2007 and succeeded in making it the first autonomous university of the Federal Republic of Germany. Jan Woerner has been awarded numerous prizes and positions, such as the Prize of the Organisation of Friends of Technical University Darmstadt for ‘outstanding scientific performance’. He was also appointed to the Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and to the Convention for Technical Sciences (acatech) and is a representative of the Technical Sciences Section of the Leopoldina, the national academy of sciences of Germany. Jan Woerner has received honorary doctorates from New York State University at Buffalo (USA), the Technical Universities of Bucharest (Romania) and Mongolia, the Saint Petersburg University for Economics and Finance (Russia) and École Centrale de Lyon (France). He has received the Federal Cross of Merit (Officer's cross, 1st class) of the Federal Republic of Germany for his continuous efforts regarding the next generation of scientists and Germany as a location for Science, Technology and Engineering. He has furthermore been awarded the honours of Knight of the French Légion d’Honneur. Jan Woerner was Vice President of the Helmholtz Association and also a member of various national and international supervisory bodies, advisory councils and committees. He was a member of the administrative boards of École Centrale , École Centrale de Lyon, TU Berlin, the Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, and the Arts and Music University in Frankfurt and has been a member of a number of supervisory boards, including Carl Schenck AG, Röhm GmbH, TÜV Rheinland AG and Bilfinger SE. Furthermore, he was appointed to the energy expert group of the German Government. Before joining ESA as Director General, Jan Woerner was head of the German delegation to ESA from 2007 to 2015 and served as Chairman of the ESA Council from 2012 to 2014.

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Kai-Uwe Schrogl, European Space Agency

Prof. Dr Kai-Uwe Schrogl is the Chief Strategy Officer of the European Space Agency (ESA, Headquarters in Paris, France). From 2007 to 2011 he was the Director of the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) in Vienna, Austria, the leading European think tank for space policy. Prior to this, he was the Head of the Corporate Development and External Relations Department in the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in , Germany. Previously he also worked with the German Ministry for Post and Telecommunications and the German Space Agency (DARA) in Bonn, Germany.

He has been a delegate to numerous international forums and has served from 2014 to 2016 as chairman of the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, the highest body for space law-making, comprising 73 Member States. He was also chairman of various European and global committees (ESA International Relations Committee and two plenary working groups of the UNCOPUOS2 Legal Subcommittee, the one on the launching State and the other on the registration practice, both leading to UN General Assembly Resolutions). He presented, respectively testified, at hearings of the European Parliament and the U.S. House of Representatives.

Kai-Uwe Schrogl is the President of the International Institute of Space Law, the professional association of space law experts from 48 countries, Member of the International Academy of Astronautics (recently chairing its Commission on Policy, Economics and Regulations) and the Russian Academy for Cosmonautics, as well as Corresponding Member of the French Air and Space Academy. He holds a doctorate degree in political science and lectures international relations as an Honorary Professor at Tübingen University, Germany.

Kai-Uwe Schrogl has written or co-edited 15 books and more than 130 articles, reports and papers in the fields of space policy and law, as well as telecommunications policy. He launched and edited until 2011 the “Yearbook on Space Policy” and the book series “Studies in Space Policy” both published by ESPI at SpringerWienNewYork. He sits on editorial boards of various international journals in the field of space policy and law (Space Policy, Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht, Studies in Space Law/Nijhoff; previously also Acta Astronautica).

2 United nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses for Outer Space

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Philippe Brunet, European Commission, DG GROW

Philippe Brunet was born in 1959 in Cahors (France). Doctor in Medicine (MD) and Iuris. Doctor in Community Law (LLD), he entered the Commission in 1988 (DG V - Social Affairs). He joined DG III (Industry) in 1993 in order to prepare the establishment of EMEA (European Medicines Evaluation Agency, now the EMA) and complete the legal framework of the EU authorisation scheme for medicinal products. Philippe Brunet was appointed deputy Head of Unit “Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Unit” in 1998, and subsequently Head of the Unit “Pharmaceuticals, legislative framework and market authorisations” in April 2000. In November 2004 Philippe Brunet joined the Cabinet of Markos Kyprianou, the Commissioner responsible for Health and Consumer Affairs, as Deputy Head of Cabinet, in the Barroso I Commission. In October 2007 he was appointed Head of Cabinet by Commissioner Kyprianou. Following the resignation of Mr Kyprianou to become Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus in February 2008 and his subsequent replacement by Mrs Androulla Vassiliou, Mr Brunet was appointed Head of Cabinet of Mrs Vassiliou as of March 2008. On February 10, 2010, Ms Vassiliou took over the position of Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth in the Barroso II Commission. Ms Vassiliou re-appointed Mr Philippe Brunet as the Head of her new Cabinet. The Commission appointed him on 19 December 2012 as Director in the Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (DG GROW) for the Directorate "Aerospace, Maritime and Defence Industries" as of January 2013. Mr Brunet main institutional files comprise, inter alia, the implementation of COPERNICUS, a constellation of EU satellites offering Earth Observation services on a full, open and free of charge basis, and the development of civil and military synergies in security and defence matters to render the defence industry competitive and underpin a credible and effective Common Security and Defence Policy. Philippe Brunet has two sons. He has been knighted in the French Order of the Legion of Honour in 2011.

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Sir Martin Sweeting, Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL), Surrey Space Centre

Sir Martin has a BSc in electronics and a PhD in radio engineering from the University of Surrey (UK), and is the founder and Executive Chairman of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. (SSTL). Following two experimental ‘microsatellites’ built by his research team at the University of Surrey and launched in 1981 & 1984, he pioneered rapid-response, low-cost and highly- capable small satellites utilising modern consumer electronics to ‘change the economics of space’, and has established the UK at the forefront of this new field.

In 1985 Sir Martin formed a spin-off university company (SSTL) that has since grown to 550 staff with annual revenues exceeding £100M and exports of over £0.5Bn. SSTL has built and launched 50 small satellites – including the international Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC), the first Galileo navigation satellite (GIOVE-A) for ESA and building the 22 satellite navigation payloads for the European Galileo constellation. In 2015, SSTL launched a constellation of three high-resolution (1-metre) earth observation mini-satellites and is now preparing a low-cost medium-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) minisatellite (NovaSAR) for launch in early 2017. The Company’s first geostationary telecommunications satellite is under construction for EutelSAT. SSTL has developed a highly successful satellite know-how transfer and training programme with long-term collaborative partnerships with 18 countries – particularly enabling emerging space nations to achieve their first space missions and thus to access space directly to benefit their environment and economies.

Sir Martin also chairs the Surrey Space Centre comprising around 100 researchers investigating advanced small satellite concepts and techniques and which acts as the research laboratory for SSTL – an exemplar of real academic-commercial synergy. The SSC collaborated with SSTL on the world’s first ‘smartphone’ nanosatellite, STRaND-1, launched in February 2013, and launched a research nano-satellite for orbital debris mitigation in 2015.

Sir Martin has been appointed OBE and knighted by HM The Queen, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and received the prestigious von Karman Wings Award from CalTech/JPL. In 2014, he received the Chinese Academy of Sciences/COSPAR Jeoujang Jaw Award recognising his contribution to international space development and was identified by The Sunday Times as one of the UK’s 20 most influential engineers.

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Ariane Cornell, Blue Origin, LLC

Ariane Cornell works on the Strategy and Business Development team for Blue Origin, LLC, a developer of vehicles and technologies to enable human space transportation. At Blue Origin, she is the head of the astronaut strategy and sales portfolio. She also supports the rocket engine and New Glenn orbital launch sales portfolios.

Ariane was formerly based in Vienna, Austria, as the Executive Director of the Space Generation Advisory Council in Support of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications (SGAC). She headed SGAC’s delegations to international conferences and the United Nations, as well as ran the organisation’s operations, business development, strategy and policy output. Ariane has supported the international aerospace community in other capacities and organizations. She has served on the board of Women in Aerospace – Europe, has guest blogged for Space News, and has sat on several committees of the International Astronautical Federation and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Previously, Ariane worked in international management consulting, first with Accenture based in San Francisco and then with Booz Allen Hamilton in Washington, DC. With Accenture, she lived and worked on IT projects in the Philippines, South Africa, Brazil and the US. With Booz Allen Hamilton as a senior consultant in the aerospace and defense commercial consulting group, she helped develop strategies and solve operational issues for executives of the world’s top aerospace and defense companies.

Ariane earned an MBA from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Science degree with honors in science, technology and society, with a focus in management science and engineering, from Stanford University.

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Johannes von Thadden, Airbus Defence and Space

Dr Johannes von Thadden studied economics, history and political sciences at the Universität des Saarlandes in Saarbrücken, before studying economics and Polish language at the University of Washington in Seattle, USA. He completed a PhD in economics on political and economic development in Poland.

Dr von Thadden held several posts at the Association of German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag), before becoming the Deputy Director General at the Konrad-Adenauer Foundation and then the Director General at Christlich-Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU). He has worked at Airbus Defence and Space (Airbus DS, previously called Astrium) since 2007, and is currently the Head of International and Space Institutions and the Airbus DS member of the Managing Board Airbus DS GmbH.

Dr von Thadden has been awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz Order of Merit and is the President of the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation.

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Reinhold Ewald, European Space Agency

Professor Reinhold Ewald was awarded a minor degree in Human Physiology and a PhD in radioastronomy at the University of Cologne. He was a finalist of the German astronaut selection in 1986/87, and joined the German astronaut team in 1990. He undertook cosmonaut training in Star City, Russia, and was a back-up cosmonaut for the German mission in 1992.

In 1997, he spent three weeks on board the MIR space station, flying up and down in Soyuz spacecraft and performing an intense science programme. He joined ESA and the in 1999, and subsequently became the ground team leader for European missions to the ISS. He was the Head of the ESA near until 2011. In addition to his work at ESA, Professor Ewald is a University Professor for Astronautics and Space Station at Stuttgart University.

Professor Ewald has been awarded the German Federal Cross of Merit First Class, as well as the Russian Order of Peoples’ Friendship and Medal of Courage. He and his wife Monika have three children together.

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Thomas Pesquet, European Space Agency

Born in Rouen, France, on 27 February 1978, Thomas Pesquet has a black belt in judo and enjoys basketball, jogging, swimming, squash and outdoor sports, such as mountain biking, kite surfing, sailing, skiing and mountaineering. He also has extensive experience in scuba diving and skydiving. His other interests include travelling, playing the saxophone and reading. Thomas graduated from the competitive French ‘classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles’ at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen, France, in 1998. In 2001, he received a master’s degree from the École Nationale Supérieure de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace in Toulouse, France, majoring in spacecraft design and control. He spent his final year before graduation at the École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada, as an exchange student on the Aeronautics and Space Master course. From April to September 2001, Thomas was a trainee engineer with Thales Alenia Space in Cannes, France, where he developed a satellite system design tool using concurrent engineering techniques. From October 2001, he worked as a spacecraft dynamics engineer on remote sensing missions for GMV S.A. in Madrid, Spain. Between 2002 and 2004, Thomas worked at the French space agency, CNES, as a research engineer on space mission autonomy. He also carried out studies on future European ground segment design and European space technology harmonisation. From late 2002, he was a CNES representative at the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, working on cross-support between international space agencies. An avid private pilot in his spare time, he went on to become a commercial pilot for Air France in 2006. Having logged more than 2300 flight hours on commercial airliners, he became a type rating instructor on the A320 and a Crew Resource Management instructor. Thomas is a member of the French Aeronautics and Astronautics Association (3AF) and of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). Thomas was selected as an ESA astronaut in May 2009 and completed basic training in November 2010. After graduation, he worked on communicating with during spaceflights from the mission control centre. He was also in charge of future projects at the European Astronaut Centre, including initiating cooperation with new partners, such as China. To be ready for a space mission, he received further technical and operational training in Europe, Russia and the USA. He took part in exploration training courses: living and working underground on ESA’s CAVES training course and underwater on NASA’s Seatest-2 mission. On 17 March 2014, Thomas was assigned to a long-duration mission on the International Space Station. He will be leaving our planet for six months in November 2016 as a flight engineer for Expeditions 50 and 51, returning in May 2017.

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Clare Moody MEP, STOA Panel Member

Clare Moody was elected as the Member of the European Parliament for the South West and Gibraltar in May 2014. She is a member of the Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D) and sits on the Budgets Committee (BUDG), the Industry, Telecommunications, Research and Energy Committee (ITRE) and the Women's Rights and Gender Equality Committee (FEMM).

Clare's ITRE policy focuses are science & research policy, in particular Horizon 2020 and FP9, space policy, nuclear policy, and the circular economy. She has fought hard for science and research during budget cuts the EU has faced in recent years, and continues to rank the inclusion of women and girls in science and technology sectors as a top priority for European society and economy.

Before her election, Clare spent her working life as a trade unionist representing people in a wide variety of industries. This gave her a daily insight into just how much people are struggling to make ends meet. She is passionate about making sure everyone has the ability to have a safe, secure job that can provide for them and their family and that they can benefit from the shared prosperity that being in Europe brings.

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Mairéad McGuinness MEP, EP Vice-President responsible for STOA

Mairead McGuinness is Vice-President of the European Parliament with responsibility for STOA.

Her role as Vice-President also includes overseeing the European Parliament's Information Policy, Press and Citizens Relations, and she plays a leading role in the area of children's rights in cross-border situations.

Mairead is an economist, specialising in agriculture and food, and is a member of the Parliament’s Committees on Agriculture and Rural Development (AGRI), and on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI).

Voted MEP of the Year for Agriculture 2011 by her colleagues in the Parliament, she focuses on the future shape of agriculture and rural development, global development policy, the environment, and food safety and security.

Mairead chaired the Parliament's investigation into the collapse of the Equitable Life assurance company which identified issues around weak financial regulation before the financial crisis of 2008.

She is co-chair of the Parliament’s MEP Heart Group, focusing on how to tackle heart disease through information, awareness, diet and physical activity. Mairead was also lead negotiator for the European People’s Party (EPP) for the revision of key legislation on medical devices.

In May 2014 Mairead was elected to the European Parliament for the third time. Prior to becoming an MEP she was a leading journalist, broadcaster and commentator in Ireland.

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Eva Kaili MEP, First Vice-Chair of STOA

Eva Kaili is Member of the European Parliament (2014-2019), head of the Greek S&D Delegation (PASOK/Elia) in the European Parliament, ITRE representative on the STOA Panel and 1st STOA Vice-Chair.

Eva Kaili was elected two times (2007-2012) to the national parliament with the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). For the past ten years, she has worked as a newscaster for MEGA Channel, an advisor on International Relations of Group DemCo, Alpha TV and a communication advisor of the PanHellenic Pharmaceutical Union.

She has also been an advisor on International Relations and Greek products exports and held the position of Director of the Centre of Equality and Equal Opportunities.

She holds a bachelor degree in Architecture and Civil Engineering, and postgraduate studies in European Politics. Currently, she is conducting her PhD in International Political Economy. In the European elections of 2014, Ms Kaili was elected, ranked-first, with the political scheme of 'Elia', and she is a Member of the European Socialists and Democrats (S&D).

Eva Kaili chairs the Delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly (DNAT), and is a member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

She is also a substitute member of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) and a substitute member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE).

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5. Previous STOA Annual Lectures 2003-2015

A discovery tour in the world of quantum optics - 9 December 2015

Serge Haroche, Collège de France, Paris (pictured right)

Christophe Salomon, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Grégoire Ribordy, ID Quantique, Geneva

Towards understanding the brain: explained by a Nobel Prize winner 18 November 2014

Thomas Christian Südhof, Stanford University, USA, 2013 Nobel Prize in Medicine (pictured right)

David Nutt, Imperial College London & President of the European Brain Council

Elena Becker-Barroso, The Lancet Neurology Rosario Rizzuto, University of Padua, Italy

Sustaining sustainability: Making economics work for the global environment 12 November 2013

Ismail Serageldin, Director of Bibliotheca Alexandrina & former Vice-President of the World Bank (pictured left)

Achim Steiner, Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme

Hans Bruyninckx, Executive Director of the European Environment Agency

Monika Kircher, CEO of Infineon Technologies Austria AG

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Unlocking the mysteries of the universe at CERN - 27 November 2012

François Englert, Professor Emeritus, Université Libre de Bruxelles (pictured left) Peter Higgs, Professor Emeritus, University of Edinburgh (pictured right) Rolf Heuer, Director-General of CERN John Ellis, Professor, King's College London Steve Myers, Director of Accelerators, CERN

Sustainable management of natural resources - 29 November 2011

Koji Omi, Founder and Chairman, Science and Technology in Society forum (pictured) Sir Harry Kroto, Florida State University, 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (by video link) John Anthony Allan, Professor Emeritus, King's College London

Is an oil-free future possible? - 7 December 2010

Shai Agassi, Founder and CEO of ‘Better Place’ (pictured right) Paul Crutzen, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (pictured left) George Oláh, University of Southern California, 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (by video link)

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One web, free and open for all 1 December 2009

Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Director of the World Wide Web Consortium & Founder of the World Wide Web Foundation

Meeting future energy demands and tackling climate change 12 November 2008

Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute, Columbia University (by video link) David Eyton, Group Vice-President on Technology BP (pictured) Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, Vice-Chair Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The future of the brain 27 November 2007

Susan Greenfield, Director of the Institute for the Future of the Mind

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Avoiding a web of confusion - Innovation in information technology 21 November 2006

Phil Janson, IBM Academy of Technology

Climate change and CO2 emissions reduction 23 November 2005

Guy Brasseur, Director of Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

New and old epidemic diseases 24 November 2004

Rolf Zinkernagel, University of Zurich, Switzerland, 1996 Nobel Prize in Medicine

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The coldest matter in the universe 4 November 2003

Wolfgang Ketterle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics

Risks and opportunities in the biotechnology era 25 March 2003

Kary Mullis, Burstein Technologies, Irvine, California, 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

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6. About STOA

The Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA) Panel forms an integral part of the structure of the European Parliament. Launched in 1987, STOA is tasked with identifying and independently assessing the impact of new and emerging science and technologies. The goal of its work is to assist, with independent information, the Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) in developing options for long-term, strategic policy-making.

The STOA Panel The STOA Panel consists of 25 MEPs nominated from the nine permanent parliamentary committees: AGRI (Agriculture & Rural Development), CULT (Culture & Education), EMPL (Employment & Social Affairs), ENVI (Environment, Public Health & Food Safety), IMCO (Internal Market & Consumer Protection), ITRE (Industry, Research & Energy), JURI (Legal Affairs), LIBE (Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs) and TRAN (Transport & Tourism). Ms Mairéad McGuinness MEP is the European Parliament Vice-President responsible for STOA and member of the Panel. The STOA Chair for the first half of the 8th legislature is Paul Rübig, with Eva Kaili and Evžen Tošenovský elected as 1st and 2nd Vice-Chairs.

The STOA Approach STOA fulfils its mission primarily by carrying out science-based projects. Whilst undertaking these projects, STOA assesses the widest possible range of options to support evidence-based policy decisions. A typical project investigates the impacts of both existing and emerging technology options and presents these in the form of studies and options briefs. These are publicly available for download via the STOA website: www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/. Some of STOA's projects explore the long-term impacts of future techno-scientific trends, with the aim to support MEPs in anticipating the consequences of developments in science. Alongside its production of 'hard information', STOA communicates its findings to the European Parliament by organising public events throughout the year. STOA also runs the MEP-Scientist Pairing Scheme aimed at promoting mutual understanding and facilitating the establishment of lasting links between the scientific and policy-making communities.

Focus areas STOA activities and products are varied and are designed to cover as wide a range of scientific and technological topics as possible, such as nano-safety, e-Democracy, bio-engineering, assistive technologies for people with disabilities, waste management, cybersecurity, smart energy grids, responsible research & innovation, sustainable agriculture and health. They are grouped in five broad focus areas: eco-efficient transport and modern energy solutions; sustainable management of natural resources; potential and challenges of the Internet; health and life sciences; science policy, communication and global networking.

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7. STOA Panel members

STOA Bureau

Mairéad McGUINNESS (EPP, IE) EP Vice-President responsible for STOA

Paul RÜBIG (EPP, AT) Chair of STOA

Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE)

Eva KAILI (S&D, EL) First Vice-Chair of STOA

Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE)

Evžen TOŠENOVSKÝ (ECR, CZ) Second Vice-Chair of STOA

Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE)

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STOA Panel

Panel Member Committee Panel Member Committee

Jan Philipp LIBE Danuta EMPL ALBRECHT JAZŁOWIECKA (Greens/EFA, DE) (EPP, PL)

Tiziana BEGHIN ITRE Andrew LEWER CULT (EFDD, IT) (ECR, UK)

Renata BRIANO ITRE Bogusław TRAN (S&D, IT) LIBERADZKI (S&D, PL)

Carlos COELHO IMCO Anthea McINTYRE AGRI (PPE, PT) (ECR, UK)

Mady DELVAUX JURI Clare MOODY ITRE (S&D, LU) (S&D, UK)

Vicky FORD IMCO Momchil NEKOV AGRI (ECR, UK) (S&D, BG)

Andrzej GRZYB ENVI Marijana PETIR AGRI (EPP, PL) (EPP, HR)

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Panel Member Committee Panel Member Committee

Georgi PIRINSKI EMPL Kay SWINBURNE ENVI (S&D, BG) (ECR, UK)

Virginie ROZIERE IMCO Dario ITRE (S&D, FR) TAMBURRANO (EFDD, IT)

Claudia SCHMIDT TRAN Cora VAN ITRE (EPP, AT) NIEUWENHUIZEN (ALDE, NL)

AGRI: Agriculture and Rural Development CULT: Culture and Education EMPL: Employment and Social Affairs ENVI: Environment, Public Health and Food Safety IMCO: Internal Market and Consumer Protection ITRE: Industry, Research and Energy JURI: Legal Affairs LIBE: Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs TRAN: Transport and Tourism

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8. STOA administration

Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (DG EPRS) European Parliament Rue Wiertz 60 B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected]

Director-General Anthony Teasdale

Director Wolfgang Hiller

Head of Unit - Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) Theo Karapiperis

Head of Service - STOA Secretariat Zsolt G. Pataki

Head of Service - Scientific Foresight Service Lieve Van Woensel

Administrators Philip Boucher Mihalis Kritikos Nera Kuljanic Christian Kurrer Gianluca Quaglio

Assistants Serge Evrard Rachel Manirambona Marie Massaro Damir Plese

Trainee James Tarlton

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This is a publication of the Directorate for Impact Assessment and European Added Value Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services, European Parliament

PE 581.925