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The Bristol Shipping Industry in the Sixteenth Century

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The Bristol Shipping Industry in the Sixteenth Century The Bristol Shipping Industry in the Sixteenth Century Evan Thomas Jones Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, 1998. Declaration I have composed this thesis myself, on the basis of my own work. Evan Jones 47 Great King Street, Edinburgh. Abstract As the title of this thesis indicates, it is concerned with Bristol’s sixteenth century shipping industry. The bulk of the study, however, is concerned with an intensive examination of the period 1539-46. It begins by examining the economic conditions of the industry in the mid- sixteenth century and the costs, risks and returns involved in entering the shipping market. It reveals that engagement in the industry, and particularly in the servicing of the Continental trades, involved high costs and considerable risks. Since mechanisms to spread risk, such as insurance or shared ownership, were either unavailable or rarely adopted, engagement in the industry was in practice limited to the city’s wealthiest merchants. Yet, although this may have limited aggregate investment, the small size of Bristol’s shipowning community facilitated the creation of collective arrangements that aimed to further their mutual interests. The second chapter examines the size and nature of the city’s shipping market. It reveals that the market for commercial shipping was split into two sectors – one serving the Continental trade to Biscay and Southern Iberia, the other the lesser Irish trade. The primary focus of the chapter is the Continental shipping market. Its most significant and original conclusion is that while the demand for import shipping greatly exceeded the demand for export shipping in the city’s declared trade, shipowners could rectify this imbalance if they were prepared to service the extensive illicit trades in grain and leather exports. Although this chapter focuses on the commercial demand for shipping, consideration is also given to the nature and timing of demand for shipping from non-commercial sources, such as privateers and the Crown. The third and fourth chapters examine how Bristol’s shipowners maximised their returns during the years under study. Chapter three considers the years of peace from 1539 to February 1543. It reflects on the potential ways in which shipowners could increase their profits and considers the viability of these approaches. It is suggested that the two most important strategies they adopted were the operation of a cartel to raise prices and the servicing of the illicit trade, which allowed them to substantially increase the use of their ships at almost no extra cost. The fourth chapter considers how Bristol’s shipowners reacted to the outbreak of war against France in 1543. It shows that although the market for commercial shipping did not diminish during the war, Bristol’s shipowners redirected their resources towards Crown service and privateering at this time. Although they had little option in serving the Crown, it is suggested that their approach to military adventures was pro-active, the intent and result being the acquisition of Royal patronage, both for themselves as individuals and for Bristol as a whole. Perhaps the most important general conclusion of chapters three and four is that, although Bristol’s shipowners rarely entered formal partnerships with each other, their success depended in large part on collective decision-making and their willingness to adopt strategies that might conflict with their short term individual interests. The conclusion of the thesis sums up what has been learned from this study and considers how much of it can be applied to England’s sixteenth century shipping industry as a whole – both in Bristol and beyond. 1 Contents Page List of Tables 3 List of Figures 4 Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations 6 Glossary 6 Map Bristol and its Region 7 Introduction 8 Chapter 1 The Economics of Shipping in Mid-Sixteenth Century Bristol 12 Chapter 2 Bristol’s International Shipping Market, 1539-1546 32 Chapter 3 The Commercial Strategies of Bristol’s Shipowners, 1539-43 81 Chapter 4 Bristol Shipowners at War: 1543-1546 101 Conclusion 128 Appendix 1 The Tonnage of Goods Shipped in the Continental Trade 139 Appendix 2 John Smyth’s Imports and Exports, 1539 – September 1546 155 Appendix 3 The Value of Trade Carried by Port, in tons - 1541/2, 1542/3, 162 1545/6 Appendix 4 The Destination of Ships Listed in the Customs Accounts 165 Appendix 5 Bristol’s Trade - 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 171 Appendix 6 The Histories of the Bristol Ships 183 Bibliography 268 2 List of Tables Page 1.1 Freight Prices for Wine Transported to Bristol, Based on John Smyth’s 15 Ledger: 1539-1542 1.2 Size Ranking of Bristol Vessels Operating 1539-1546 19 2.1 Imports from the Continent to Bristol, in £ Sterling: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 34 2.2 Exports from Bristol to the Continent, in £ Sterling: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 35 2.3 Imports from Ireland to Bristol, in £ Sterling: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 36 2.4 Exports from Bristol to Ireland, in £ Sterling: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 36 2.5 Control of the Continental Trade by Bristol, Other Indigenous and Alien 37 Merchants: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 2.6 Control of the Irish trade by Bristol, Other Indigenous and Alien Merchants: 39 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 2.7 Trinity of Bristol, 13 April 1542 41 2.8 Trinity of Bristol, 14 August 1542 41 2.9 Trinity of Bristol, 24 March 1544 41 2.10 Primrose of Bristol, 20 November 1536 41 2.11 Trinity of Bristol, 13 February 1543 42 2.12 Comparison of John Smyth’s Lead Exports Between the Ledger and the 43 Customs Accounts 2.13 Comparison of John Smyth’s Cloth Exports Between the Ledger and the 44 Customs Accounts 2.14 Comparison of John Smyth’s Grain Exports Between the Ledger and 44 Customs Accounts 2.15 Comparison of John Smyth’s Leather Exports Between the Ledger and the 45 Customs Accounts 2.16 Comparison of William & Robert Tyndall’s Leather Exports Between their 45 Ledger and the Customs Accounts 2.17 List of those Involved in the Illicit Export Trade, 1539-1550 53 2.18 Tons Imported: Continent to Bristol: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 60 2.19 Tons Exported: Bristol to Continent: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 61 2.20 Smyth’s Imports from the Continent 1539-46, in Tons 66 2.21 Smyth’s Exports to the Continent 1539-46, in Tons 67 2.22 Ship Movements of Vessels Engaged in Bristol-Ireland Trade: 1538-1546 72 2.23 Ship Movements of Vessels Engaged in Bridgwater-Ireland Trade: 1538- 72 1546 2.24 Bristol-Ireland Trade and Shipping Movements: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 74 3.1 Imports from the Continent to Bristol, by Ship’s Origin, in Tons: October 82 1541 – February 1543 3.2 Exports from Bristol to the Continent, by Ship’s Origin, in Tons: October 82 1541 – February 1543 3.3 Freight Rates Charged from the Continent to Bristol per Ton: 1539 – 86 February 1543 3.4 Payment Plans for Freight Detailed in Smyth’s Ledger, 1539 – February 1543 89 3.5 Value of Imports from Ireland to Bristol, by Ship’s Origin, in £ Sterling: 98 October 1541 – February 1543 3.6 Value of Exports from Bristol to Ireland, by Ship’s Origin, in £ Sterling: 98 October 1541 – February 1543 3 4.1 Imports from the Continent to Bristol, by Ship’s Origin, in Tons: March 1543 103 – September 1543 and October 1545 – September 1546 4.2 Exports from Bristol to the Continent, by Ship’s Origin, in Tons: March 1543 103 – September 1543 and October 1545 – September 1546 4.3 Imports from Ireland to Bristol, by Ship’s Origin, in £ Sterling: March 1543 – 124 September 1543 and October 1545 – September 1546 4.4 Exports from Bristol to Ireland, by Ship’s Origin, in £ Sterling: March 1543 – 124 September 1543 and October 1545 – September 1546 List of Figures Page 2.1 Control of the Continental Trade by Bristol, Other Indigenous and Alien 38 Merchants: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 2.2 Tons Imported: Continent to Bristol: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 62 2.3 Tons Exported: Bristol to Continent: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 63 2.4 Smyth’s Imports from the Continent 1539-46, in Tons 68 2.5 Smyth’s Exports to the Continent 1539-46, in Tons 69 2.6 Imports - Ireland-Bristol and Recorded Shipping Arrivals from Ireland to 75 Bristol: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 2.7 Exports - Bristol-Ireland and Recorded Shipping Departures from Bristol to 75 Ireland: 1541/2, 1542/3, 1545/6 3.1 Imports from the Continent to Bristol, by Ship’s Origin in Tons: October 83 1541 – February 1543 3.2 Exports from Bristol to the Continent, by Ship’s Origin in Tons: October 83 1541 – February 1543 3.3 Value of Imports from Ireland to Bristol, by Ship’s Origin, in £ Sterling: 99 October 1541 – February 1543 3.4 Value of Exports from Bristol to Ireland, by Ship’s Origin, in £ Sterling: 99 October 1541 – February 1543 4.1 Imports from the Continent to Bristol, by Ship’s Origin, in Tons: 104 March 1543 – September 1543 and October 1545 – September 1546 4.2 Exports from Bristol to the Continent, by Ship’s Origin, in Tons: 104 March 1543 – September 1543 and October 1545 – September 1546 4.3 Imports from Ireland to Bristol, by Ship’s Origin, in £ Sterling: 125 March 1543 – September 1543 and October 1545 – September 1546 4.4 Exports from Bristol to Ireland, by Ship’s Origin, in £ Sterling: 125 March 1543 – September 1543 and October 1545 – September 1546 4 Acknowledgements During the years I’ve been working on this study, I’ve incurred many debts of gratitude towards those that have helped and supported me.
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