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Review Article

PAWPAW (CARICA ) : NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL (A REVIEW)

Abstract: Micronutrient deficiencies especially those of A, iodine, folate, , calcium zinc and are have become widespread especially among countries in the developing part of the globe affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide. These deficiencies have become more prevalent following economic stress and food insecurities faced by populations in these countries with most at risk groups including children less than 5 years of age, adolescents, women of childbearing age, particularly the pregnant and lactating, refugees and victims of famine. Diet diversification to include fruits and remains the best, cost effective and long term methodto prevent micronutrient.hHowever consumption of some fruits and vegetables remains low despite their high nutrient potential hence there is need to increase awareness on their nutrition potentials through nutrition education and extension activities. Therefore the paper reviews about the pawpaw with special emphasis on the nutrient potential of the ripe and unripe fruits for use as food.

Key words:Pawpaw, Micro-Nutrients, Malnutrition, Fruits

Introduction:

Nutrients are substances basically found in food, have specific(physiological) function in the body, needed in amounts that must be meet if not deficiencies occur and this these deficiencies can only be corrected by the intake of the specific nutrient in take in its correct amount.Micronutrients are nutrients needed in minute specific quantities in the body. Micronutrient deficiencies are becoming more widespread especially among countries in the developing part of the globe affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide (Omilola, 2010). These deficiencies have become more prevalent following economic stress and food insecurities faced by populations in these countries (Omilola, 2010). Most at risk groups include

children less than 5 years of age, adolescents, women of childbearing age, particularly the pregnant and lactating, refugees and victims of famine (Uchendu, 2011). , iodine, zinc and iron deficiencies remain micronutrient of major public health importance in most parts of Africa however in recent years folate, zinc and calcium are been added to the micronutrients of for public health significance according to Black et al., 2013. Deficiencies in theses micronutrients of for public health significance have been the cause of widespread mortality and morbidity in childrenespecially those under five years and women of reproductive age (Oduor, 2013). One-third of the world‘s population suffers from micronutrient deficiencies due to primarily to inadequate dietary intake (Uchendu, 2011).Diets deficient in micronutrients are relatively high in intakes of staple food and cereal crops, but low in consumption of foods rich in bioavailable micronutrients such as animal and marine products, fruits, and vegetables (Shetty, 2011). Deficiencies of these micronutrients impair cognitive development and lower resistance to disease in children and adults (UNICEF/Micronutrient Initiative, 2004), and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality of both mothers and infants during childbirth and in early childhood. Additionally, micronutrient deficiencies impair the physical ability and economic productivity of adults and lower school performance in children (Victoria et al., 2008). Global prevalence of micronutrient deficiency is remarkably high and it is estimated that one third of the world‘s population fail to meet their physical and intellectual potential due to micronutrient deficiencies (UNICEF/MI, 2004). The most vulnerable groups are infants and children, women in reproductive age and the elderly.WHO (2014) showed that 29.5% of children under-five are suffering from Vitamin A Deficiency. Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) contributes up to 25 percent of infant, child and maternal mortality in Nigeria because of reduced resistance to energy malnutrition, acute respiratory infection, measles, malaria and diarrhea. Individuals suffering from VAD are susceptible to night blindness and to xerophthalmia.FAO strongly emphasizes that food-based approaches which include increased food production, dietary diversification and food fortification are sustainable strategies for improving the micronutrient status of populations, dietary diversification and modification in conjunction with nutrition education focuses on improving the availability, access to and utilization of foods with a high content and bioavailability of micronutrients throughout the year (Gibson, 2013).A significant proportion of the diverse foods available in our environment have been neglected as technological options focus on few staple foods to address global food insecurity and hunger thus micronutrient

deficiencies continue to be addressed largely through single‐nutrient based interventions that require significant resource investments (Allen, 2003) however, many of our local foods, fruits, and have been reported to be good sources of micronutrients which are available in abundance and very cheap. Consumption of varieties of local foodstuffs will help the children have adequate nutrient stores especially during their season when the fruits, vegetables and foodstuffs are usually wasted due to poor storage facilities. Pawpaw fruits contains Carotenoids (β-carotene, crytoxanthin), a good source of energy about 163KJ, , Sugars, Vitamin A, , Dietary fibre, and minerals like Calcium, potassium and sodium. Pawpaw fruits have potential of preventing and reducing micronutrient malnutrition alongside other foods have ever its utilization both at domestic and industrial scale remains low due to cultural beliefs and inadequate knowledge on its nutrient potential.

THE PAWPAW PLANT Pawpaw (Carica papaya) is a fast-growing -like herbaceous plant in the family Caricaceae. It is a soft-wooded perennial plant that lives for about 5-10 years. Papaya is grown in all tropical countries and many sub-tropical regions of the world. Pawpaw fruitsare one of the most nutritious and cheapest fruits grown and consumed in Nigeria and its Vernacular names include Hausa-Gwandar gida, Igbo-Mgbimgbi, Yoruba- Ibepe and Tiv-Mbuawe. Fresh pawpaw fruits are available all year round with its peak towards the end of the raining season. The is widely consumed as it is grown all year round on the average, fruits are Increasingly becoming popular in the Nigerian diet, but the production of these crop remain low as compared to the country‘s population (Olarewaju, 2012). The fruit are ready to harvest five to six months after flowering, which occurs five to eight months after germination (Chay-Prove et al., 2000). The fruits range in size from 7- 30 cm long and vary in mass from about 250 to 3000g (OECD, 2003). Fruit from female are spherical whereas the shape of fruit from bisexual trees is affected by environmental factors, particularly temperatures that modify floral morphology during early development of the inflorescence (Nakasone & Paull, 1998). Ripe papaya fruit have smooth, thin yellow-orange coloured skin. Depending on the , flesh thickness varies from 1.5 to 4 cm (Nakasone & Paull, 1998) and flesh colour may be pale yellowish to red (Villegas 1997; Nakasone & Paull

1998). Mature fruits contain numerous grey-black spherical 5 mm in diameter (Villegas, 1997). Pawpaw has several uses which include: The ripe fruits are eaten as food, used for production of smoothies and juices. The medicinal properties parts are found in the and latex of the raw fruits. The main constituents of importance are the latexcontaining papain or papayotin, which when fermentedbecomes an important product in pharmaceutics and alsofor tenderizing . The latex is used to cure fever,beriberi and also as an anthelmintic. The infusion is taken to cure stomach-ache (Muhammad and Amusa, 2005).The Tiv tribe of Benue State from the middle belt region of Nigeria process the unripe fruits are into chips or flakes and used for soup preparation while in Asian countries it is used for salad preparation. Nutritionally pawpaw is higher in Niacin and Calcium than , oranges and . Pawpaw has 3 times as much Vitamin C as apples, 2 times as much as bananas and 1/3 as much as oranges, Pawpaw have as much potassium as bananas and more than apples and oranges. Pawpaw is the only fruit with all essential amino acids in addition; it is loaded with antioxidants. It contains Carotenoids (β-carotene, crytoxanthin), a good source of Energy about 163KJ, Carbohydrates, Sugars, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Dietary fibre, and minerals like Calcium, potassium and sodium (Aravind et al., 2013). The vitamin content of fruits and vegetables is nutritionally superior when compared to many cereals and leguminous crops (FAO, 1992). It is easy to cultivate and grows well in most parts of the country for its nutritional and medicinal potentials (Moreason and Bullard, 1994).

ORIGIN/HISTORY OF PAWPAW. According to Eno et al., (2000) Pawpaw is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya belonging to the genus Carica. It is native to the tropics of American and was first cultivated in Mexico (Everette, 2003).Although opinions differ on the origin of C. papaya in tropical America (Garrett, 1995); it is likely that C. papaya originates from the lowlands of Eastern Central America, from Mexico to Panama (Nakasone & Paul, 1998). Its seeds were distributed to the Caribbean and south-east Asia during Spanish exploration in the 16th Century, from where it spread rapidly to India, the Pacific and Africa (Villegas, 1997). Carica papaya has never been found wild, but it is probable that it originated in Southern Mexico and Costa Rica from there; it has now spread to all tropical and subtropical countries of the world.

Papayais now grown in all tropical countries and many sub-tropical regions of the world. It was deliberately introduced to Australia more than a century ago as a horticultural crop for fruit production (Garrett, 1995).The pawpaw tree is believed to be native to southern Mexico and neighboring Central America. It is currently cultivated in , Hawaii, Eastern British, West Africa, South Africa, Sri-Lanka, India, Canary Islands, Malaysia and Australia; it is now present in every tropical and Sub tropical country. Pawpaw was first described in 1526 by the Spanish chronicler Oviedo, who found it first on Panamanian and Colombian coasts. The fruit was rapidly propagated in the tropics, most likely due to the abundant and highly viable seeds. The crop has adapted quite well to tropical areas with fertile soils and abundant rainfall. The history of pawpaw spread was initiated approximately in about 1500 years ago, when the Spanish conquerors carried seeds to Panama and Dominican Republic. During the following century Spanish and Portuguese sailors took the seeds to the Philippines, Malaysia and India. For about 1600 years now the fruit had been produced in warm regions of South and Central America, Southern Mexico, the Antilles, Bahamas, Bermuda and Florida( Rare Fruit Growers, 1998). In the same century pawpaw seeds were taken from India to Naples in Italy. The crop reached Hawaii between 1800 and 1820. Until 1900 pawpaw seeds were taken to Florida, probably from Bahamas' plantations. The Solo variety has been cultivated in Hawaii since 1911, probably brought from Barbados and Jamaica. The first seeds of the Maradol variety were introduced into Mexico in 1978, through CONAFRUT in Xalapa and Veracruz (California Rare Fruit Growers, 1998).

TAXONOMY/DESCRIPTION

Scientific classification of papaya according to Gledhil (2009) Kingdom - Plantae Order - Brassicales Family - Caricaceae Genus - Carica Species - C. Papaya Chart 1.Taxonomic Hierarchy according to National Plant Data Base (2011)

Kingdom Plantae – plantes, Planta, Vegetal, plants Subkingdom Viridaeplantae – green plants Infrakingdom Streptophyta – land plants Division Tracheophyta – vascular plants, tracheophytes Subdivision Spermatophytina – spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames Infradivision Angiospermae – flowering plants, angiosperms, plantas com flor,

angiosperma, plantes à fleurs, angiospermes, plantes à fruits Class Magnoliopsida Superorder Rosanae Order Brassicales Family Caricaceae – Genus Carica L. – papaya Species Carica papaya L. – papaya, pawpaw

The percentage composition of typical pawpaw is: seed (8.5 %), skin (12 %) and pulp (79.5%) (FAO, 2003). Cultivated Carica papaya sometimes known as pawpaw (or papaw), is a fast-growing tree-like herbaceous plant in the family Caricaceae. C. papaya is generally known as ‗papaya‘ in most countries hence in some areas an unrelated plant Asiminia triloba (), native to North America is also called pawpaw. Broadly, there are two distinct types of C. papaya plants: dioecious and gynodioecious. Dioecious papayas have male and female on separate trees while gynodioecious papayas bare female flowers on some trees and bisexual (hermaphrodite) flowers on others. Occasionally, papaya variety Solo may be functionally andromonoecious (male and hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant), with a terminal bisexual subtended by a few staminate axillary flowers (OECD, 2003). Such changes in floral biology are likely to occur in response to hot and dry conditions which are known to affect functional gender in papayas. Until recently, the Caricaceae was thought to comprise 31 species in three genera (namely Carica, Jacaratia and Jarilla) from tropical America and one genus, Cylicomorpha from equatorial Africa (Nakasone & Paull 1998). However, a recent taxonomic revision proposed that some species formerly assigned to Carica were more appropriately classified in

the genus Vasconcella (Badillo, 2002). Accordingly, the family‘s classification has been revised to comprise Cylicomorpha and five South and Central American genera (Carica, Jacaratia, Jarilla, Horovitzia and Vasconcella) (Badillo1971), with Carica papaya the only species within the genus Carica (Badillo, 2002). Carica papaya is a soft-wooded perennial plant that lives for about 5-10 years (Chay- Prove et al., 2000). Papayas normally grow as single-stemmed trees with a crown of large palmate leaves emerging from the apex of the trunk, but trees may become multi-stemmed when damaged (Villegas, 1997). Hasheen (2007) points out that Carica papaya is a large, tree-like plant with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk the lower trunck is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne, the leaves are large, 50-70 (20-28 inches) in diameter, deeply and palmately lobed with seven lobes and Pawpaw fruit is a fleshy 7-30cm long, weighing up to 9kg, ovoid- oblong to nearly spherical from pistillate flowers; pyriform, cylindrical or grooved from hermaphrodite flowers; skin thin, smooth, green, turning yellowish or orange edible, with mild and pleasant flavour, central Cavity full of seeds.

Table 1: Fruit Characteristics of Pawpaw in Major Producing Countries Cultivar Country of Origin Fruit Characteristics Kamiya Hawaii A rose-fleshed pawpaw that is lighter in flavor than Mexican Yellow. Medium to very large fruit. Generally not as sweet as Hawaiian types. Mexican Red Mexico A rose-fleshed pawpaw that is lighter in flavor than Mexican Yellow. Medium to very large fruit. Generally not as sweet as Hawaiian types. Mexican Mexico A very sweet and flavorful, yellow-fleshed pawpaw. Yellow Medium to large fruit can grow up to 10 pounds. Generally not as sweet as Hawaiian types. Maradol Roja Cuba Small to medium-sized fruit. A very sweet and flavorful. Vista Solo USA Medium to large fruit depending on climate, 5 inches wide, up to 18 inches long. Skin yellow, flesh orange to Yellow-orange. Hardy, compact Solo type producing high

quality fruit. Needs fairly hot weather to develop Sweetness Waimanalo Hawaii Fruit round with a short neck, average weight 16 to 39 Ounces, Skin smooth, and glossy, cavity star-shaped, Flesh thick, firm, orange-yellow in colour, flavor and quality high, keeps well. Recommended for fresh market and processing. Fruits of female plants rough in appearance. Average height to the first flower is 32 inches. Sunrise solo Hawaii Pear-shaped fruit with a slight neck. Averages 22 to 26 Ounces depending on location. Skin smooth, flesh firm, Reddish-orange, sweet, sugar content high. Quality similar to Solo. Seed cavity not as deeply indented as other Solo strains, making seed removal easier. Plant precocious, maturing fruit about 9 months after transplanting, at a height of about 3 feet. Sunset Hawaii Solo type, Small to medium-sized, pear-shaped fruit. Orange-red skin and flesh, Very sweet, Dwarf, high yielding plant. Source: De Los Santos et al., 2000

Fig 1: A Picture of a ripe pawpaw fruit (Carica papaya) solo variety and Fig 2: A Picture of an unripe pawpaw fruit (Carica papaya) solo variety

Fig 3 and Fig 4 pictures of unripe and ripe pawpaw unrelated plant called pawpaw ( triloba) Please mention the reference for the above pictures. Are those your own pictures or taken from internet. Photographs do have copyrights.

CULTIVATION/PRODUCTION/ ECOLOGY Worldwide production of papaya stands at 6,634,530 tons in 54 countries per annum and top 10 producers are as shown in the table below (FAO, 2007)

Table 2: Top 10 Producers of Pawpaw inthe World Country 2007 production(kilo tons) Brazil 1.573.82 Nigeria 834.04 India 783.38 Mexico 709.48 Indonesia 646.65 Ethiopia 259.17 Congo 215.98 Peru 171.06 Columbia 137.66 Philippines 132.00 Source: FAO, 2007 Reference is 13 years old. Could you find a more current reference?

Table 3: Current Major Pawpaw Producing Countries intheWorld Country (Mt) Country (Mt) Country (Mt) Production Production Production

Tanzania 2,000,000 Cuba 40,000 Argentina 2, 100 Brazil 1,450,000 Costa Rica 35 200 Oman 1950 Nigeria 748,000 Mozambique 31,000 Fiji Islands 1,634

India 644,000 Guatemala 25,000 Ghana 1,600

Mexico 612,910 USA 24,950 G/Bissau 1,600

DR. of 213,000 Dominican 24,000 Cook 908 Congo Republic Islands

Peru 173,600 Bolivia 23,000 Honduras 590

China 152,000 South Africa 21, 100 Reunion 420

Thailand 119,000 Paraguay 12,000 French Guiana 389

Colombia 113,500 Samoa 10,000 Islamic Rep of 100 Iran Boliv Rep 105,000 Jamaica 9,000 Guadeloupe 55 Of Venezuela Ecuador 101,005 Pakistan 8500 Tunisia 55 Philippines 77,417 Australia 7,000 Israel 150

Yemen 67,979 Chile 6,800 Morocco 50 Malaysia 60,000 Puerto Rico 3,200 Zimbabwe 30 Bangladesh 41,000 El Salvador 3,000 Cameron 10

Source: Faostat Database FAO, 2013 Could you please check FAOstat for the available current reference?

Pawpaw is propagated by seed. For germinationof the seeds there must be removedfromtheir gelatinous envelope before planting. The seeds mustbe air-dry so that they will retain viability for 2-3 years. Germination usually takes 2-3 weeks and it is epigeal. The seed are firstly planted in wooden flats, which are then placed in the sun while the are still large and green. After which theyre are transplanted into containers or polythene bags 3-4 weeks after germination. At 8 - 10 weeks after sowing, when the are 15 – 20cm high, there are transplanted to the permanent orchard site (Olarewaju, 2012).

Pawpaw is a tropical plant and is grown in latitudes to 320N and S and is extremely Comment [AT1]: There is no 320 N It should be 32 degrees N sensitive to frost which can kill the plant thus requires full sun, but you should provide wind

breaks(Olarewaju, 2012). You should prepare well-drained fertile soil with pH of 6-6.5 it only Comment [AT2]: Rewrite the sentence. Don’t use the term you. thrives well in such soils, pawpaw cannot stand water – logging as such it should be avoided, if you grow pawpaw in dry regions, you should provide irrigation in the absence of adequate rainfall although these plants are considered to be drought resistant (Organization for Economic

Co-operation and Development, 2003). Fruit production is optimal in areas with a minimum Comment [AT3]: Rewrite the sentence. Avoid using the phrase ‘you’. monthly rainfall of about 100 mm, minimum relative humidity of 66% (Nakasone & Paull, 1998) and where temperatures range between 21 and 33º C (Villegas, 1997; Nakasone & Paull 1998;, (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003). Temperatures below 12-14º C strongly retard fruit maturation and adversely affect fruit production; low temperatures also result in fruits of poor flavour (Nakasone & Paull, 1998). Both dioecious and gynodioecious varieties of papaya are grown commercially in Australia, but dioecious varieties are generally recommended because they have high fruit yields and relatively predictable fruit shape (Drew et al., 1998; Chay-Prove et al., 2000), in gynodioecious varieties fruit production on hermaphrodite trees may be affected by air temperatures leading to decreased yields and or poorly shaped fruit (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003). Papaya plantations are established by sowing seeds which may be pre-germinated or by transplanting established (150 – 200 mm tall) seedlings to the plantation site. As the sex of plants can be difficult to determine before they start flowering 3-4 plants are established in each planting site within the plantation to ensure that the optimum ratio of sex types is achieved. When the sex can be determined plants are thinned to achieve the desired sex ratio and to reduce competition between plants which would affect fruit production. For dioecious varieties, a ratio of one male to 8-10 female plants is recommended to maximize yield (Nakasone & Paull, 1998; Chay-Prove et al., 2000) whereas for bisexual varieties, the aim of thinning is to have one bisexual plant in each planting position. The soft, hollow, cylindrical trunk ranges from 30 cm diameter at the base to about 5 cm diameter at the crown. Under optimal conditions, trees can reach 8-10 metres in height (Villegas, 1997). Fruit are ready to harvest five to six months after flowering, which occurs five to eight months after seed germination (Chay-Prove et al., 2000). The fruits range in size from 7- 30 cm long and vary in mass from about 250 to 3000g (OECD, 2003). Ripe papaya fruit have smooth, thin yellow-orange coloured skin. Depending on the cultivar, flesh thickness varies from 1.5 to 4

cm (Nakasone & Paull, 1998) and flesh colour may be pale yellowish to red (Villegas 1997; Nakasone & Paull 1998). Mature fruits contain numerous grey-black spherical seeds 5 mm in diameter (Villegas, 1997) the seeds are attached in 5 rows to interior wall of ovary, spherical, about 5mm in diameter, black or grayish, unwrinkled, enclose in gelatinous sarcotesta formed from the outer integument; embryo median, straight, with ovoid, flattered cotyledons surrounded by fleshy endosperm. For Harvesting of fresh fruit, you may harvest your pawpaw when the first traces of yellow appear on the skin, after which they will ripen in 4-5 days. You should cut the fruits with a sharp knife. You will find that pawpaw yields per tree vary from 30 –150 fruits per annum, giving up to 35tonnes of marketable fruit per hectare. Comment [AT4]: Avoid using ‘you’. Please rewrite the sentence.

CHEMICAL/NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION Olarewaju, 2012 reported that 100g edible portion of fresh and ripe pawpaw fruits contains approximately:88% - water, 10% - sugar, 0.5% - protein, 0.1% - , 0.1% - acids, 0.6% - ash and 0.7% - fibre. Pawpaw is a rich source of vitamin A and has some vitamin C. The latex contains the enzymes papain and chymopapain both of which have protein – digesting and milk clotting properties. Nutritionally, papaya is a good source of calcium and an excellent source of A and C (Nakasone & Paull, 1998). Papaya is a powerhouse of nutrients and is available throughout the year. It is a rich source of threes powerful antioxidant vitamin C, vitamin A and vitamin E; the minerals and potassium; the B vitamin pantothenic acid and folate and fiber. In addition to all this, it contains a digestive enzyme-papain that effectively treats trauma, allergies and sports injuries (Rob Schneider, 2012).The vitamin A and C content of one medium papaya fruit (approx 350g edible portion) exceed the established by the US food and nutrition board for adult minimum daily required ((Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development, 2005), the vitamin C content is much higher than tomatoes or oranges (Benson and Poffleu, 1999). Papaya fruit is marked as a source of a wide minerals and vitamins necessary for wellbeing (papaya Australia, 2007). The extracts of unripe C. papaya may contain a little of terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and steroids (Aravind et al., 2013).

Table 4: Papaya Fruit (Ripe) Nutritional Values (Per 100g Edible Portion Only) Nutrient Value-papaya Australia Value- USDA nutrient database Water 89.3g 88.83g Energy 123kj/29kcal 163kj/39kcal Protein 0.4g 0.16g 0.1g 0.14g Carbohydrates(total) 6.9g 9.81g (sugar) 6.9g 5.9g Dietary fibre 2.3g 1.8g Cholesterol Nil Nil Sodium 7mg 3mg Potassium 140mg 257mg Calcium 28mg 24mg Magnesium 14mg 10mg Iron 0.5mg 0.1mg Zinc 0.3mg 0.07mg Beta-carotene 910µg 276µg Thiamin 0.03mg 0.0027mg Riboflavin 0.03mg 0.032mg Niacin 0.3mg 0.338mg Vitamin C 60mg (171% of RDI) 61.8mg Vitamin A eq. 150ug N/A Source: Nutritional data taken from the papaya Australia (2007).

Table 5: PapayaFruit (Unripe) Nutritional value per 100 g Nutrient Quantities(g) Energy 163KJ Sodium 3 mg Potassium 257 5

Magnesium 10 Iron 0.10 Calcium 24 Vitamin C 61.8 Folate (vit.B9) 38 Vitamin B6 0.1 Niacin (vit.B3) 0.338 Riboflavin (vit.B2) 0.05 Thiamine (vit.B1) 0.04 mg Vitamin A 328 Protein 0.61 Fat 0.14 Dietary fibre 1.8 Sugars 5.9 Carbohydrates 9.81 Moisture 80 Source: Aravind et al., 2013 Journal of medicinal plant studies 2013 vol: 1 No: 1 pg 8

Table 6: Carica Papaya Is a Pack ofPhytoconstituents

Phytoconstituents Carica papaya part Enzyme (Papain, chymopapain) Unripe fruit Carotenoids (β-carotene, crytoxanthin) Fruits Carposide Roots Glucosinolates Seeds (Benzyl isothiocynate, papaya oil) Minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Mn ,Fe) Shoots, leaves, fruits Monoterpenoids (Linalool,4-terpinol) Fruits Flavonoids (Myricetin, kaemferol) Shoots Alkaloids (Carpinine ,carpaine), Leaves, fruits vitamin C and E Fruits Source: Aravind et al., 2013 Journal of medicinal plant studies 2013 vol: 1 No: 1 pg 8 NUTRITIONAL COMPARISM OF PAWPAW, ORANGE, AND APPLES

Pawpaws are very nutritious fruits. They are high in vitamin C, magnesium, iron, copper, and . They are a good source of potassium and several essential amino acids, and they also

contain significant amounts of riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc. Pawpaws contain these nutrients in amounts that are generally about the same as or greater than those found in bananas, apples, or oranges.

In comparison with banana, , and orange, pawpaws have a higher protein and fat content. Banana exceeds pawpaw in food energy and carbohydrate content. There is little difference among these fruits in content. Pawpaw is most similar to banana in overall composition. Apple is especially low in protein, orange is low in fat, and both are lower than pawpaw or banana in food energy. Pawpaw has three times as much vitamin C as apple, twice as much as banana, and one third as much as orange. Pawpaw has six times as much riboflavin as apple and twice as much as orange. Niacin content of pawpaw is twice as high as banana, fourteen times as high as apple and four times as high as orange. Pawpaw and banana are both high in potassium, having about twice as much as orange and three times as much as apple. Pawpaw has one and a half times as much calcium as orange and about ten times as much as banana or apple. Pawpaw has two to seven times as much phosphorus, four to twenty times as much magnesium, twenty to seventy times as much iron, five to twenty times as much zinc, five to twelve times as much copper, and sixteen to one hundred times as much manganese, as do banana, apple, or orange, Sodium content has not yet been determined.

The protein in pawpaw contains all of the essential amino acids. Pawpaw exceeds apple in all of the essential amino acids and it exceeds or equals banana and orange in most of them. The profile of fatty acids in pawpaw is preferable to that in banana. Pawpaw has 32% saturated, 40% monounsaturated, and 28% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Banana has 52% saturated, 15% monounsaturated, and 34% polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Tables for comparisonms are shown below:

Table 7: Nutritional Comparison of Pawpaw with Other Fruits

Units Pawpawa Bananaa Applea Orangea COMPOSITION Food Energy Calories 80 92 59 47 Protein Grams 1.2 1.03 0.19 0.94 Total Fat Grams 1.2 0.48 0.36 0.12 Carbohydrate Grams 18.8 23.4 15.25 11.75

Dietary Fiber Grams 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.4 VITAMINS Vitamin A Reb 8.6 8 5 21 Vitamin A IUc 87 81 53 205 Vitamin C milligrams 18.3 9.1 5.7 53.2 Thiamin milligrams 0.01 0.045 0.017 0.087 Riboflavin milligrams 0.09 0.1 0.014 0.04 Niacin Milligrams 1.1 0.54 0.077 0.282 MINERALS Potassium milligrams 345 396 115 181 Calcium milligrams 63 6 7 40 Phosphorus milligrams 47 20 7 14 Magnesium milligrams 113 29 5 10 Iron milligrams 7 0.31 0.18 0.1 Zinc milligrams 0.9 0.16 0.04 0.07 Copper milligrams 0.5 0.104 0.041 0.045 Manganese Milligrams 2.6 0.152 0.045 0.025 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS Histidine milligrams 21 81 3 18 Isoleucine milligrams 70 33 8 25 Leucine milligrams 81 71 12 23 Lysine milligrams 60 48 12 47 Methionine milligrams 15 11 2 20 Cystine milligrams 4 17 3 10 Phenylalanine milligrams 51 38 5 31 Tyrosine milligrams 25 24 4 16 Threonine milligrams 46 34 7 15 Tryptophan milligrams 9 12 2 9 Valine Milligrams 58 47 9 40

Source: Pawpaw Research Program at the Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky, 1997 Comment [AT5]: Could you find a more Key: recent data. Probably you may have to find the data of these 3 fruits separately and 1. (Mean value per 100 grams edible portion) then compare. 2. b- (Retinol Equivalents-these units are used in the most National Research Council Recommended Dietary Allowances table ) c- (International Units-these units are still seen on many labels). Number in bold face represents the highest value for each component. ). NOTE: Pawpaw analysis was done on pulp with skin, although the skin is not considered edible. Probably much of the dietary fiber, and possibly some of the fat, would be thrown away with the skin

Table 8. Portion of Daily Needs Provided by Pawpaw in Comparison with Other Fruits

Pawpawa Bananaa Applea Orangea COMPOSITION

Food Energy b 4.0 4.6 3.0 2.4 Protein b 2.4 2.1 0.4 1.9 Total Fat b 1.8 0.7 0.6 0.2 Carbohydrate b 6.3 7.8 5.1 3.9 Dietary Fiber b 10.4 9.6 10.8 9.6 VITAMINS

Vitamin A c 1.0 0.9 0.6 2.3 Vitamin C c 30.5 1 5.2 9.5 88.7 Thiamin c 0.8 3.5 1.3 6.7 Riboflavin c 6.0 6.7 0.9 2.7 Niacin c 6.5 3.2 0.5 1.7 MINERALS

Potassium b 9.9 11.3 3.3 5.2 Calcium c 7.9 0.8 0.9 5.0 Phosphorus c 5.9 2.5 0.9 1.8 Magnesium c 35.9 9.2 1.6 3.2 Iron c 56 2.5 1.4 0.8 Zinc c 6.7 1.2 0.3 0.5 Copper d 22.2 4.6 1.8 2.0 Manganese d 74.3 4.3 1.3 0.7 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Histidine e 3.5 13.5 0.5 3.0 Isoleucine e 11.6 5.5 1.3 4.2 Leucine e 9.6 8.5 1.4 2.7 Lysine e 8.4 6.7 1.7 6.5 Methionine + Cystine e 2.4 3.6 0.6 3.8 Phenylalanine + Tyrosine e 9 7.4 1.1 5.6 Threonine e 10.8 8.1 1.7 3.6 Tryptophan e 4.3 5.7 1.0 4.3 Valine e 9.7 7.8 1.5 6.7

Source: Pawpaw Research Program at the Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky, 1997 Comment [AT6]: Please follow the Key: suggestion same as above. a – percentage of daily nutritional need per 100 gram serving

b- Percentage of Daily Reference Value, based on a diet of 2,000 Calories a day for adults. c- Percentage of the 1989 NAS-NRC Recommended Dietary Allowance average valve for women and men of ages 25-50. d- Percentage of the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake, average value for adults. e- Percentage of the estimated amino acid requirement for a 60 kg (130 lb) adult. Number in bold face represents highest value for each component.

UTILIZATION/USES/ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

The uses of pawpaw ranges from domestic to industrial uses in short, the benefits of pawpaw are enormous both the natural fruit and natural pawpaw supplements. The unripe papaya fruit has a high latex content that may make it unsuitable for raw consumption although raw shredded green papaya is often used in Asian salads, green papaya if peeled, seeded and chocked is used in a variety of savoury Asian dishes including pickles and chutneys and for in sugar syrup (Morton,1987).Green fruit and the leaves and flowers may also be used as a cooked (Watson, 1997). Papaya seeds have a peppery taste and can be dried in a dehydrator then grounded in a mortar and pestle and used like pepper (papaya Australia, 2007).

Economically, Carica papaya is the most important species within the Caricaceae, being cultivated widely for consumption domestically as a fresh fruit ( and in fruit salads) and are used industrially for making soft drinks, jam, jam candies, flavouring and crystallized fruit canned in syrup drinks, unripe fruits are cooked as a substitute for and for apple sauce (Villegas, 1997). The fruit of some species of Vasconcella may be used as a food source, particularly in some regions of South and Central America but such usage is relatively limited.

Kolawola et al., (2010) used ripe pawpaw fruits in the preparation of sorghum-ogi (a Nigerian traditional weaning meal) were they cofermented the sorghum-ogi with pawpaw as a nutrient supplement for infant foods. Biochemically and industrially pawpaw leaves and fruit are complex producing several and alkaloids with important pharmaceutical and industrial applications (El Moussaoui et al., 2001).Akah et al., (2007) Carica papaya contains the enzyme

papain which is present in the fruits, stem and leaves; meat can be tenderized by wrapping it in a papaya before cooking. It contains biologically active compounds such as chymopapain and papain which aids in digestion (Barger et al., 2009). Papain is a proteolytic enzyme that helps in protein digestion. Because it improves digestion in general papain has also been used orally to treat less serious digestive disorders like bloating and chronic indigestion (Baur et al., 2008). Papain is also used in the treatment of arthritis and intestinal worms. in papain may increase immune system and may also promote the release of natural chemicals that attack tumor cell (Cordell, 2008). Papain is a particularly important proteolytic enzyme that is produced in the milky latex of green, unripe papaya fruits (note that ripe papaya fruit contain no latex or papain). The latex is harvested by scarifying the green skin to induce latex flow, which is allowed to dry before collection for processing (Nakasone & Paull, 1998).

Evolutionarily, papain may be associated with protection from frugivorous predators and herbivores (El Moussaoui et al., 2001). Commercially, however papain has varied industrial uses in the beverage, food and pharmaceutical industries including in the production of chewing gums, in chill-proofing beer, tenderizing meat, drug preparations for various digestive ailments and the treatment of gangrenous wounds. Papain has also been used in the textiles industry for degumming silk and for softening wool and in the cosmetics industry in soaps and shampoo production, the Chief importer of papain is the United States (Villegas, 1997). Pawpaw extract prepared from the dried latex of immature fruits has a Proteolytic enzyme similar in action to pepsin and is used in meat-tenderizing preparations, manufacture of chewing gum and in cosmetics, as a drug for digestive ailments, in the tanning industry for bating hides, for degumming natural silk and to give shrink resistance to wool, young leaves are sometimes eaten as spinach, Sweet meat is made from the Flowers both the leaves and young fruits are used to tenderize meat (El Moussaoui et al., 2001).

Practically, every part of Carica papaya is of economic value and its use ranged from nutritional to medicinal: the fruits are popularly used and processed into juice, jam and wine, while the leaves are cooked as vegetable (Grayson, 2001). The seeds are medically important in the treatment of sickle cell diseases, poisoning related disorder. The leaf tea or extract has a reputation as a tumor destroyer agent. The fresh green pawpaw leaves tea is an antiseptic whilst, the brown dried pawpaw leaves are best served as a tonic and blood purifies (Ezugwu, 2008).

Fresh, green pawpaw leaf is an antiseptic, whilst the brown, dried pawpaw leaf is the best as a tonic and blood purifier (Atta, 1999). Due to its antioxidant and fiber contents pawpaw is used in the treatments of digestion and other ailments such as chronic indigestion, overweight, obesity, high blood pressure(HBP) and weakening of the heart (Everette, 2003). Chewing the seeds of ripe pawpaw fruit also helps to clear nasal congestion, (Elizabeth, 1994).

The green unripe pawpaw has a therapeutic value due to its antiseptic quality. It cleans the intestines from bacteria, more so that (only a healthy intestine is able to absorb vitamin and minerals, especially vitamin B12). The tea, prepared with the green papaya leaf, promotes digestion and aids the in treatment of ailments such as chronic indigestion, overweight and obesity, arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure and weakening of the heart (Mantok, 2005). The seeds are used in some countries as a vermifuge, counter-irritant and abortifacient, pawpaw fruits have been found to be medically important in the treatment of fibroid, tuberculosis, malaria.

Carica papaya constituents exhibit alkaline combination, as with borax or potassium carbonate and they have showed good results in treatment of warts, corns, sinuses, eczema, coetaneous tuberculosis and other hardness of the skin and also injected into indolent glandular tumors to promote their absorption(Aravind et al., 2013). Green fruits of papaya are used to treat high blood pressure, dyspepsia, constipation, amenorrhoea, general debility, expel worms and stimulate reproductive organs; another great benefit of papaya is to boost male fertility. Papaya contains an enzyme called arginine which is known in the medically community to boost blood flow around the man-hood arginine boosts nitric acid in the body to relax the muscles surrounding the blood vessels that supply the man-hood with blood. These blood vessels then dilate and increase blood flow, a more concentrated form of arginine is used to treat erectile dysfunction (Aravind et al., 2013).

Pawpaw contains Chymopapain: A drug made from chymopapain used to be very popular in treating slipped disk. Both papain and chymopapain can help lower inflammation and improve healing from burns, the alkaloid, Carpaine slows the heart rate in humans and thus reduces blood pressure its action is similar to the drug prescribed for heart patients, digitalis. The alkaloid is reported to be able to kill worms and amoebas (Akhtar, 2000). Papaya has an abundance of cancer fighting lycopene which is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of many important Carotenoids, such as beta-carotene and xanthophylls and another useful compound not

readily found in the plant kingdom but found in pawpaw is Fibrin. It reduces the risk of blood clots and improves the quality of blood cells, optimizing the ability of blood to flow through the circulatory system. Fibrin is also important in preventing stoke (Aravind et al., 2013).

Pawpaw fruits are also used as feed for livestock (herbivorous) especially the foliage used as a feed source in fish ponds (such as catfish, Tilapia, etc), the leaves and peels are also used as livestock feeds (Aravind et al., 2013). Much of the pawpaw crop in the tropics is consumed locally, as it is difficult to transport the fruits satisfactorily over long distances. Storage conditions which are based on temperature control are used for extending the shelf life of fresh pawpaw fruits but sometimes may in turn expose them to microbial spoilage and deterioration such as water loss, bleaching, surface burning, shriveling, excessive softening and desiccation thus leading to loss of quality (softening, flaccidity, limpness, loss of crispness and juiciness) and nutritional quality (Thompson, 1996). Inadequate storage of fresh pawpaw fruits results in fading of colour by oxidation and enzymatic activity which affects the commercial value of fresh fruits when stored at room temperature (Isiong, 1997). Studies have also shown that chilling temperatures are not appropriate for many tropical crops such as pawpaw due to their susceptibility to chilling damage resulting in pitting, discoloration and rotten (Okaka, 1997). However fresh fruits are exported by air and in cold storage by sea from Hawaii to the United States, but little fresh fruits reach other temperature countries. Pawpaw fruits are now being canned and with this the market will probably increase (FAO, 2003). Currently Tanzania has become the leading producer of pawpaw in the world, with maximum production of about 2, 000,000 Metric tons per annum, smaller quantities are produced in Uganda (FAO, 2003). The production in Nigeria is quite high but still does not meet even domestic requirement in large cities as most of the harvest is lost to microorganisms causing its decay, these microorganisms, under the influence of environmental factors, pose a serious threat to pawpaw fruits production (Chukwuka et al., 2010). The main actors in the international trade market for pawpaw are presented in the table below.

Table 9: International Market for Pawpaw Exporting countries MT Importing countries MT

Mexico 59,638 USA 47,908

Malaysia 34,312 Singapore 21,219

Brazil 9,878 Hong Kong 13,210

USA 6,024 China 4,919

Jamaica 4,000 Japan 4,670

Belice 3,557 UK 3,606

Holland 2,051 3,291

Costa Rica 1,000 Germany 2,546

Ghana 1,000 Portugal 1,486

France 1,269

Spain 1, 132

Source: Faostat Database FAO 1990 — 2013. Comment [AT7]: Could you explore to find a more recent statistics for exports so that the figures are more realistic? ALLERGIES, SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY Papaya is frequently used as a hair conditioner, but should be used in small amounts as papaya releases a latex fluid when not quite ripe, which can cause irritation and provoke allergic reaction in some people (Aravind et al., 2013). It is advised to avoid eating plenty of unripe pawpaw fruits salad if pregnant as it is an abortifacient in nature. The latex concentration of unripe papayas is speculated to cause uterine contractions, can induce abortion or may lead to a miscarriage, papaya seed extracts in large doses have a contraceptive effect on rats and monkeys, but in small doses have no effect on the unborn animals (Dawson, 1997 andAdebiyi et al., 2003). Green pawpaw and pawpaw seeds extract have shown contraceptive effects in adult male langur monkeys and human adults (Lohiya et al., 1994 and Chinoy et al., 1994). Excessive consumption of papaya can cause carotenemia, the yellowing of soles and palms, which is otherwise harmless. However, a very large dose would need to be consumed for this to occur as papaya contains about 6% of the level of beta carotene found in carrots (the most common cause of Carotenemia) (Aravind et al., 2013).Externally the papaya latex is an irritant to

the skin and internally it causes severe gastritis (Ordoñez et al., 2006).Some people are allergic to the fruit and even the enzyme papain because of its negative properties however all parts of the plant contain latex, and so cCare is must be taken when harvesting pawpaw as fresh latex is a skin irritant and can cause blisters, it can also cause conjunctivitis (Oloyede, 2005). Pawpaw flower pollen and papain can also induce respiratory reactions in sensitive individuals (Ordoñez et al., 2006). Symptoms of a pawpaw allergy includes dizziness, trouble breathing, itching, rash, and swelling, upset stomach or nausea may occur in some people to this it is therefore advised not to consume pawpaw if you have recently had surgery or are on blood thinners (Milind and Parle, 2011;Aravind et al., 2013).

Conclusion/recommendation: Pawpaw fruits both ripe and unripe are cheap and house of several micronutrients consuming it often will help reduce micronutrient malnutrition. They can also be processed into various forms domestically and on industrial scale for juices, soups, meat-tenderizers etc and can also be used to substitute other foods to improve both nutrient and sensory attribute.Hence there is need to increase more awareness on its potential through nutrition education and extension communication programmes for more nutritional knowledge on the nutritional benefits and further enhances their consumption there increasing diet diversity and reduce dependence on regular fruits and more expensive once with similar nutritional potentials.

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