DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effects of Naturally Occurring Plant Products on Experimental Haemonchus Contortus Infection in Gerbils and Sheep

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effects of Naturally Occurring Plant Products on Experimental Haemonchus Contortus Infection in Gerbils and Sheep The Effects of Naturally Occurring Plant Products on Experimental Haemonchus contortus Infection in Gerbils and Sheep Jill M. Squires Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Biomedical and Veterinary Science Dr. Anne Zajac, Chair Dr. David Lindsay Dr. Terry Swecker May 1, 2009 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Haemonchus contortus, gerbil model, small ruminant, herbal medicinals, Artemisia annua, Asimina triloba, orange oil Copyright 2009, Jill Marie Squires The Effects of Natural Plant Products on Experimental Haemonchus contortus Infection in Gerbils and Sheep Jill M. Squires ABSTRACT Haemonchus contortus is a blood-sucking abomasal helminth of small ruminants responsible for major economic losses to producers worldwide. Widespread resistance to commercial anthelmintics has created a need for alternative methods of parasite control. One method involves using plant products with natural anthelmintic properties. This thesis assessed the efficacy of several plant products against experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in gerbils and sheep. In gerbil assays, animals were orally infected with 600 third-stage Haemonchus larvae and treated once or daily for 5 days with artemisinin, Artemisia annua aqueous or ethanolic extract, an orange oil emulsion, or Asimina triloba ethanolic extract. Nine days post-infection, gerbils were euthanized, their stomachs removed, and the worms counted. Significant anthelmintic activity was not found for artemisinin, A. annua extracts, or A. triloba extract. The orange oil product caused significant parasite reductions up to 87.8% when administered for 5 days. The orange oil emulsion was tested in sheep to evaluate the product against Haemonchus in its natural host. Sheep were orally inoculated with 10,000 Haemonchus larvae and, one month later, dosed with the emulsion once or daily for 3 days. Fecal egg counts were monitored daily starting on the first day of dosing and continuing to 14 days post-dosing. Results showed that a single dose of the product caused highly significant fecal egg count reduction (97.4%) compared to control sheep and that there is no advantage to treating for 3 days. Thus, the orange oil emulsion shows promise as an alternative to commercial dewormers. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................1 Life Cycle of Haemonchus contortus ...........................................................................................1 Hypobiosis ................................................................................................................................1 Pathogenesis .................................................................................................................................2 Importance and Distribution .........................................................................................................2 Commercial Anthelmintics for the Control of Haemonchus .......................................................3 Benzimidazoles .........................................................................................................................3 Imidazothiazoles .......................................................................................................................4 Macrocyclic lactones ................................................................................................................4 Anthelmintic Resistance ...............................................................................................................5 Alternative Control Strategies ......................................................................................................7 Pasture Management .................................................................................................................7 Selective Deworming ...............................................................................................................7 Breeding/Selection for Resistant Animals ................................................................................8 Dietary Supplementation ..........................................................................................................9 Alternatives to Commercial Anthelmintics ..............................................................................9 Previous Research in Forages and Plant Products .....................................................................10 Tanniferous plants ..................................................................................................................10 Plants with various other constituents ....................................................................................10 Challenges in research ............................................................................................................12 Plants and Plant Products Addressed in This Work ...................................................................13 Artemisia annua ......................................................................................................................13 Orange oils ..............................................................................................................................14 Asimina triloba .......................................................................................................................16 The Gerbil Model for Anthelmintic Studies ..............................................................................17 References ..................................................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 2. Effects of Artemisia annua products on experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) ............................................................................. 29 iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 29 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 30 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 34 References ................................................................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 3. The effect of an orange oil emulsion on experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) ............................................................................. 42 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 42 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 43 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 46 References ................................................................................................................................. 48 CHAPTER 4. The effect of an orange oil emulsion on experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep (Ovis aries) ..................................................................................................... 51 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 51 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 51 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 52 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 54 References ................................................................................................................................. 56 APPENDIX A. The Effect of Asimina triloba on experimental Haemonchus contortus infection in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) ............................................................................. 58 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 58 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characterization of Polyphenol Oxidase and Antioxidants from Pawpaw (Asimina Tribola) Fruit
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Master's Theses Graduate School 2007 CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYPHENOL OXIDASE AND ANTIOXIDANTS FROM PAWPAW (ASIMINA TRIBOLA) FRUIT Caodi Fang University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Fang, Caodi, "CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYPHENOL OXIDASE AND ANTIOXIDANTS FROM PAWPAW (ASIMINA TRIBOLA) FRUIT" (2007). University of Kentucky Master's Theses. 477. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/477 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF THESIS CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYPHENOL OXIDASE AND ANTIOXIDANTS FROM PAWPAW (ASIMINA TRIBOLA) FRUIT Crude polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was extracted from pawpaw (Asimina triloba) fruit. The enzyme exhibited a maximum activity at pH 6.5–7.0 and 5–20 °C, and had -1 a maximum catalysis rate (Vmax) of 0.1363 s and a reaction constant (Km) of 0.3266 M. It was almost completely inactivated when incubated at 80 °C for 10 min. Two isoforms of PPO (MW 28.2 and 38.3 kDa) were identified by Sephadex gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both the concentration and the total activity of the two isoforms differed (P < 0.05) between seven genotypes of pawpaw tested. Thermal stability (92 °C, 1–5 min) and colorimetry (L* a* b*) analyses showed significant variations between genotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • (+)-Catechin and Quercetin from Pawpaw Pulp A
    Characterization of (+)-Catechin and Quercetin from Pawpaw Pulp A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Health Sciences and Professions of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Jinsoo Ahn June 2011 © 2011 Jinsoo Ahn. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Characterization of (+)-Catechin and Quercetin from Pawpaw Pulp by JINSOO AHN has been approved for the School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness and the College of Health Sciences and Professions by Robert G. Brannan Assistant Professor of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness Randy Leite Interim Dean, College of Health Sciences and Professions 3 ABSTRACT AHN, JINSOO, M.S., June 2011, Human and Consumer Sciences, Food and Nutrition Characterization of (+)-Catechin and Quercetin from Pawpaw Pulp Director of Thesis: Robert G. Brannan This thesis investigates the concentration of total phenolics and total flavonoids in pulp extracts of pawpaw harvested in 2008, 2009, and 2010, and the concentration of (+)- catechin and quercetin flavonoids in 2010 pawpaw pulp extracts using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Next, influence of frozen storage and air or vacuum packaging of pawpaw pulp on the concentration of (+)-catechin and quercetin flavonoids was examined. In addition, properties of pawpaw pulp such as moisture content, lipid content, percent sugar, color, and pH were measured. Total phenolics were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and reported as µmol gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ g wet tissue. The concentration was observed in the order of 2009 sample (3.91 ± 1.61) < 2008 sample (11.19 ± 0.57) < 2010 sample (14.11 ± 1.90).
    [Show full text]
  • Natives to Know: Pawpaw (Asimina Triloba) by Joyce Tuharsky The
    Natives to Know: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) By Joyce Tuharsky The Pawpaw is a small, understory tree with large, drooping leaves, rich red-purple or maroon flowers, and the largest edible fruit indigenous to the eastern United States. Seldom taller than 25 feet, Pawpaws spread locally primarily by root suckers. The dark green, deciduous leaves grow up to 12 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, and are simple, alternate and spirally arranged. These large leaves clustered at the ends of branches give the tree an interesting tropical appearance. In autumn, the leaves turn a rusty yellow. Pawpaw flowers bloom in early spring about the same time that new leaves emerge. The flowers are 1-2 inches across with six petals and three sepals and borne singly on stout, hairy stems. The flowers develop into large, yellowish brown berries, 2–6 inches long and weighing up to 18 ounces. The larger fruits are plump, soft and thin skinned, similar to mangos. Inside, there are 10 to 14 brown seeds in two rows embedded in soft, edible pulp. When mature, the large fruit will bend the weak branches down. Pawpaw fruits ripen in late August to mid-September and have long been a favorite treat, which is occasionally sold at local farmers' markets. The fruit has a fragrant aroma, custardy texture, and tastes some-what between a banana and a cantaloupe. Compared to apples or peaches, Pawpaws are higher in food energy and minerals, and have double the vitamin C. They are a good source of protein, fiber, carbohydrates, and antioxidants. Nevertheless, Pawpaws have never been cultivated on a large scale, because the fruits bruise easily and ripen to fermentation soon after picked.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Variation in Pawpaw Cultivars Using Microsatellite Analysis
    J. AMER.SOC.HORT.SCI. 136(6):415–421. 2011. Genetic Variation in Pawpaw Cultivars Using Microsatellite Analysis Li Lu, Kirk W. Pomper1,2, Jeremiah D. Lowe, and Sheri B. Crabtree Land Grant Program, Kentucky State University, Atwood Research Facility, Frankfort KY 40601-2355 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. kentucky banana, SSR, microsatellite motif, genetic diversity, DNA fingerprinting ABSTRACT. Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a tree fruit native to eastern North America, which is in the early stages of domestication. Most early 20th century pawpaw cultivars have been lost; however, recent cultivar releases and potential new releases may have enhanced genetic diversity. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic variation exhibited among older and new pawpaw cultivars and Kentucky State University (KSU) advanced selections using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Polymorphic microsatellite marker analysis was conducted with nine older pawpaw cultivars, six recently released PawPaw Foundation (PPF) cultivars, and nine KSU advanced selections. Using 18 microsatellite loci, a total of 179 alleles were amplified in the set of 24 genotypes. The major allele frequency (0.13 to 0.96), number of genotypes (two to 23), and allele size (96 to 341 bp) varied greatly by locus. Eighteen loci were highly polymorphic, as indicated by high expected heterozygosity (He = 0.71) and observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.65) values as well as high polymorphism information content (polymorphism information content = 0.69). The dinucleotide SSR (GA and CA motifs) loci were more polymorphic than trinucleotide (ATG and AAT motifs) SSRs. The PPF cultivars and KSU advanced selections were more closely grouped genetically than with older cultivars.
    [Show full text]
  • Plants and Parts of Plants Used in Food Supplements: an Approach to Their
    370 ANN IST SUPER SANITÀ 2010 | VOL. 46, NO. 4: 370-388 DOI: 10.4415/ANN_10_04_05 ES I Plants and parts of plants used OLOG D in food supplements: an approach ETHO to their safety assessment M (a) (b) (b) (b) D Brunella Carratù , Elena Federici , Francesca R. Gallo , Andrea Geraci , N (a) (b) (b) (a) A Marco Guidotti , Giuseppina Multari , Giovanna Palazzino and Elisabetta Sanzini (a)Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare; RCH (b) A Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy ESE R Summary. In Italy most herbal products are sold as food supplements and are subject only to food law. A list of about 1200 plants authorised for use in food supplements has been compiled by the Italian Ministry of Health. In order to review and possibly improve the Ministry’s list an ad hoc working group of Istituto Superiore di Sanità was requested to provide a technical and scientific opinion on plant safety. The listed plants were evaluated on the basis of their use in food, therapeu- tic activity, human toxicity and in no-alimentary fields. Toxicity was also assessed and plant limita- tions to use in food supplements were defined. Key words: food supplements, botanicals, herbal products, safety assessment. Riassunto (Piante o parti di piante usate negli integratori alimentari: un approccio per la valutazione della loro sicurezza d’uso). In Italia i prodotti a base di piante utilizzati a scopo salutistico sono in- tegratori alimentari e pertanto devono essere commercializzati secondo le normative degli alimenti. Le piante che possono essere impiegate sono raccolte in una “lista di piante ammesse” stabilita dal Ministero della Salute.
    [Show full text]
  • Asimina Triloba, Paw
    it as voraciously as they do many other woody plants. Pawpaw serves as the principal host plant Wildflower in Focus for the zebra swallowtail butterfly. Text by Melanie Choukas-Bradley Flowers: Purple, maroon or brownish. Slightly Artwork by Tina Thieme Brown drooping and somewhat bell-like with 2 layers of 3 petals (6 in all). The outer 3 petals curve Pawpaw backwards. Petals are ovate or nearly round; Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal flowers 1 - 2" across, borne along the branchlets. Custard-Apple Family (Annonaceae) Pawpaw flower. Photo courtesy Melanie Choukas- Bradley Fruit: Greenish-yellow banana-like berry, 2 - 6" long. Edible, delicious. Favored by humans, bears, raccoons, opossums and wild turkeys. Leaves: Simple, alternate, deciduous, 6 - 12" long with an entire margin, abruptly pointed apex and wedge-shaped base. Large leaves are tropical- looking. Growth Habit: Small tree or tall shrub. The pawpaw is the only member of the largely tropical custard-apple family that is indigenous to Twigs: Slender, brown, pubescent when young, Maryland and northeastern North America. with dark reddish-brown woolly winter buds. The Pawpaw fruit, which ripens in early fall, is a cross terminal bud resembles a small paint brush. between a banana and mango in taste and texture. Other common names for the plant include "West Habitat and Range: Moist woods, streamsides, Virginia banana" and "Indiana banana." The riversides; scattered distribution in southern spring flowers, appearing before and with the Ontario and eastern U.S. from New York to young leaves, are equally as intriguing, blooming Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas. along streams and rivers and in moist rich woodlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Pawpaw Tree (Asimina Triloba)
    PAWPAW TREE (ASIMINA TRILOBA) TREE FACTS Pawpaws are a deciduous, understory shrub native to North America that produce the largest fruit of any native species! It belongs to the custard apple or soursop (ANNONACEAE) family with many relatives in the tropics. It produces custardy fruit that ripens in September and tastes a bit like a cross between a mango and a banana. The tree can grow up to 14-20 feet tall and wide, and features oblong, ovate leaves, and upside-down, velvety, maroon flowers from March-May that contain several ovaries and can produce multiple fruits. The flowers are pollinated by specific species of flies, beetles, and the zebra swallowtail butterfly. The fruit looks similar to a mango, turning from green to yellow or brown when ripe, with a short shelf-life. They have thin skin that bruises easily and a row of 5 to 14 thick, lima-bean shaped seeds inside. Pawpaw trees are prone to producing root suckers a few feet from the original trunk and can create a grove when left to their own wild nature! SEASONAL CARE Pawpaws are relatively easy to establish and generally pest-free. They favor filtered to full sunlight (when established after the first few years) and well-draining, slightly acidic soil (pH 5-7). Pawpaws have perfect flowers (male and female reproductive parts) but are self- incompatible and require cross-pollination from another unrelated pawpaw tree. WINTER/SPRING: Protect a young pawpaw through its first winters by wrapping or winterizing with extra leaf mulch! Little if any pruning is required.
    [Show full text]
  • Annonacin in Asimina Triloba Fruit : Implications for Neurotoxicity
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2011 Annonacin in Asimina triloba fruit : implications for neurotoxicity. Lisa Fryman Potts University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Potts, Lisa Fryman, "Annonacin in Asimina triloba fruit : implications for neurotoxicity." (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1145. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1145 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ANNONACIN IN ASIMINA TRILOBA FRUIT: IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROTOXICITY 8y Lisa Fryman Potts 8.S. Centre College, 2005 M.S. University of Louisville, 2010 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky December 2011 Copyright 2011 by lisa Fryman Potts All rights reserved ANNONACIN IN ASIMINA TRILOBA FRUIT: IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROTOXICITY By Lisa Fryman Potts B.S. Centre College, 2005 M.S. University of Louisville, 2010 A Dissertation Approved on July 21, 2011 by the following Dissertation Committee: Irene Litvan, M.D. Dissertation Director Frederick Luzzio, Ph.D. Michal Hetman, M.D., Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Asimina Triloba Annonaceae (L.) Dunal
    Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Annonaceae LOCAL NAMES English (Hoosier banana,aciminier,fetid-shrub,pawpaw-apple,false banana,dog banana,custard apple,Indiana banana,American custard apple,West Virginia banana,prairie banana,Michigan banana,pawpaw,Kentucky banana,poor man's banana) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION A. triloba is a small deciduous understorey tree, up to 9 m tall. Grown in full sun, the pawpaw tree develops a narrowly pyramidal shape with dense, drooping foliage down to the ground level. In the shade it has a Seeds (Steve Hurst. Provided by ARS more open branching habit with few lower limbs and horizontally held Systematic Botany and Mycology leaves. Laboratory. Castleman Ferry, VA.) Leaves large, green, simple, alternate 17.8-25.4 cm long, elliptical to oblanceolate, spread out in umbrella-like whorls, entire, and papery, emit a strong tomato or green pepper smell when crushed. Flowers cup-shaped, up to 5 cm wide, first green, turning deep reddish- purple (3 green sepals and 6 purple petals in two tiers), not showy but fragrant. The species name, triloba, refers to the calyx (the outer most flower whorl, made up of the sepals), which consists of three triangular- shaped sepals. The bole (©J.S. Peterson. USDA NRCS NPDC. USDA ARS National Arboretum, Fruit oblong, large edible berry, 5-16 cm long and 3-7 cm wide, weighing Washington, D.C.) 20-500 g, with numerous seeds; green when unripe, maturing to yellow or brown, aromatic, the yellow pulp soft and sweet, blending the flavors of banana and custard with a lovely texture reminiscent of the avocado.
    [Show full text]
  • Intensive Selective Deer Browsing Favors Success of Asimina Triloba
    R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E ABSTRACT: Although white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) are generalist herbivores, they can have significant effects on species composition and abundance of forest trees, especially when deer densities are high and most plant species are heavily browsed but a few are selectively avoided as browse. We evaluated effects of selective deer browsing on tree species abundance in an old-growth mesic/wet-mesic forest in central Illinois by repeated sampling of permanent study plots in 2003 and 2008 and relating changes in stem density between the two samples to the intensity of deer browsing of • individual species. The study site has high deer density (75 deer km2) during winter months, and initial observations indicated that paw paw (Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal) was strongly avoided as browse. Paw paw density increased in the seedling stratum between the two sample periods. However, nearly all other tree species declined in density; blue ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx.) – a low-use browse species, had a small increase in seedling density. Tree species diversity decreased in the seedling stratum, but Intensive Selective not in the sapling stratum, although sapling density declined for some species. The current trajectory of tree species growth and recruitment suggests that the development of a dense paw paw understory canopy will further decrease species diversity and reduce tree species recruitment. Based on the life Deer Browsing history traits of paw paw, and high deer densities and selective browsing, this issue is of concern for Favors Success of current and future forest communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Native Pawpaw: the Next New Commercial Fruit?
    Our Native Pawpaw: The Next New Commercial Fruit? M. Brett and Dorothy J. Callaway Asimina triloba can add a distinctive look to your garden and a tropical taste to your table. If someone told you about a tree bearing emerged. The flowers are protogynous, that fruits that are delicious and exotic in flavor, is, the stigmas in a given flower mature custard-like in texture, and larger than any before the stamens. Flower petals are other native to the United States, you would arranged in two whorls of three (or more probably assume that this fruit was already rarely, four). The fruits are cylindrical, popular in the marketplace. If you learned many-seeded berries, usually ranging in that this same tree possessed large, highly length from 2 to 9 centimeters (1-4 inches), ornamental, dark-green leaves that turned a although some specimens of A. triloba bear brilliant gold in the autumn, you would sus- fruit as long as 15 centimeters (6 inches). pect that you had probably seen it in many Table 1 provides a comparative list of yards. You would, however, be mistaken in Asimina species, their synonyms, flowering both cases. The tree in question is the native and fruiting times, and other plant charac- pawpaw, Asimina triloba. But why is a fruit teristics. with such potential not already a commer- The most recent taxonomic study of the cial crop? How can the pawpaw benefit from genus Asimina was carried out by Kral what we know of the commercial develop- (1960). His treatment is widely followed, ment of other fruit crops? except for one species that Kral calls A.
    [Show full text]
  • Pawpaw Asimina Triloba
    pawpaw Asimina triloba Kingdom: Plantae FEATURES Division: Magnoliophyta The deciduous pawpaw tree rarely grows to a height Class: Magnoliopsida greater than 40 feet or a trunk diameter more than Order: Magnoliales 10 inches. Its bark is dark brown, thin and has shallow fissures. The simple leaves are arranged Family: Annonaceae alternately on the stem. Each leaf is lance-shaped or ILLINOIS STATUS elliptical and smooth along the edges. The leaf may grow to 12 inches long and six inches wide on a very common, native short leafstalk. Flowers are borne singly and are © Guy Sternberg green at first, becoming maroon later. Each flower has six petals. The green-yellow fruit is thick and oblong, up to six inches long. Each fruit has a yellow edible flesh and several dark brown seeds. The fruit ripens in September. BEHAVIORS The pawpaw may be found in the southern two- thirds of Illinois, growing in woods and thickets. This tree flowers in April and May when its leaves begin to unfold. Many pawpaws are often found growing together in a colony. The wood is soft and has few uses. The fruit is a source of food for wildlife. tree in summer ILLINOIS RANGE bark © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © John Hilty flower © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. © John Hilty tree © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Biodiversity of Illinois. Unless otherwise noted, photos and images © Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
    [Show full text]