Catalogue of the Mabathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, Pushtu, and Sindhi

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Catalogue of the Mabathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, Pushtu, and Sindhi C A T A L O G U E OF THE MABATHI G U JARATI BE N GAL I , , , A AME E RIYA S S S , O , P U HT A D I HI S U , N S N D MAN U S C RIP T S IN T HE L I B R A R Y OF THE I H M E B R I T S U S U M . M L M D A . J . F. , B U HAR T , PRO FES S OR O F H N D U S T AN AN D L EC T U RE R O N HIN D I AN D BEN AL AT U N V E RS TY CO L L E E L O N DO N I I , G I I I G , ; ’ AN D T EAC H E R O F BEN G AI J AT THE U N IV ERS H W OF OXFO RD . P RIN TE D B Y ORD E R OF THE TR US TE E S 2 110 1111011 S O L D A T T H E B R I T I S H MU S E U M ; AN D BY HE MESBRS L N 3 TERN TER ROW BERNARD U ARITCH I5 P CCAD L L Y W . ; AS R . O GMAN . 9 PA OS , S CO , , ; Q , , I I YD E Ho s e N N L T EN CH TR BN ER 65 CO . D R N u 1 3 BED F R R T ARD E KEGAN PAU R D , dz CO . O D S T EET OV E G , , , C ; , , , ME COR ER 4 3 GERRARD STREET HO D EN R FROW D E OXFORD UN IV ERS lTY PRES S W AREHOUS E A N N . , , SO AN H Y , , 1 905 [All rights r eserved ] L O N DO N : PRINT ED BY L BERT AN D R V N T O N L IMITFD GI I I G , ’ S T . J O HN S H O U SE C L ERKEN W E L L , , P R E F A C E . THE a a u s h ere n of Ma a u a a n a ssam s a us u C t log e , pri ted , r thi , G j r ti , Be g li , A e e , Oriy , P ht m Mr b n d . u m a n n S n d MSS . a b . u s m a d i hi h ve ee co pile y J F Bl h rdt , th co pleti g the n n in In n n u n C at alogu es o f MSS . a d Pri ted Book s the North di a L a g ages i the Briti sh Mu s e um . a f in n m d s b a n d a Th u m a ew u b MSS . s b o gh co p r tively er, the here e cri ed h ve co i er le In t h e u s u s s are s a m an an d u n u b s w s fl v al u e . P ht erie ever l i port t p li hed ork , chie y from the collection s o f Major Raver ty a n d the l ate Profe ss or D arm esteter ; and f M are f m f a a m a o S n d Ma a an d Gu a a i SS . the ct th t the jority the i hi , r thi j r t ro the W l am E n i s a ua an o f n s . L ibrary o f the late Mr . i li rski e g r tee their i tere t E K GL S ROB RT . DOU A , Keeper of th e D ep a r tm en t of Ori en ta l Prin ted Books a nd MS S . R T SH MUSEUM B I I , Ma ch 2n d 1 905 . r , ’ E A U T H O R S P R E F A C . THE m a n u s s i n a u s lan a m s d in s w u c o m cript the v rio gu ges co pri e thi ork , tho gh arat ivel f ew i n nu mb are n s s f a s n a o f l a u p y er , , everthele , irly repre e t tive the iter t re h s an u a s S m o f m r f n d ab n s a n d m an . o f t o e l g ge . o e the a e o co s i er le i tere t i port ce n f M W a m E s n Th e Mara thi m a u s cripts are m ostly from t h e collectio n o r. illi r ki e ; f w s m few ar e f m a of n am n W bb . O hile o e ro th t the Rev . Be j i e the hitherto u n p ubli shed w orks the m o s t im portan t are fo u r chron icles o f the Bh o n sla Fa mily ' w n th e d a o f S a i n o s 4 all w n i n M d a a s an s a d o to e th iv j ( . ritte o i ch r cter ; hi toric l i n a n d o f th e a ccou n t o f the ki n gs o f the Yad ava Dyn a sty o f D ev ag ri ( o . aik wars o f a d a n o s 1 1 a n d T are a s an n s n w n a n n G B ro ( . here l o i tere ti g ork co t i i g n d n th e a 5 n n d a u b am ma a s w s a R II. o a a a priv te corre po e ce ith Pe h w B ji 0 ( . v l le gr r f s u n d a o f K n an Mr u n . o no . w n f o r b the o ther i lect o k i ( ritte . B r ell y the Rev Pio h m n a a an a s at Man a . Noro , Ro C tholic prie t g lore Th e m ajority o f the m an u script s i n the Gu j ara ti C atalogu e are al s o from ’ Mr E s n s t n M . an a f o f m are w s o n a n n r ki e collec io ore th h l the ork the J i religio , the m o s t i mporta n t bein g G u j arati co mmen t aries a ccom p an ying the text o f w ell w kn o wn Prakrit ork s . A Pattavali o f the V es h a d h ara bran ch o f the L u mpak a sect o f a n s n o . 3 6 is a u a w o f n J i ( ) p rtic l rly orthy otice . T are n a f ew n a an d a m a n u s n n m s b n o f a n an . here o ly Be g li Oriy cript , o e ei g y i port ce Tw o n s m n s o f d a o f Eas n n a a m u o f n a w excelle t peci e the i lect ter Be g l , ixt re Be g li ith s an an d ab w d s w n i n a u a n d s h n f m o f s n Per i Ar ic or , ritte corr pt trictly p o etic or pelli g , w b e f u n d in n o s . 3 an d 3 7 fi s n a n n a m a f o f Mu ammad ill o III the r t co t i i g etric l li e h , ‘ h an a u n o f a the ot er cco t the C liph Ali . Of ss am s w s t wo w n o n l a s o f ba are a u a a ua the A e e ork , , ritte e ve rk , p rtic l rly v l ble . Th e fi s n o . 1 n a n s an s a a u n f u d m a a a h o a S o f T a . r t ( ) co t i hi toric l cco t R r i h , R j ipper ’ E E vi AUTHOR S PR FAC . 20 is a fi ne n s s n o f 29 1 a s a 27 n s l n The other ( n o .
Recommended publications
  • Transmitting Jainism Through US Pāṭhaśāla
    Transmitting Jainism through U.S. Pāṭhaśāla Temple Education, Part 2: Navigating Non-Jain Contexts, Cultivating Jain-Specific Practices and Social Connections, Analyzing Truth Claims, and Future Directions Brianne Donaldson Abstract In this second of two articles, I offer a summary description of results from a 2017 nationwide survey of Jain students and teachers involved in pāṭha-śāla (hereafter “pathshala”) temple education in the United States. In these two essays, I provide a descriptive overview of the considerable data derived from this 178-question survey, noting trends and themes that emerge therein, in order to provide a broad orientation before narrowing my scope in subsequent analyses. In Part 2, I explore the remaining survey responses related to the following research questions: (1) How does pathshala help students/teachers navigate their social roles and identities?; (2) How does pathshala help students/teachers deal with tensions between Jainism and modernity?; (3) What is the content of pathshala?, and (4) How influential is pathshala for U.S. Jains? Key words: Jainism, pathshala, Jain education, pedagogy, Jain diaspora, minority, Jains in the United States, intermarriage, pluralism, future of Jainism, second- and third-generation Jains, Young Jains of America, Jain orthodoxy and neo-orthodoxy, Jainism and science, Jain social engagement Transnational Asia: an online interdisciplinary journal Volume 2, Issue 1 https://transnationalasia.rice.edu https://doi.org/10.25613/3etc-mnox 2 Introduction In this paper, the second of two related articles, I offer a summary description of results from a 2017 nationwide survey of Jain students and teachers involved in pāṭha-śāla (hereafter “pathshala”) temple education in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Wednesday, June 12, 2019 6:00P.M. Brampton Room
    District • Peel School Board '-"' AGENDA Instructional Programs/Curriculum Committee Wednesday, June 12, 2019 6:00p.m. Brampton Room PEEL DISTRICT SCHOOL BOARD Instructional Programs/Curriculum Committee June 12,2019 Agenda June 12, 2019 - 6:00 p.m. Open Session 1. Call to Order Approval of Agenda 2. Declaration of Conflict of Interest 3. Minutes 3.1 Minutes of the Instructional Programs/Curriculum Committee Meeting held on 2019-oS-15 4. Chair•s Request for Written Questions from Committee Members 5. Notices of Motion and Petitions 6. Special Section for Receipt 6.1 Celebrating Faith and Culture Backgrounder- July, 2019 6.2 Celebrating Faith and Culture Backgrounder- August, 2019 6.3 Celebrating Faith and Culture Backgrounder - September, 2019 7. Delegations 8. Old Business 9. New Business 10. Reports from Officials and Staff 10.1 Smudging Guidelines 10.2 We Rise Together Year Two Update - to be distributed 1 0.3 Report of the Regional Learning Choices Programs (RLCP) Committee 11. Communications- For Action or Receipt 12. Special Section for Receipt 13. Reports from Representatives on Councils/Associations 14. Questions asked of and by Committee Members 15. Public Question Period 16. Further Business 17. Adjournment 1 May 15, 2019 Instructional Programs/Curriculum Committee:ma 3.1 PEEL DISTRICT SCHOOL BOARD Minutes of a meeting of the Instructional Programs I Curriculum Committee of the Peel District School Board, held at the We Welcome the World Centre, 100 Elm Drive West, Mississauga, Ontario on Wednesday, May 15, 2019 at 18:15 hours. Members present: Member present electronically: Kathy McDonald, Chair Nokha Dakroub Susan Benjamin (18:25) Robert Crocker BalbirSohi Member absent: (apologies received) Will Davies Administration: Adrian Graham, Superintendent, Curriculum and Instruction Support Services (Executive Member) Jeffrey Blackwell, Acting Associate Director of Instructional and Equity Support Services Marina Am in, Board Reporter 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Jain Values, Worship and the Tirthankara Image
    JAIN VALUES, WORSHIP AND THE TIRTHANKARA IMAGE B.A., University of Washington, 1974 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard / THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA May, 1980 (c)Roy L. Leavitt In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Anthropology & Sociology The University of British Columbia 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date 14 October 1980 The main purpose of the thesis is to examine Jain worship and the role of the Jains1 Tirthankara images in worship. The thesis argues that the worshipper emulates the Tirthankara image which embodies Jain values and that these values define and, in part, dictate proper behavior. In becoming like the image, the worshipper's actions ex• press the common concerns of the Jains and follow a pattern that is prized because it is believed to be especially Jain. The basic orientation or line of thought is that culture is a system of symbols. These symbols are implicit agreements among the community's members, agreements which entail values and which permit the Jains to meaningfully interpret their experiences and guide their actions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nonhuman and Its Relationship to The
    THE UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA WORLDLY AND OTHER-WORLDLY ETHICS: THE NONHUMAN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE MEANINGFUL WORLD OF JAINS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES © MÉLANIE SAUCIER, OTTAWA, CANADA, 2012 For my Parents And for my Animal Companions CONTENTS Preface i Introduction 1 Definition of Terms and Summary of Chapters: Jain Identity and The Non-Human Lens 2 Methodology 6 Chapter 1 - The Ascetic Ideal: Renouncing A Violent World 10 Loka: A World Brimming with Life 11 Karma, Tattvas, and Animal Bodies 15 The Wet Soul: Non-Human Persons and Jain Karma Theory 15 Soul and the Mechanisms of Illusion 18 Jain Taxonomy: Animal Bodies and Violence 19 Quarantining Life 22 The Flesh of the Plant is Good to Eat: Pure Food for the Pure Soul 27 Jain Almsgiving: Gastro-Politics and the Non-Human Environment 29 Turning the Sacrifice Inwards: The Burning Flame of Tapas 31 Karma-Inducing Diet: Renouncing to Receive 32 Karma-Reducing Diet: Receiving to Renounce 34 Spiritual Compassion and Jain Animal Sanctuaries 38 Chapter 2 – Jainism and Ecology: Taking Jainism into the 21st Century 42 Neo-Orthodox and Eco-Conscious Jains: Redefining Jainism and Ecology 43 The Ascetic Imperative in a “Green” World 45 Sadhvi Shilapi: Treading the Mokşa-Marga in an Environmentally Conscious World 47 Surendra Bothara: Returning to True Form: A Jain Scholar‟s Perspective on the Inherent Ecological Framework of Jainism 51 “Partly Deracinated” Jainism:
    [Show full text]
  • Volume : 121 Issue No. : 121 Month : August, 2010
    Volume : 121 Issue No. : 121 Month : August, 2010 AHIMSA TIMES ENTERS 11TH YEARS OF SERVICE TO GLOBAL JAIN COMMUNITY We are proud to enter 11th year of continuous publication & take this opportunity to thank all our Readers and Patrons for their support and guidance in our endeavor to present Jain Community from single platform. Prakash Lal Jain & Anil Jain UPCOMING FESTIVAL - PARYUSHANA Paryushana (or Paryushan) is one of the two most important festivals for the Jains, the other being Diwali. Paryushan means, literally, "abiding" or "coming together". It is also a time when the laymen following Jainism and Jain saints take on vows of religious study, meditation and fasting. Paryushana, which fall during the four month period of chaturmas is staying of the monks in one place. In popular terminology, this stay is termed chaturmasa because the rainy season is covered during this period. Paryushana is initiated from fourth or fifth day of the shukla phase of the Bhadrapada month. In the scriptures it is described that Lord Mahavira used to start Paryushana on Bhadrapada paksha panchami. After Mahavir, nearly 150 years Jain Samvatsari was shifted to Chaturthi (4th day of Bhadrapada of Shukla phase. Since 2200 years Jains follows Chaturthi. The date of commencement of the Paryushana festival, which lasts for eight days for shwetambar and ten days for digambar sect followers is from Bhadrapada Shukla Chaturthi for murti-pujak sect and panchami for shwetambar sthanakwasi and terapanth sects, as well as for Digambar sect. The last day of Paryushan is called ‘Samvarsari’Recently there has been an attempt standardize the date.
    [Show full text]
  • Chaturmas 2016 Begins
    Ju ly , 201 6 Vol. No. 192 Ahimsa Times in World Over + 100000 The Only Jain E-Magazine Community Service for 14 Continuous Years Readership CHATURMAS 2016 BEGINS Chaturmas is a holy period of four months (July to October), beginning on Shayani Ekadashi the eleventh day of the first bright half, Shukla Paksha, of Ashadh (fourth month of the Hindu lunar calendar until Prabodhini Ekadashi, the eleventh day of the first bright half of Kartik (eighth month of the Hindu lunar calendar) in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Chaturmas is reserved for penance, austerities, fasting, bathing in holy rivers and religious observances for all. Devotees resolve to observe some form of vow, be it of silence or abstaining from a favourite food item, or having only a single meal in a day. In Jainism this practice is collectively known as Varshayog and is prescribed for Jain monasticism. Wandering monks such as mendicants and ascetics in Jainism, believed that during the rain season, countless bugs, insects and tiny creatures that cannot be seen in the naked eye would be produced massively. Therefore, these monks reduce the amount of harm they do to other creatures so they opt to stay in a village for the four months to incur minimal harm to other lives. These monks, who generally do not stay in one place for long, observe their annual 'Rains Retreat' during this period, by living in one place during the entire period amidst lay people, observing a vow of silence, meditation, fasting and other austerities, and also giving religious discourses to the local public.
    [Show full text]
  • 46519598.Pdf
    AUCTIONING THE DREAMS: ECONOMY, COMMUNITY AND PHILANTHROPY IN A NORTH INDIAN CITY ROGER GRAHAM SMEDLEY A thesis submitted for a Ph.D. Degree, London School of Economics, University of London 199 3 UMI Number: U615785 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615785 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Th e s e s F 722s The debate on Indian entrepreneurship largely revolves around Weber’s Protestant ethic thesis, its applicability to non-western countries and his comparative study of the sub­ continent’s religions. However, India historically possessed a long indigenous entrepreneurial tradition which was represented by a number of business communities. The major hypothesis of this dissertation is that the socio-cultural milieu and practices of certain traditional business communities generates entrepreneurial behaviour, and this behaviour is compatible with contemporary occidental capitalism. This involves an analysis of the role of entrepreneurship and business communities in the Indian economy; specifically, a Jain community in the lapidary industry of Jaipur: The nature of business networks - bargaining, partnerships, credit, trust and the collection of information - and the identity of the family with the business enterprise, concluding with a critique of dichotomous models of the economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Raj Bhakta Marg: the Path of Devotion to Srimad Rajcandra. a Jain Community in the Twenty First Century
    University of Huddersfield Repository Salter, Emma Raj Bhakta Marg: the path of devotion to Srimad Rajcandra. A Jain community in the twenty first century Original Citation Salter, Emma (2002) Raj Bhakta Marg: the path of devotion to Srimad Rajcandra. A Jain community in the twenty first century. Doctoral thesis, University of Wales. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9211/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ © Emma Salter. Not to be reproduced in any form without the author’s permission Rāj Bhakta Mārg The Path of Devotion to Srimad Rajcandra. A Jain Community in the Twenty First Century. By Emma Salter A thesis submitted in candidature for the degree of doctor of philosophy. University of Wales, Cardiff.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sacred Books of the East 453
    r-He weLL read mason li""-I:~I=-•I cl••'ILei,=:-,•• Dear Reader, This book was referenced in one of the 185 issues of 'The Builder' Magazine which was published between January 1915 and May 1930. To celebrate the centennial of this publication, the Pictoumasons website presents a complete set of indexed issues of the magazine. As far as the editor was able to, books which were suggested to the reader have been searched for on the internet and included in 'The Builder' library.' This is a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by one of several organizations as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. Wherever possible, the source and original scanner identification has been retained. Only blank pages have been removed and this header- page added. The original book has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books belong to the public and 'pictoumasons' makes no claim of ownership to any of the books in this library; we are merely their custodians. Often, marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in these files – a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Since you are reading this book now, you can probably also keep a copy of it on your computer, so we ask you to Keep it legal.
    [Show full text]
  • Paryushana Time Begins
    Peace of Mind: August 2017 PARYUSHANA TIME BEGINS Saman ji Current & Upcoming Events Shrutpragyaji's Gujarati and English Upcoming Events: blog available, link : http:// Sion, Mumbai: August 9th & 10th www.pomyc.org/blog/ KL - Malaysia: August 11th We wish everyone a happy and Melaka: Aug 12 and 13 healthy new year ahead for 2017! Pinang : Aug 14 and 15 KL: Aug 16 and 17 Singapore for Paryushan: Aug 18 to Sept 01,2017 Inside this issue: Take a look at all Rajkot: Sept 3 to 10 the shibirs and education pro- grams back in In- dia took place. Also, time to pre- pare for Paryu- shana begins. Tree Plant Festival in Bhanvad Saman Shrutpragyaji was invited to take part in a tree planting programme in the Kumbali area of Gujarat, as well as the giving of an address and lecture to teachers and a specially selected audience of students at the nearby Purusharth School in Bhanvad on July 29th. In the forest area of Kumbali invited guests participated in the planting of new trees and then returned to the Purusharth School in Bhanvad for snacks. Purusharth School will continue to play a central role with land it has been given in the planting of more trees and plants, particularly trees and plants that have Ayurvedic or medicinal bene- fits. Guests at this event included Moodubhai and a number of other prominent government officials. Samanji spoke about the importance of respecting and helping nature to thrive. He emphasied that everyone is careful to protect him or herself against threat and pointed out that everyone wants to live life to the full.
    [Show full text]
  • Jain Activity Book L-1 05 to 09 $6.00 Rs
    Federation of JAINA JAINA Education Books Short Summary JAINA Education Committee Pravin K Shah Chairperson email – [email protected] www.Jaina.org and www.jaineLibrary.org 509 Carriage Woods Circle, Cary NC 27513 USA 1 Introduction The JAINA Education Committee of North America is pleased to present a set of JAINA Education Pathashala books for all ages of students interested in learning Jainism in English. Few books have been translated in Gujarati and Hindi. The books are grouped into four age levels; Elementary, Middle School, High School, and College. Also, some additional reference books are published for the Jain community of North America. All JAINA education books are non-sectarian Jain books. They include references from Shwetambar, Digambar, Sthanakvasi, Teräpanthi, Shrimad Rajchandra, and Kanjiswami traditions. The soft copy (pdf file) of all Jain education books are freely available to download from the website. The hardcopy books can be purchased using one of the following links. Website = http://www.jainelibrary.org/ Link to Buy Jaina Edu Books in USA https://jainelibrary.org/shipping-destination-new/?c=VVNB Link to Buy Jaina Edu Books in India https://jainelibrary.org/shipping-destination-new/?c=SU5E Link to Buy Jaina Edu Books in Other Country https://jainelibrary.org/shipping-destination-new/?c=b3RoZXI= Link to Buy Jain Special Books in USA only https://jainelibrary.org/shipping-destination-new/?c=U3BlY2lhbCBVU0E= Please send your comments to [email protected]. 2 JAINA Education Pathashala Books: The books are grouped into four age levels: Book Book Name Bk Age Cost Cost Series Lvl Years US $ Rupee JES101 Jain Activity Book L-1 05 to 09 $6.00 Rs.
    [Show full text]
  • Jainism from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Log in / create account article discussion edit this page history Jainism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Jain" and "Jaina" redirect here. For other uses, see Jain (disambiguation) and Jaina (disambiguation). Jainism (pronounced /ˈdʒaɪnɪzəm/) is one of the oldest religions that navigation Jainism Main page originated in India. Jains believe that every soul is divine and has the Contents potential to achieve enlightenment or Moksha. Any soul which has Featured content conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme Current events being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor). Jainism is the path to Random article achieve this state. Jainism is often referred to as Jain Dharma (जन ) or Shraman Dharma or the religion of Nirgantha or religion of search धम This article is part of a series on Jainism "Vratyas" by ancient texts. Jainism was revived by a lineage of 24 enlightened ascetics called Prayers and Vows Go Search tirthankaras[1] culminating with Parsva (9th century BCE) and Navakar Mantra · Ahimsa · interaction Mahavira (6th century BCE).[2][3][4][5][6] In the modern world, it is a Brahmacharya · Satya · Nirvana · Asteya · Aparigraha · Anekantavada About Wikipedia small but influential religious minority with as many as 4 million Community portal followers in India,[7] and successful growing immigrant communities Key concepts Recent changes Kevala Jñāna · Cosmology · in North America, Western Europe, the Far East, Australia and Samsara · Contact Wikipedia [8] elsewhere. Karma · Dharma · Mokṣa · Donate to Wikipedia Jains have sustained the ancient Shraman ( ) or ascetic religion Reincarnation · Navatattva Help मण and have significantly influenced other religious, ethical, political and Major figures toolbox economic spheres in India.
    [Show full text]