Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18159-5 — the Cambridge History of Warfare Edited by Geoffrey Parker Index More Information

Home , Battle of Valmy, Carnatic Wars, Charles VII of France, First Carnatic War, Flanders campaign, Francis I of France

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-18159-5 — The Cambridge History of Warfare Edited by Geoffrey Parker Index More Information

Index

9/11 attacks, 436, 437, 438, 479 Operation Uniied Protector, 458 Six Day War, 411 Abkhazia and South Ossetia war Vietnam War, 406 (2008), 456 World War II, 347, 357, 368, Abrams, Creighton (American 369–70, 382, 383, 389 general, Vietnam War), 406 Yom Kippur War, 413 Abu Ghraib, 449 airborne forces, 340, 348, 374, 375, Actium, battle of (31 BC), 55 377–8 Adhémar of Le Puy, bishop, 78 Falklands, 415 Adrianople, battle of (378 BC), 65 Six Day War, 412 Aelian (Tactics), 4, 155, 470 in Vietnam, 397 Aemilius Paulus (Roman general), 41 aircraft carriers, 253 Aeschylus (Greek playwright), 23, 25 American (1930s), 332 Aetius (Roman general), 64 American (World War II), 380 Afghanistan, 40, 430, 436, 437, Japanese (World War II), 379, 382 458–61. See also bin Laden, Aisne offensive (1918), 315 Osama; al-Qaeda Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 183 Afrikakorps (World War II), 348, Alans, 66 362, 364 Alba, duke of (Spanish general), 151, Agesilaus (Spartan general), 25, 38 154, 155 aggression, in military tradition, Albania invaded by Italy (1940), 334 10–11, 326 Alberich (German withdrawal 1917), Agincourt, battle of (1415), 89 307 agrarian warfare, 21 Alberti, Leon Batista (Italian hoplite, 18, 19, 21, 22, 29 humanist and architect), 106 Aidid, Mohamed Farrah Albright, Madeleine, 483 (Somali warlord), 422 Alcaeus on the city-state, 18 Air Corps Tactical School (USA), 331 Alexander, Tsar, 203 air warfare Alexander the Great (Macedonian Falklands War, 415, 416 king), 3, 36, 469, 471, 482 Gulf War, 420 Alexius (east Roman emperor), 81 interwar doctrine, 332 Alfred the Great of Wessex, 73, 74, 82 ISIS, 2014, 462 Algerian Civil War (1954–62), 397–9, Kosovo, 432 430 no-ly zones (Iraq), 439 Algonkians, 139

567

Index

Aljubarrota, battle of (1385), 86 Arab Spring, 457–8 Allawi, Ayad (Iraqi politician), 454 Arab–Israeli wars Allerheim, battle of (1645), 160 1948–9, 409, 410 Almagro, Diego de (Spanish 1956 (Suez Crisis), 410 conquistador), 139 1967 (Six Day War), 411, 412 Alsace-Lorraine, 275, 283 1973 (Yom Kippur War), 412 Ambrones, 47 archers. See bows and arrows American Civil War (1861–5), 227–41 Archilochus (ancient Greek poet), 20 American Expeditionary Force Ardennes, 285 (World War I), 267 German counter-attack (1944), 377 American War of Independence German invasion route (1940), 340 (1775 – 81), 189–93 Ardent (British frigate, Americas, European conquest and Falklands War), 416 exploitation of, 131–2, 138–9 Aridius (Gallo-Roman magnate), 72 iron weapons, 140–3 Aristotle, 26 Amherst, Jeffrey (British general, armada, 501 French and Indian War), 186 Dutch, 124 Amiens, battle of (1918), 318 Spanish, 119, 122, 123, 124 Amiens, Treaty of (1802), 214 armistice, 501 amok combat, 1, 501 (1918), 319, 320, 325–6 Anastasius (east Roman emperor), 68 (1940), 337, 344 angled bastions. See fortiications Armistice (1918), 320 Anglo-Dutch Wars, 125–6 armour. See tank warfare Anglo-Japanese Treaty (1902), 269 armour plate, 85 Anglo-Saxon military organization, arms race 73–5 sixteenth–seventeenth c., 124, 126, Angolan civil war, 430 127 Anna Comnena (Byzantine princess), 81 pre-World War I, 269– 71 Antelope (British frigate, World War II, 362 Falklands War), 416 Army of Northern Virginia Antietam, battle of (1862), 231–2 (American Civil War), 228, 230, Antigonus Gonatas (Macedonian 231, 234, 240 general), 40, 41 Army of the Potomac (American Antioch captured by Crusaders Civil War), 230, 231, 232, 233, (1098), 79 234, 237, 240 Antiochus (Greek ambassador, Army of the Tennessee (American 367 BC), 37 Civil War), 233, 234, 236, 239 Antipater (Macedonian general), 40 Arnhem, battle of (1944), 375 Antwerp, 106–7, 112 arquebus, 132, 145, 155, 501 World War I, 284, 323 Articles of War (British, eighteenth c.), World War II, 375 211 Anzac (Australian and New Zealand artillery, 501 army corps), Dardanelles eighteenth c. improvements, 185, 194 campaign (1915), 298–9 gunpowder revolution, 102–7 Anzio landing (1944), 365 Israel, 456–7 Apache resistance (1880s), 257 medieval, 82, 90–2 appeasement, 333, 334 Napoleonic, 198, 201 Appian (Roman historian), 48 naval, 117–19 Appomattox, Lee’s surrender at New World conquests, 132–4 (1865), 240 Prussian, 247 aquila (Roman eagle insignia), 53 transport, 160

568

Index

World War I, 253, 282, 300–1, B-52 bomber, 501 302–3, 308 Bacon, Francis (English politician World War II, 350, 371 and scientist), 474 artillery fortresses, 7, 106, 107, 108, Baden, Prince Max of, 320 109, 110, 111, 468 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro (Italian Al-Askari mosque bombing leader), 365 (2006), 452 Baghdad captured (2003), 440 Aspern-Essling, battle of (1809), 208 Bagration (Soviet offensive 1944), 372 Asquith, Herbert (British prime baizuo (white left), 482 minister), 293, 294, 320 Balaclava, battle of (1854), 225 al-Assad, Bashar (Syrian dictator), 461 Balkan campaign (1940–1), 346–9 Assaye, battle of (1803), 215 Balkan Wars (1910s), 271–3 Assize of Arms (England, 1181), 98 Balkan Wars (1990s), 425–30 Assyrian warfare, 15 ballistic missile, 390, 501 Atahualpa (Inca ruler), 140 ballistics, 501 Athens city-state, 25, 26, 27, 28 Bank of England, 9, 181, 216 later warfare, 31, 34, 36–7 Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss Atlanta, battle of (1864), 237, 239 (Union general), 236 Atlantic, battle of (World War II), Bannockburn, battle of (1314), 87, 366–7 468 Atlantic Conveyor (British supply ship, Baqr al-Hakim, Mohammed, 450 Falklands War), 416 Bar Lev Line, 413, 502 atomic bomb attacks on Japan (1945), Barbarossa (German invasion of 383–6 USSR, 1941), 349–54 atomic weapons, 385, 475 Barcelona taken by Charlemagne atrocities. See massacres; war crimes (774), 72 attack in depth, 312, 501 barrel bombs, 462 Attila the Hun, 10, 64 Barret, Robert (The Theory and Practice attrition in war, 5, 181, 241, 300, 310, of Modern Wars, 1598), 101 369, 501 bastion. See artillery fortress Augustus Caesar, Roman emperor, battalion, 502 55–7 battalion attack column, Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 203, 204 revolutionary France, 197 Austria, annexed by Germany (1938), battalion-days in action 333 (Vietnam War), 404 Austrian Succession, war of (1740–8), battering rams, 81, 82 180, 183, 185 battle doctrine Austro-Hungarian empire, 273, 292 interwar, 328–31 Austro-Ottoman War (1683–7), 172–3 medieval, 80 Austro-Prussian War (1866), 243, World War I, 283, 295, 304–5, 307, 245–6 311, 312–13 ‘axis of evil’, 440 battle of resources (Materialschlacht), Axis Powers, 347, 501 304 Ayamores, 139 battlecruiser, 270, 502 Aznar, José María (Spanish prime battleship, 269, 332, 357, 502 minister), 450, 451 Bay of Pigs invasion (1961), 402 Aztecs, 1, 3, 134, 137, 139, 144 bayonet, 174, 502 Bazaine, François-Achille (French B-2 stealth bomber, 458 commander, Franco-Prussian B-17 bomber, 368 war), 248 B-29 bomber, 383, 384, 385 Beachy Head, battle of (1690), 126

569

Index

Beck, Ludwig (chief of German blind bombing system (German), General Staff, 1933), 328 331, 346 BEF. See British Expeditionary Bloch, Ivan (Is War Now Impossible?, Force (BEF) 1899), 274 Behr, Johann, on decline of the ield blockade, 502 battle, 171 Anglo-French (1939), 337 Belgium Britain against France (early 1940, 340 nineteenth c.), 204 invaded (1914), 284 Britain against Germany (1914), 294 Belgrade Operation Uniied Protector, 458 in World War I, 273 Sarajevo (1992), 427 in World War II, 348 World War I, 321 Belisarius (Byzantine general), 69 Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von bellum romanum (Roman way of war), 5 (Prussian general, Napoleonic Belt and Road Initiative (Chinese Wars), 209 foreign policy), 485 Blücher, World War II German heavy Benedek, Ludovic von (Austrian cruiser, 338 general), 245 Bock, Fedor von (German general, Bergen-op-Zoom besieged (1622), 160 World War II), 336, 340, 341 Berlichingen, Götz von (military body counts (Vietnam War), 404 entrepreneur, sixteenth c.), 149 Boer uprising (1880–1), 256 Berlin, in World War II, 336, 347, Boer War (1899–1902), 258–61 368, 379 Bohemia, 91–2 Berlin Decree (1806), 205 Bologna, 105 Berwick-upon-Tweed besieged bombard, 101, 102, 103, 104, 118, 502 (1333), 102 Bombe (British code-breaking Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald machine, World War II), 338 von (German chancellor), 273, Bomber Command, 367–9, 502 280, 287 bombing Bf 109 (German Messerschmitt interwar doctrine, 332 ighter aircraft), 502 ISIS, campaign against, 462 Biak, battle of (1944), 381 NATO (Balkan Wars, 1990s), 428, Bicocca, battle of (1522), 154 429, 436 bin Laden, Osama (al-Qaeda leader), Operation Uniied Protector, 458 434, 435, 436, 460 Bonaparte, Joseph, 205 Bismarck, Otto von (Prussian Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon chancellor), 242, 245, 246, 247, Bonaparte 249, 250, 268 Borges, Jorge Luis (Argentine poet), 417 ‘Black Hole’ of Calcutta, 187 Borodino, battle of (1812), 206 Black Prince (English military Bosnia. See Balkan wars (1990s) commander, fourteenth c.), 90 Bosnian rebellion (1876), 258 Black Sea Fleet, 424 Boston besieged (1775–6), 190 Black Week (Boer War), 259 Boulogne taken by Germans Blackhawk Down incident (1940), 341 (Somali Civil War), 423 Bourges taken by Pepin I (762), 72 Blair, Tony (British prime minister), Bouvines, battle of (1214), 83 440 bows and arrows, 84, 86–7, 89, Blenheim, battle of (1704), 177 131–2, 135. See also crossbow Bletchley Park (British code-breaking Boyle, Roger, earl of Orrery, 147, 152 centre, World War II), 338 Bradley, Omar (US general), 392

570

Index

Bragg, Braxton (Confederate Cadiz raid (1596), 124 general), 235 Caesar, Julius (Roman general and Breitenfeld, battle of (1631), 152, 158–9 dictator), 4, 54, 64, 65, 99, 101 Bremer, Paul (US diplomat), 446 Calais Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 312 siege of (1346–7), 96 Brétigny, Treaty of (1360), 90 taken by Germans (1940), 341 Britain, battle of (1940), 345–6 caltrops, 81 British Expeditionary Force (BEF), Cambodia 284, 343, 502 American invasion (1970), 406 broadside, 117, 122, 123, 502 Vietnamese invasion (1975), 409 Bronze Age warfare, 16 Cambrai, battle of (1917), 311 bronze weapons, 15, 132, 134–5 Camden, battle of (1780), 193 Brooke, Rupert (English poet), 322 camp followers, 88, 153, 160 Brunswick, duke of (Prussian general, Camperdown, battle of (1797), 211 French Revolutionary Wars), 197 Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797), 200 Brusilov, Aleksey (Russian general, Cannae, battle of (216 BC), 4, 45–6, World War I), 305 157, 249, 275, 344, 356, 361 Brussels, 222, 319, 341, 375 cannon. See artillery Bueil, Jean de (Le Jouvencel), 97 Canrobert, François de (French Buell, Carlos (Union general), 232 commander, Crimean and Bulgaria, 258, 272 Franco-Prussian Wars), 224, 248 World War I, 298, 299, 319 Canturino, battle of (1363), 88 World War II, 347, 348 Cap Colonna, battle of (982), 79 Bulge, Battle of the (1944), 377 Cape St Vincent, battle of (1797), Bull Run, second battle of (1862), 231 211, 212 Buller, Redvers (British general, Boer Capet, Hugh, king of France, 78, 82 War), 259, 260 Caporetto, battle of (1917), 312 Bülow, Karl von (German general, caravel, 128, 502 World War I), 285 carbine, 502 Bunker Hill, battle of (1775), 190 Carcassonne raid (1355), 90 bureaucracy of war (Roman), 55–6 Carlos II of Spain, 177 Burghal Hidage, 74–5 Carnatic Wars, 183 Burgoyne, John (British general, War of Carnot, Lazare (military leader, American Independence), 192 French Revolutionary Wars), Burma, 382 198 Burnside, Ambrose (Union general), Carolingian empire, 71–3, 77 232, 233 Carr, E. H., (British Foreign Ofice Bush, George H. W. (US president), oficial, 1930s), 333 421, 464 carrack, 128, 502 Bush, George W. (US president), 436, Carrhae, battle of (53 BC), 46, 54 437, 438, 440, 442, 443, 453, 455 Cartier, Jacques (French colonist), 133 Butler, Benjamin Franklin Casablanca Conference (1943), 365 (Union general), 236 Cassel, battle of (1304), 87 Buxar, battle of (1764), 187 Cassius, Dio (Roman historian), 56 Byng, John (British admiral), 211 Cast Lead, Operation (2008), 456 Byng, Sir Julian (British general, castles, 7, 79, 90, 102, 261 World War I), 313, 314 Castro, Fidel, 402 Byzantine army, 77 casualties, civilian Byzantine navy, 76–7 9/11 attacks, 436, 479 Byzantine warfare, 69 Afghanistan, 460

571

Index

casualties, civilian (cont.) censorship in wartime, 293 Algerian War, 399 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Belgium (1914), 284 402, 407, 443, 503 Boer War, 261 centre of gravity concept (Clausewitz), Bosnian war, 428 109–10 Chechnya, 424 centurion, 43, 503 Democratic Republic of Congo century (Roman battleield order), (1996–2006), 430 43, 503 German (World War II), 379 Chaeronea, battle of (338 BC), 36–7 Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945), 385 chain-mail armour, 85 Iraq, 453 Chalabi, Ahmed (Iraqi politician), 443 Lebanon War, 456 challenge-and-response dynamic, 6–10 Leningrad (World War II), 353 Châlons, battle of (451), 64, 65 London (1940), 346 Chamberlain, Neville (British Prime London terrorist attack (2005), 452 Minister), 334, 336, 343 Madrid terrorist train attack (2004), Champagne offensive (1915), 295 451 Chancellorsville, battle of (1863), Okinawa (1945), 383 233–4 Rotterdam (1940), 340 chansons de geste, 84 Rwanda (1994), 423 Chaplin, Edward (British Foreign Syria, 462 Ofice oficial), 447 V-2 attacks (World War II), 369 charge of Light Brigade casualties, military (Crimean War), 225 American Civil War, 231 Charlemagne, 72 German (World War II), 379 Charles I of England, 151 Napoleonic Wars, 210 Charles II of England, 171 Okinawa (1945), 383 Charles V (Holy Roman emperor), Passchendaele (1917), 310 100, 108, 160 Somme (1916), 303 Charles VII of France, 91, 100, 103 Stalingrad (1942–3), 361 Charles VIII of France, 153, 161 Verdun (1916), 302 Charles XII of Sweden, 174, 175 World War I, 280, 322 Charles, Archduke (Austrian catapult, 82, 102, 502. See also general, Napoleonic Wars), trebuchet 203, 207 cavalry, 3, 503 Charles Martel, 71 battle of Omdurman (1896), 254 Charles of Lorraine, 185 Boer War, 260 Charles the Bald, 72 charge of Light Brigade, 225 Charles the Bold (duke of Burgundy lank attack doctrine, 80 1467–77), 93, 99, 100, 148 Indian Wars, 256 Charleston, SC, 192 Louis XIV’s, 170 chassepot rile, 246, 247, 503 Macedonian, 33, 35, 38, 40, 42 chasseur à pied, 194 medieval, 81, 85, 87, 88, 89, 92–3, Château-Thierry, battle of (1918), 317 148, 173 Chattanooga besieged (1863), 235, 236 Napoleonic, 201 Chechen Wars (1990s), 423–5 New World conquests, 143 Chelmsford, Frederic Thesiger Lord Roman, 46 (British general, Zulu War), 255 versus infantry (medieval warfare), chemical weapons, Iraq, 421 79–81 Syria, 462 World War I, 309 Cheonan (South Korean warship), 455

572

Index

Cherbourg Clinton, Bill (US president), 423, 427, besieged by Henry V (1415), 90 428, 431, 432, 436 taken by Americans (1944), 374 Clinton, Sir Henry (British chevauchée, 89, 90, 503 general, War of American chevaux-de-frises, 503 Independence), 192 Chickamauga, battle of (1863), 235 Clive, Robert (East India Company China, 396, 469, 484–7 general), 187 gunpowder, 101 Clovis (Merovingian king), 72 and Japan, 263, 355, 385, 389 cluster bomb, 503 United States and, 390, 392, 394 Coalition Provisional Authority See also People’s Liberation (Iraq), 446–7, 448, 449, 451 Army (PLA) Coen, Jan Pieterzoon, 11 Churchill, John. See Marlborough, cohort (Roman battleield order), 51, duke of 52, 503 Churchill, Winston Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 168 battle of Omdurman (1896), Cold War, 387, 390, 394, 395 action in, 254 end of, 417, 464 British prime minister, 343, 344, Cole, USS (United States warship), 362–3, 365 436, 479 Dardanelles campaign, and (1915), Collingwood, Cuthbert (British 298 admiral at Trafalgar), 212 relief of Ladysmith (1900), 260 Cologne bombed (1942), 368 World War I, 270, 279, 295 colonial empires CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency creation of, 181–4 (CIA) destruction of, 387 Cimbri, 47 Columbus, Christopher, 129, 131–2 Citadel (Zitadelle: German offensive Combined Bomber Offensive against Kursk salient, 1943), 371 (World War II), 367–9, 370, 388, civil wars, 430, 457, 476–7, 478 503 Algeria, 397–9 Comintern, 503 American, 227–41 commandos, Boer, 258, 260 Arab Spring, 457–8 German, 349 English, 161 commercial advantage, and war, 178 Liberia, 430, 478 commissions, military oficers, 169, Nigeria, 478 195, 329, 503 Rwanda, 423, 430, 476 Committee of Public Safety Sierra Leone, 430, 478 (French Revolution), 198 Somali, 422, 430, 432, 433, 434, 438 Compagnie des Indes, 187 South Sudan, 457 Compagnies d’Ordonnance, 100 Spanish, 333, 477 Compiègne Syria, 461 First Armistice of, 320 Civitavecchia defences (1515), 106 Second Armistice of, 344 Clark, Mark (American general, computer revolution (1980s), 390 World War II), 366 concentration camps (Boer War), 261 Clausewitz, Carl von (On War), 1, 5, Concord, battle of (1775), 190 109–10, 171, 268, 417, 531 Conde, Prince de (French general, Clear, Hold, Build strategy (Iraq), 452 seventeenth c.), 171 Clemenceau, Georges (French condotta (late medieval military prime minister, World War I), contract), 97 308, 320, 325 condottieri, 33, 503

573

Index

Congo, Democratic Republic of, civil Crécy, battle of (1346), 89, 90, 104 war, 430 Crete Congress of Vienna (1815), 221 Byzantine capture (961), 76 Conqueror (British submarine, German invasion (1941), 348 Falklands War), 415 Crimean conlict (2010s), 464 conquistadors, 138 Crimean War (1854–6), 222–6 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz Croatia. See Balkan wars (1990s) (Austrian general, World War I), Cronje, Piet (Boer commander), 260 291, 305 Crook, George (US general), 257 conscription, 66, 174, 201, 210, 253, crossbow, 85, 87, 95, 105, 131, 132, 503 134, 141 US draft for Vietnam war, 405 cruise missile, 390, 420, 435, 458, See also recruitment 462, 503 Constantine (Roman emperor), 59 Crusades, 77–9, 473 Constantinople/Istanbul, 69 Cuban Missile Crisis, 402 besieged (1453), 104 cuirasses, 131, 140 defended by Byzantine leet, 76–7 cuirassier, 503 Russian threat (1877), 258 culverin, 118, 503 sacked by Crusaders (1204), 77 Cunaxa, battle of (401 BC), 37 Constitution (American warship, Custer, George Armstrong 1812), 213 (American cavalry commander, Continental System (Napoleonic Indian wars), 256 Wars), 205 Custer’s Last Stand, 257 Continentals (War of American Cuzco besieged (1536–7), 137, 138, Independence), 190, 193 140, 143 continuity in thinking, 3–6 cyberwarfare, 456, 479–80 contributions (France, seventeenth c.), Cyprus 169 insurgency in (1950s), 476 convoys (battle of the Atlantic, Ottoman conquest of (1570–1), World War II), 366–7 120 Coral Sea, battle of (1942), 379 Cyrus II (Greek commander, Corinth, Mississippi, 233 fourth c. BC), 37 corned gunpower, 103, 503 Czechoslovakia annexed by Germany Cornwallis, Charles (British general, (1938), 333–4 War of American Independence), 193 Daesh. See ISIS Coroneia, battle of Dahlbergh, Erik, count (394 BC), 29 (Swedish engineer), 471 (447 BC), 25 Daladier, Edouard (French Coronel, battle of (1914), 295 premier), 334, 336 Cortés, Hernán (Spanish Damian of Tarsus (Muslim conquistador), 133 admiral), 77 cotton armour, 135, 140 Danish war (1864), 243 counter-march, 156, 475 Dardanelles campaign (1915), Courtrai, battle of (1302), 87 298–9 Coventry (British destroyer, Dar-es-Salaam terrorist attack (1998), Falklands War), 416 435, 479 Crassus (Roman general), 46, 54 Darius I (Persian emperor), 23 Craterus (Macedonian general), 40 Daun, Leopold von (Austrian marshal, Crazy Horse (Sioux leader), 256, 257 Seven Years War), 185

574

Index

Davenant, Charles (English political Djerba, battle of (1560), 120 economist), 9 Dönitz, Admiral Karl (German U-boat Davis, Jefferson (Confederate commander, World War II), 367 President), 228, 234, 239 Dordrecht (Dutch East India Davout, Louis Nicholas (French Company ship), 129 marshal, Napoleonic wars), 204 Dorylaeum, battle of (1097), 80 D-Day landings (1944), 373–7 Douhet, Giulio (Italian general, De Bello Gallico (Julius Caesar), 99 1930s), 330 de Gaulle, Charles (French president, Dowding, Hugh (commander-in-chief, 1958–62), 399 Fighter Command, 1936–40), De Regimine Principum (Giles of 331, 345 Rome), 99 dragoon, 170, 504 deconfessionalization, 164 Drake, Sir Francis, Caribbean raid defence in depth, 504 (1585–6), 146 early medieval, 75, 79, 82 Dreadnought, English capital ship Roman, 59, 63, 64 (sixteenth c.), 124 World War I, 296, 307, 313, 317 HMS (1906), 269, 504 World War II, 366 drill, 2, 191, 469, 470, 504 Delaield, Major Richard (US Army manuals, 156, 185, 194 Corps of Engineers, 1850s), 226 dromon, 76, 504 Delbrück, Hans (German military drone, 439, 483 historian and politician), 271 Dual Monarchy. See Austro- Delium, battle of (424 BC), 20 Hungarian empire Demosthenes (orator, fourth c. BC), 31 Duchêne, Denis (French general, Denain, battle of (1712), 177 World War I), 315 depth charge, 504 Dudley, Thomas (English colonial Desert Fox, 439 leader), 157 Desert Storm, 420, 421 Dumouriez, Charles (French general, desertion, 97, 194, 199, 240 French Revolutionary Wars), Devolution, War of (1667–8), 171 197, 198 Diem, Ngo Dinh (South Vietnamese Duncan, Adam (British admiral, ruler), 400, 403 French Revolutionary Wars), 211 Dien Bien Phu, battle of (1954), Dunkirk (evacuation of British 397, 488 Expeditionary Force, 1940), 343 Dieppe raid (1942), 373 Dupleix, Joseph (governor of French Dijon defences (1417), 105 India, 1741–54), 183 Dill, Sir John (British Military Dutch East India Company, 129 Mission, Washington, DC), 358 Dutch revolt, 154–5 Dio Cassius (Roman historian), 56 Diocletian (Roman emperor), 59, 63, 65 Eagle Creek, battle of (1877), 257 Dipaea, battle of (471 BC), 25 East India Company, 182–3, 187, Directory (French Revolution), 214–15 199, 201 Eastern Front discipline, 2–3, 466, 469, 483, 486 World War I, 289–93 eighteenth c., 189, 191, 210 World War II, 359–61, 371–3 Greek, 17, 21–3, 36 École supérieur de guerre (French medieval, 80, 98–9, 148 War College), 330 early modern, 158, 168 Edict of Emancipation (Prussia, Roman, 58–9 1807), 208 Dithmarschen, battle of (1319), 88 Edict of Nantes, 469

575

Index

Edward I of England, 7, 83, 87, 94 Falklands War (1982), 414–17 Edward II of England, 87 Fall, Bernard (expert on Vietnam), 403 Edward III of England, 90, 94, 95 fatwa (religious edict), 434, 435 Einhard (Charlemagne biographer), 80 Fayttes of Armes and of Chyvalrye Einsatzgruppen, 349 (William Caxton), 99 Einstein, Albert (Swiss federates, 66 mathematician), 384 feint, 504 Eisenhower, Dwight D. (US Ferdinand, prince of Bulgaria, 272 president), 374, 375, 394–5, 400 feudal military system, 84, 85, 467 El Alamein, battle of (1942), 364 Fighter Command (RAF, World electronic warfare, 420, 460 War II), 331, 345 elephants, military use of, 41–2 inance, 215, 466–7, 480–1, 484 Elizabeth, empress of Russia, 186 Finland invaded (1939), 337 Elizabeth Stuart, queen of Bohemia, irearms 104–5, 470, 475 162 infantry tactics, and (sixteenth c.), Emancipation Proclamation 153–5 (USA 1862), 231 rise of musket, 155–8 English Civil War (1642–8), 161 standardization (seventeenth c.), Enigma (German code machine, 152 World War II), 338 First Carnatic War (1744–8), 183 Entente Cordiale (1904), 270 First Crusade, 78–9, 80–1 Eritrea Fisher, Sir John (British First Sea British invasion (1941), 347 Lord, 1904–10, 1914–15), 269 civil war, 430 Five Forks, battle of (1865), 240 Essex-class aircraft carriers, 380 lak, 504 ETA (Basque separatist movement), Flanders campaign (1917), 309–11 451, 479 Flavius Merobaudes (Roman general, Ethiopia ifth c. AD), 64 British invasion (1941), 347 Fleurus, battle of (1794), 198 civil war, 430 lintlock musket, 169, 504 Italian invasion (1935), 333 FLN (Front de Libération ethnic cleansing, 429, 432 Nationale), 398, 504 Etruscan phalanx, 42 lower wars, Aztec, 1, 504 Eugene of Savoy (Austrian general, Foch, Ferdinand (Allied supreme eigthteenth c.), 165, 177 commander, 1918), 314 Eumenes (Macedonian general), 40 foraging, 202, 203, 206 extermination camps (World War II), Forest, Jean de, 141 377 Fornovo, battle of (1495), 153 Fort Donelson taken by Grant Fabius Cunctator (Delayer) (1862), 232 (Roman general), 5 Fort Douaumont battles (1916), 300 Al-Fajr, 451 Fort Eben-Émael taken (1940), 340 Falaise besieged by Henry V (1415), 90 Fort Henry taken by Grant (1862), 232 falconet, 504 Fort Vaux battles (1916), 302 Faits d’Armes et de Chevalerie, Les fortiications (Christine de Pisan), 99 Anglo-Saxon burgs, 74–5 Falkenhayn, Erich von (chief of French border, 275, 283–4 German General Staff, World gunpowder revolution, 101, 105–6, War I), 279, 281, 288, 296, 298, 107–8, 468 300, 304, 305 New World conquest, 144–6

576

Index

Roman, 59, 63–4 Galicia campaign (1915), 296 Vauban’s, 109, 170 galley, 96, 118, 504 western Europe (thirteenth– Gallipoli campaign (1915), 298–9 fourteenth c.), 81–3 Gamelin, Maurice (commander-in- fortiied cities, 79, 90, 105, 120, chief of French army, 1939–40), 148, 154 339, 341 Francis I of France, 148 Garner, Jay (US general, Gulf Wars), Franco, Francisco (Spanish general 446, 447 and leader), 333, 477 Gatacre, Sir William (British general, Franco-Prussian War (1870–1), Boer War), 259 246 –9, 285 Gates, Horatio (patriot oficer, War of Franco-Vietnamese guerrilla war American Independence), 192 (1945–54), 396, 397 Gaugemela, battle of (334 BC), 38 Franklin, battle of (1864), 239 Gaul, Caesar’s campaigns (58–51 BC), Franks, 80 54, 55 Franz Ferdinand, Austrian archduke, Gaza, battle of (332 BC), 40 assassinated (1914), 273 Gaza Strip, 456–7 Franz Josef I (Austro-Hungarian General Belgrano (Argentine cruiser, emperor), 272, 274 Falklands War), 415 Frederick II, the Great, of Prussia, Geneva Peace Accords (1954), 397, 400 184–6, 204 Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Frederick William of Brandenburg, Anjou, 4 178 George V of England, 281 Frederick William I of Prussia, 179 Gerhardt, Paul (German pastor, free companies (late medieval seventeenth c.), 164 Italy), 88 German empire (proclaimed 1871, French, Sir John (commander of the dissolved 1918), 250 British Expeditionary Force, German High Seas Fleet, 306 1914–15), 296 German navy, World War II, 332, 338 French and Indian War (1754–63), 366 186 German uniication, 241, 245 French Revolution, 195–7 Geronimo (Apache leader, 1880s), 257 French Revolutionary Wars, 197–9 Gettysburg, battle of (1863), 234 Friedensturm offensive (1918), 317 Ghani, Ashraf (Afghani president), frigate, 126, 504 461 Fritsch, Werner von (commander-in- Giap, Vo Nguyen (Vietnamese chief of German army, 1933), 328 commander), 396–7, 406, 407 Froissart, Jean (chronicler of Hundred gladius (Roman sword), 43, 44, 52, Years War), 95, 118 504 Frontinus, Sextus Julius, glider-borne infantry, 340 Strategemata, 39, 99 Global War on Terror, 438 Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou (987–1040), Glorious First of June, battle of 78, 82 (1794), 210, 212 Fuller, J. F. C. (British military Gneisenau, August von (Prussian commentator), 329 oficer), 252 full-rigged ship, 120, 504 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, on battle of Valmy, 198 Gaddai, Muammar (Libyan dictator), Golan Heights, 412, 413 457, 458 Goldstone, Richard (UN human galeass, 119, 504 rights investigator), 457

577

Index

Goldwater, Barry (American Gregory of Tours, 72 senator and presidential Grenada invaded (1983), 417 candidate, 1964), 403 Grey, Sir Edward (British Foreign Good Friday Accord (Northern Ofice secretary), 280 Ireland 1998), 432 Gribeauval, Jean Vacquette de Gordon-Walker, Patrick (British Gribeauval (French artillery broadcaster and politician), 472 reformer, 1770s), 194 Gough, Hubert (British general, Grivas, George (Greek Cypriot World War I), 309, 313, 314 resistance leader, 1950s), 476 Gracedieu (English warship, 1418), 120 Grozny, siege of (1995), 424 Granada, reconquest (1492), 94, 100, Guadalcanal, battle of (1942), 380 103, 105 Guantánamo Bay, 449 Grand Alliance against Guderian, Heinz (German general, Louis XIV, 176 World War II), 340, 341, 353 grand strategy guerrilla warfare, 505 Charlemagne, 71, 72 Algerian civil war (1954–62), Imperial Defence Plan (Japan), 355 397–9 Plan XVII (France), 284 Apache resistance (1880s), 257 Roman, 63 Boer War, 261 Schlieffen plan (Germany), 275–8, conventional warfare, and, 433 283, 285 Cyprus, 1950s, 476 Grande Armée, 202–5, 207 Franco-Vietnamese conlict Grandson, battle of (1476), 93 (1945–54), 396, 397 Granicus, battle of (334 BC), 38 Peninsular War (1807–14), 205 Grant, Ulysses S. (Union general), Taliban, 458, 460 228, 232 Guibert, Jacques de, count (Essai grapeshot, 505 général de tactique), 194, 195 Gravelotte, battle of (1870), 248 guided missiles, 407 Graziani, Rudolfo (Italian general, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution World War II), 347 (1964), 405 Great Harry (English warship, 1512), Gulf War I, 390, 417–20, 433 122 Gulf War II, 440–2, 443–4 Great Michael (Scottish warship, Gumbinnen, battle of (1914), 289 1511), 122 gunport, 105, 122 Great Northern War (1700–21), Guntram of Burgundy, 68 174–5 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, 157, Greece 158, 159, 160 attacked by Italy (1941), 347 hoplite warfare, 18–21 Hadrian (Roman emperor), 57 invaded by Germany (1941), 348 Haferkorn, Reinhard (Nazi party Macedonian warfare, 33–7 member, 1930s), 335 Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Haider Ali, ruler of Mysore 21, 26–8 (1759–82), 214 Persian wars, 23–5 Haig, Alexander (US secretary of Greek ire, 76 state), 415 Greene, Nathaneal (patriot Haig, Sir Douglas (commander, oficer, War of American British Expeditionary Force, Independence), 193 1916–18), 302, 309, 310, 313, Greenwich, Connecticut, assault on 314, 315, 319, 320 (1644), 141 Haiti, 423

578

Index

halberd, 86, 173, 505 Hindenburg, Paul von (German Halder, Franz (chief of German Army general and statesman), 281, 291, Staff, World War II), 351, 353 298, 325, 327, 332 Halicarnassus, battle of (334 BC), 40 Hirohito (Japanese emperor), 385 Halleck, Henry (Union general), 231, Hiroshima bombed (1945), 385 233, 235 Historia Augusta, 65 Hamas, 431, 456, 457 Hitler, Adolf Hamburg bombed (1943), 368 annexation of Czechoslovakia, 334 Hamilton, Sir Ian (Gallipoli commander, appeasement of, 334 World War I), 267, 298 appointment as chancellor, 327, 332 Hampden, John, on taxes and war, assassination attempt, 1944, 373 480 Caucasus campaign, 359, 360 Hannibal (Carthaginian general), 4, D-Day landings, 374 10, 157, 466 declaration of war against United Hardinge, Sir Charles (British Foreign States (1941), 357 Ofice oficial), 272 invasion of Norway (1940), 338 Harleur invasion of Poland (1939), 335 besieged by Henry V (1415), 90 north African campaign, 364 captured by Henry V (1415), 96 occupation of Romania, 347 Harkins, Paul (US general), 403 Operation Barbarossa (German Harlech castle, 7 invasion of USSR, 1941), 349–54 Harold II of England, 78 order to bomb Belgrade (1941), 348 Harrier (British ighter aircraft), 415, 505 rearmament programme, 1930s, 333 Harris, Arthur (commander-in-chief, Sea Lion postponement, 346 Bomber Command, 1942–5), Soviet–German Non-Aggression 368 Pact, 334 hasta (Roman lance), 52 suicide, 379 hastati (irst line in Roman legion), Vengeance weapons (Germany, 44, 505 1944–5), 369–70 Hastings, battle of (1066), 78, 79, 80 Western Front (1940), 339, Hawkwood, Sir John (White 341, 344 Company commander, Italy, World War I service, 288 fourteenth c.), 88 Hittite warfare, 15 Heinkel 177 strategic bomber, 332 Ho Chi Minh (Vietnamese leader), helicopters, 399, 405, 416, 421 395 Hellcat F6F ighter, 380, 505 Ho Chi Minh Trail, 401, 505 Henry II of England, 113 Hoffmann, Max (German General Henry V of England, 89, 90, 94, Staff oficer, World War I), 267, 96, 120 281, 291 Henry VIII of England, 122 Hohenlinden, battle of (1800), 201 Henry the Fowler, king of Germany, Hong Kong taken by Japan (1941), 358 75, 81, 82 Honorius (Roman emperor), 65 Hentsch, Colonel Richard Hood, John Bell (Confederate (German General Staff oficer, general), 239 World War I), 288 Hooker, Joseph (Union general), Hesdin, siege of (1552), 113 233–4 Hessians, 191 hoplite warfare, 18, 19, 21, 22, 29 hetairoi (Macedonian cavalry), Hopton, Sir Ralph (royalist commander, 33, 505 English Civil War), 152 Hezbollah, 431, 456, 505 horse archers, 1, 173

579

Index

horses in warfare Industrial Revolution, 215–16, horse transports, Norman, 76, 81 221, 224 New World conquests, 143–4. See infantry, 505 also cavalry Bronze Age, 16 Xenophon, 19 Greek phalanx, 19–21 Howe, Richard (British admiral, War Macedonian phalanx, 33–7 of American Independence), 210 medieval primacy, 79–81 Howe, Sir William (British general, Roman legions, 42–6 War of American Independence), thirteenth–fourteenth c., 86–8 190, 191, 192 Inkerman, battle of (1854), 225 howitzer, 505 intelligence, 505 Huaitará, battle of (1536), 138 Bletchley Park (World War II), 338 Hughes, Paul, 447 Boer War, 261 Huguenots in New World, 141, 145 British in Crete (1941), 348 Hundred Years War (1337–1453), 88, Enigma (World War II), 338 95, 102, 118 ‘Magic’ (World War II), 379, 382 Hung-Wu (irst emperor of China), 117 Russo-Japanese War, 266 Hurons, 139 ‘Ultra’ (World War II), 375, 379. Hurricane (British ighter aircraft), See also Central Intelligence 331, 505 Agency Hussites, 91–2 International Criminal Tribunal for Hutu, 423 the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Hydaspes, battle of (326 BC), 38 428, 429, 430 hypaspists (Macedonian light International Security Assistance infantry), 33, 505 Force, 458 Hysiae, battle of (669 BC), 29 Intifada, 430, 431 Iphicrates (Athenian general), 34 ICTY. See International Criminal Ipsus, battle of (301 BC), 41 Tribunal for the former IRA (Irish Republican Army), 479 Yugoslavia (ICTY) Iraq insurgency, 442–53 IED (improvised explosive device), Surge, and aftermath, 453–5 448, 452, 505 Iraqi Freedom, 444 impi (Zulu formation), 255, 505 al-Iraqiyya (Iraqi National Inca empire, 137–8 Movement), 454 incendiary devices, medieval, 4, 76 Iron Dome (Israeli anti-rocket and Inchon landing (Korean War, 1950), 392 mortar defence system), 457 indenture (late medieval military iron weapons, 131, 132, 137, 140–3 contracts), 97 Iroquois, 139 Independence-class aircraft carriers, 380 Is War Now Impossible? (Ivan Bloch, India, Europeans in, 182, 183, 187, 1899), 274 214, 215 Isandlwana, battle of (1879), 255, 488 Indian wars (American west), 256–8 ISIS, 461–4, 505 Indo-China Ismay, Hastings, (secretary, British colonized by French, 395, 396 Committee for Imperial occupied by Japanese (1940–1), 356 Defence), 335 industrial power Isocrates (Greek orator, fourth c. BC), 33 American Civil War, 227, 240 Israel, 410 nineteenth c., 223, 251 and Hezbollah, 456 Soviet Union, 1930s, 330 and Palestine, 430–1, 456–7 World War II, 362, 368, 467 wars with Arabs, 411–14

580

Index

Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), 456, 457 Jugurtha, 47, 49 Issus, battle of (334 BC), 38 pursuit of, (107–105 BC), 49 Italian Expeditionary Force Julian (Roman emperor), 65 (World War II), 2, 365 Julianus (Roman general), 56 Italian Somaliland invaded (1935), 347 Julio-Claudian Roman emperors Italy (27 BC–AD 68), 59 defensive system, 106–7 Jünger, Ernst (German soldier and in World War I, 312 writer, twentieth c.), 465 Iwo Jima landing (1945), 383 Justinian (Byzantine emperor 527–65 AD), 68–9 Jackson, Thomas ‘Stonewall’ just-in-time logistics, 443 (Confederate general), 231, 234 Jutland, battle of (1916), 117, 306 Jaish al-Mahdi, 451, 452, 506 James II of England, 165 Kabul captured by Taliban (1996), 434 James II of Scotland, 104 Kalkhin Gol, battle of (1939), 356 James IV of Scotland, 122 kamikaze attacks (World War II), James peninsula expedition (1862), 383, 506 230, 231, 236 Karremans, Thom (UN commander, Jankow, battle of (1645), 160 Srebrenica), 427 javelins, 31, 44, 45 Kasserine Pass, battle of (1942), 364 Mexico, 134, 140 Kellermann, François (French general, Jellicoe, Sir John (British Grand Fleet French Revolutionary Wars), 197 commander), 306 Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk, Turkish Jena–Auerstadt, battle of (1806), oficer), 299 202, 208 Kennedy, John F. (US president), Jericho, destruction of, 16 401, 402, 443 Jerusalem captured by Crusaders Kenya, 435 (1099), 79 Kesselring, Albert (German ield Jervis, John (British admiral, marshal, World War II), 365, 366 Napoleonic Wars), 211, 212 Kharkov, Soviet–German battles for Jodl, Alfred (German High (1942–3), 359, 361, 372, 421 Command, World War II), 360 Kharzai, Hamid (Afghan president), 437 Joffre, Joseph (French chief of Kim Il-sung (North Korean leader), General Staff, World War I), 391 279, 284, 285, 307 Kim Jong-il (North Korean dictator), John III of Poland (Jan Sobieski), 172 455 John of Nassau-Siegen, count, 156 Kimberley Johnson, Andrew (US president), 240 besieged (1899), 259 Johnson, Lyndon (US president), 403, relieved (1900), 260 405, 406 King George’s War (1743–8), 183 Johnston, Joseph (Confederate King Philip’s War, 141 general), 236, 239, 240 King William’s War. See War of the Jomini, Antoine-Henri, 2 League of Augsburg (1688–97) Joseph (Nez Percé chief), 257 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Josephus (Jewish-Roman historian, Boer War, 260 irst c. AD), 58 secretary of state for war Jourdan law (France 1798), 201 (World War I), 285 jousts, 98 Sudanese campaign (1896), 254 Joyce, William (‘Lord Haw-Haw’), 335 KLA. See Kosovo Liberation Judaea, annexation of (AD 6), 57 Army (KLA)

581

Index

Kluck, Alexander von (German Le Duan (North Vietnamese political general, World War I), 285 leader, 1960–86), 405, 407 knights, 83–4, 88, 153 Le Tellier, Michel (French secretary of Königgrätz, battle of (1866), 245, 273 state for war, seventeenth c.), 168 Korea League of Nations, 326 occupied by Soviet and US forces Lebanon, invaded by Israel (1982), 431 (1945), 391 Lebanon War (2006), 431, 456 seized by Japan (1905), 266 Lechfeld, battle of the (955), 3, 11, Korean War (1950–3), 391–5 78, 80 Kosovo, 429–30, 432, 464 Lee, Robert E. (Confederate general), Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 429 231, 234, 236, 237, 240 Kraus, Karl (satirist), 321 legion (Roman army), 43, 44, 45–6, Krepinevich, Andrew (military 51, 52, 53, 506 commentator), 475 bureacracy, and, 55–7 Kriegsmarine (World War II), 366, 506 frontier service, 57–9 Krott, Rob (Croatian army volunteer, professionalism, and, 53–5 1990s), 477 Leipzig, battle of (1813), 209 Kurds, 445, 452, 461, 463 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (Russian Kuropatkin, Aleksey (Russian revolutionary), 311 commander, Russo-Japanese Leningrad besieged (1941–4), War), 265 353, 372 Kursk, battle of (1943), 371 Leo of Tripoli (Muslim admiral), 77 Kutná Hora, battle of (1421), 91 Leonidas (Spartan king), 24 Kutusov, Mikhail (Russian general, Lepanto, battle of (1571), 120, 123, Napeolonic wars), 203, 206 437 Kuwait, 419, 464 lettre de retenue (late medieval Kwajalein, battle of (1944), 381 military contract), 97 Kyushu (1945 Allied invasion plan), Leuctra, battle of (371 BC), 29 384 Leuthen, battle of (1757), 185 levée en masse, 196, 249, 467 La Rochelle, battle of (1372), 96 Leyte Gulf, battle of (1944), 382 Laden, bin. See bin Laden, Osama Liberian Civil War, 430, 478 Ladysmith Libya, 272 besieged (1899), 259 Odyssey Dawn, 457 relieved (1900), 260 Uniied Protector, 458 Laffargue, André (The Attack in Liddell Hart, B. H. (British military Trench Warfare), 307 commentator), 329 Laing’s Nek, battle of (1880), 256 Liège taken by Germans (1914), 284 lance, 52, 81, 131, 143, 506 Light Brigade (Crimean War), 225 Landsturm, 208 Lincoln, Abraham (US president), Landwehr, 207, 208, 506 228–32, 233, 235, 236, 239, 240 Lanrezac, Charles (French general, line ahead (naval tactic, eighteenth c.), World War I), 285 123, 125, 211–12, 506 Laos invaded by Vietnam (1975), 409 Livy, 43 Lartéguy, Jean (French novelist), 487 Lloyd George, David (British prime latifundia (Roman corporate minister), 282, 320, 321, 325 agriculture), 48 Locke, John, on excesses of war, 164 Laudonnière, René, on Timucua logistics, 467, 476, 506 Indians, 133 American Civil War, 228, 235, 237 Le Baker, Geoffrey (chronicler), 95 Eastern Front (1915), 296, 298

582

Index

Eastern Front (1941), 350, 351, 352 American commander in the Paciic Gulf War, 443, 450, 459 (World War II), 380, 381, 382 Macedonian, 39, 42 commander-in-chief of UN forces Napoleonic, 160, 202, 207 (Korean War), 391, 392, 394 Normandy landing (1944), 373–4 Macedonian succession wars, 40–1 Roman legions, 51 Macedonian warfare, 33–7, 38–9, Schlieffen Plan, 288 41–2 Vietnam War, 397, 401, 406 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 105, 107 Lombard kingdom, 71–2 machine gun, 246, 506 London Mackensen, August von (German bombed (World War II), 346, 369 general, World War I), 296, terrorist attack (2005), 452 298, 299, 327 longbow, 85–6 MACV (Military Assistance Command Longstreet, James (Confederate Vietnam), 404, 406, 506 general), 231 Madrid terrorist train attack Loos, battle of (1915), 296 (2004), 451 Lothar I (Carolingian ruler), 4, 72 Mafeking besieged (1899), 259 Louis IX of France, 100 Magdeburg sacked (1631), 162 Louis XIV of France, 109, 126, 165, Magersfontein, battle of (1899), 259 167–73, 176–8, 250, 469 ‘Magic’ intelligence (World War II), Louis XV of France, 186 379, 382, 506 Louis XVI of France, 195 Maginot Line, 339, 340, 506 Louisbourg magnates, medieval, 67, 72, 74, 77, 78 taken (1745), 183 Magyars, 78, 80 taken (1758), 186 Mahan, Alfred Thayer (naval power Louvois, François Le Tellier, Marquis theorist), 268 de (Louis XIV’s war minister), Mahdi (Islamic fundamentalist ruler, 168, 171 Sudan), 254 Lucullus (Roman general), 54 Majuba Hill, battle of (1881), 256 Ludendorff, Erich von (German al-Maliki, Nouri (Iraqi prime general and strategist) minister), 453, 454, 461 army spending (1912), 271 Malakoff bastion, Sebastapol, stormed World War I, 284, 291, 304, by French (1855), 225 311–12, 313–15, 317, 320 Malaya Ludendorff bridge, Remagen, 378 guerrilla war (1948–54), 399–400 Luftwaffe, 332, 386, 506 Japanese invasion (1942), 358 battle of Britain (1940), 344–6 Malplaquet, battle of (1709), 177 Belgrade bombing (1941), 348 Malta, siege of (1565), 120 Dunkirk evacuation (1940), 343 Malvern Hill, battle of (1862), 231 invasion of Crete (1941), 348 Mamluks, 200, 468 north Africa, 364 Manchuria, 486 Lützen, battle of (1632), 159 occupied by Russia (1900), 263 Luxembourg, duke of (French invaded by Japan (1904), 265–7 general, seventeenth c.), 176, invaded by Japan (1931), 355 177, 468 invaded by Soviet Union (1945), 385 Luxembourg invaded (1914), 283 Manco (Inca leader), 139 Lysimachus (Macedonian general), 40 Manhattan, defences of (seventeenth c.), 145, 146 M1A2 Abrams tank, 452 Manhattan Project (World War II), 7, MacArthur, General Douglas 384, 468

583

Index

maniple (Roman battleield order), 43, Maylower, 157 44, 45, 52, 506 McChrystal, Stanley (American Manstein, Erich von (German general, general, Afghanistan), 459 World War II), 339, 343, 344, McClellan, George (Union general), 351, 360, 361, 371 226, 228, 230, 231, 236 Mantineia, battle of McKiernan, David (American general, (362 BC), 29, 32 Afghanistan), 459 (418 BC), 470 McNamara, Robert Strange (US Mao Zedong (Chinese communist secretary of defense), 401, 402, leader, 1949–76), 396, 484 404, 443 Mapuche (Chilean nomads), 141 Meade, George (Union general), Maratha War, second (1803–5), 215 234, 236 Marathon, battle of (490 BC), 23 Mechelen, defences, 105 Mardonius (Persian general), 24 medieval warfare, 79–84, 85–99, 101–6 Marengo, battle of (1800), 201 Mediterranean campaign (1941–4), Maria Theresa, empress, 181, 184 361–6 Marianas air battle (1944), 381 mêlée (naval tactics, eighteenth c.), 212 Marignano, battle of (1515), 153 men-at-arms, 86–7, 94 marines, 506 mercantilism, 178 Marius, Gaius (Roman general), 49–53 mercenaries, 39, 41, 66, 88, 92, 97, Mark Antony (Roman general), 55 149, 173 Market Garden (Allied operation to merchant shipping take Arnhem, 1944), 375 Allied (World War I), 294 Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of Allied (World War II), 366, 367, 467 (British general), 177 Japanese (World War II), 382 Marne, battle of (1914), 288 Mercury (airborne assault on Crete, Marshall, General George (US Army 1941), 349 Chief of Staff and secretary of Mers-el-Kébir bombardment (1940), state, 1940s), 4, 358 344, 345, 472 Marshall Plan, 389 Merton, Robert (sociologist), 475 Mars-la-Tour, battle of (1870), 248 Messines Ridge, battle of (1917), 309 Marston Moor, battle of (1644), 152 Metellus (Roman general), 54 Martel, Charles (Frankish leader). Methuen, Paul (British general, See Charles Martel Boer War), 259 Marx, Karl (political philosopher and Metz journalist, nineteenth c.), 226, 273 besieged (1552), 107, 113 massacres, 284, 374, 404, 423, 424 French encircled (1870), 248 Srebrenica, 427 Meuse-Argonne, battle of (1918), 319 World War II, 374 Mexico City. See Tenochtitlan Masséna, André (French marshal, Michael Offensive (1918), 314 Napoleonic Wars), 203 Midway, battle of (1942), 379 Massu, Jacques (French paratroop Milan military organization, 83, 100 general, Algerian War), 398 Military Assistance Command Masterman, Sir John (British counter- Vietnam (MACV), 404, 406, 506 espionage expert, World military dress. See uniforms War II), 364 militias, 470, 507 matchlock musket, 169, 468, 506 Austrian, 207, 208 Maurice of Nassau (Dutch commander, Boer, 258 sixteenth–seventeenth c.), 4, 155, French Revolution, 196 157, 474 – 5 Gaul, 68

584

Index

Greek, 27, 31 Mordechai, Major Alfred (US Army Jaish al-Mahdi, 451 Corps of Engineers, 1850s), 226 medieval, 78, 81, 84, 88 Morgarten, battle of (1315), 87 Roman, 51, 66 mortar, 507 Serbian, 427 Moscow Shi‘a, 448, 452 captured by Napoleon (1812), 206 Somali, 423 Hitler fails to take (1941), 354 Hutu, 423 Mughal emperors of India, 3 War of American Independence, Mühlberg, battle of (1547), 153 190, 193 mujahideen, 434, 452 Milne, George Lord (British chief Mukden, battle of (1905), 266 of Imperial General Staff, Mullen, Mike (chairman of Joint 1926–33), 329 Chiefs of Staff), 458 Milošević, Slobodan (Yugoslav leader), Munda, battle of (45 BC), 55 425, 428, 433 Mundy, Peter (English traveller in Minié bullet, 507 China), 117–18 Mithridates, 47, 54 Munro, Hector (East India mitrailleuse. See machine gun Company soldier), 187 Mladić, Ratko (Yugoslav general), 427 musket, 155–8, 169, 174, 468, 507 Mnesimachus (Philip, c. 350 BC), 36 Muslim warfare, 71, 76–7, 79 Mohacs, battle of (1687), 172 Muslims, in Chechnya, 424–5 Mokyr, Joel (economic historian), 475 in Balkans, 425–9 Moltke, Helmuth, the younger (chief militant groups, 431–2, 434–5 of the German General Staff, suicide missions, 451–2, 479 1906–14), 278, 279, 284, 285, Mussolini, Benito (Italian dictator), 287, 291 334, 346, 347, 365, 378 Moltke, Helmuth von, count (chief mutiny of Prussian and German General British navy (1797), 211 Staff), 4, 242, 243, 245, 247–8, France (Revolutionary), 195–6, 202 249, 274 France (1917), 308 Monluc, Blaise de, on siegecraft, 147 Spain (1570s), 110–11, 154–5 Monro, Robert (Scottish colonel, My Lai massacre (Vietnam War), 404 seventeenth c.), 151, 161 Mysore Wars, 214 Mons, battle of (1914), 285 Mons Meg (bombard, ifteenth c.), 104 Nagasaki bombed (1945), 385 Mons-en-Pévèle, battle of (1304), 87 Nairobi terrorist attack (1998), Montcalm, Marquis Louis Joseph de 435, 479 (French general, eighteenth c.), Nancy, battle of (1476), 93 186–7 Naples, citizen army, 100 Montesquieu (French intellectual, Napoleon Bonaparte (French general eighteenth c.), 195 and emperor), 199–202 Montezuma (Aztec emperor), 133 Grande Armée, 202–5 Montgomery, Bernard Law (British Hundred Days, 209–10 general, World War II), 363, invasion of Russia (1812), 206–7 374, 375 Peninsular War (1807–14), 205 Montréal d’Albarno (leader of the Napoleon III, emperor of France, 4, Great Company in fourteenth c. 246, 247, 248–9 Italy), 88 Narses (Byzantine general), 69 Morat, battle of (1476), 93 Narva besieged (1700), 174 Moreau, Jean (French general), 201 Narvik, battle of (1940), 338

585

Index

Nassau, counts of. See John, Maurice, Nez Percé resistance (1870s), 257 William Louis Nicholas I, tsar, 222, 266 Nasser, Gamal Abdel (Egyptian Nicholas II, tsar, 264, 268, 278, president, 1954–70), 398, 410 281, 311 National Guard (Revolutionary Nicolson, Arthur (British Foreign France), 196 Ofice oficial), 280 National Guard (USA), 389, 405, Nieuwpoort, battle of (1600), 157, 475 445, 450 Nigerian civil war, 478 nationalism Nijmegen, Treaty of (1678), 171 Algerian, 397 Nile, battle of the (1798), 200, 211 French, 207 Nimitz, Chester (American naval German, 207 commander in the Paciic, World Malay, 400 War II), 379, 380, 381, 382 North Korean, 391 Nivelle, Robert (French general, Serbian, 425 World War I), 302, 307, 308 Vietnamese, 395 Nivelle offensive (1917), 308 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Nixon, Richard M. (US president), Organization), 389, 427, 428, 429, 406, 407 432, 436, 458, 460, 481, 507 No-Fly Zones (Iraq), 422, 439, 445, naval air forces, 332, 382 458 naval warfare Nördlingen, battle of (1634), 160 American Civil War, 235 Normandy campaign (1944), 370, Anglo-Saxon, 74 373–5 armed with gunpowder weapons, 118 Normans, 76 Athenian, 26 North African campaign (World battle of the Atlantic (World War II), 347, 348, 361, 363, 364 War II), 366–7 North Korea, nuclear weapons, 436, Byzantine, 76–7 455. See also Korean War dreadnought arms race, 269 Northern Ireland, 432, 438 interwar doctrine, 332 nuclear weapons, 384–5, 387, Napoleonic Wars, 210–13 389–90, 424, 436, 464 Persian, 24 Nuremberg bombed (1944), 368 Russo-Japanese War, 263, 266 World War I, 306 OAS (Organisation de l’Armée World War II, 366–7, 379–81, 381 Secrète), 399, 507 Nawab of Bengal, 187 Obama, Barack H. (American needlegun, 227, 507 president), 454, 459, 462 Neerwinden, battle of (1693), 177 obsidian weapons, 135 Nelson, Horatio (British admiral, Octavian. See Augustus Caesar Napoleonic Wars), 200, Odyssey Dawn, 458 210–13, 266 Oeconomicus (Xenophon, Nemea, battle of (394 BC), 29 fourth c. BC), 18 New Atlantis (Francis Bacon, 1626), 474 offensive doctrine, German new formation regiments (Russia, (World War I), 312 seventeenth c.), 174 Ofice of Reconstruction and New Guinea campaign (World Humanitarian Assistance, Iraq War II), 380 (ORHA), 445, 446, 448 New Orleans, battle of (1815), 214 oficers, 470 New York, taken by British (1776), American Civil War, 231 190–2 British, 225, 226, 259, 329

586

Index

English naval, 126, 127 Ottoman empire, 129, 409, 437, 468 French (seventeenth c.), 168 and Habsburgs, 172–3 French (eighteenth c.), 195 and Russia, 172, 223, 258, 292 French Revolutionary, 196–7 World War I, 271–2, 298, 299 French (Algeria), 398–9 Ōyama Iwao (Japanese ield marshal, German, 271, 304, 313, 328–9 Russo-Japanese War), 265 Israeli, 412 Prussian (eighteenth c.), 180 P-51 ‘Mustang’ (American ighter Prussian (nineteenth c.), 208, 241, aircraft), 369 252, 470 Paardeberg, battle of (1900), 260 Roman, 44, 45, 55 Paciic campaign Russian (seventeenth c.), 174–5 (1942–3), 379–81 Spanish (sixteenth c.), 150, 155 (1943–5), 381–3 staff colleges, 252 Packer, George (American journalist), World War I, 283, 293 445 oil Pactus Drepanius on Theososius, 66 Germany (World War II), 337, 347, Pakistan, 430 359 al-Qaeda, 436, 437–8 Japan (World War II), 356 Taliban, 458–9, 460 OPEC crisis (1970s), 414 Palestine, 409, 431 Oinophyta, battle of (457 BC), 25 Panmure, Lord (British minister of Okinawa landing (1945), 383 war), 224 Oliveira, Fernando (The Art of War at panzer divisions Sea, 1555), 123 attack on France (1940), 340 Ollantaytambo besieged, 138 developed (1930s), 329 Olympic (proposed invasion of Japan, Kursk, battle of (1943), 371 1945), 384 paratroopers Omaha Beach (Normandy landings, Algerian Civil War (1954–62), 398 1944), 374 Crete (1941), 349 Omdurman, battle of (1896), 254 Dien Bien Phu, 397 On the Art of Building (Leon Batista Falklands War (1982), 415 Alberti, 1440s), 106 Norway invasion (1940), 338 On War (Carl von Clausewitz), 109, Suez Canal crisis (1956), 410 268, 269, 417 Western Front (1940), 340 onager, 507 Parcos, battle of (1536), 138 Onasander (Roman military Paris besieged (1870), 249 theorist), 34 Paris Peace Accords (1973), 407 ordre mince, 194, 507 Paris, treaty of ordre mixte, 194, 201 (1760), 187 ordre profond, 194, 507 (1783), 193 Organization of the Petroleum Passchendaele, battle of (1917), Exporting Countries (OPEC), 414 309–10 Orlando, Vittorio (Italian prime Patton, George S. (US general, World minister, World War I), 325 War II), 378 Orléans besieged (451), 64 Paullu (Inca leader), 139 Ostend taken by Germans (1940), 341 Paulus, Friedrich (German general, Ostrogoths, 65 World War II), 361 Otto I, the Great, emperor of the Pavia west, 78 battle of (1525), 154 Otto II, emperor of the west, 78 taken by Charlemagne (774), 72

587

Index

peace dividend, 422 captured by American forces Pearl Harbor bombed (1941), 357–8 (1944), 383 Pelet, Jean-Jacques (French staff taken by Japan (1942), 358 oficer, Napoleonic Wars), 205 Philippsburg captured (1688), 176 Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), Phocylides on the city-state, 18 21, 26 pikes, 508 Peninsular War (1807–14), 205, 209 sixteenth c., 153, 155 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 486 seventeenth c., 169 Pepin I (Carolingian king), 71–2 Macedonian, 34, 42 Pequot War (1638–9), 141 medieval, 7, 92 Percy, George (English New World Piketty, Thomas, French settlement leader, seventeenth c.), economist, 481 145 pilum (Roman javelin), 43, 45, 52, 508 Perdiccas (Macedonian general), 40 Pisan, Christine de (Les Faits d'Armes Pershing, John J. (American et de Chevalerie, fourteenth c.), Expeditionary Force commander, 99, 102 World War I), 267 Pizarro, Francisco (Spanish Persian wars (490, 480–478 BC), conquistador), 138 23–5, 26 Plassey, battle of (1757), 11, 187 personal armed followings, medieval, Plataea, battle of (479 BC), 3 66, 72, 74, 78 plate armour, 85, 93, 155 Pertinax (Roman emperor), 56 Plato (Greek philosopher), 24 Peru, 135, 137, 138, 144, 432 Plevna besieged (1877), 258 Conquest, 139, 143 Plumer, Sir Herbert (British general, Perugia arsenal (1364), 104 World War I), 309, 310 Pétain, Philippe (French general, World Poitiers, battle of (1356), 89, 90 War I, and head of state, World Polaris submarines, 390 War II), 285, 301, 308, 344 polis (Greek city-state), 17, 22, 24, 26, Peter I, the Great, of Russia, 173–6 29, 508 Peter III of Russia, 186 Poltava, battle of (1709), 175 Petersburg, VA, battle of (1865), 237, Polyaenus (Roman military 240 rhetorician), 40 Petraeus, David (US general, Iraq and Polybius (Greek historian, second c.), Afghanistan), 453, 459 22, 34, 35, 42, 43 Petrarch, Francesco (Italian Pompey (Roman general), 54–5, 99 humanist), 89 Pondichéry pezetairoi (foot companions, Macedonian besieged (1746), 183 heavy infantry), 33, 507 surrendered (1760), 187 phalanx, 33–7, 41–2, 507 Pope, John (Union general), 231 Pharnaces, 55 Port Arthur besieged (1904), 265 Pharsalus, battle of (48 BC), 55 Porter, David (Union admiral), 235 Philadelphia, battle of (1777), 191–2 Portuguese naval warfare, 123, 125, Philip II of Macedon, 33, 38 128, 129 Philip II of Spain, 110, 122, 124, 148, Potomac, Army of (American Civil 162, 163 War), 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, Philip IV, the Fair, of France, 83 234, 237, 240 Philip of Anjou, 177 Powell, Colin (American general and Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 100 secretary of state), 483 Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 93 pré carré (French fortresses, Philippines seventeenth c.), 170

588

Index

Prevesa, battle of (1538), 120 railways, 224, 241–2, 291, 370 price revolution (sixteenth c.), 111 Rainbow (English warship, 1596), 124 Prince Royal (British warship, 1610), 124 Ramillies, battle of (1706), 177 Princeton, battle of (1777), 191 Rangoon captured (1945), 383 principes (second line in Roman rasputitsa (roadless period), 353, 359, legion), 44, 508 361, 372 prisoners of war, World War II, 362, Rawlinson, Sir Henry (British general, 374, 388 World War I), 302, 304, 309 Probus (Roman emperor), 48 Reagan, Ronald (US president), 417, 423 professionalization, 71 rearmament, sixteenth c., 101, 127, 150 Germany, 1930s, 333 seventeenth c., 147–50 United States, 1950s, 389 eighteenth c., 195, 196 recruitment nineteenth c., 208 ive-hide system, 78 hoplites, 25 levée en masse, 196 Israel, 412 medieval, 81, 169, 436 Macedonians, 33–4 Roman army, 48, 49, 66. See also Prussia, 180, 208, 241, 252 conscription Roman legion, 49, 51–2, 53–5 Red River Valley campaign (1951), 396 propaganda, 311, 436, 449 Redoutable (French ship at Protective Edge, 457 Trafalgar), 213 Prussian–Austrian War (1866), 243 Regensburg bombed (1944), 368 Ptolemy (Macedonian general, ruler of Regino of Prüm, on untrained Egypt), 40 levies, 80 punctuated equilibrium, 6 Reichswehr (German army, 1920s), Punic Wars, 47. See also Cannae, 327, 508 Hannibal Reinsurance, Treaty of (1887), 268 Pusan, Korea (1950), 391–2 religion, ighting for, 161–5 Putin, Vladimir (Russian Remagen bridge taken (1945), 378 president), 464 Rennenkampf, Paul (Russian general, Pydna, battle of (168 BC), 41 World War I), 281, 289, 291 Pyramids, battle of the (1798), 200 Republican Guard (Iraq), 421, 442 Pyrrhic victory, 508 Requesens, Don Luis de (sixteenth c. Pyrrhus, king of the Epirus, 41 Spanish general), 110 Reunions, Louis XIV’s annexations al-Qaeda, 434, 435, 437, 452, 460 (seventeenth c.), 172 American response to attacks, 437–42 revolution in military affairs (RMA), attacks on United States, 434–7 473, 481 Quebec, battle and capture of (1759), Revolution of 1848, 222 186, 187 Rhee, Syngman (South Korean Queen Anne’s War. See War of Spanish leader), 391 Succession (1701–14) Rheims, campaign (1359), 90 quincunx (Roman battleield order), 44 German offensive (1918), 317 Quiñones, Mogrovejo de (Spanish Rhine, Prince Rupert of, 151 conquistador), 138 Riade, battle of (933), 81 Ribbentrop, Joachim von radar early warning systems, 331, 345 (German foreign secretary, R AF. See Royal Air Force World War II), 336 Raglan, Lord (British commander, Richelieu, Cardinal (chief minister of Crimean War), 224 France, mid-seventeenth c.), 160

589

Index

Ridgway, Matthew B. (US general, World War I, 279, 293, 294–5, Korean war), 393 306, 472 riled musket, 223, 225, 227, 508 World War II, 343, 345, 349, 366 Rimpler, Georg (seventeenth c. Ruhr engineer), 172 bombed (1943), 368 Robert Bruce (Robert I of Scotland), occupied by France (1923), 326 86, 87, 468 Rumsfeld, Donald H. (US secretary Roberts, Frederick (British general, of defense), 443, 444, 445, 446, Boer War), 260 450, 453 Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste (French Rundstedt, Gerd von (German commander, War of American general, World War II), 336, 374 Independence), 193 Rupprecht of Bavaria, Prince (German Rogers, Clifford J. (military general, World War I), 285, 313 historian), 6 Rupert of the Rhine, Prince, 151 Rohde, David S. (American Rusk, Dean (US secretary of state), 402 journalist), 433 Russian Revolution (1917), 311–12 Rolling Thunder campaign (American Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 261–6 bombing campaign against Rwandan Civil War (1994), 423, Vietnam, 1965), 403 430, 476 Roman warfare, 43–6, 47–59 Rome Sacred Band (Thebes), 37 Anzio landing (1944), 365 Sacsahuaman besieged (1536), 138 capture (1944), 366 Sadat, Anwar (Egyptian president sacked (AD 455), 67, 365 1970 – 81), 412 Rommel, Erwin, 312 Saddam Hussein (Iraqi president), 417, Afrikakorps commander, 348, 419, 422, 423, 438, 439, 440 362, 364 al-Sadr, Muqtada, 451 Inspector of Coastal Defences Saint-Mihiel offensive (1918), 319 (1943), 374 Saipan, battle of (1944), 381 panzer commander (1940), 340 Salamis, battle of (480 BC), 11 Roosebeek, battle of (1304), 87 Salerno, battle of (1943), 365 Roosevelt, Franklin D. (US president), Samarra, 452 345, 356, 357, 358, 384, 388 Samsonov, Alexander Roosevelt, Theodore (US president), (Russian general, World War I), 266 281, 289, 291 Rorke’s Drift, battle of (1879), 255 San Lorenzo (Spanish Armada Rosecrans, William Starke (Union galeass), 119 general), 235–6 San Martín (Spanish Armada Rossbach, battle of (1757), 184 galleon), 123 Rotterdam bombed (1940), 340 San Stefano, treaty of (1878), 258 Rouen besieged by Henry V Santo Domingo sacked (1585), 146 (1415), 90 Sarajevo, 427 Royal Air Force, 331, 343, 348 Saratoga, battle of (1777), 192 in battle of Britain (1940), sarissa (Macedonian spear), 34 344–6 Sarmatians, 66 Royal Navy, 252, 269 SAS (Special Air Services eighteenth c., 200, 210–11, 213, 216 Regiment), 508 Falklands War, 415–16 Sassoon, Siegfried (World War I interwar years, 332 poet), 323 sixteenth c., 122, 123 satellites, 473

590

Index

satrap, 40 Shaka (Zulu leader), 255 Savannah taken by British (1778), 192 Shefield (British destroyer, Savo Island, battle of (1942), 380 Falklands War), 415 Saxe, Maurice de (French general, Sheridan, Philip (Union general), eighteenth c.), 195 239, 240 Saxe-Coburg, Prince of, 198 Sherman, William T. (Union general), Saxe-Weimar, Bernard of (military 236, 237, 239 entrepreneur, seventeenth c.), 149 Shiloh, battle of (1862), 233 Scharnhorst, Gerhard von (Prussian Shining Path movement (Peru), 432 army reformer), 208, 252 Shinseki, Eric (US Army chief of Scheer, Reinhard (German High Seas staff), 444 Fleet commander), 293, 306 ship of the line, 125, 126, 508 Schleswig-Holstein seized by Prussia short-war scenario, 277, 278 and Austria (1864), 243 Sicily Schlieffen, count Alfred von (German Byzantine attacks (eleventh c.), 76 strategist), 4, 249, 275 invaded (1943), 365 Schlieffen Plan, 275–8, 283, 285 Punic Wars, 47 Schmidt, Paul-Otto (German Foreign Syracuse campaign (415–413 BC), 28 Ministry translator), 336 Sidi Barrani, battle of (1940), 347 Schola Militaris (Siegen, Germany, siege warfare, 27 1616), 156 artillery fortress, 108 Schweinfurt bombed (1944), 368 ifteenth c., 102 Scipio (Roman general), 101 Greek, 27 Scottish navy, 122 Grozny, 424 scutum (Roman curved shield), 43, gunpowder, impact on, 105 45, 508 Leningrad, 353 Sea Lion German invasion plan, 345 logistics, 160 Sebastapol besieged (1854–5), 225 Macedonian, 41 Second Carnatic War (1749–54), 183 medieval, 79, 81, 81–3, 96 Second Maratha War (1803–5), 215 Roman, 63–5 Sedan Sarajevo, 427 battle of (1870), 249, 285 seventeenth c., 108 battle of (1940), 340 Siegfried Line, 307 Seeckt, Hans von (German Sierra Leone Civil War, 430, 478 commander-in-chief, 1920s), 327 Siete Partidas (Alfonso X of Castile), 99 Ségur law (1871), 195 Sigel, Franz (Union general), 236 select levy, 67, 71, 73, 74, 78 Sigismund (Holy Roman Emperor), 94 Seleucus (Macedonian general), 40 Singapore taken by Japan (1942), 358 Seoul, in Korean War, 392–3 Sinop, battle of (1853), 223 sepoy, 183, 187, 508 Sioux resistance (1870s), 256–7 Serbia, independence, 258 el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah (Egyptian Balkan Wars (1910s), 271–2 leader), 457 Balkan Wars (1991–5), 425, Six Day War (1967), 411, 412 428–30 skirmishing, 22, 29, 44, 155, 207 and World War I, 273–4, 278–9, Slim, William (British commander in 292, 298 Burma, World War II), 383, 471 Sertorius (Roman general), 54 Sluis, battle of (1340), 95–6 Seven Years War (1756–63), 184–7 smart weapons, 473 Severus Alexander (Roman emperor), smokeless powder, 253, 259 51, 65 Smolensk, battle of (1812), 206

591

Index

smoothbore muskets, 194 Stanton, Edwin (Union secretary Social War (90–89 BC), 53 of war), 237 socii (allied Roman states), 53 Statute of Winchester (1285), 98 socket bayonet, 174 stealth bomber, 509 Somali Civil War, 422, 430, 432, 433, stealth technology, 420 434, 438 Steuben, Augustus von (patriot Somme, battle of (1916), 302–4 oficer, War of American sonar, 332 Independence), 191 Soult, Nicolas (French marshal, Stopford, Frederick (British general, Napoleonic Wars), 198 World War I), 299 South Korea invaded (1950), 391 storm troops (World War I), South Sudan Civil War, 457 313, 509 Sovereign of the Seas (English warship, Strabo (geographer, irst c.), 22 1637), 124 Strategic Bombing Survey, 509 Soviet–German Non-Aggression Pact Straw, Jack (British foreign (1939), 334 secretary), 438 Soviet–Japanese Non-Aggression Pact streltsy (Russian infantry, (1941), 356, 385 seventeenth c.), 173 Spanish Armada, 119, 122, 123, submarines, 224 124, 212 American, 1960s, 390 Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 333, 477 World War II, 382 Spanish lu, 318–19 Falklands War, 415. See also U-boat Sparta city-state, 25 Sudanese campaign (1896), 254 Spartacus slave uprising (73–71 BC), 54 Sudanese Civil War, 430 spearmen, 44, 46, 87 Suez Canal crisis (1956), 398, 410–11 Spee, Maximilian von (German suicide missions, 383, 431, 435, 479 admiral, World War I), 295 Sulla (Roman general and dictator, Speer, Albert (German minister of irst c. BC), 53 armaments, World War II), 362 Sumerian warfare, 15 Spickern, battle of (1870), 248 Sun Tzu (Chinese theorist), 6 Spion Kop, battle of (1900), 260 supply lines, 202, 235, 239, 249, 258, Spitire (British ighter aircraft), 331, 509 261, 298, 392, 393, 459 Spurius Ligustinus (Roman citizen Surge soldier, 200–168 BC), 43 Afghanistan, 459, 460 squares, 153, 156, 255 Iraq, 453–5 Srebrenica, 427, 428 Svenskund, battle of (1790), 120 SS (die Schutzstaffel), 509 Swiss pikemen, 7, 92 St Germain, count (French secretary swords, 42, 44, 132, 137, 158 of state for war (1775–7), 180 Syracuse campaign (415–413 BC), 28 St Privat, battle of (1870), 248 Syrian Civil War, 461 St Quentin, battle of (1557), 153 systems analysis, 443 staff colleges, 252 Szigeth besieged (1566), 109 staff system, Prussian, 246 Szilard, Leo (Hungarian scientist), 475 Stalin, Joseph (Soviet leader), 330, 334, 337, 350, 373, 395 Table of Ranks (Russia, 1722), 175 Soviet–German Non-Aggression Tacitus (Roman historian), 48 Pact, 334 Taginae, battle of (552 AD), 69 Stalingrad, battle of (1942), 360–1 Tainos Indians, 132 Standish, Miles (English colonial Takahashi Korekiyo (Japanese banker, leader), 157 Russo-Japanese War), 265

592

Index

Tal Afar captured (2005), 452 Third Coalition against Napoleon Taliban, 434, 437, 458, 459, 460 (1805), 203 Tanagra, battle of (457 BC), 25 Third Mysore War (1789–92), 214 tank warfare Thirteen Years War (1654–67), 174 German planning, 1930s, 328 Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), 149, 157 World War I, 310, 318 Thomas, George (Union general), World War II, 340, 371 236, 239 Yom Kippur War, 412–14 Thucydides (Athenian historian), Tannenberg, battle of (1914), 291 4, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 470 Tanzania, 435 Tiglath-Pileser (Assyrian king), 16 Tapia, Gonzalo de (Spanish Tilly, Jan Tserklaes, count of conquistador), 138 (commander of the Catholic Tarawa, battle of (1943), 381 army, Thirty Years War), 158, 162 taxation and war, 97, 169, 481 Tilsit, Treaty of (1807), 205, 208 technology, 1–2, 252–4, 390, 466, Timucua Indians, 133 467–8, 481, 485 Tippu Sultan, ruler of Mysore World War I, 253 (1783–99), 215 telegraph communications, Tirpitz, Alfred von (German admiral, Crimean War, 224 World War I), 269, 281 Tel-el-Kebir, battle of (1882), 254 Tlaxcalans, Mexico, 134, 139, 140 Tenochtitlan Tōgō Heihachirō (Japanese admiral, besieged (1521), 134 Russo-Japanese War), 263, 266 captured by Spaniards (1519), 133 Tokugawa shoguns, 261, 263 tercios (Spanish permanent regiments, Tokyo bombed (1945), 384 sixteenth c.), 150, 155, 509 Tora Bora mountains, 437 terrorism, 449, 478 Torch (invasion of north Africa, 9/11 attacks, 437, 438, 479 1942), 364 challenge of, 479 torpedo, 509 Dar-es-Salaam embassy attack Torrington, Lord Arthur Herbert (1998), 479 (British admiral, seventeenth c.), Global War on Terror, 438 126, 346 London train attack (2005), 452 Toulon, battle of (1793), 198 Madrid train attack (2004), 451 Tourcoing, battle of (1794), 198 Nairobi embassy attack (1998), 479 Trafalgar, battle of (1805), 124–5, 212 Testi, Fulvio, on seventeenth c. trebuchet, 82, 102, 509 soldiers, 147 trench warfare, 108, 148, 155, 274 Tet Offensive (Vietnam War), 405 World War I, 288, 303, 307, 314, Thapsus, battle of (46 BC), 55 315, 317 Thatcher, Margaret (British prime Trenchard, Hugh Montague, minister), 414, 417 viscount (Chief of Air Staff), Thebans, 24, 32, 36 330–1 Theodoric the Great (Ostrogothic Trenton, battle of (1776), 191 king), 65 triarii (third line in Roman legion), 44 Theodosius I (Roman emperor), 66 Tricameron, battle of (AD 535), 69 Thermopylae, battle of (480 BC), 24 Tripartite Pact, 347 Thespians, 24 triplex acies (Roman battleield order), thetes, 509 44, 52, 509 ‘thin red line’ trireme, 26, 509 Crimean War, 225 Truman, Harry S. (US president), Zulu Wars, 255 389, 391, 392

593

Index

Trump, Donald J. (US president), nuclear deterrence, 390 461, 462 Vietnam, 407 trunnions, 92, 104, 509 Uranus (Stalingrad counter-attack, Truppenführung, Die (‘Troop 1942), 361 Leadership’) (German army doctrine 1924), 328 V-1 and V-2 lying bombs, Tsushima Straits, battle of (World War II), 369–70, 510 (1905), 266 Vaal Kranz, battle of (1900), 260 Tugela River (1899), 259 Valentinian (Roman emperor), 66 Tunis Valerius Maximus (Roman historian, Axis surrender (World War II), 364 irst c. AD), 53 battle of (1573–4), 120 Valmy, battle of (1792), 198 Tupac Amaru (Inca leader), 138 Vandals, 65, 67, 68, 69 Tupi warriors, 135, 139 Varus’ legions destroyed (9 AD), 54 Turenne, Henri de la Tour Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre d’Auvergne, vicomte de (French de (Louis XIV’s engineer), general, seventeenth c.), 171 109, 170 Turin, battle of (1706), 177 Vegetius, Flavius Renatus, 4, 51, 58, Turnhout, battle of (1597), 157 63, 81, 99, 470 Turnip Winter (1917), 321 velites (Roman skirmishers), 52, 510 Tutsis, 423, 476 Venetian warfare, 95, 107, 119 Typhoon (German advance on Verdun Moscow 1941), 353 battle of (1916), 300–2 Tyre, battle of (332 BC), 40 Treaty of (843), 72–3 Tyrtaeus (poet), 20 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 326 Vespasian (Roman emperor, AD U-boat, 294, 358, 366, 367, 509. 69–79), 59 See also submarine Vichy France, 363 ‘Ultra’ intelligence (World War II), Vicksburg, siege of (1863), 234, 235 375, 379, 509 Victory (British ship at Trafalgar), 213 Ulundi, battle of (1879), 255 Vienna UN Security Council siege of (1683), 3, 172 backing for American forces in taken by Napoleon (1805), 203 Korea, 391 Viet Cong, 510 International Criminal Tribunal for Viet Minh, 396, 397, 510 the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Vietnam 428 American intervention (1965–73), Iraq invasion mandate defeated, 440 400–5 Sinai, 411 French war with Viet Minh, Somalia, 422 396, 397 UN Security Council Resolutions Tet Offensive and after (1968–75), 1701, 456 405–9 1973, 457 Vikings, 73, 74, 77 Uniied Protector, 458 Vilcabamba (Inca stronghold), 138 uniforms (ifteenth–sixteenth c.), Villars, Claude de (French general, 151–2 eighteenth c.), 177 United States Air Force strategic Villeneuve, Pierre-Charles de bombing (French admiral, Napoleonic Germany (World War II), Wars), 212 368, 369, 370 Virginia Capes, battle of (1781), 193

594

Index

Virginia Company (London, Wehrmacht, 510 seventeenth c.), 156 Weimar Republic, 325 Visigoths, 64–5 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Vitoria, battle of (1813), 205 duke of (British general, volley ire, 4, 156, 157, 186, 470, 475 Napoleonic Wars), 205, 209, 215 Voltaire on French attack style, 194 Western Front, World War I, 295, 302, 319 Waffen SS, 374, 510 Westmoreland, William Wagenburgen, 91, 510 (American general, Vietnam Wagram, battle of (1809), 208 War), 403–4, 406 Wake Island taken by Japan (1941), Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 110 358 Weygand, Maxime (commander-in- walled towns, 68, 90 chief of French army, 1940), 341 Wallenstein, Albert of (military White Company (mercenaries, entrepreneur, seventeenth c.), fourteenth c.), 88 149, 159 Widukind (chronicler), 75 Wallhausen, Johan Jakob von Wiener Neustadt military (director, Schola Militaris), 156 academy, 185 war colleges Wilderness, battle of the (1864), 237 French (École supérieur de Wilhelm I of Prussia, 242, 247 guerre), 329 Wilhelm II of Germany, 264, 268 Prussian, 208, 241 William I of England, the Conqueror, war crimes 76, 78 American (Vietnam War), 404 William III (Dutch and Great Britain German (World War I), 284 ruler), 126, 164–5, 176 German (World War II), 374 William III’s War (1689–97), 127 Yugoslavia (1990s), 428 William Louis of Nassau (Dutch war junks, 117–18 commander, sixteenth c.), 155, War of 1812 (1812–14), 213 157, 475 War of Devolution (1668), 171 William of Orange (1533–84), War of Liberation (1813), 241 leader of the Dutch revolt, 154 War of the Austrian Succession Wilson, Woodrow (US president), (1740–8), 180 294, 325 War of the League of Augsburg Wingate, Orde (British general, (1688–97), 176 World War II), 409 War of the Spanish Succession Winter War (1939–40), 337 (1701–14), 176–7 Winthrop, John (English colonial war reporting, 433 leader), 157 Warlimont, Walter (OKW deputy Wissembourg, battle of (1870), 247 chief of operations), 372 Wolfe, James (British general, Warsaw uprising (1944), 373 French and Indian war), 186–7 Washington, George (patriot Wolfowitz, Paul (US deputy secretary commander, War of American of defense), 444–5 Independence), 190–3 Wolseley, Sir Garnet (British general Watergate affair (1974), 407 at Tel-el-Kebir, 1882), 254 Waterloo, battle of (1815), 209 World Trade Center, attacks on, 434, Wawro, Geoffrey (American 436, 437, 479 historian), 292 World War I, 281–3 weapons of mass destruction (Iraq), countdown to, 278–80 442, 443 Flanders campaign (1917), 309–10

595

Index

World War I (cont.) Paciic campaign (1942–3), 379–81 French mutiny (1917), 307–8 Paciic campaign (1943–5), 381–3 German victory in the east, 289–93 Pearl Harbor bombed (1941), 357 opening moves, 283–9 Soviet invasion of Finland Russian collapse (1917), 311 (1939), 337 Somme, battle of (1916), 302–4 Vengeance weapons (Germany, total casualties, 322 1944–5), 369–70 Verdun, battle of (1916), 300–2 war in the Balkans (1940–1), war at home, 320–3 346–9 war at sea (1914–15), 293–5 Winter War (1939–40), 337 war at sea (1916), 306 war in the east (1916), 305–6 Xenophon’s view of hoplite warfare, year of decision (1918), 312–20 18, 19, 21 World War II Xerxes (Persian emperor), 10 aftermath, 388–91 atomic bomb attacks on Japan Yamashita Tomoyuki (Japanese (1945), 383–6 general, World War II), 383 battle of Britain (1940), 344–6 Yanukovych, Viktor (Ukrainian battle of the Atlantic, 366–7 president), 464 Combined Bomber Offensive, Yeltsin, Boris (Russian president), 367–70 425, 433 D-Day landings, 373–7 Yom Kippur War (1973), 412–14 Eastern Front, 359–61, 371–3 Yorktown besieged (1781), 193 fall of France (1940), 339–44 Yugoslavia, 425–30 German defeat and surrender (1944–5), 377–9 Zaire. See Congo, Democratic German invasion of Norway Republic of (1940), 338 Zapatero, José Luis Rodríguez German invasion of Poland (Spanish opposition leader), (1939), 336 450–1 German U-boat campaign (1942), al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 449 358 Zeitzler, Kurt (German army chief of Japanese attacks (1941–2), 358 staff, World War II), 360 Japanese expansionism (1930s), Zela, battle of (47 BC), 55 355–6 Zero Japanese ighter aircraft, Mediterranean campaign (1941–4), 381, 510 361–6 Zhukov, Georgy (Soviet general, Operation Barbarossa World War II), 354, 356, 359 (German invasion of USSR, Žižka, Jan (Hussite general), 91 1941), 349–54 Zulu War (1877–9), 255

596