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A Local History of Indonesian Football

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A Local History of Indonesian Football ǵ2006 ॷ 8 ೐ش ݖ቉ድǵፀ 6-1ܩ͹ˏ̶͠ˡˏ˻ˏ Asian and African Area Studies, 6 (1): 44-76, 2006 ˱̢ͦˏ͡ȴʰ᫦Ӊʍ ⏎ইᠦر౅ȴʰឿɛ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ͹̶̜̒̓ͻ͡ܩ⏎ ෆǵᅒǵҫǵ߄* From Colonial to Refl ection: A Local History of Indonesian Football Kusuda Kenta* Indonesia was once one of the leading football countries in Asia. Even though the international status of Indonesian football has long been attenuated, football is still the most popular sport in the country. This article is an attempt to describe the relationship between society and sport in Indonesia through focusing on a local football club. PSM is a football club established in 1915 in Makassar, the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. At fi rst, the club was given the Dutch name of MVB (Makassar Voetbal Bond). During the Japanese occupation, it was given a new Indonesian name, PSM (Persatuan Sepakbola Makassar), by which it has been known ever since. The 1950s and mid-60s were the golden era of PSM, starring Ramang—considered to be the greatest Indonesian footballer. South Sulawesi was at that time the ground for the Kahar Muzakkar rebellion against the central government. This period is known as the era of Fanatisme Daerah (regional fanaticism). PSM served as a powerful tool to counterbalance outsiders, mainly from Jawa. In the late 60s the rebellion ended, Suharto’s New Order regime began, and South Sulawesi found itself more integrated into the central government than it had previously been. Concurrently, PSM’s achievements gradually declined. Ironically, however, PSM became a symbol of Makassar, receiving support from the mayor of Makassar and a local entrepreneur. Consequentially, PSM was signifi cant for internal Makassarese society rather than broader society outside of the world of Makassar. Within these contexts, although it was originally born as an offshoot of the Dutch East Indies, PSM gives a ‘visualization’ of the characteristics of Makassar of the times. Football, in this sense, offers us an optimal chance to examine related issues such as ethnicity, regional history, social integration, and local and central politics. ݖ቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyotoܩϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ * University ॷ 9 ೐ 5 ౗؝Њ⏋2006 ॷ 2 ೐ 21 ౗؝ჿ 2005 44 ෆᅒ⏧˱̢ͦˏ͡ȴʰ᫦Ӊʍ ड़ࢂѠૻถڮѡъѳѝ̵ҔӣҹҽҧҒҥҳқ̴њඏ γᏛ˓˧͠˽ɫ᠚ᅊɌɛȋᦏБ˽ͅͻ̓ȍ1) ȵ⏋ॅ߂ɲయ׋ខᒞɭɌɩγᅠˁុȩʭȩɴ 19 ዛγᅠ߂Цˁ̯˛͞͡˥ͻɹ᯳ဣɭɐʳ⏋˽ͅͻ̓ɴࢪɐʳعɲɤɩχɌȦ⏏ˠ͠Ͳ̴̒˪ʦ ݖᇕेᅵɴʢᬠܩͻ̫͡ɲѝғ៎ɹ༡ᦩȵᦽʞΥ౅ɫ⏋ଂǾɻ˽ͅͻ̓ȵᑩʱɲɐᢌ࿅ɲͦ˫ ਕˁଡʼɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ ధ޽ɹ˽ͅͻ̓ጫଯɹɲȴɫ⏋ჼܧγᅠɫ೎ʢᲞȦϺຩˁ᠔ʳɹȵ˵̒ˡͻɫȡʳ⏏FIFA ⏃Fédération Internationale de Football Association⏋ܕ᭬˵̒ˡͻᦹᇸ⏆ɴɻܕᦹˁᣳȭʳܕɭ ݖȵ֓ᇸɌ⏋2) ɗɹ೎߂ɹ˓̾Ͳ̜ɫȡʳͩͻ̝͡ˡ̺̒ɹᐵែᓵᓔధɻ⏋ˠ͠Ͳ̴̒˪ɹܩ ɗʶˁʢɻʳȴɴԻȽ⏏ೣഀ⏋γᅠ߂Цʓɰɹઝ٢ɌȴʢɛɲȦͩͻ̝͡ˡ̺̒ɭȦȩៜᘽ ȵ⏋ɗɹጫଯዛᇿˁȦʼɑɌɩ᠌ȵᦲɍɩɌʚȩɹʢ˵̒ˡͻɹʛɫȡʸȩ⏏ ɴȲد᭬ᖏܕ⏏ɇɩ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹ˵̒ˡͻ⏋ɭᓬȦɩɰɹʭȩɲ׵ᢒˁʢɛʶʳɞʸȩȴ ȦɩɲȴɲȴᖾɌȦᐄഗˁ๿ɓɩȦɲȦ౵Ё⏋Ȳɗʰȼ߂ୄɹϺǾɴɭɤɩ⏋лɹ˓͍ͻ˻ʢ ᣱɇʶɲȦɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Υ঎˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏˁ៮ʶɛᓔɲʰᏢ਄ɌɩȦɛɞȿʳɭڽ ȍɫȡʱ⏋ϺǾɹ˵̒ˡͻɴࢪɐʳݚਕʉܕਲ਼ȩȵ⏋Ꮺʶʢɲȼ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɻȋ˵̒ˡͻ߂ ʱɛʳʦЁʢɤɩ౗ೣɹປɫɲȦ⏏ᤉΫʦዷȷܩɫɻᦹ౗ࡎњȴʰ߂Ϻʚɫ̓ͻ͡ˁᦠȩࠒˁ ɫɇȭ⏆ၖႨᇕɲغ᠅ɴɲʶɽ⏃ɌɽɌˏ͇͖̍ˏɹᗳ˵̒ˡͻغ᠅ឿʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋̺ͦɹ ⏏ɭɲʳڊɴʭɤɩ˽̊˻ˏ͌ɻᣳྃᝓ៎ ̫̝͊Ͳ̜Ͳɭιʉ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹܕ຦ᇕ˽ͅͻ̓⏏ᨊ॑ʦᦅ೴ᨆɻȲʸȴ⏋೎ആᨆɹ˓͠ ⏏⏆ᇕɲϺຩˁ׭ɌɩȦʳ⏃৿ᅭ҉ܦᨆɫɇȭޅͲ͹˻͓͑िɹዃˏ ȏ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹϟԎȑɴȲȿʳȋ˵̒ˡͻȍɹ᯵ᇿȴʰɹৄᅎɫȡʳȵ␩߂ा 1991: 186␭⏋ϟࡸɗɹɭȲʱɲɹɫȡʳ⏏য়ಁˠ͞Ͳ̋᯿ആ˓Ͳ̝ɭʭɽʶɛɗɹ᯿ݖԒɴ՟ʠɩ ˠ͞Ͳ̋ɴʭɤܕˡͻȵШȭʰʶɛɹɻ⏋ჼࡔɐʳ៨᪼ˁؒ၇ɐʳȴȹʱ 1893 ॷ⏋ࡱς̒˵ ɩɫȡɤɛ␩PSSI 1990: 28␭⏏Гഀ˵̒ˡͻɻ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɴȲȦɩਸ਼ᦵɲᇍࣙˁᧅɁ⏋1938 ʞʢɹيഀʭʱ᤹кˁࠬЂɭɐʳә኎ʦᧉଐɻё޺ɲȼγᅠμɫឿʰʶ⏋Ё౗ɴȲȿʳ˽ͅͻ̓ᇕɲឹᏬˁإ (1 ኏Ц࡝ᓔ̨̜̾͡͡͹˛͠ˏ˽ɹࡴিرʢ޽Ǿȡʳȵ⏋ೣዣɴȲȦɩȋ˽ͅͻ̓ȍɭȦȩᅎ᠝ɻ⏋̝˓̓ɹ๴ ׋ɌɛȋᦏБ˽ͅͻ̓ȍɭؾᒶɭឿɲɌɩेɌఌȭɲȦ⏏ϺᬚɹɇʚɊʚɲ᝔֪෵িɹȋయ౩׋ɹ᧌ዐȍ (civilizing process) ɹჿᠶˁரՏɌɛ˛͠ˏ˽ɹᡴᠶɴʭʶɽ⏋ᦏБ˽ͅͻ̓ɹ᠚ᅊɭᡴЦը঎ɹᇍᅊɹ᧌ዐɻ⏋ؾಁБ ɴʭʰɑᡴЦը঎ɴʭɤɩᧅ᝔ɇʶʳʭȩ⏆ᇕȴɦؾᣒᇕɲᬠѥɴȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋క໠ȵಮ֐⏃ᯊ٨ ɴ⏋˽ͅͻ̓ɻȋᯃಮ֐ɹጫϝȍ͐̚͡ɭɌɩ୼ȭʰʶʳ␩˛͠ˏ˽͹̢̋Ͳ˫ 1995␭⏏ؾ෵ɴ⏋ೣዣɴȲȿ ⏋ʚɑ⏋˓˧͠˽ɴᣱ྇ˁʢɠيɐʳȋ຦ѯ̶̜̒̓ͻ͡ȍɻܧݖɴࡔܩʳȋ˵̒ˡͻȍɻ⏋γᅠɹɇʚɊʚɲ 1863 ॷɴ͡ͻ͡ȵ஛ିɇʶɛ⏋ȦʼʪʳᦏБ˽ͅͻ̓ɭɌɩɹ̶̜̒̓ͻ͡Ņ˵̒ˡͻˁ୭ɐʢɹɭɐʳ⏏ ⏏⏆ܧᦹɹɗʶɻ 191 ɫȡʳ⏃2005 ॷ 8 ೐ჼܕ⏋ݖɻ 205ܩȲʭʃܕFIFA ɴ֓ᇸɐʳ (2 45 ش ݖ቉ድǵፀ 6-1ܩ͹ˏ̶͠ˡˏ˻ˏ ɭɲɤɛ⏏ɗɹ৿˵̒ˡͻɭȦȩ˽ͅͻܕݖȴʰ೎՟ɹͩͻ̝͡ˡ̺̒Տݭܩˏ˻ˏॷɴɻ ˁɛɰʳɄɭɴرՕɲ๴خࢃɭɌɩɹଁጓʦᦏБ׋ɭέܕɹΥጫଯɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɭȦȩ̓ ݖᇕɴȷʼʠɩ޽෵ɲਸᣒˁय़ʃɩȦܩࢃȍɴȡɤɩܕɲʳȵ⏋ɗɹ᧌ዐɻȋγᅠ೎߂ɹᒴऄ ʳ⏏ ݖ኏Цɭ˽ͅͻ̓ɹᬠʼʱˁᓒ࢘ɐʳ 1 ɦܩೣዣɴȲȦɩፆᓔɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɴȲȿʳ ̿ͻ˛˽˛͌ ˹˙˗͞˽⏏౅ɹ˵̒ˡͻ˪̸͞ˁ؜ʱΫɁʳܩɹϟёɭɌɩ⏋P SM ͇ˡ̒˵͡3) ɭȦȩ ऄ⏋׫˽͞˗˙˹िɹिᨊɫȡʳ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɴೣ୞ˁᒞȼ PSM ɹ៯ጓɻ⏋ࡸɴˠ͞Ͳ̋ඨ຦ ܩಁБɹ 1915 ॷɴ᧚ʳ⏏ᝠ 1 ɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹ̺ͦ˵̒ˡͻ͠ͻ˫⏋͠ˤ͹˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ Liga Indonesia) 2005 ॷ঎˹ͻ̀Ͳ (Ligina XI) ɹ̜̺̒͠ͻ˫ɴؒ֓Ɍɛԃ 28 ̍ͻ͌ɹ́ͻ) ˁʢɤرͲɭ៯ጓॷˁ៨Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏PSM ɻɄʶʰɹɲȴɫʢᒴˁାȦɩᬏȦ๴˗̊͌ ԒɫɻϺຩ⏋ࡸ֐ɭʢɴ̜̺̒˪͞˽ɹ̍ͻ͌ɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȲܕ⏏ɩȦʳɄɭȵՕȴʳ ʱ⏋“Juku Eja”⏃ᣧȷ᳋⏆ 4) ʢɌȼɻ “Ayam Jantan Dari Timur”⏃ആ౅ɹᮁᵋ⏆ 5) ɹડዌɫሾʰ ͡˵ɽʚɫɹᏝ 80 ॷˁᓒ࢘ɹࢪᢒɭɌ⏋͇ˡ̒ץʶʳ⏏ೣዣɻ⏋PSM ɹ៯ጓȴʰ 1990 ॷБ ˁ⏋͇ˡ̒˵͡ɹϺǾɭχɌȼ᤹ᦏɴᑦȵɤɩȷɛ PSM ˁࠬЂɭɌɩ෯፷ɐʳ᠅ʛرɹ኏Ц ɫȡʳ⏏ ׫Ꭶʦ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ˁμਕɴ⏋˵̒ˡͻˁ̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɭᐄʃɦȿɛʱ⏋̍ͻ͌ˁ؜ʱॎȼ ˻ˏͻ̊ͻʦ̶ͻ͠ˤ̢̀͌ɲɰɴɦȦɩᠶɍɛ቉ድɻɐɫɴᙢዩȵȡʳ⏏6) ɌȴɌആ׫ͅ˵ ˏɴȲȦɩɗȩɌɛ˽ͅͻ̓ɴɦȦɩɹ቉ድɻȦʚɞࢹɲȦ⏏˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɴȲȿʳ˵̒ˡͻ ⏋࡝ᇕ቉ድɭɌɩɻ Colombijn ɭ Palupi ɴʭʳʢɹȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏մᓔɻرɹ኏Ц࡝ᇕ͹๴ ፆᓔᕶ᤹ȵȋ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ˵̒ˡͻɹ቉ድɻћးዷᇐɫȡʱ⏋ೣዣȵɗɹ೎՟ɹ᠅ʛɫȡʳȍ ୠᇕ͹ෙᠶᇕɲࢷԂ׃Colombijn 2000: 172␭ɭᦚʏɩȦʳɭȲʱ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ˵̒ˡͻɹ ɭɌɩеᒞɧȿʰʶʳ⏏৿ᓔɴɦȦɩɻ⏋Sepak Bola di Jawa 1920–1942⏃ ȏ˻͑ͩɹ˵̒ˡͻ ݖᇕɴʢಁБᇕɴʢᭉʰʶɛϟࡸɹᒧ՞ͤ̾͡ɴܩ⏋1942ȑ⏆ɭȦȩ̊˓̜͡ɹɭȲʱ–1920 ౅ᨊ॑ˁ̶ˑͻ̝͡ɭܩɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹΥؤɭɰʚɤɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ˵̒ˡͻˁՖʱ 3) PSM ɻ Persatuan Sepakbola Makassar ɹᅭ⏏Persatuan ɻȋᐏΥȍȋᦹᇸȍɹઝ⏋Sepakbola ɻ˵̒ˡͻˁ୭ɐ⏏ ͖˻ɫɗʶəʶ౗ೣɹدॷ⏋2005 ॷɴɻ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹБᝠɭɌɩ⏋ˏ˻ˏ͹̍͑Ͳ̴ˠͲ̀͠ͻ˫ɹᖏ 2001 ̲ͦቸᅒ⏋ด༖ F͹̨͇͠˽ɭʢࢪ଍ɌɩȦʳ⏏ 4) ͇ˡ̒˵͡᠝ɫ⏋juku⏮᳋⏋eja⏮ᣧ⏏ᣧȵ PSM ɹ̍ͻ͌ˡ͞ͻɫȡʳ⏏ Ͳ̝̦˹ˏ᠝ɫ⏋ayam⏮ᵋ⏋jantan⏮ᮁǾɌȦ⏋dari⏮⑯ȴʰ⏋timur⏮ആ⏏Ʉɹ٧ዌɻӯഀ⏋17 γᏛ⏋ˠ͞˓ (5 Б 16 ܕͲ̋ആ˓Ͳ̝Ц኏ȴʰʢ֦ؿˁʢɤɩሾʰʶɛ⏋ᣎѡ˽̊͡Ͳ͹̩˵̤̚ˑͲ⏃׫˽͞˗˙˹ɹ˳ͩტ ტ⏋1973 ॷɴɻܕࢃᗔᮁɴ୭ࡴɇʶɛ⏆ɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɫ PSM ɹ᧧ଝɛɠɻᨉܤɹᗔᮁɴɲəʰȭʰʶ ʳ⏏ ɭɌɩɻ⏋̸͞˻͡ɹ኏Цɭ˵̒ˡͻɭɹᬠʼʱˁ⏋1970 ॷБɴ᝔ɤɛ̶ˑͻ̝͡ᠭീˁʢɭɴڃБᝠᇕɲс (6 Ᏻɴ៨ᦚɌɛ͠ͻʹˎͻ␩1996␭ʦ⏋˓˧͠˽ɭ̶͞Ͳ˽ɴȲȿʳ˵̒ˡͻɹ˵ͅͻ̊ͻɹᏼᑩ׋ɭಮ֐ɴ᠎ ɦȦɩᠶɍɛ̢͚͊Ͳ␩2002␭ɲɰȵȡʳ⏏ 46 ෆᅒ⏧˱̢ͦˏ͡ȴʰ᫦Ӊʍ ྱ 1̙Ligina XI͂ 2005 ໧̓ಸ 28 ұ̴ӐѠӋ̴ӐүҖӣњಅᅳ໧ ̍ͻ͌ ́ͻ͌̊˗Ͳ ៯ጓॷ PSM ͇ˡ̒˵͡ 1915 Persebaya ˽̫͓͞ 1927 Persija ˻͑ˡ̊͡ 1928 PSMS ͍̋Ͳ 1930 PSIS ˽͇͞Ͳ 1932 Persib ̫Ͳ̝˕Ͳ 1933 Persipura ˻͓̺͑͞ 1950 Persiba ̫̒͠˪̮̮Ͳ 1950 Persik ˪̚ˑ͠ 1950 Persita ̊Ͳ˰͞Ͳ 1953 Persema ͇͞Ͳ 1953 PSPS ̺ˡͲ̫͡ 1955 PSDS ̚͠˽̋Ͳ 1958 Persmin ̠̩͊˵ 1960 Persijap ˻͖̮͞ 1960 Persibom ̓͞ˏͲ͐Ͳ˳Ͳ̝˗ 1963 Persela ͐͞ͲˤͲ 1967 Deltras ˹̝ˏ͡˻͚ 1969 Persegi ˧ˏ̢͑ͻ͡ 1970 PSS ˻͚˫˻͑ˡ̊͡ 1976 Arema ͇͞Ͳ 1982 Persekabpas ̮˽͡ˏͲ 1983 Petrokimia ˫ͤ˹̒˪ 1986 PKS ̍ͤ˳Ͳ 1986 SP ̮̋Ͳ 1986 PKT ̓Ͳ̊Ͳ 1987 Persikota ̊Ͳ˰͞Ͳ 1994 Sriwijaya ̮ͤͲ̫Ͳ 2004 ͻ͌́ͻ͌̿ͻ˻⏋̮Ͳ̶̜ͤ̒ɲɰˁʢɭɴсଁ.ǵ̍ع ⏏ݖ቉ድθᯆɴȲȦɩӴᱤȿˁɲɐʢɹɫȡʳܩ⏋቉ድرɹ˽ͅͻ̓ܕɐʳೣ቉ድɻ⏋ؾ ॷБ⏋౗ೣɴʢ̺ͦ͠ͻ˫ȵɫȷ⏋ͩͻ̝͡ˡ̺̒ՏݭʢഗɛɌɛ⏏׫Ꭶʦ͜ͻͦ̒ 1990 ̮ɫ༎ᤲɐʳ౗ೣϺ᧧ଝʢ޽Ȧ⏏2002 ॷɴɻͩͻ̝͡ˡ̺̒ɹᬖҼܕɴʢɲɤɛ⏏ჼܧ౗ೣ ɻȡʳʚȦ⏏ɗܩʠɩȦʳɭȦȩɄɭɴᅵᠶɹоװеˁܩˡͻȵ⏋ˏ˻ˏɹɲȴɫ৔ᢔɹ̒˵ ȩɌɛɲȴ⏋ആ׫ˏ˻ˏɹ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹ˵̒ˡͻɴᬠਕˁଡȩϺɻࢹɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌȴɦ ɩ⏋౗ೣȵɰȩɌɩʢ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɴ֯ɩɲȴɤɛ⏋ᔦˁҏʱɴʭȼ᧙৶ɴՏȴȿɩȦɛɭȦ ɹɲȴɴ⏋ЁʚɫᰘʛʰʶʳɄɭɹɲȴɤرɐʳɹɫȡʳ⏏7) ɗɹʭȩɲ๴ܧȩಁೝʢተȴɴࡔ ɛɇʚɊʚɲ႒᠝ȵݏʢʶɩȦʳɭɌɩʢέਲ਼ᡴɫɻɲȦ⏏ 47 ش ݖ቉ድǵፀ 6-1ܩ͹ˏ̶͠ˡˏ˻ˏ 1̝ිਬඏѠޕᅃ8) ˙˗͞˽᭬ᇕɲཬ॑ɭɌɩᇍ᧒Ɍɛ׫ܕȼȴʰإ⏋PSM ȵ́ͻ͌̊˗Ͳɭɐʳ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɻ ⏋׫˽͞˗˙˹ɴɻςɴ̸˧˽Ϻ⏏⏆1 ܒ⏃िɹिᨊɫȡʱ⏋˽͞˗˙˹ऄ׫ጩᨆɴеᒞɐʳ˹ ͇ˡ̒˵͡Ϻ⏋̜͞˻͑Ϻ⏋͇Ͳ̋͡ϺɭȦȩ 4 ɦɹ຦౏ȵ࣎зɌɩȲʱ⏋͇ˡ̒˵͡ɫɻ ⏏ᣴɌɩȦʳשȵؤ႕ɴ̸˧˽Ϻɭ͇ˡ̒˵͡ϺɹϺ ʞ⏋ᬖᇍȵᦽيˁ̫͠ܩ᭬ᇕɲ៎ӵܕͲ̝̦˹ˏɫɻ⏋᱔ᨊ˻͑ˡ̊͡ˁ௩ɐʳ˻͑ͩʦ˓ ɻࢹɲؤݖɻ⏋ᯆዩɻঃȦȵϺܩʞആᨆيݖɴࢪɌɩ⏋˽͞˗˙˹ʦ˓͠ˏͲˁܩɞីᨆ˃ ͞˽ݖ⏋ɭȦȩయᔭɫ᠝ʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɗɹɲȴɴȡɤɩ׫ܩȼ⏋Ȧʚɞжᬖᇍɫᧆʶɛ ʠɩȦʳ⏏ϟࡸ⏋ីᨆɴປʏആᨆɹԃкᇕɲᬖᇍװ႕ɴ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɻё޺ᇕɲеᒞˁ⏋˹˙˗ ܧʠɲȦʢɹɹ⏋ആᨆɹɲȴɫ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɻᒴˁାȦɩӴᦽᇕɲᨊ॑ɫȡʳ⏏ჼوɹᧆʶɻ ⏏ˁୃȭ⏋ആᨆ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɫɻʢɠʸ˃᭦Υɹៀฐˁ᠔ʳؤΨˁᣳȭʳϺ 120 ˽ࢃʦ˻͑ͩɴࢪɐʳ઎Ȧɻភᮊɫȡʳ⏏1950 ॷБ׫ܕ⏋Ɍɛȵɤɩ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɹϺǾɹ ӦܧɇʶɛɄɭʦ⏋ჼܦ౅ؙϕˁ˻͑ͩϺςкɹμ߈కঌ᥅ɴ᫙ܩɫᐚȦɛ߂ៀฐɲ˹˙˗͞ ኼɲϺೳȵ˻͑ˡ̊͡ɴ༑ʶɩȦɤɩɌʚȩɄɭɲɰˁᔘಕɴ⏋μ߈ɴࢪɐʳ˱Ͳ̺ͤ̒˪˽ ȼȴʰ༠Ϋϯᦲɹឹଘɫȡإȵ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɹϺǾɴɻାȷȵɛȼȡʳ⏏Υ౅ɫ⏋͇ˡ̒˵͡ȵ ᭬ᇕɴ೑ؿɫȡɤɛɄɭ⏋17 γᏛȴʰ 18 γܕʱ⏋16 γᏛɴɻɐɫɴ᱗షᢼ౫ɹཬ॑ɭɌɩ Ꮫɴȴȿɩ⏋̸˧˽Ϻ⏋͇ˡ̒˵͡Ϻȵঃ፴ɲആ׫ˏ˻ˏ༠ݖγᅠɹը༠ณˁஒவɌɩȦɛɄ ᇕɲᐁᑅرɭɌɩᇍࣙɌɛɄɭɭȦɤɛ๴ܩ᝔కɹμਕܩɭ⏋ɗɌɩˠ͞Ͳ̋⏋౗ೣɹඨ຦ ʦ⏋μ߈కᅠɫʢ߂ȷɲณ֐ˁவʳɴᕸɤɛ M͹͘˽̶9) ʦ̩̲̲10) ɭȦɤɛዺՏᇕɲΥᨆ 7) ԇি଍ɫ౗ೣБᝠɻ 1934 ॷ⏋1954 ॷ⏋1961 ॷɴ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏБᝠɭࢪ଍ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ȦɑʶʢఞʶɩȦʳ ɐʳɄɭʢɌɽɌɽɫȡɤɛɭȦȩ⏏ɲۆɫɻΥ౅ᇕɲ߂ఞˁغ᠅ɻɗʶəʶ 1–7⏋3–5⏋0–2⏆⏏ᑇᓃˏ˱˽⏃ ̒˵Ȳ⏋౗ೣБᝠȵ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏБᝠȴʰ՟֯գˁȡɁʳɹɻ 1970 ॷɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏃˽˱ˏɻ 4-3⏆⏃JFA ౗ೣ ⏏⏆˻Ц́ͻ͌̿ͻתˡͻ ೣዣɹݜኄɭɲɤɛᠭീɻ⏋͇ˡ̒˵͡ɭ˻͑ˡ̊͡ˁμਕɴ 2002 ॷ 1 ೐⑯2 ೐ɭ 2002 ॷ 12 ೐⑯2003 (8 ॷ 11 ೐ɹযʏ 12 Ͷ೐ɴʼɛɤɩ᝔ɤɛ⏏2 ঎ᇿɹᠭീɹɇȦɴɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏዀ࡝᭏ (Lembaga Ilmu ˁ؜਄Ɍɛ⏏ᠭീɫ਄ʰʶɛᣂషɻ⏋ೆ᎛͹ᮊ᠖͹ృᓬɲɰɹయ჉ᣂషɻخ៰Pengetahuan Indonesia) ʭʱᠭീ ӯᏨˁᦲɍɩֱɤɛΥᖔɹ౅Ǿȴʰɹ੻ݬɲɰɫȡʱ⏋޽ȼɹϺǾɹܩ⏋ʢɠʸ˃⏋ᬠѥᓔȴʰɹᓬȷ؜ʱʦ ⏏֐ɴᢦȩʢɹɫȡʳ⏏шɓɩઢᡚɹઝˁ៨ɐת؄ઝɭ Andi Mohamad Jusuf (1928–)⏏׫˽͞˗˙˹ि̦̓Տ᤹⏏̸˧˽Ϻ⏏1966 ॷ˽ˡ̨͡߂ᐏ᯿ˁᦡ᭐ʍࢷȷ⏋క (9 ໠ɹࡸณˁ˽̩̜͡ɴውᡶɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛȋ3 ೐ 11 ౗٨Вೆȍ⏃˽̺͡͹˽͇͡⏆ˁᅙፑɌɛ 3 Ϻɹࢰ᥅ɹ ᬿ໠࡫ሂ⏏ᦡ৲᭜᥅߂ࢰ⏏׫˽͞˗˙˹Տ᤹ɹక໠ࢃɹȩɠ⏋μ߈కᅠɫ༎ᤲɌɛ೎ܕВࡲ͹ص᥅ܕϺ⏏ӯ 1 ՟ɹϺ႒ɫȡʳ⏏ Bachrudin Jusuf Habibie (1936–)⏏׫˽͞˗˙˹ि̮̮ͤͤՏ᤹⏏̸˧˽Ϻ⏏ី̝˓̓͹ˏͻ̼Ͳू߂ɴɩ׭ަ (10 ߂ᕲ֭ܕˁ؜਄Ɍ⏋30 БɴɌɩ͍̒˵ͻ˹͖̜͊̒኏ɹտ኏ᬏˁ֭ʠɛ⏏1978 ॷГഀᬏʰȼዀ࡝ଯ᝗୊য়ش ɹ͘ܧፀ 3 Б߂ᐏ᯿ɴࣃКɌɛ⏏՟Б˽ˡ̨͡ȴʰჼܕٮˁ๴К⏏98 ॷ⏋˽̩̜͡ᦡ᭐ˁ؝ȿ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏԊ ̨̝͜ɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋6 Бˁధȭʳ߂ᐏ᯿ᐁᱻᓔɹȩɠ⏋˻͑ͩऄՏ᤹ᓔГ޺ɫɗɹᓷɴʚɫΫʱɦʠɛɹɻ̩ ̲̲ˁȲȦɩЈɴȦɲȦ⏃ɛɞɌ⏋ທ៊ɻ˻͑ͩϺɫȡʳ⏆⏏ 48 ෆᅒ⏧˱̢ͦˏ͡ȴʰ᫦Ӊʍ ద 1̙ҔӣҹҽҧҒඏద ˁᔘಕɴ⏋˻͑ͩɴࢪɐʳӦᣴઝᡫʢȡʱ⏋ᐄഗȦʚɞɴႶጓɌʭȩɭȦȩ֪ܧͻ̜ɹࡔ͠˛ ȷɐʰʚʶɴᣱɄʳ⏏৳ʰɻˏͲ̲̫ͤͲ̜ɲઢ੻ˁୃȦɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ȭɩ⏋̸˧˽͹͇ˡ̒˵͡ɹ຦౏ਸɴʢៜؖɌɩȲȴɷɽɲʳʚȦ⏏˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɻȋ޽֓ ɐʳɭȦʼʶܧʼɓɩ 300 ˁᣳȭʳ຦౏ᮃ܎ȵࡔغ౸ɭɌ⏋߂ࢸܕ෵ਸɹɲȴɹᐏΥȍˁ ʳγᅠ೑ధɹ޽຦౏ܕࢃɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹᡉ຦౏ɴʚɦʼʳ˽̘ͤˠ̊˓̺ʢʚɛឹˁ਄ɩȦ ʳ⏏11) ɗɹɲȴɫ̸˧˽Ϻ⏋͇ˡ̒˵͡Ϻɻȋቁຩ⏋ຩਸȵᗷȦ⏋̺͞˓̝ȵᲞȦȍɭȦɤɛ ຦౏ਸˁʢɤɩሾʰʶʳ⏏͇ˡ̒˵͡ɹؗϺೀȼȋ˻͑ͩɹߩɻȲɭɲɌɐȹʳ⏋ਭɤɩȦɩ ʢਭɤɩȦʳʭȩɴᓬɄȭɲȦ⏏ɫʢ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɹϺᬚɻᦥɫ⏋ਭɤɩɲȼɩʢਭɤɩȦʳʭ ȩɴᓬɄȭʳȍɭɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ϟࡸ⏋ፆᓔȵ̶ˑͻ̝͡ᠭീɫ͇ˡ̒˵͡ɴྡྷܧμ⏋ᅖɛɠ ɹϕ᬴˹ͻͲˁᇿ௖ɌɛɹɻΥ঎ʦϠ঎ɫɻɲȴɤɛɌ⏋Рᚹ␩1993a: 129␭ɹ᝔ɤɛᠭീɴ ݖˁܩʭʳɭ⏋ຩਸɹ࿠Ɍɇˁؙ౱Ɍɩȴ׫˽͞˗˙˹िɴȲȿʳຏϺϟИɹᇍᅊრɻ⏋Јɹ ܦ҉ᇕɴৄȷᮐɌɩ̜̺̒ɫȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ ɗȩɌɛ຦౏ਸˁჿៗɐʳɛʠɹ˥ͻͩͻ̝ɭɌɩȋ˹̒͠͹̠͹̮̒̍˙ (siri’ na pacce)ȍ ɭȦȩៜᘽȵȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ̸˧˽᠝⏋͇ˡ̒˵͡᠝ɴԊᦲɹ᠝ৢɫȡʱ⏋ȋ˹̒͠ɭ̮̒̍˙ȍ ˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏˹̒͠ɻȋ੒ȍʦȋؿ᠕ȍɭȦɤɛෙਥˁᝠɌ⏋̮̒̍˙ɻЈᓔɹᗑᝥɴԊઢɐ ʳؾ೒ઝᡫˁ୭ɐ⏏ɲȴɫʢ˹̒͠ɻᩂឹɫ⏋Еɴᦄʠˁ؝ȿɛɲʰሂଝɴਖɑݬ਋ɓɷɽɲ (਋ɇʶʳ⏏౗ೣϺɴȲȿʳ๯ަ᧑ɹʭȩɲʢɹɞɭȦȩ⏏12܌ʰɲȦ⏋ɗȩɌɩ՟ʠɩࢴ؏ɻ ɦʚʱ̸˧˽Ϻ⏋͇ˡ̒˵͡Ϻɴɭɤɩ⏋ᕶʰɹ᠔ʱɴᬠʼʳ৔ဦɲ᧑ਏਕ⏋ៀ፴ȵ˹̒͠ɫ ᠅ȡʱ⏋׫˽͞˗˙˹ɻɗɹෙਥȵЁʢᖬ࿣ȼ๿ʳγᅠɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ɛɭȭɽ PSM ȵ ⏏ɴᬏȿɩȦʳ⏋ፈǾެڧӴΫଝɫؤϺɻᑥᏳɫਃ᯶⏋̠͊Ͳˡ̫˗Ϻɻͩ͑˻ (11 ⏏Kompas Ꮸɹ៨ϟ “Bushido” dan “Siri’” Mengandung Sikap Patriot␩ Kompas, September 10, 2001␭ؒ၇ (12 49 ش ݖ቉ድǵፀ 6-1ܩ͹ˏ̶͠ˡˏ˻ˏ ૺఇ 1̙Ғӣҷғ̞ӎҳүәҳү̜PSM ѠಮଘѝҧӚҳ҄Ѵіхњ҄ၮѲ ␩Pedoman Rakyat, November 18, 1989␭ ౅ᏨɹΥᯆˁȋPSM ʭ⏋˹̒͠ˁʢɩȍɭȦɤɛឿՏɌܩ⏋ɫέᅔఴɲȦࠒˁಇɌɛɭȷغ ȵᰴʳɄɭʢዎɫɻɲȦ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏ 2̝ҔӣҹҽҧҒѪѠҥҳқ̴Ѡ฽໽њཅิ͂19 ొࡆႦ̹20 ొࡆ಴̓ 2.1̙ࣛേҥҳқ̴Ѡං౞13) ץˡͻɭɌɩሾʰʶʳጫଯɹʢɭȵ࡭ଁɌɛɹɻ⏋Јɹ޽ȼɹዛᇿؾ෵⏋19 γᏛ̒˵ܧჼ ɽ⏋˓˧͠˽ɴȲȦɩɫȡʳ⏏ 19 γᏛ՟ʠɴɻ⏋˓˧͠˽Ϋ༑᭥Ꮹɹࡎ৉ȵᦲȩ̸̮̒͠˪˽˪ͻ͡ɫɐɫɴჼܧɹ˵̒ ˡͻɹ؅݀ɻᧉଯɭɌɩ៊ɌʚʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ɗʶɻћးɗʶəʶɹോᖇႶᕶɹ͡ͻ͡ɴʢɭɧ ᮑȵЫɤɛ⏏ɄɹέܐɹᬖҼɻغ᠅Ȧɛʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ϣȦɹ͡ͻ͡ɻᅵɲɤɩȦɛɛʠ⏋ࢪ޺ Ѥˁៗ༥ɐʏȼ⏋̩ͻͦ˗⏋˓ͻ̜Ͳ⏋˗˙˽̜͊Ͳ˽̊ͻɭȦɤɛ̸̮̒͠˪˽˪ͻ͡ɹ ෌ᅊˁμਕɭɌɛ 11 ɹ̍ͻ͌ɹБᝠᓔȵͦͲ̝Ͳɴᮃʚʱ⏋ᐏΥ͡ͻ͡ˁ஛ି⏋՟ɹ̶̒ר ̜̓ͻ͡͹ˏ̅˹˛ͻ˹͚Ͳ (Football Association/FA) ȵ៯ጓɇʶɛ⏏1863 ॷɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ ᦏБ˽ͅͻ̓ɭɌɩɹ˵̒ˡͻɻɄɹɭȷ᠚ᅊɌɛɭȦɤɩʭȦ⏏14) ɗɹ৿ 1874 ॷɴɻ⏋ჼܧʢ˓Ͳ˫͞Ͳ̝͹̺ͤ͊ˏ͠ͻ˫ɴଘࣚɐʳˏ˽̜Ͳ͹ʹˑ͞ȵ⏋ ଍ɹɛʠɹԂݭషˁ៎ࡹȴʰਐؚɌɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱয়ಁɐɫɴ˵̒ˡͻȵ⏋̺ͤͻɐʳ៎غ᠅ ɹʛɲʰɑ⏋៎ʳɛʠɹࠞූɭɌɩʢተጓɇʶɩȦɛɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ؾಁɴɗɹϺຩɻΫ༑᭥Ꮹ Ц␩2002␭ˁתᨆՕɻ⏋ςɴ࣢ೣ␩1998␭⏋ʹˎͻ͡␩2002␭⏋౗ೣ˵̒ˡͻرೣ፲ɹ˵̒ˡͻᇍአɴᬠɐʳෙ
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