DOCSLIB.ORG

Federal Register/Vol. 76, No. 140/Thursday, July 21, 2011/Notices

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Federal Register/Vol. 76, No. 140/Thursday, July 21, 2011/Notices Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 140 / Thursday, July 21, 2011 / Notices 43709 (4) Certified noxious-weed-free believes itself to be culturally affiliated History and Description of the Remains compressed forage bales are identified with the human remains and associated Between 1926 and 1932, human by strapping/binding material funerary objects may contact the Denver remains representing a minimum of two authorized by NAWMA with the same Museum of Nature & Science. individuals were removed from a burial color and marking requirements on Repatriation of the human remains and context at the Keller Site (a burial products certified by other NAWMA associated funerary objects to the Indian component of the Washington Boro approved agencies. tribes stated below may occur if no Village Site), in Lancaster County, PA, (5) Certified noxious-weed-free forage additional claimants come forward. by Gerald B. Fenstermaker. On in bags is identified by a stamp, sticker, DATES: Representatives of any Indian December 15, 1965, Francis and Mary or printing on the bag identifying it as tribe that believes it has a cultural Crane purchased the human remains as certified forage. affiliation with the human remains and a part of a larger collection from Mr. (6) The following persons/activities associated funerary objects should Fenstermaker. At the time of the are exempt from these supplementary contact the Denver Museum of Nature & purchase, the human remains were on rules: Science at the address below by August loan to the Hershey Museum, in (a) Any person with a permit or letter 22, 2011. Hershey, PA, where they remained until signed by a BLM authorized officer ADDRESSES: Chip Colwell- they were collected by the Cranes on specifically authorizing the prohibited Chanthaphonh, Denver Museum of October 18, 1966. In 1983, the Cranes act, such as an authorized livestock Nature & Science, 2001 Colorado Blvd., donated the human remains to the permittee during an emergency situation Denver, CO 80204, telephone (303) 370– Denver Museum of Natural History, as in which livestock must be fed 6378. the museum was then called, and the uncertified forage or hay for a short SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Notice is remains were accessioned into the period of time until they can be moved here given in accordance with the collections (DMNS catalogue numbers to safety; and Native American Graves Protection and AC.9471 and AC.9542). The human (b) Any person transporting hay or Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 25 U.S.C. remains are represented by one corked forage across public lands from private 3003, of the completion of an inventory vial of cut hair and ten teeth. Through property to private property. of human remains and associated research and consultation, it was (7) Any person who knowingly and funerary objects in the possession of the determined that the hair and teeth are willfully violates the provisions of these Denver Museum of Nature & Science, human remains under NAGPRA. The supplementary rules on or after Denver, CO. The human remains and human remains were originally September 19, 2011 may be required to associated funerary objects were determined to be culturally appear before a United States Magistrate removed from Lancaster County, PA. unidentifiable, but have been and may be subject to a fine of not more This notice is published as part of the subsequently culturally affiliated. No than $1,000 or imprisonment of not National Park Service’s administrative known individuals were identified. The more than 12 months, or both, in responsibilities under NAGPRA, 25 four associated funerary objects are one accordance with 43 U.S.C. 1733(a) and U.S.C. 3003(d)(3). The determinations in corked vial of white paint (AC.9472); 43 CFR 8360.0–7. this notice are the sole responsibility of one corked vial of red paint (AC.9473); Such violations may also be subject to the museum, institution, or Federal a double-necked ceramic jar (AC.9474); enhanced fines provided for by 18 agency that has control of the Native and one necklace, which is made from U.S.C. 3571. American human remains and red, white, blue, and black trade beads, Steven A. Ellis, associated funerary objects. The four copper bells, two tubular copper Idaho State Director, Bureau of Land National Park Service is not responsible beads, one bear tooth, and one scoop Management. for the determinations in this notice. spoon made from a brass kettle [FR Doc. 2011–18336 Filed 7–20–11; 8:45 am] (AC.9542). Consultation Between 1926 and 1935, human BILLING CODE 4310–GG–P A detailed assessment of the human remains representing a minimum of one remains was made by the Denver individual were removed from a burial DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Museum of Nature & Science context in Pennsylvania by Gerald B. professional staff in consultation with Fenstermaker. Based on museum National Park Service representatives of the Absentee- records, Mr. Fenstermaker’s collection Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma; history, and the associated funerary [2253–665] Cayuga Nation of New York; Delaware objects, dating to the Contact period, it Notice of Inventory Completion: Nation, Oklahoma; Delaware Tribe of is likely that these human remains were Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Indians, Oklahoma; Eastern Shawnee removed from the Washington Boro Denver, CO Tribe of Oklahoma; Oneida Nation of Village Site, in Lancaster County, PA. New York; Oneida Tribe of Indians of On December 15, 1965, the Cranes also AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior. Wisconsin; Onondaga Nation of New purchased these human remains from ACTION: Notice. York; Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, New Mr. Fenstermaker. In 1983, the Cranes York; Seneca Nation of New York; donated the human remains to the SUMMARY: The Denver Museum of Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma; museum and the remains were Nature & Science has completed an Shawnee Tribe, Oklahoma; Stockbridge accessioned into the collections inventory of human remains and Munsee Community, Wisconsin; (AC.9812A). The human remains are associated funerary objects, in Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians; represented by five teeth. Through consultation with the appropriate Tuscarora Nation of New York; and the research and consultation, it was Indian tribes, and has determined that Haudenosaunee Standing Committee on determined that the teeth are human there is a cultural affiliation between the Burial Rules and Regulations, a non- remains under NAGPRA. The human human remains and associated funerary Federally recognized Indian remains were originally determined to objects and present-day Indian tribes. organization for the purposes of be culturally unidentifiable, but have Representatives of any Indian tribe that NAGPRA. been subsequently culturally affiliated. VerDate Mar<15>2010 15:00 Jul 20, 2011 Jkt 223001 PO 00000 Frm 00061 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\21JYN1.SGM 21JYN1 wreier-aviles on DSKDVH8Z91PROD with NOTICES 43710 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 140 / Thursday, July 21, 2011 / Notices No known individual was identified. Haudenosaunee, but convincingly York; Oneida Nation of New York; The 31 associated funerary objects are suggests that by the late 1600s, the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin; 19 arrow points, 1 musket ball, 7 elk Susquehannock freely allowed Onondaga Nation; Saint Regis Mohawk teeth, 1 bag of copper and iron themselves to be adopted into the Tribe, New York; Seneca Nation of New fragments, 1 bag of animal bone Haudenosaunee. Expert opinion, as York; Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of fragments, 1 shell disk bead, and 1 red constituted by the NAGPRA Review Oklahoma; Tonawanda Band of Seneca trade bead (AC.9812B). Committee, further supports a Indians; and the Tuscarora Nation of Based on physical analysis and determination that the Haudenosaunee New York, may proceed after that date catalogue records, the human remains and Susquehannock are culturally if no additional claimants come are determined to be Native American. affiliated under NAGPRA. In summary, forward. Archeological evidence suggests that the six lines of evidence support cultural The Denver Museum of Nature & Washington Boro Village Site and burial affiliation (geographical, archaeological, Science is responsible for notifying the components, including the Keller Site, anthropological, oral tradition, Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of date to approximately A.D. 1600–1625. historical evidence, and expert opinion) Oklahoma; Cayuga Nation of New York; Archeological evidence and historical and two lines strongly support cultural Delaware Nation, Oklahoma; Delaware documentation show that the affiliation (kinship and linguistics). One Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma; Eastern Washington Boro Village Site was line of evidence is indeterminate Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma; Oneida occupied by the Susquehannock. (biology), and one line of evidence is Nation of New York; Oneida Tribe of While the biological record is neutral consistent with cultural affiliation Indians of Wisconsin; Onondaga Nation regarding cultural affiliation, the (folklore). Therefore, the museum of New York; Saint Regis Mohawk Susquehannock likely shared a reasonably believes that there is a Tribe, New York; Seneca Nation of New geographical affinity with the shared group identity between the York; Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Haudenosaunee, as evidenced by shared Haudenosaunee Confederacy and the Oklahoma; Shawnee Tribe, Oklahoma; ancestral lands in New York, common Susquehannock people who occupied Stockbridge Munsee Community, land use during the 1600s, and, starting Lancaster County, PA, at the Wisconsin; Tonawanda Band of Seneca in the 1700s, Haudenosaunee claims to Washington Boro Village Site. Indians; Tuscarora Nation of New York; the former territory of the and the Haudenosaunee Standing Susquehannock. Furthermore, the Determinations Made by the Denver Committee on Burial Rules and Susquehannock shared kinship with the Museum of Nature & Science Regulations, a non-Federally recognized Haudenosaunee through similar clan Officials of the Denver Museum of Indian organization for the purposes of systems, adoption, intermarriage, and Nature & Science have determined that: NAGPRA, that this notice has been burial practices. Current archeological • Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(9), the published.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nanjemoy and Mattawoman Creek Watersheds
    Defining the Indigenous Cultural Landscape for The Nanjemoy and Mattawoman Creek Watersheds Prepared By: Scott M. Strickland Virginia R. Busby Julia A. King With Contributions From: Francis Gray • Diana Harley • Mervin Savoy • Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland Mark Tayac • Piscataway Indian Nation Joan Watson • Piscataway Conoy Confederacy and Subtribes Rico Newman • Barry Wilson • Choptico Band of Piscataway Indians Hope Butler • Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians Prepared For: The National Park Service Chesapeake Bay Annapolis, Maryland St. Mary’s College of Maryland St. Mary’s City, Maryland November 2015 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this project was to identify and represent the Indigenous Cultural Landscape for the Nanjemoy and Mattawoman creek watersheds on the north shore of the Potomac River in Charles and Prince George’s counties, Maryland. The project was undertaken as an initiative of the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay office, which supports and manages the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail. One of the goals of the Captain John Smith Trail is to interpret Native life in the Middle Atlantic in the early years of colonization by Europeans. The Indigenous Cultural Landscape (ICL) concept, developed as an important tool for identifying Native landscapes, has been incorporated into the Smith Trail’s Comprehensive Management Plan in an effort to identify Native communities along the trail as they existed in the early17th century and as they exist today. Identifying ICLs along the Smith Trail serves land and cultural conservation, education, historic preservation, and economic development goals. Identifying ICLs empowers descendant indigenous communities to participate fully in achieving these goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Atradition of Giants
    A TRADITION OF GIANTS The Elite Social Hierarchy of American Prehistory Narrative and Commentary Ross Hamilton 1 1 Page Copyright © 2007 by Ross Hamilton: All rights reserved. No portion of this book, except for brief review, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission of the publisher. For information contact Ross Hamilton, 4202 Sibley Avenue, Silverton, Ohio—45236 Cover art courtesy of the Library of Congress; book design by Ross Hamilton. Title of work: A Tradition of Giants Alternative title: The Elite Social Hierarchy of American Prehistory Library of Congress registration number: TXu 1-608-346 Effective date of registration: November 19, 2007 Amendments and additions added 9-16-2012 2 2 Page The Great Peacemaker, Passaconeway Believed by some as perhaps the greatest Sachem who ever lived, Passaconeway was the last of the great kingly chiefs of old. He was a giant among men, physically and spiritually, believed to have stood at least seven feet in height. A powerful medicine man and chieftain of the Penacook tribe, Passaconeway was elected bashaba (emperor) of a confederation of tribes united to stem an aggressive Mohawk nation. In his twilight years this great man traveled in the Maine-New Hampshire-Massachusetts region where he was revered as the mouthpiece of the Great Spirit by both Native and European folk alike. Tradition stays that Passaconeway was a genius, gifted with magical or divine powers employed in his peacemaking efforts. His true power, however, lay in his ability to kindle the fire of peace and brotherly love in the hearts of all irrespective of race or tribal restrictions.
    [Show full text]
  • Bladensburg Prehistoric Background
    Environmental Background and Native American Context for Bladensburg and the Anacostia River Carol A. Ebright (April 2011) Environmental Setting Bladensburg lies along the east bank of the Anacostia River at the confluence of the Northeast Branch and Northwest Branch of this stream. Formerly known as the East Branch of the Potomac River, the Anacostia River is the northernmost tidal tributary of the Potomac River. The Anacostia River has incised a pronounced valley into the Glen Burnie Rolling Uplands, within the embayed section of the Western Shore Coastal Plain physiographic province (Reger and Cleaves 2008). Quaternary and Tertiary stream terraces, and adjoining uplands provided well drained living surfaces for humans during prehistoric and historic times. The uplands rise as much as 300 feet above the water. The Anacostia River drainage system flows southwestward, roughly parallel to the Fall Line, entering the Potomac River on the east side of Washington, within the District of Columbia boundaries (Figure 1). Thin Coastal Plain strata meet the Piedmont bedrock at the Fall Line, approximately at Rock Creek in the District of Columbia, but thicken to more than 1,000 feet on the east side of the Anacostia River (Froelich and Hack 1975). Terraces of Quaternary age are well-developed in the Bladensburg vicinity (Glaser 2003), occurring under Kenilworth Avenue and Baltimore Avenue. The main stem of the Anacostia River lies in the Coastal Plain, but its Northwest Branch headwaters penetrate the inter-fingered boundary of the Piedmont province, and provided ready access to the lithic resources of the heavily metamorphosed interior foothills to the west.
    [Show full text]
  • Atradition of Giants
    A TRADITION OF GIANTS The Elite Social Hierarchy of American Prehistory Narrative and Commentary Ross Hamilton 1 Page Copyright © 2007 by Ross Hamilton: All rights reserved. No portion of this book, except for brief review, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission of the publisher. For information contact Ross Hamilton, 4202 Sibley Avenue, Silverton, Ohio—45236 Cover art courtesy of the Library of Congress; book design by Ross Hamilton. Title of work: A Tradition of Giants Alternative title: The Elite Social Hierarchy of American Prehistory Library of Congress registration number: TXu 1-608-346 Effective date of registration: November 19, 2007 Amendments and additions added 9-16-2012 2 Page The Great Peacemaker, Passaconeway Believed by some as perhaps the greatest Sachem who ever lived, Passaconeway was the last of the great kingly chiefs of old. He was a giant among men, physically and spiritually, believed to have stood at least seven feet in height. A powerful medicine man and chieftain of the Penacook tribe, Passaconeway was elected bashaba (emperor) of a confederation of tribes united to stem an aggressive Mohawk nation. In his twilight years this great man traveled in the Maine-New Hampshire-Massachusetts region where he was revered as the mouthpiece of the Great Spirit by both Native and European folk alike. Tradition stays that Passaconeway was a genius, gifted with magical or divine powers employed in his peacemaking efforts. His true power, however, lay in his ability to kindle the fire of peace and brotherly love in the hearts of all irrespective of race or tribal restrictions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fragments of Piscataway: a Preliminary Description
    Fragments of Piscataway: A Preliminary Description A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Lisa Mackie Oxford University Committee for Comparative Philology, Linguistics and Phonetics Sub-faculty of Linguistics Trinity 2006 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Goals................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Challenges....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Attribution....................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Previous Work ................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Organization of the Thesis.............................................................................. 5 Chapter 2 Background..................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Maryland Mission ........................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Father Andrew White...................................................................................... 7 2.2 The Manuscript ............................................................................................. 11 2.3 Other Primary Sources.................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 3115 Eblj Article 2 (Was 3), 2008:Eblj Article
    Early Northern Iroquoian Language Books in the British Library Adrian S. Edwards An earlier eBLJ article1 surveyed the British Library’s holdings of early books in indigenous North American languages through the example of Eastern Algonquian materials. This article considers antiquarian materials in or about Northern Iroquoian, a different group of languages from the eastern side of the United States and Canada. The aim as before is to survey what can be found in the Library, and to place these items in a linguistic and historical context. In scope are printed media produced before the twentieth century, in effect from 1545 to 1900. ‘I’ reference numbers in square brackets, e.g. [I1], relate to entries in the Chronological Checklist given as an appendix. The Iroquoian languages are significant for Europeans because they were the first indigenous languages to be recorded in any detail by travellers to North America. The family has traditionally been divided into a northern and southern branch by linguists. So far only Cherokee has been confidently allocated to the southern branch, although it is possible that further languages became extinct before their existence was recorded by European visitors. Cherokee has always had a healthy literature and merits an article of its own. This survey therefore will look only at the northern branch. When historical records began in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Northern Iroquoian languages were spoken in a large territory centred on what is now the north half of the State of New York, extending across the St Lawrence River into Quebec and Ontario, and southwards into Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Genealogy Research Native American Inhabitants European
    Maryland Genealogy Research Native American Inhabitants The area covered by the present state of Maryland was home to: Algonquian Indians on the Western Shore of Maryland: This was the primary chiefdom of the Piscataway (or Conoy) Indians and their allies, the Anacostians, the Mattawomen the Nanjemoy and the Potapoco. Two independent Algonquian chiefdoms lived on the lower Potomac River’s northern shore: the Chaptico and the Yoacomaco. The Pawtuxent, Acquintanack, Mattapanient and the Assacomoco chiefdoms lived along the shores of the Pawtuxent River. Algonquian Indians on the Eastern Shore of Maryland: The principal chiefdom of the Nanticoke lived along the eastern shore from Pocomoke River to the Sassafras River: the Assateague – the Pocomoke – the Amamesses – the Morumsco – the Acquiantica Iroquoian-Speaking Indians of Maryland: the Susquehannock – the Massawomeck – the Tuscarora The tribes listed above were also called Chicacones, Kittamaqundi, Potomac, and Taocomcoes. Most Native Americans were forced to leave Maryland during the 1700's by European colonists. Some were moved to Indian reservations in Oklahoma. Others joined larger tribes, where their descendants still live today. There are no federally recognized tribes in Maryland today. A non-recognized community is: Piscataway-Conoy Confederacy P.O. Box 1484 La Plata, Maryland 20646 European Colonization Before 1632: Fur traders from Virginia settled Kent Island. 1632 – 1691: Land Ownership and Conflicts: In 1632, the English government granted a charter for a colony between Virginia and what later became Pennsylvania. Proprietary Governorship of the area was given to George Calvert. Because Calvert had converted to Catholicism, he could not hold public office. So the Maryland Charter was issued to his son Cecil, Second Baron of Baltimore.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal #2856
    Journal #2856 from sdc 5.20.13 GEA National Geothermal Summit 2013 Indian Territory ‘Why I Farm’ to be released by Tahoe publisher GARDENS AND LEARNING, AND MORE Alice E. Kober, 43; Lost to History No More Statistics show trends in families The U.N. Wants You to Eat More Bugs Forest Service Seeks to Silence Smokey the Bear Over Fracking Extinct languages of North America Flaxseed: The Next Superfood For Cattle And Beef? Scholarships For College Students Miss Indian Nations Guatemala Genocide Conviction and a More Just Vision for American Continent GEA National Geothermal Summit 2013 The Geothermal Energy Association will host the third annual National Geothermal Summit (#GEASummit2013) at the Grand Sierra Resort and Casino in Reno, Nev., June 26-27. ****************************************************************************** Indian Territory www.youtube.com ****************************************************************************** ‘Why I Farm’ to be released by Tahoe publisher On: May 14, 2013 On June 6, Meyers’ publisher Bona Fide Books will release “Why I Farm: Risking It All for a Life on the Land” by Sierra Valley Farms owner Gary Romano. A book signing will be that evening from 6-7 at Campo restaurant in Reno. In “Why I Farm,” third-generation farmer Romano speaks from experience about today’s most vital issues: how to live with purpose and how to protect our food supply. The author documents a disappearing way of life and issues a wake-up call, describing his metamorphosis from a small boy growing up on a farm to adult white-collar worker and his ultimate return to the land. He details specific issues that small farms face today, and how they will challenge our food future.
    [Show full text]
  • Saponi History Book
    Scott Preston Collins Chapter 1: The Ghost-men of the Woodlands Anciently the Siouan speaking groups originated in the Ohio River Valley. They began moving to the Piedmont of Virginia around 800 A.D, possibly following migrating buffalo herds in the directions they went. (1) Siouan groups migrated north and west into the Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin areas, some moved west to the Great Plains, some stayed in the Ohio River Valley, between the Licking River and the Ohio River, and along Scioto River and further west along the Kanawha River. Some settled into the Piedmont regions of the Quirank and Appalachian Mountains. (2) The Menominee are an Algonquin tribe that resided on the north shore of Lake Michigan at European contact. In the Menominee oral tradition there is a Winnebago arrival narrative. The Winnebago, or Ho Chunk (Hotcâgara, people of the parent speech), are a Siouan speaking tribe and are sometimes credited with the effigy mounds in the Wisconsin area as well originating in the pre-Columbian Ohio River Valley. The Winnebago came to the Menominee in the form of ravens or blackbirds across Lake Michigan to Red Banks on Green Bay. This story at least indicates a westward moving Siouan speaking population preserved in oral tradition. (3) James Mooney concluded that the Siouan speaking tribes originated in the Ohio Valley based on his study of the dispersal of the language along with informants among the Plains Dakotans. The Siouan speakers on the Great Plains maintained oral traditions which stated that they came from the east and near to the Great Lakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Maryland Humanities Council History Matters!
    Maryland Humanities Council History Matters! Interpretive Plan for the Lower Susquehanna Heritage Greenway History Matters! A History of Maryland’s Lower Susquehanna Region The Lower Susquehanna region is the bold termination of the wide, powerful Susquehanna River and the gentle beginning of the great Chesapeake Bay. Water dominates and shapes the lives of the humans along the shores just as it dominates and shapes the contours of its land.1 The commanding river pulls people together; and at the same time, it divides them. Maryland’s Harford County to the south and Cecil County to the north, separated by the river, are pulled away from one another toward competing economic centers. Harford County easily connects with urban Baltimore, and Cecil County is lured away from Maryland’s influence by Philadelphia and Wilmington. The Lower Susquehanna is a borderland connected by the mighty waters that dominate its existence. When we began reviewing the history of the Lower Susquehanna region of Maryland, we read the existing volumes on Harford and Cecil Counties; and we talked to our heritage area partners in the region. What did they need? Excellent histories focusing on the important men and events of the region already exist.2 What could we add? We gathered together experts on Maryland’s history and culture to discuss how we might fill in what was missing in our existing knowledge of the state. We visited local historians in the Lower Susquehanna to learn what information they needed to better interpret their region. Most agreed that we needed to explore the lives of the everyday people who lived and worked and died near these great waters.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Proto-Susquehannock' Sites in the Upper Susquehanna
    AN OVERVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF ‘PROTO-SUSQUEHANNOCK’ SITES IN THE UPPER SUSQUEHANNA RIVER VALLEY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Jasmine Nicole Gollup January 2011 © 2011 Jasmine Nicole Gollup ABSTRACT The Upper Susquehanna Valley region is thought to be the homeland of the Susquehannock Indians, historically known to reside in south-central Pennsylvania. The Susquehannock sites in this region, called ‘Proto-Susquehannock’ by many, are understudied and provide nebulous answers to the question of Susquehannock origins. This thesis provides a compilation of Proto-Susquehannock research including information on excavation history, site location, artifact assemblages, and past research on forty-five sites labeled as Proto-Susquehannock. Intended as background research for future Proto-Susquehannock studies, the thesis also delves into definitional problems hindering research in this area, focusing on terms such as protohistoric and Proto-Susquehannock and the pottery variants often associated with the Susquehannocks (Richmond Mills Incised, Proto-Susquehannock, and Schultz Incised) and the lack of consistent and operational definitions associated with each term. The thesis concludes with the statement that additional research is necessary in the Upper Susquehanna River Valley to successfully create a comprehensive history of the Susquehannocks. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Jasmine Gollup was born in Lothian, Maryland, USA. She graduated from Southern Senior High School in 2005 with memberships in the National Honor Society, Tri-M Music Honor Society, and International Thespian Society. She received a dual degree in History and Sociology/Anthropology with a concentration in Archaeology from Elizabethtown College, graduating magna cum laude in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Minderhout Final
    4 The Susquehannocks By David J. Minderhout In 1608, in his exploration of the Chesapeake Bay, Captain John Smith reached the point where the Susquehanna River meets the Bay. Unable to take his boat farther because of the falls at the point where the river entered the Bay, Smith stopped among the native people called the Tockwoghs to rest and replace provisions. While there, a contingent of sixty warriors visited the Tockwoghs to trade. According to Smith, these warriors “seemed like Giants to the English...the calfe [of the greatest of them] measured 3 quarters of a yard [27 inches] about.” Dressed in the skins of bears and wolves, some with the heads or paws of the animals still attached, these people very much impressed Smith, who learned that they came from up the river, perhaps a two- day journey from the Bay, and that their town housed “near 600” such warriors. The Tockwoghs called them Sasquesahanocks, a name somewhat Anglicized in later years to become Susquehannocks, and the river on which they lived came to be named after them - the Susquehanna. Seven years later, a Frenchman in the service of Samuel de Champlain, Etienne Brule, led an delegation of Hurons into an area on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River to seek an alliance with the Susquehannocks against the Onondagas. Brule’s mission came too late; the Onondagas had already defeated Champlain’s forces by the time Brule reached the Susquehannock villages, which according to a map he later produced were located around the large earthen mound called Spanish Hill near what would later become Athens, Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]