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STRAW, STICKS and BRICKS: a Historic Buildings Educational Pack

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STRAW, STICKS and BRICKS: a Historic Buildings Educational Pack 1 Overview 3 The Origins of the Medieval Cottages 4 The Purpose of the Cottages 5 Carpenters 6 Carpenters’ Tools 7 Trees and their Uses 9 From Trees to Timber 11 Felling 12 Prefabrication 13 Carpenters’ Marks 14 History of Timber-Framing 15 Timber-framed Buildings 16 Architect’s Drawings 18 Types of Joints 19 Wattle and Daub 22 Doors 23 Windows 24 Staircases and Thresholds 25 Fireplace and Smoke Void 26 Jetty 27 Thatched vs. Tile 28 Bricks 29 Georgian Style 30 Victorian Revival 31 The Abbey Lawn Trust 32 Restoration Debate 33 Pre-restoration Photographs 34 Restoration Photographs 35 Reading and Dating Buildings 37 Dendrochronology 38 Historic Buildings Worksheets: 40 Building Detective 1 41 Building Detective 2 42 Building Detective 3 43 Carpenters’ Tools 44 Draw a Timber-Framed Building 45 Glossary 46 Appendix 47 2 The row of medieval cottages on Church Street dates back to the fifteenth century, and these iconic buildings have a wonderful story to tell. Over the last six hundred years, the row has been continually occupied as private residences, shops, businesses and of course heritage sites. This educational resource will delve into how these buildings were constructed; key elements of the buildings; the change in building styles as well as the restoration debate. In addition to this, worksheets are provided at the end of the resource to help reinforce the lessons learnt. This pack has been produced by the John Moore Museum in Tewkesbury for the sole purpose of use within schools, colleges and universities. Copyright note: the resources included in this pack are for educational use only. Copies may be made of all resources included, but should not be published or used for any other reason than use in the classroom. An illustration from the Bedford Book of Hours depicting carpenters in the 15th century constructing a timber-framed building. 3 The Benedictine monks of Tewkesbury Abbey built the twenty-three medieval cottages in 1410. The row of cottages was built against the Abbey precinct wall, which was a busy thoroughfare for local residents and religious pilgrims. The cottages were purposefully designed with a home and shop interior in mind. All of the shop spaces faced the street, so merchants and traders who had previously clustered at the abbey gate desired to rent one of these new properties. The Merchant’s House on Church Street has been restored to how it would have looked as a residence and shop, allowing visitors to step back in time to see what it was like to live and work there in the sixteenth century. Tewkesbury Abbey The average yearly rent for a merchant’s house could range from £3 to £5 depending on the location, so the Abbey would have a received a steady stream of money into its coffers from these cottages alone. In the accounts of the abbey properties in 1540, the parish priest of Tewkesbury occupied one of the Abbey Cottages. The Crown was then paying £10 to the parish priest of Tewkesbury, which is the equivalent of more than £4,000 in today’s money. However, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the Reformation under Henry VIII, the Abbey lost the cottages and these were sold off. A wealthy silk mercer called Giles Geast purchased eleven of the cottages (38-48 Church Street) and rented them out. In his will of 1558, he left twenty- two of his houses in the town in the care of four trustees to provide the income for annual charitable distribution to Tewkesbury’s poor. Did you know Tewkesbury Abbey was built in the 12th century? 4 The cottages were designed to be multifunctional, and provide merchants with both a place to reside and conduct business. The cottages consisted of three rooms; the shop at the front, a kitchen and a bedroom located upstairs. The restored Merchant’s House also has a workshop located at the back of the property. This indicates that the merchant was doing well financially, since he could afford to extend the building to have more living space. You will notice that no bathroom area was included in the design, with residents using an outbuilding as the toilet. The workshop gave the merchant more The kitchen is located in the centre of the working space. This room was also used for property; this room functioned as the kitchen, the storage of goods and food. living room and dining room. The merchant would conduct his business The whole family shared the one bedroom, from the shop area. with the parents sleeping in the four-poster bed and the children on smaller truckle beds. Trades Unfortunately, we do not exactly know what goods were sold from each of the cottages. It is likely that some of the merchant’s houses sold goods produced from Tewkesbury Abbey resources, such as wine from the grapes grown on the Vineyards or fresh fish from the fishponds. Illustrations by Swiss artist Jost Anman (1539-1591) in the Book of Trades (1568), show us trades being carried out from buildings very similar to our own. Can you identify all of the trades in the illustrations? 5 Working Hours Hours of work were regulated by an act of Parliament in 1563. In the spring and summer months (mid- March to mid-September) from five in the morning to either seven or eight in the evening, with no more than two and half hours for breaks. In the winter, the hours were from dawn to sunset, as it was simply impractical to work by artificial light. The best quality artificial light was that from wax candles which were far too expensive for most people to use on a regular basis. Wages A carpenter’s wages varied depending on his skill level as he worked up to the position of Master Carpenter. In the first half of the 15th century, a skilled carpenter could earn a good wage of 5d (pence) a day, depending on the location and type of work required. Apprentices could also receive a small wage if he was working with his master outside of the home on another job. There is also evidence of a carpenter receiving his wages partly in currency and the rest in goods. For example, in the 1420s, John Pekker worked for the Brewers’ Company, and he received cash and a gown costing about 16s, which consisted of four yards of ray (parti-coloured cloth) and three yards of cloth of a solid colour. Working Conditions The construction of heavy housing frames required a good level of fitness and this was likely to decrease with age. Carpenters presumably carried on working for as long as they were physically able to do so, possibly with the assistance of younger men employed as journeymen and apprentices. There is some evidence that increasing age might be taken into account when allocating jobs on larger building sites. However, if a carpenter was physically unable to carry out their duties fully, they would not earn a full wage. Therefore, in an age before health and safety regulations, workplace accidents, particularly mishaps with axes, were common. Tools A carpenter’s tools were cherished items that were carefully maintained and repaired, since his livelihood depended upon them. An axe cost 5d or more and a hammer was worth 8d or more, so an entire toolkit was a costly yet valuable commodity. A master carpenter would often have an apprentice learning the trade from him, once the indenture period was completed; the apprentice often received tools to help him enter the trade. More on the carpenter’s tools on the next two pages. Living History re-enactor, John Putley, as a medieval carpenter. 6 What did the woodworkers’ toolkit in medieval times consist of? The list below outlines the most common tools and their purpose: Adze - The Adze was a tool used for smoothing timbers. The blade would be long and flat; fixed to the thickest end of the handle, allowing the carpenter to chip away at the timbers to shape them. Adze Auger and brace - A brace is a hand tool used with a bit (drill bit or auger) to drill holes, usually in wood. Pressure is applied to the top and the tool is rotated with a U-shaped grip. Augur & Brace Awl Awl - A small pointed tool used for piercing holes. Broad-axe - A broad-axe is a large headed axe. There are two categories of cutting edge on broad-axes; both are used for shaping Broad-axe logs by hewing. One side is flat and the other side bevelled. Chisel - a wedge like tool with a cutting edge at the end of the blade, Chisel often made of steel, used for cutting or shaping wood, stone, etc. Compass – an instrument used for drawing circles. It consists of two arms, joined at one end, one arm of which serves as a pivot Compass or stationary reference point, while the other is extended to draw a circle. Crowbar - the basic shape is a long, heavy metal bar with one end shaped like a wedge, while the other end is slightly forked or split. Crowbar The wedge end can be squeezed under various objects while the bar is used as a lever to separate them, and the forked end can be used to pull out nails. Felling Axe Felling Axe - an axe designed especially for cutting down trees. Gimlet Gimlet - a small T-shaped tool with a screw tip for boring holes. Gouge Gouge - A gouge (a type of chisel) serves to carve small pieces from 7 material. Hatchet - A hatchet is a single-handed striking tool with a sharp blade on one side used to cut and split wood, and a hammerhead on the Hatchet other side.
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