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Castillo De San Marcos National Monument

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Castillo De San Marcos National Monument National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 2020 Castillo de San Marcos and Fort Matanzas National Monuments Saint Augustine, Florida Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Table of Contents Cultural Landscape Inventory (CLI) General Information: ............................ 2 Inventory Unit Summary and Site Plan ........................................................... 6 Concurrence Status ........................................................................................ 18 Geographic Information and Location Map .................................................. 19 Management Information .............................................................................. 26 National Register Information ....................................................................... 30 Chronology and Physical History .................................................................. 40 Analysis and Evaluation of Integrity ...........................................................110 Condition Assessment .................................................................................181 Bibliography and Supplemental Information: .............................................184 Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 1 Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Cultural Landscape Inventory (CLI) General Information: Purpose and Goals of the CLI The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI) is a comprehensive inventory of all significant landscapes located in units of the National Park System in which the National Park Service has, or plans to acquire any enforceable legal interest. It is one of the most ambitious initiatives of the National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Program. Landscapes documented through the CLI are those that individually meet criteria set forth in the National Register of Historic Places such as historic sites, historic designed landscapes, and historic vernacular landscapes, or those that are contributing elements of properties that meet the criteria. In addition, landscapes that are managed as cultural resources because of law, policy, or decisions reached through the park planning process, regardless of whether they meet the National Register criteria, are also included in the CLI. The CLI provides a management inventory of evaluated cultural landscapes, as per Section 110(a)(1) of the National Historic Preservation Act, NPS Management Policies and Cultural Resource Management Guideline. Additionally, the CLI assists in establishing "a scientific/scholarly basis for resource management decisions," one of the primary goals identified in the National Park Service Strategic Plan. As such, the CLI aids managers in planning, programming, and recording treatment and management decisions. The diversity of cultural landscapes in the National Park System, both in terms of scale and physical complexity, presents a significant challenge for a standardized inventory. Based on this diversity and the need to clearly articulate the physical character of the landscape for the purposes of the CLI, and ultimately for management, a hierarchy has been defined for subdividing a landscape into identifiable components and/or features. The following three categories have been selected to delineate a cultural landscape for inventory purposes: Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 2 Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Landscape: the primary focus of the CLI. It is the combination of component landscapes and/or features that define a cultural landscape that is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Component Landscape: the definable physical area of a landscape that contributes to the significance of a National Register property or, in some cases is individually eligible for the National Register. A component landscape warrants individual documentation to adequately record the physical character of the overall landscape and can be further subdivided into smaller features. Examples may include a garden, canyon, overlook, cemetery, farmstead, or a memorial road system. Landscape Feature: the smallest physical unit that contributes to the significance of a landscape and can be managed as an individual element. Examples may include a woodlot, earthwork, hedge, lawn, specimen tree, allée, barn, agricultural field, or vista. Information about landscape features is recorded in the Analysis and Evaluation section of the CLI. The legislative, regulatory, and policy direction for conducting the CLI include: National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) (16 USC 470h-2(a) (1)): Each Federal agency shall establish a preservation program for the identification, evaluation, and nomination to the National Register of Historic Places of historic properties. Executive Order 13287: Preserve America, 2003: Sec. 3(a) Each agency with real property management responsibilities shall prepare an assessment of the current status of its inventory of historic properties required by section 110(a)(2) of the NHPA. No later than September 30, 2004, each covered agency shall complete a report of the assessment and make it available to the Chairman of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the Secretary of the Interior (c). Each agency with real property management responsibilities shall, by September 30, 2005, and every third year thereafter, prepare a report on its progress in identifying historic properties in its ownership and make the report available to the Council and the Secretary. Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 3 Castillo de San Marcos National Monument The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Federal Agency Historic Preservation Programs Pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act, 1998 Standard 2: An agency provides for the timely identification and evaluation of historic properties under agency jurisdiction or control and/or subject to effect by agency actions (Sec. 110 (a) (2) (A)) Management Policies 2006.5.1.3.1 Inventories: The Park Service will (1) maintain and expand the following inventories about cultural resources in units of the National Park System…Cultural Landscapes Inventory of historic designed landscapes, historic vernacular landscapes and historic sites…. Cultural Resource Management Guideline, 1997, Release No. 5, page 22 issued pursuant to Director’s Order #28. As cultural resources are identified and evaluated, they should also be listed in the appropriate service-wide inventories of cultural resources. Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 4 Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Scope of the CLI This CLI uses information derived from existing primary and secondary resources that contain information on the historical development and significance of Castillo de San Marcos National Monument. Sources include Edwin Bearss and John Page’s 1983 Historic Structure Report, Jere Krakow’s 1986 Administrative History, Albert Manucy’s 1959 The Building of Castillo de San Marcos and Cécile-Marie Sastre’s 2000 draft History of the Cultural Landscape. Other sources from the NPS archives at the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve further inform the historic narrative. The inventory of cultural landscape features applies the categories defined by the National Park Service in the 1998 Guide to Cultural Landscape Reports: natural systems and features, spatial organization, land use, cultural traditions, circulation, topography, vegetation, buildings and structures, views/vistas, setting, cluster arrangement, small-scale features, archeological sites, and constructed water features. An evaluation of the site’s overall historic integrity and condition follows the methodology presented in the NPS Cultural Landscapes Inventory Professional Procedures Guide (2009). The CLI provides site plans that illustrate information from the site inventory and depicts the significant historic landscape and architectural features in the boundaries of the study area. The CLI does not provide treatment recommendations for management of the historic site. Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 5 Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Inventory Unit Summary and Site Plan Cultural Landscape Inventory Name: Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Cultural Landscape Inventory Number: Parent Landscape: Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Parent Landscape Inventory Number: Park Name: Castillo de San Marcos National Monument Park Alpha Code: CASA Park Organization Code: 5260 Property Level: Landscape Inventory Unit Size: Approximately 20 acres Inventory Unit Description: Castillo de San Marcos was the last of ten fortifications that Spain built in the area around present-day St. Augustine, Florida, which they founded in 1565. St. Augustine was the first permanent European settlement in what is today the continental United States. Castillo de San Marcos is the oldest masonry fortification remaining in the continental United States. The approximately twenty acres that comprise the grounds of the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument provide a manicured landscape setting for the impressive renaissance-style fortification. The historic landscape features associated with the fortress date to the Spanish colonial period (e.g., glacis, ravelin, covered way, moat, the reconstructed western portion of the Cubo Line, and the City Gate), as well as to the War Department period (e.g., shot furnace, water battery, and sea wall). In addition to these historic resources, which materially convey the fort’s importance as a coastal defensive structure, landscape features have been added to address the needs of the
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