134 Grzegorz Krzywiec
Acta Poloniae Historica 100, 2009 PL ISSN 0001-6892 Grzegorz Krzywiec THE POLISH INTELLIGENTSIA IN THE FACE OF THE ‘JEWISH QUESTION’ (1905-1914) The aim of this paper is to present the attitude of the circles of the Polish intelligentsia in Congress Poland1 to the so-called Jewish question. Covering all the opinions that emerged in the public debate of that era would go beyond the scope of this es say, instead it seems more useful to bring out some examples of attitudes and opinions. However, in principle, they are going to represent a wider spectrum of views and milieus. Hence, of crucial importance will be the ideological criterion. The body of my exposition is rather devoted to the opinions and attitudes of the intelligentsia, or its leading spokesmen, than to a review of the circles of intelligentsia that voiced those views. I THE JEWISH QUESTION’ IN THE POLISH LANDS BEFORE 1905 The ‘Jewish question’ has long been of crucial importance for the Polish intelligentsia milieus.2 In the opinion of the generation of 1 Polish historiography uses the term Congress Poland for all the lands embraced by the Polish Kingdom created in 1815, also for the period later than 1863, until the end of partitioned Poland. 2 I accept in this essay a more narrow, ‘ideological’ definition of the intelligentsia. Thus, ‘the Polish intelligentsia’ were ‘wardens of national memory, propagators of patriotic and social ideas (whether revolutionary or conservative) and of a kind of literature and art that, even if not of the highest order, was as a principle, either meant to mobilize, or bring consolation’, Jerzy Jedlicki, ‘Przedmowa’, in idem (ed.), Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918, i: Maciej Janowski, Narodziny inteligencji 1750-1831 (Warszawa, 2008), 9.
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