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The Polish Community in Scotland Thomas Kernberg THE POLISH COMMUNITY IN SCOTLAND THOMAS KERNBERG PH.D. INSTITUTE OF SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW OCTOBER, 1990 (c) THOMAS KERNBERG, 1990 PREFACE. My reason for undertaking the research for this thesis was a very personal one: my father, the late Tadeusz Ziarski-Kernberg, was one of the Polish servicemen who settled in Scotland as a result of the Second World War. Since my childhood I have been closely associated with the Polish community in Edinburgh. When I decided to study an aspect of Polish history it was only natural that I should turn to 'my own people' for subject material. As soon as I expressed an interest in this subject for a Ph.D. thesis, I received the support of my supervisor, Professor W.V. Wallace, the Director of the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies at the University of Glasgow. In addition to the unfailing encouragement and patient supervision of Professor Wallace, this thesis would not have been possible without the support of the Polish community and the access I received to Polish archive materials. In particular I would like to thank Mr. W.kadys4-aw Bednarek, Mr. Jan Stepek and the Committee of the Polish Social and Educational Association (Glasgow), Mr. JOzef Be+towski, the late Mr. Zygmunt TchOrzewski and the Second Army Corps Association (Edinburgh), the late Mrs. Margaret Maurer, the late Mrs. Maria Rej and the late Mr. JOzef Rej. Special thanks are owed to Mrs. Maria Koczy, the former Librarian at the Polish Institute and General Sikorski Museum (Glasgow) for her advice regarding choice of and access to source materials. As this project moved into its final stages, two persons gave me additional assistance. Ms. Helena Scott gave me the benefit of a sociological perspective, while Mrs. Jane Gough expertly word-processed the text. Regarding the text, the lengthy Background section is necessary in order to put the history of Polish settlement in Scotland into context. This applies equally to the knowledge of Poles about their own past contacts with Scotland and to the understanding of Scottish people that Poles had settled in Scotland before 1939. In addition, the Background is important with a view to the eventual publication of this thesis so that Polish people in the United Kingdom can see their settlement in a neutral historical context. Many of the quotations are perhaps longer than is usual, but this was believed to be necessary to give both Polish and British readers the full flavour of especially revealing and informative statements. During the course of this research I conducted several interviews. The material obtained produced confirmatory rather than fresh insights, which persuaded me to rely on documentary source materials, printed documents, unpublished correspondence, memoirs, periodicals, books iii and articles. All the Polish materials were researched in Britain as it did not prove possible to travel to Poland and explore archives closed for many years to Western scholars. Before the publication of this thesis I will make a research trip to Poland. iv CONTENTS. Page Preface i Contents iv Summary vii INTRODUCTION 1 Notes To The Introduction 10 BACKGROUND: 12 Poles and Lithuanians in Scotland (1815 to 1939) Notes To The Background 33 CHAPTER ONE: 37 The Second World War and the 'Polish invasion' of Scotland (1939-45) Notes To Chapter One 74 CHAPTER TWO: 85 Polish life in Scotland during the Second World War (1939-1945) Notes To Chapter Two 108 Page CHAPTER THREE: 119 'Defeat in victory' - Yalta, Potsdam and the Polish Armed Forces under British command (1945) Notes To Chapter Three 135 CHAPTER FOUR: 139 The evolution of the Polish Resettlement scheme Notes To Chapter Four 161 CHAPTER FIVE: 164 The Polish Resettlement scheme Notes To Chapter Five 209 CHAPTER SIX: 216 The formation of the Polish community in Scotland after the Second World War (1945-51) Part One: 216 The background - from the withdrawal of recognition from the Polish government in London (5 July, 1945) to the 'elections' in Poland (19 January, 1947) Notes To Chapter Six, Part One 246 vi Page Part Two: 251 Polish life in Scotland (1945-1951) Notes To Chapter Six, Part Two 300 CHAPTER SEVEN: 307 The development of the Polish community in Scotland (1951 to 1961) Notes To Chapter Seven 370 CHAPTER EIGHT: 376 The Polish community in Scotland as a 'Polonia' Notes To Chapter Eight 421 CONCLUSION 431 BIBLIOGRAPHY 447 vii SUMMARY. Before 1939 there had been some Polish settlement in Scotland, but the members were too few in number to organise themselves on a national basis. After the defeat of the 1830-31 'Powstanie Listopadowe' (the November Rising) some members of the 'Wielka Emigracja' decided to settle in Scotland. Next, following the defeat of the 1863-64 'Powstanie Styczniowe' (the January Rising), there was a migration to Scotland with both economic and political motivations. Most of the men found employment either in coal-mining or in the iron and steel industries mainly in Lanarkshire. These 'Poles' (who were mostly ethnic Lithuanians) had to overcome the opposition of the organised labour movement as well as anti-Catholicism and anti-alienism. By 1939 the members of the 'economic emigration' had become 'assimilated' into Scottish society. The defeat of Poland in September, 1939, by Germany and the Soviet Union caused Poles to escape to France where a new Polish government in exile was formed led by President WIadys/aw Raczkiewicz and Prime Minister General Wiadysiaw Sikorski. General Sikorski led the re-organisation of the Polish Armed Forces with the financial and material assistance of France and Britain. viii Following the defeat of France, during June and July, 1940, the Polish government in exile, some 20,000 Polish servicemen and some 3,000 Polish civilian refugees were evacuated to Britain. General Sikorski received the support of Churchill and could reform Polish Army, Air Force and Navy units in the United Kingdom and the Near East. The Polish First Army Corps was organised in Scotland. When the war in Europe ended in May, 1945, the Corps comprised the First Armoured Division, the First Independent Paratroop Brigade, the Fourth Infantry Division (incomplete), the Sixteenth Independent Armoured Brigade (also incomplete) and administrative and training centres. During the war many Polish servicemen and civilians were befriended by hospitable Scottish people. The British authorities and the Polish government in London created a 'support society' for Poles, including education and welfare facilities. Both the location of Polish units and institutions during wartime and the knowledge which Poles acquired of life in Scotland significantly influenced post-war settlement. For Poland the outcome of the war was 'defeat in victory'. The decisions taken at the Teheran Conference (28 November to 1 December, 1943) and the Yalta Conference (4 to 11 February, 1945) prevented many Polish servicemen and civilians from returning to their ix homeland. On 5 July, 1945, the governments of Britain and the U.S.A. ceased to recognise the Polish government in London and recognised the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity in Warsaw. Despite the participation of the former Prime Minister of the government in London, Stanisl-aw Mikoiajczyk, this new 'government' in Poland Was dominated by Stalin's Communist agents and their allies. Between 1945 and 1951 the Polish community in Scotland was formed against a background of increasing political terror in Poland. Initially, there was strong opposition in many parts of Scotland to the proposed settlement of Poles. Many people in Britain did not understand that Poland was under the control of the Soviet Union. The 'elections' of 19 January, 1947, by which the Communist 'Polska Partia Robotnicza' (Polish Workers' Party) and their allies seized power, finally made the position of the Polish settlers in Scotland secure. After the victory of the Labour Party in the British General Election in July, 1945, the Labour government led by Clement Attlee 'inherited' the Interim Treasury Committee for Polish Questions which had been formed by the previous government led by Churchill with the aim of gradually closing down the institutions of the Polish government in exile. Instead, the machinery of the Interim Treasury Committee was used for the welfare of Polish civilian refugees in Britain, the Middle East, British East Africa and other countries. As the relationship between Britain and the Soviet Union worsened, the British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin had to face the consequences of the failure of Stalin to honour the promises given at Teheran, Yalta and Potsdam regarding Poland. In order to place Poles in employment in Britain without serious opposition from the trades unions, the Labour government instituted a policy of controlled resettlement through the Polish Resettlement Corps, the Polish Resettlement Act of 27 March, 1947, and the European Volunteer Workers scheme. Above all, Polish servicemen under British command, their families, dependants and other civilian refugees were used to provide manpower for essential undermanned industries, such as agriculture, coal—mining, textiles and the building trades. The War Office transferred the majority of Polish service personnel who refused to return to Poland from their service areas to England and Wales for service in the Polish Resettlement Corps and demobilisation into civilian life. By 1951 the basis for the Polish community in Scotland had been formed with many institutions and organisations to replace the wartime 'support society'. Most exiled Poles believed that the xi Soviet Union would be defeated by the Western democracies and that in a few years they would return to their liberated homeland. The majority of Poles in Scotland settled in areas with good employment opportunities. Between 1951 and 1961 the Polish community in Scotland became permanently established with major centres ' of settlement in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, Falkirk and Kirkcaldy.
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