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Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects HUMAN ORIGINS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS DEVELOPMENTS IN PRIMATOLOGY: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS Series Editor: Russell H. Tuttle University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois This peer-reviewed book series will meld the facts of organic diversity with the conti- nuity of the evolutionary process. The volumes in this series will exemplify the diver- sity of theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches currently employed by primatologists and physical anthropologists. Specific coverage includes: primate behavior in natural habitats and captive settings; primate ecology and conservation; functional morphology and developmental biology of primates; primate systematics; genetic and phenotypic differences among living primates; and paleoprimatology. ALL APES GREAT AND SMALL VOLUME 1: AFRICAN APES Edited by Birute M. F. Galdikas, Nancy Erickson Briggs, Lori K. Sheeran, Gary L. Shapiro and Jane Goodall THE GUENONS: DIVERSITY AND ADAPTATION IN AFRICAN MONKEYS Edited by Mary E. Glenn and Marina Cords ANIMAL BODIES, HUMAN MINDS: APE, DOLPHIN, AND PARROT LANGUAGE SKILLS William A. Hillix and Duane M. Rumbaugh COMPARATIVE VERTEBRATE COGNITION: ARE PRIMATES SUPERIOR TO NON-PRIMATES Lesley J. Rogers and Gisela Kaplan ANTHROPOID ORIGINS: NEW VISIONS Callum F. Ross and Richard F. Kay MODERN MORPHOMETRICS IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Edited by Dennis E. Slice NURSERY REARING OF NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by Gene P. Sackett, Gerald Ruppenthal and Kate Elias BEHAVIORAL FLEXIBILITY IN PRIMATES: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Clara B. Jones NEW PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF MESOAMERICAN PRIMATES DISTRIBUTION, ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND CONSERVATION Edited by Alejandro Estrada, Paul A. Garber, Mary Pavetra, and Leandra Luecke HUMAN ORIGINS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS Edited by Hidemi Ishida, Russell Tuttle, Martin Pickford, Naomichi Ogihara and Masato Nakatsukasa HUMAN ORIGINS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS Edited by Hidemi Ishida University of Shiga Prefecture Shiga, Japan Russell Tuttle University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA Martin Pickford Coll`ege de France Paris, France Naomichi Ogihara Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan Masato Nakatsukasa Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 1. Proceedings of the 2003 symposium,“Human Origins and Environmental Backgrounds,” held in Kyoto, Japan, March 20–22, 2003. ISBN-10: 0-387-29638-7 eISBN: 0-387-29798-7 ISBN-13: 978-0387-29638-8 Printed on acid-free paper. C 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for the exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the United States of America. (IBT) 10987654321 springer.com PREFACE Recent advances in fossil studies relating to the origin of Homo sapiens have strengthened the hypothesis that our direct ancestors originated on the African continent. DNA analyses have revealed that humans share mostly the same DNA pattern with African great apes. Most researchers also agree that the time when prehumans diverged from the last common ancestor was in the early part of the Late Miocene Epoch. Many more puzzles remain to be solved. For example, why did human bipedalism originate in Africa, and to what was it adapted and how? Adaptations to savanna habitats due to the environmental changes in Eastern Africa might have been selective factors for the terrestrial bipedalism, but it is also possible that hominid bipedalism originated in the forest instead of on savanna. Focal studies should now shift from determining the times and places of hominid origins to clarifying the selective factors and acquisition processes of hominid bipedalism. Accordingly, researchers from Africa, Europe, Japan, and the United States convened in Kyoto in March of 2003 at a symposium on Human Origins and Environmental Back- grounds as an interdisciplinary effort to consider a variety of hominid evolutionary prob- lems. The participants agreed that much more needed to be resolved before we can reach final solutions to many new and classic puzzles. Nonetheless, we believe each effort will contribute to a fuller understanding of human origins. We are very grateful to Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology for supporting the symposium financially, and to Kyoto University for organi- zational assistance. We are also grateful to Ms. Andrea Macaluso, Senior Editor, and Ms. Krista Zimmer at Springer, New York, for their guidance and patience. Hidemi Ishida Russ Tuttle Martin Pickford Masato Nakatsukasa Naomichi Ogihara CONTENTS 1. HIDEMI ISHIDA: 40 YEARS OF FOOTPRINTS IN JAPANESE PRIMATOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY ........................... 1 Masato Nakatsukasa, Yoshihiko Nakano, Yutaka Kunimatsu, Naomichi Ogihara, and Russell H. Tuttle FOSSIL HOMINOIDS AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS 2. SEVEN DECADES OF EAST AFRICAN MIOCENE ANTHROPOID STUDIES ................................................................................................... 15 Russell H. Tuttle 3. EVOLUTION OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN MIOCENE HOMINOIDS AND PLIO-PLEISTOCENE HOMINIDS .................... 31 Dominique Gommery 4. TERRESTRIALITY IN A MIDDLE MIOCENE CONTEXT: VICTORIAPITHECUS FROM MABOKO, KENYA ............................. 45 Kathleen T. Blue, Monte L. McCrossin, and Brenda R. Benefit 5. LATE CENOZOIC MAMMALIAN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND FAUNAL CHANGE: PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF HOMINOID EVOLUTION AND DISPERSAL ........................................................... 59 Hideo Nakaya and Hiroshi Tsujikawa 6. THE AGES AND GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUNDS OF MIOCENE HOMINOIDS NACHOLAPITHECUS, SAMBURUPITHECUS, AND ORRORIN FROM KENYA ...................................................................... 71 Yoshihiro Sawada, Mototaka Saneyoshi, Katsuhiro Nakayama, Tetsuya Sakai, Tetsumaru Itaya, Masayuki Hyodo, Yogolelo Mukokya, Martin Pickford, Brigitte Senut, Satoshi Tanaka, Tadahiro Chujo, and Hidemi Ishida viii CONTENTS FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY 7. PATTERNS OF VERTICAL CLIMBING IN PRIMATES Yoshihiko Nakano, Eishi Hirasaki, and Hiroo Kumakura ........................................ 97 8. FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE MIDCARPAL JOINT IN KNUCKLE-WALKERS AND TERRESTRIAL QUADRUPEDS ....... 105 Brian G. Richmond 9. MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF RAT FEMORA TO DIFFERENT MECHANICAL ENVIRONMENTS .............................. 123 Akiyoshi Matsumura, Morihiko Okada, and Yutaka Takahashi 10. A HALLMARK OF HUMANKIND: THE GLUTEUS MAXIMUS MUSCLE: ITS FORM, ACTION, AND FUNCTION ........................... 135 Françoise K. Jouffroy and Monique F. Médina 11. PRIMATES TRAINED FOR BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION AS A MODEL FOR STUDYING THE EVOLUTION OF BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION ....................................................................................... 149 Eishi Hirasaki, Naomichi Ogihara, and Masato Nakatsukasa 12. LOCOMOTOR ENERGETICS IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES: A REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES ON BIPEDAL PERFORMING MACAQUES ............................................................................................. 157 Masato Nakatsukasa, Eishi Hirasaki, and Naomichi Ogihara 13. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION: TOWARD ELUCIDATING CORRELATIONS AMONG MUSCULOSKELETAL MORPHOLOGY, ENERGETICS, AND THE ORIGIN OF BIPEDALISM ........................................................... 167 Naomichi Ogihara and Nobutoshi Yamazaki THEORETICAL APPROACHES 14. PALEOENVIRONMENTS, PALEOECOLOGY, ADAPTATIONS AND THE ORIGINS OF BIPEDALISM IN HOMINIDAE ......................... 175 Martin Pickford 15. ARBOREAL ORIGIN OF BIPEDALISM ..................................................... 199 Brigitte Senut 16. NEONTOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EAST AFRICAN MIDDLE AND LATE MIOCENE ANTHROPOIDEA .......................................... 209 Russell H. Tuttle CONTENTS ix 17. THE PREHOMINID LOCOMOTION REFLECTED: ENERGETICS, MUSCLES, AND GENERALIZED BIPEDS ......................................... 225 Morihiko Okada 18. EVOLUTION OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF HOMINOIDS: RECONSIDERATION OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION AND THE ESTRUS SEX RATIO .............................................................................. 235 Takeshi Furuichi 19. ARE HUMAN BEINGS APES, OR ARE APES PEOPLE TOO? ................ 249 Russell H. Tuttle 20. CURRENT THOUGHTS ON TERRESTRIALIZATION IN AFRICAN APES AND THE ORIGIN OF HUMAN BIPEDALISM ...................... 259 Hidemi Ishida INDEX ..................................................................................................................... 267 HIDEMI ISHIDA: 40 YEARS OF FOOTPRINTS IN JAPANESE PRIMATOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY Masato Nakatsukasa, Yoshihiko Nakano, Yutaka Kunimatsu, Naomichi Ogihara, and Russell H. Tuttle* 1. INTRODUCTION Professor Hidemi Ishida retired from Kyoto University in March 2003. His professional academic career began in 1964 at the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Kyoto University. During the next 40 years, he contributed notably to the development of primate locomotor and paleoanthropological studies and to academic administration in several universities and scientific foundations. Before retiring from Kyoto University, Professor Ishida taught in three institutes of two universities, where he mentored 16 doctoral students (Table I): Department of Zoology and Primate Research Institute (PRI), Kyoto University
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