Urban Leftovers: Identifying and Harnessing Their Potential for the Agenda 2030 in Malmö

Urban Leftovers: Identifying and Harnessing their potential for the Agenda 2030 in Malmö

Divya Kasarabada

Main field of study - Urban Studies Degree of Master of Sciences (120 credits) in Urban Studies (Two-Year) Master Thesis, 30 credits Spring semester 2020 Supervisor: Elnaz Sarkheyli

Abstract

The planning of cities and transformation of social, political and economic structures have resulted in space of three types (figural space, open space and derived space). Derived spaces or leftover spaces are born as a by-product of the design of figural spaces and are commonly unused roof tops, or space under a flyover that is vacant, or spaces behind a building that are unattractive or a parking lot that is empty on weekends. Their nature, appearance and qualities vary from context to context. Some cities are recognizing the untapped potential of these spaces and are working towards revitalizing them. The narrative of a city can change when these spaces are incorporated into the urban fabric of the city. Malmö, as a city with so much industrial history and one in the forefront of sustainable development, is also home to many leftover spaces. These spaces could be a test ground for working towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Leftover spaces are also already being recognized for different needs such as temporary uses, artworks, tactical urbanism, environmental design. This thesis maps the types of leftover spaces in the city using different methods and suggests a typology of spaces for the city. Case study examples from Scandinavia and strategies that were inferred from them form the basis of linking these spaces to the SDGs. These leftover spaces are not ‘seen’ by the city and pose various challenges such as ownership, funding and the building traditions of Sweden. This discussion will put Malmö, Sweden and broadly Scandinavia among the other studies done on the realm of leftover spaces.

Keywords: Open spaces, leftover spaces, Malmö, Temporary use, Middle out Approach , Sustainable Development Goals, Agenda 2030

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my supervisor Elnaz Sarkheyli for guiding me through the whole process and bearing with me through all my ups and downs. Thank you for giving me all your feedback even in the time when it was not expected.

I would like to thank Karin Grundström and Fredrik Björk for their valuable feedback on Malmö and proceedings in the city.

I would also like to thank Maria Olsbäck from the Municipality of Malmö for her constant support and helping me find an amazing network of professionals working in the city. I would also like to thank Jenny Grettve and Daniel Möller for being my unofficial mentors in my journey.

I would also like to mention my friend Mihai Baicu who was always enthusiastic to discuss the challenges in my thesis. I would also like to thank Kevalin Saksiamkul for her guidance in the practicalities of the thesis. I would also like to Teerapong Sanglarpchorenkit who shares a passion for urban issues as well.

I also want to thank all my questionnaire participants for taking the time to share insights on the city. A big thanks to all my interviewees, for taking the time to share professional insights and ideas.

I must also thank all my friends who I live with, for being so understanding through my process and all my thesis mates for being a big source of motivation. A big thanks to Ridwan, Karen, Bibiana and Nneka.

Last but not the least, I would also like to thank my family, who have been so supportive in my journey. A huge thanks to my mother and sister Priyanka Ivatury for being my unofficial co supervisors.

I have had so much help in these past few months, and it would not have been possible without all these wonderful people in my life who have wanted nothing but the best for me. A heartfelt thanks to all of them.

Table of Contents

Abstract 1 Acknowledgements 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Tables 6 List of Figures 6 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research Problem 2 1.3 Aim of Study 4 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Previous Research 5 1.6 Disposition 6 2. Methodology and Methods 8 2.1 Methodology 8 2.2 Research Approach 8 2.2.1 Case study approach 8 2.3 Research Design 9 2.3.1. Preliminary Mapping and Photo Mapping 9 2.3.2 Semi-structured Interviews 11 2.3.3 Questionnaire and participant mapping 12 2.4 Research Analysis 13 2.4.1 Thematic Analysis 13 3. Theoretical Background 14 3.1 Space 14 3.1.1 Derived Space 14 3.1.2 Space and urban life 15 3.2 Different terms and their definitions 16 3.3 Different categorization of leftover spaces 26 3.3.1 Establishment of the term to be used 30 3.4. Brief history of leftover spaces 31 3.5 Uses of Leftover Spaces 32 3.5.1 Formal Uses 33 3.5.2 Informal Uses 33 3.5.3 Temporary Use 34

3. 6 Global Emergence 37 3.6.1 Agenda 2030 38 3.6.2 SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities) and synergies 39 3.6.3 Sustainable ways of using leftover spaces 39

4. Subject of the Study 41 4.1 Malmö 41 4.2 Spaces Within 43 4.3 Spaces outside 45 4.3.1 Spaces on top: Living room in the sky 45 Rooftop Discussions: 45 Current usage of roofs in Malmö 45 P-hus or Parking House 47 Rooftops of Bus stops 50 Roof projects around in Scandinavia 51 4.3.2 Spaces underneath 56 Underpasses 57 4.3.3. Spaces Amongst 60 Rails and trails - railways to greenways 61 Parking lots 65 Harbor Peripheries 67 Industrial areas 68 5. Empirical Analysis and Findings 72 5.1 What are the typologies of leftover spaces in Malmö? 72 5.1.1 Preliminary mapping 72 5.1.2 Questionnaire: 73 5.1.3 Interviews: 77 5.2: How can these leftover spaces be used in Malmö? 79 5.2.1 Case study approach: 79 5.2.2 Questionnaire 81 5.2.3 Interviews: 87 5.3: How do their uses respond to Agenda 2030? 89

6. Discussion and Conclusions 98 6.1: What are the typologies of leftover spaces in Malmö? 98 6.2: How can these leftover spaces be used in Malmö? 100 6.3: How do their uses respond to Agenda 2030? 101 6.4. Further research and recommendations 102 6.5. Limitations 103 6.6 Final Remarks 104 7.References 106

8.Appendix 120 Appendix 1 : Semi structured questionnaire for interviews with professionals 120 Appendix 1.1 : Respondent 1 : Åke Hesslekrans’s Interview Summary (Own creation). 122 Appendix 1.2 Respondent 2 : Christian Röder’s Interview summary (Own Creation) 124 Appendix 1.3 : Respondent 3 Gustav Nässlander’s interview summary (Own creation) 125 : 126 Appendix 1.4 : Respondent 4 : Fredrik Björk interview summary (own creation) 127 Appendix 1. 5 Respondent 5 : Jenny Grettve interview summary (own creation) 128 Appendix 1.6 Respondent 6 : Gustav Aulin, interview summary (Own creation) 129 Appendix 1.7 : Maria Hellström Reimer, Interview summary (Own creation) 131 Appendix 1.8 : Elin Hassleberg interview summary (Own creation) 132 Appendix 1.9 Veronika Hoffmann interview summary (Own Creation) 133 Appendix 2. Digital questionnaire for participants. 134 Appendix 3. Coding exercise in the questionnaire for “What spaces come to mind when you see the term leftover spaces?” 137 Appendix 4. Coding exercise for questionnaire (What kinds of spaces are most likely to lose their present function?) 139 Appendix 5. Benefits of green roofs and their impacts on SDGs. 142 142 Appendix 6 . Sample answers from the questionnaire. Source : Author. 144 Appendix 7 : Participant mapping of spaces that will lose their function. 144

List of Tables

Table 1. List of interviewees and their profiles. 11 Table 2. List of authors and the terms with their definitions and categorisation at a glance. 17 Table 3. List of adjectives and examples of spaces from Trancik (1986). 2 Table 4. Different categorization from authors at a glance. 25 Table 5. Typology of Leftover Spaces in Malmö 72 Table 6. Categorization of terms used to describe leftover spaces by participants. 73 Table 7. List of the leftover types from the questionnaire. 74 Table 8. Leftover spaces identified by interviewees. 77 Table 9. Summary of strategies for leftover spaces in Malmö 79 Table 10. Participant responses to thoughts on their identified leftover spaces. 81 Table.11. Summary of strategies and types from participants. 85 Table 12(a). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Social, SDG 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,11,16) 89 Table 12(b). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Economic, SDG 8,9,10,12,17) 92 Table 12(c). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Environmental, SDG 13,14,15) 94 Table 12 (d). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. 95

List of Figures

Figure 1. Conceptual representation of problem formulation. 4 Figure 2: Maps of selected neighborhoods along railroads in Malmö. 8 Figure 3. Different terms used for this type of space at a glance. 16 Figure 4. Sustainable Development Goals at a glance. 38

Figure 5. Representation of categories of Leftover Spaces in Malmö. 42 Figure 6. Interior of the garage in Wichita, which is now apartments. 43 Figure 7. Uses of rooftops in Malmö. 46 Figure 8. Map of P-hus in Malmö as of 2020. 47 Figure 9. Rooftops of P-hus in Malmö around the city. 48 Figure 10. Example of use of the roof parking structure. 49 Figure 11. Typical bus stop in the city of Malmö with measurements. 50 Figure 12. Left: Sodermalm Apartments, Stockholm. Right: Tak for mat, Oslo. 51 Figure 13. Kajodlingen. 52 Figure 14. Urban Rigger in Copenhagen showing the three uses of a roof space - solar, green and social. 53 Figure 15. Left: ØsterGro, Copenhagen (ØsterGro, n.d.) Right: 8 House, Copenhagen (8 House / BIG, 2010) 54 Figure 16. Map of “Spaces underneath” in Malmö 55 Figure 17. Leftover spaces: underneath 56 Figure 18. “Tunnelen” in Ammerud, Norway. Conversation of disused underpass. 57 Figure 19. Nobel Tunnel in Malmö 57 Figure 20. Malmö Centralen Tunnel. 58 Figure 21. Leftover spaces: Spaces around 59 Figure 22. Leftover spaces: “Spaces around “i.e spaces outside buildings. 60 Figure 23. Mapping of Existing rail lines in the city of Malmö 61 Figure 24. Example of reusing railways in Taiwan. 62 Figure 25. Map of parking lots on ground. 63 Figure 26. Parking lots in Malmö 64 Figure 27. Vast empty green spaces in Malmö 65 Figure 28. Mapping analysis of Kirseberg 67 Figure. 29. Mapping analysis of Nyhamnen 69 Figure 30. Existing examples from the city of Malmö of uses of certain so called ‘leftover spaces. 70 Figure 31. Participant mapping from the questionnaire “leftover spaces” 74 Figure 32. Summary of all answers from interviewees. 76 Figure 32. Method of creating the final table. Source: Author. 87 Figure 33. Categorization of the SDGs. 88 Figure 34. Type of Leftover spaces in Malmö Malmö Inside and Outside of a built structure (Top of a built structure, under a built structure and around/amongst/in-between built structures) 97

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

Cities are complex systems (Batty, 2008). They are organisms or ecosystems with metabolisms. Cities are hubs of innovation, creativity, and prosperity. They are also home to millions. Cities comprise a variety of infrastructure, public services, and buildings housing various functions. Cities are made of masses and voids. Between these built and designed masses lay spaces that are positive and negative (Peterson, 1980). Positive spaces are primarily recreational spaces that may or may not be public necessarily. When they are designed, they create structures like parks, public libraries, and water bodies. Hence public spaces are a part of these so-called positive spaces. According to (UN-Habitat, 2015), 'public spaces' are the spaces between buildings that are open to the public and are primarily of three kinds: (i) Streets and pedestrian access, (ii) open and green spaces (parks, plazas, water bodies, waterfronts) and (iii) public facilities like libraries, community centers, markets. It is known that these spaces contribute to the functioning of a city, its wellbeing, and livability, including social interactions, urban health, labor markets, and the urban environment (Kher Kaw, Lee, & Wahba, 2020).

The focus of this thesis is on negative spaces. These spaces are empty and unoccupied but accessible to the public. It includes informal green spaces, vacant lots, playgrounds, free parking lots, spaces behind or in-between buildings or on top. Negative spaces are commonly known as "lost spaces," "leftover spaces," or "urban voids," and many more in academia. The nature of negative spaces varies from city to city, depending on the degree of urbanization. When their presence is not recognised and continued to be neglected in a city, it can result in social, economic, and even environmental problems for the city (Omar & Saeed, 2019).

Urban planners and architects of the world are becoming more aware of the vast array of opportunities these urban negatives hold for the communities in which they exist. It is noted that open spaces can provide environmental, social, and economic benefits to the community directly or indirectly (Campbell, 2001). Numerous studies in this discourse on "lost/ negative spaces" have focused on identifying and using these spaces to benefit the community. Being a space with no defined function, it is free and hence holds room for opportunities. It holds the potential to be reshaped and redefined as users feel fit (Hudson & Shaw, 2011). While there is a discussion of these kinds of spaces worldwide, this thesis will focus on the city of Malmö in southern Sweden.

1.2 Research Problem

Negative or leftover spaces are thus part of the urban fabric of cities across the world. In many cities, they continue to go unidentified and remain neglected; they are being identified as an asset in some cities. For example, the High Line (New York) is the most famous example of revitalizing a leftover structure. According to academia, leftover spaces are also prevalent in post-industrial cities (Doron, 2006; Accordino & Johnson, 2005). Malmö is also a post-industrial city and has many structures and spaces that reminisce history. As a recent sustainability pioneer, the city is yet to recognize the untapped potential and harm of not using these spaces. These spaces can serve environmental, social, and economic purposes (Campbell, 2001), among many others. If these spaces' opportunity is not explored, these spaces can also cause issues for a city on different levels. In some cases, they can become the cause of lowering property values and lowering the urban environment quality (Wang, Xiang & Luo, 2010). They can also be responsible for the deterioration of an entire area, especially if there are dilapidated buildings. According to Omar & Saeed (2019), natural, functional, political, economic, planning and design, and cultural factors are responsible for the creation of leftover spaces. 1. Natural factors refer to geographical factors such as land features that create spaces of no defined shape that cannot be used in any way. 2. Political factors include the lack of decision-making, lack of coordination between decision-makers and stakeholders, or inefficient land use and land management policies. Sometimes even wars can result in abandoned portions of the city. 3. Functional factors, on the other hand, refers to the change in functions or land use. The functional factor is primarily associated with post-industrialism or the decline of the industrial component of a city. For example, spaces under bridges or rail lines, edges, or the spaces along highways, abandoned rail yards. 4. Economic factors are those related to urban changes and a shift in the economic scenario. The decrease in property values results in the abandonment of properties or buildings. 5. Planning and design factors refer to the modern movement of design, towards the design of buildings in isolation from their surroundings. This resulted in a neglect of the open spaces outside buildings. 6. Lastly, cultural factors involve the development of technology and economic growth and reliance on automobiles and suburbanization. Hence this decreased the use of specific spaces in the city center combined with the creation of road infrastructures supported suburbanisation.

Problem of Sustainable Development

As traced above, there are different reasons for which negative spaces occur in cities. In most cases, it is a combination of these different factors that create them. Negative spaces can be seen

both in a good and bad light. If not addressed, their presence can result in social, economic, and environmental problems (Omar & Saeed, 2019). The Brundtland Report in 1987 from the World Commission Environment and Development(UN) defined the idea 'sustainable development' as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This framework also suggests that progress is sustainable only when it simultaneously addresses the social, economic, and environmental aspects. Hence this is an issue of sustainable development. 1. Social problems refer to the informal usage of these spaces. This includes becoming a space of criminal or illegal activities, such as graffiti and drugs. These spaces also tend to become a trash dump or a space for the homeless (Rahmann & Jonas, 2011). 2. Economic problems refer to the decline of property values. Sometimes, leftover spaces can result in an overall decline in the urban quality of a neighborhood or part of a city. For example, the presence of dilapidated, abandoned buildings in parts of a city can stigmatize the neighborhood and decrease property values. 3. Environmental problems include health risks and visual pollution (Omar & Saeed, 2019). As mentioned above, sometimes leftover spaces house garbage. This, combined with the lack of maintenance of this area, can result in health risks and a decline in the urban quality.

While this can be the downside of negative spaces in a city, it is also found by research that revitalizing them can bring environmental, social, aesthetic, historical and cultural, visual, and aesthetic value to a city (Omar & Saeed, 2019). However, the benefits of using negative spaces are numerous due to their flexible nature (Pluta, 2017). As an “empty” space, the city can use these spaces for multiple functions at different points of time. The use of space is not only to be linked to an investor but are also for the public and other local needs. It is common for the city to sell these so-called damaged or unappealing land plots to developers, and these projects typically do not reflect the needs/wants of society around (Pluta, 2017). Pluta (2017) discusses that these open and empty spaces can serve better purposes than such forms of development, and its revitalization does not require ‘development’ projects. This author also focuses on the ‘emptiness’ of these spaces and how it facilitates new functions. Emptiness brings adaptability, and hence this must be used to create a combination of different functions. These benefits are being realized across the world by revitalizing negative spaces in different ways. As urbanization occurs, the city expands into its hinterland using untouched landscapes while leaving these negative spaces within the city behind and potentially untapped into. From the Comprehensive plan of Malmö ( Malmö Stad, 2015), it is interestingly found that the city aims to focus on this as well. One of the city’s strategies is to create a ‘green, dense, mixed-function city’; under this, the city intends to use inward densification to achieve this. The strategy states that the city aims to expand within the outermost ring. Hence a study such as this would help the Municipality of Malmö identify and assess their unused spaces that have potential.

Along with this strategy, the Municipality of Malmö is also working extensively on sustainable development. The city has seen the municipality, businesses, food, products, and many different organizations align their work towards the Global goals ever since its introduction. With the global emergence on the rise, more elements of our urban lives are being relooked at through the lens of sustainable development and the Agenda 2030. With this idea in mind, urban planning and design are also being shaped accordingly, and hence the new found potential of leftover spaces offers another means of working towards the Agenda 2030. Thus, the thesis does not focus on the prevention of leftover spaces but instead on how to turn them into an asset in working towards sustainable development. This is because it has been found that leftover spaces have been a space of opportunity for brownfield development (Németh & Langhorst, 2014) and also facilitated the creation of open and green spaces in dense cities. It has also been found that leftover spaces can bring homeowners, community, realty developers, and others together to address the negative externalities. Using the potential and benefits found in research, there is a possibility to direct the use of leftover spaces towards the Agenda 2030.

1.3 Aim of Study

This thesis aims to explore three areas on the discussion of leftover spaces. Firstly, the existence of leftover spaces in the city of Malmö, their different types, and the challenges of working with these spaces. To do so, the study uses qualitative and visual methods. Secondly, the study aims to find different ways of using these spaces applicable in the context of Malmö. To do so, the thesis uses a case study approach. Thirdly, the thesis's final aim is to recognize the benefit of using leftover spaces through the lens of the Agenda 2030 due to the importance of sustainable development in urban studies.

Figure 1 Conceptual representation of problem formulation.

Source: Author.

1.4 Research Questions The following are the research questions based on the research problem.

1.4.1: What are the typologies of leftover spaces in Malmö? 1.4.2: How can these leftover spaces be used in Malmö? 1.4.3: How do their uses respond to Agenda 2030?

1.5 Previous Research

First, space has been extensively discussed by Lefebvre(1991) and Peterson(1980). The study of leftover spaces and spaces alike has been conducted by different authors such as Trancik(1986),

Doron(2006), Abraham & Ariela (2010), Winterbottom(2000), Narayanan (2012), (Jeong, Hwangand & Lee, 2015), Azhar and Gjerde(2016). These researchers attempt to add to the discourse of lost spaces using different terminologies such as urban voids, leftover spaces, vacant spaces. Trancik (1986) wrote a book and detailed the story of leftover spaces in American cities. His book is used as the most common reference when it comes to studying these types of spaces. Jeong et al. (2015) discussed urban voids in the city of Seoul in South Korea. Azhar and Gjerde(2016) in New Zealand and Winterbottom (2000) in Seattle. This paper detailed examples of projects in the city where leftover spaces were converted into space for people. Laguerre (1994) discusses the everyday uses of leftover spaces in cities, and Steuteville (2014) discusses placemaking as a tool for urban transformation. Hamelin (2016) also outlines different ways of revitalizing urban leftovers. Németh & Langhorst (2014) and Verdelli (2016) discuss the benefits of using temporary use on leftover spaces. While establishing the conventional methods of using leftover spaces, Azhar & Gjerde (2016A) explore how to use them for environmental benefits. This study is vital to establish the use of leftover spaces for sustainable development. Presently there is no such research conducted for the Swedish city of Malmö and broadly Scandinavia. This thesis will add Malmö to discourse on lost spaces of a post-industrial context by identifying a typology of these spaces and suggesting strategies of harnessing these spaces for sustainable urban development or the Agenda 2030.

1.6 Disposition

The next chapter will begin with space and its different types. The position of leftover spaces will be established from the different definitions in academia by different authors. Following this, different typologies of leftover spaces from different authors will be outlined to show the different ways of categorizing these spaces based on the context. This section will then go on to discuss different ways of using leftover spaces. Lastly, the link between leftover spaces and sustainable development will discuss Agenda 2030 and the sustainability aspect of these spaces. The third chapter is the Methodology and methods. Here the chapter will begin with the choice of methods and the relevance they hold for the thesis. Each method will be discussed along with its limitations and validity. The research approach as a case study will be explained, followed by visual methods such as the preliminary mapping and photo mapping. The research uses thematic analysis. The fourth section is about the subject of the study, Malmö. The section will also outline the typologies of leftover spaces in detail. Here photo mapping method and preliminary mapping will share its findings to give readers a context of Malmö and the leftover spaces the city has. Case studies relevant to each leftover space type are discussed using images and their description to identify similarities and their relevance to the city of Malmö. The case studies are used to draw on strategies that could be applied to the leftovers in Malmö. The fifth section will present the findings along with the analysis. This includes the findings from the interviews, and questionnaires are structured according to the research questions.

The sixth section will discuss the findings concerning the theories and the research question, limitations, and pointers for further research, and finally, conclude with recommendations and final remarks.

2. Methodology and Methods

2.1 Methodology The study's aim is threefold; there is a need to use different methods that would complement one another to answer the three research questions. Firstly, for the typologies of leftover spaces in Malmö it was necessary to conduct a preliminary mapping and photographic mapping in combination with gathering professionals' opinions and inhabitants' perceptions. Thus, helping formulate a discussion that is much more informed and holistic. Secondly, to answer the question about the uses of leftover spaces, it was essential to discuss projects that have already accomplished this. Moreover, if these projects are in the Scandinavian context, it would add more relatability and feasibility to Malmö cases. Thirdly to discuss the role of leftover spaces in the Agenda 2030, this link is established from the case study approach. The primary type of research used in this study is qualitative instead of quantitative. This is due to the need for descriptive means to explain the findings rather than numbers. The nature of the research questions stated earlier are descriptive based on the words used in the questions (what, how). Due to the descriptive nature, and the aim of the thesis data needs to be gathered from multiple sources, hence professionals and inhabitants are needed to be spoken with. Their inputs are valuable due to their contact with the proceedings in the city and their experience in their respective field and familiarity. This would help adding to the descriptive nature of the research questions.

2.2 Research Approach

2.2.1 Case study approach

To address the second research question about strategies for revitalizing leftover spaces, there is a need to look for projects that use these spaces and for relatability projects from Scandinavia. The preposition to find relevant case studies was to check if the case used a leftover space. For each type of leftover space, projects that resemble the spaces in Malmö were searched for. This would help show the different ways of using leftover spaces, thus allowing a reader to see the feasibility of the strategies. Hence the qualitative and exploratory form of case study is found to be suitable (Baxter & Jack, 2008). The case studies need to be descriptive and supported by images for the reader's understanding. This helps examine a real-life situation and thus extract strategies.

2.3 Research Design To answer the first research question about the types of leftover spaces in Malmö and the strategies to be suggested, it was necessary to employ a combination of methods to build a holistic discussion. To inform oneself about the types of leftover spaces in the city, a preliminary mapping was conducted along with photo mapping. Both these methods helped along the way and supported the interviews' and questionnaires' frame. The research approach is also a mix of inductive and deductive approaches to answer the three research questions. The first question uses an inductive approach while the second and third questions use deductive. Inductive theory is used for developing the vagueness of the definitions used in academia, and for the development of a theory specific to Malmö (Bryman, 2012). At the same time deductive is relevant due to the need to test out the theories from different authors and the different typologies suggested by different authors (Bryman, 2012). Deductive theory is used due to the need to observe and draw conclusions from different case examples and their benefits.

Data gathering methods:

The visual methods would help a person who is not familiar with the city of Malmö understand the character of the city and space itself. The findings are presented as a QGIS map.

2.3.1. Preliminary Mapping and Photo Mapping To inform oneself of the city and kinds of spaces, a preliminary mapping was conducted. There are two types of maps: topographical and topological maps (Xin, n.d.). Topographical maps are detailed and represent the landscape by the use of contour lines, including surroundings and their details. Topological maps are simplified to show vital information and remove details that are considered unnecessary. The research used a combination of the two due to the information needed to be displayed.

Due to the time and scope of the thesis, it was not possible to map the whole city. Trancik (1986) mentions that lost spaces are evident along waterfronts, highways, and railroads. This formulated the selection criteria to limit the scope of the thesis, given the time constraint. Selection criteria for mapping and analysis

● Identifying significant roadways, railroads, and waterfronts ● Identifying areas adjacent to major roadways, railroads, and waterfronts ● Identifying areas that are underdeveloped, developing and to be developed

Figure 2. Maps of selected neighborhoods along railroads in Malmö.

Source: Author, QGIS

The map above highlights the neighborhoods of Nyhamnen, Östra Hamnen, Kirseberg, Persborg based on the selection criteria devised based on Trancik(1987). Nyhamnen is a waterfront industrial neighborhood, Ostra Hamen is the neighborhood with the rail lines, Kirseberg is both a post industrial and railway neighborhood, lastly Persborg is semi industrial as well, with the rail line passing through. To identify spaces, Peterson(1980) provides a definition of derived spaces as one that is formed based on the design of ‘figural’ space. This will be explained in the theoretical background. This definition was used to identify leftover spaces.

Their locations were pointed out on the map to show their numbers in the city. Upon observation, the hand-drawn mapping was fine-tuned on QGIS to be presentable. An Excel sheet of the place's name, postal code, and X, Y coordinates( https://rl.se/rt90) was fed into the QGIS map. The results are presented in chapter four. This was combined with photographic mapping to capture their appearance in Malmö. This mapping informed the questions that were formulated for interviews with professionals (Appendix 1). This method also shapes the structure of chapter four in the thesis.

2.3.2 Semi-structured Interviews

The qualitative research methods were used to gather information expressed in words as this would help understanding how professionals perceive leftover spaces in Malmö. This method is suitable for the thesis as it was necessary to know how the Municipality is dealing with the identified leftovers in the city. The professionals would share their experiences of being involved in such projects and their thoughts on strategies of using leftover spaces.

Participants involved those who work with the Municipality, architects in the city, professors. Five of the interviewees are working with the Municipality in different departments, one from SGRI (Scandinavian Green Roof Institute), two are affiliated with the University, and lastly, an architect. A total of 9 interviews. A list of questions was prepared based on preliminary mapping conducted in the city, and the understanding gathered from the literature review. The questions prepared can be found in Appendix 2. Five of the interviewees are males and four females. All nine of the interviewees were approached via emails. Some interviewees themselves gave some of the other interviewee's contacts. All interviews were conducted on Zoom due to the pandemic and not in person. Each interview was recorded for ease during transcription upon consent.

Sl.no Name Profile Organization

1 Åke Hesslekrans Architect at City Malmö Stad Planning office

2 Christian Röder Real estate Malmö Stad department

3 Gustav Aulin Landscape Architect Malmö Stad

4 Gustav Nässlander Consultant SGRI

5 Fredrik Björk Professor and Malmö University Historian

6 Jenny Grettve Architect Independent Architect

7 Maria Hellström Professor and Malmö University Reimer researcher in design theory and practice

8 Veronika Hoffmann Process manager Malmö Stad

9 Elin Hassleberg Working with SDGs Malmö Stad in Sofielund

Table 1. List of interviewees and their profiles. Source: Author.

2.3.3 Questionnaire and participant mapping

A questionnaire was sent to up to thirty participants, along with a digital map of Malmö, for participants to mark the spaces they associate with and share their perceptions.The digital questionnaire was chosen over a face-to-face questionnaire due to the pandemic and restriction of social interactions. There was no need for an in-depth discussion and only to gather many opinions quickly. This data gathered will be presented in detail in the empirical findings chapter and can be useful for one who would like to work with leftover spaces in the city of Malmö. The questionnaire was formulated on Google Forms with a link to a Google Map to mark places of the participant's choice. It took about four weeks to complete responses and analysis began after collecting twenty responses. The broad themes of the questionnaire are - defining leftover spaces and identifying them, describing ways of changing these spaces, and lastly, spaces in the city that will lose their present function. Questions included an open-ended interpretation of the understanding of the term "leftover spaces," naming the spaces that come to mind when thinking of this term, along with describing ways of changing the chosen space. The respondents were chosen based on their activeness in exploring the city and awareness of different spaces, and if they have resided in the city for at least a year. The age groups range from 22-36.

While a questionnaire can be efficient and straightforward, it can be a challenge as the researcher is not present to help with interpreting questions (Bryman, 2012). Hence simplified questions that prompt one to write a paragraph answer were chosen. A few limitations include the inability to ask further questions to the respondents, appropriateness of the questionnaire to all respondents, which could result in either irrelevant or partially completed answers (Bryman, 2012). It was chosen to stop sending the questionnaire out due to the limited responses. Despite sending the questionnaire to 30 participants, only twenty-two responded. Two of those 22 responses were considered incomplete and partially answered and hence were not used in the analysis.

2.4 Research Analysis

2.4.1 Thematic Analysis

This thesis uses thematic analysis to study the data gathered in the interviews and questionnaires. Liu (2020) uses five steps to analyze the data (1) Data organization, (2) Identification of ideas and concepts — coding (3) Building overarching themes (4) Generating findings (5) Confirm findings.

All nine interviews were transcribed manually. Each interview was simplified into a mind map (Appendix 1.1). The data organization and coding were done manually, as well. Key phrases and topics were identified from the transcription (Silverman, 2015). The repetition of topics and keywords resulted in themes and, thus, the technique's validity and reliability. Silverman (2015) suggests organizing codes into themes for structural purposes. The themes are chosen based on focus areas of the thesis, such as "leftover spaces," "challenges of using leftover spaces," "uses." The research question topics were also used as a basis to generate themes. Thematic analysis has helped summarize the key findings from the extensive data set gathered (Nowell et al., 2017). Findings from the questionnaire are also added to the themes generated from the manual coding exercise. This helped to develop a more holistic discussion of the findings.

3. Theoretical Background

In this section, an attempt has been made to define space and negative space. This discourse establishes the presence of leftover spaces in cities. The section will then attempt to focus on leftover spaces and their different definitions and typologies from different authors. The different ways of using leftover spaces are discussed, followed by the global emergence of sustainable development.

3.1 Space

3.1.1 Derived Space

Before defining leftover spaces and their qualities, it is imperative to define space itself. For this thesis, this section will explain the concepts of space that come into place when understanding the realm of leftover spaces in cities. Space is a concept and term that has fascinated humanity for a long time. Space was associated with volume, geometry, and form, but as the decades went by with anti-space introduction, the meaning of space also changed (Peterson, 1980). At this very time, space was being recognized as one of the main objects of architecture. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, space directly translates to 'time' or 'duration' and 'area' or 'extension' (Patricios, 1973). Peterson (1980) discusses the different conceptions of space. Space is understood to be a 'free' entity in nature; it is found everywhere. It is also conceived as abstract, continuous, vast, and has no form. Peterson (1980) also shares Arnhem's notion of space as something that exists even in the absence of objects, as it goes beyond the objects in it. Space is also seen to exist best in its natural state, but there has been a need to capture it and shape it according to one's own needs. Peterson (1980) explains this notion with the example of walls and furniture, causing a break in the natural state of space. He also compares space to nature and how they should be subjected to limited influence from man to maintain a balance. According to Peterson (1980), there are two basic notions of space. These notions are opposite in nature. He calls them space and anti-space, similar to the logic behind matter and antimatter.

"Anti-space is undifferentiated, formless, infinite, universal, singular, and continuous. Space is differentiated, formed, finite multiple, and discontinuous. Space, by definition, will be obliterated by the presence of Anti-space".

Peterson (1980)

In an interview, Peterson states that there are three types of space that are experienced (López-Marcos, 2017), namely – 1. Man-Made space 'figural space' is closed and formed (exterior piazzas, interior rooms, street corridors) or what he describes as positive space. 2. Natural space or 'open continuous space' is unformed, surrounding, or background space (parks, landscapes, oceans, sky, the earth is seen from the moon). 3. Derivative space is formed as a support to the design of figural space. Peterson defines this space as a leftover space, an in-between zone, or what he calls a negative space.

In Peterson's (1980) article, he also describes negative and positive space. He describes negative space as the space between walls. He explains the difference between the two spaces using plans of historic buildings. Using a French word for pocket called poché, he says when the wall is solid, it is poché (positive space), and if it is hollow inside and can be accessed, it is a 'habitable Poche' (negative space). Peterson explains that the city's negative spaces include residual areas within blocks, backyards, and irregular pieces of land. In contrast, urban spaces such as streets, squares, public spaces are considered positive volumes of figural spaces or positive entities.

This categorization is relevant to the thesis as Peterson's definition of a derived space is what is in this study's interest. He talks about this negative space: 'residual' and 'hidden' and a 'by-product' of the built environment as an essential component in architecture (López-Marcos, 2017). The terms residual, by-product, derivative imply the dependence on a planned structure. Thus it means residual spaces do not exist on their own.

3.1.2 Space and urban life

Lefebvre's work on space brings out its importance when experiencing and practicing social life (Zieleniec, 2018). His work emphasizes the need for a shift in focus on space from being an abstract entity to one where life and social practices create different meanings and values. According to Lefebvre, space is not only a naturally occurring material or void that is waiting to be filled with objects/contents, but it also has a social dimension. He also talks about the production of space occurring as a result of society working to meet its needs and wants. This happens for the sake of social cohesion, functional capabilities, and maintaining political power and control (Zieleniec, 2018). Space has also been used under the pretext of capitalism; where production and consumption are organized. Hence Lefebvre also refers to space as a 'material product,' a medium of capitalism and interactions between people/ people and objects. According to the above discourse, it is understood that these different types of spaces are used in different ways and have different implications on urban life and cities.

This thesis is particularly interested in the derived spaces of Malmö , its nature and implications on urban life. The following section will discuss the different studies conducted on these so-called 'derived' spaces and their types in cities.

3.2 Different terms and their definitions

It is observed that the most used terms for these spaces are void, gap, lost, and leftover in academia. Before the academic definitions are studied, the following definitions are taken from the Merriam -Webster dictionary to understand their fundamental meaning -

1. Void means "containing nothing," "empty space," "not occupied," "not inhabited." "the quality or state of being without something." (Void, n.d) 2. Gaps are a "a separation in space," "a break in continuity." 3. Lost is defined as "obscured or overlooked during a process or activity," "not made use of," and "ruined or destroyed physically or morally." 4. Leftover is defined as "something that remains unused and still exists," "remainder,"

These dictionary definitions will be useful towards the end when concluding the general definition of these spaces. Below is an image of the different terms used in academia for the family of these spaces followed by their definitions from different authors.

Figure 3. Different terms used for this type of space at a glance

Source: Author.

Table 2. List of authors and the terms with their definitions and categorization at a glance. Source: Author.

"Vacant urban land" (Northam, 1971)

The geographer, Northam, first used the term to describe abandoned lands, residual, small-sized, and irregular pieces of land with physical restrictions, such as steep declines and flood hazards. Vacant urban lands are usually found in 'transitional areas' and hold potential for future uses (Northam 1971, 345–346)

"Lost spaces" (Trancik, 1986) Roger Trancik, in Finding Lost Space, discusses these spaces using the term "lost spaces." They are defined as "undesirable urban areas," "ill-defined." These spaces lack physical borders. According to Trancik (1986), these spaces were created due to road systems and land-use changes. Lost spaces include abandoned railroad sites, empty factory areas, outdoor parking lots, residual in-between spaces. The following table shares the author's adjectives for describing different identified "lost spaces" in American cities.

Table 3. List of adjectives and examples of spaces from Trancik (1986). Source: Author.

"Waste space" (Lynch, 1990) Waste space is defined as a space leftover with no value due to production or consumption-related activities.

"TOADS" (Greenberg, M. R., Popper, F. J., & West, B. M.,1990)

Temporarily Obsolete Abandoned Derelict Sites or TOADS are defined as unused pieces of land scattered and vary in shape and size. Some sites may have the presence of an abandoned structure or are just vacant lots. TOADS are no longer in productive use, but some form of treatment is required to change this and reuse them.

"Residual land" (Winterbottom, 2000)

Winterbottom (2000) uses a standard dictionary and the definition from Trancik (1986) to explain residual spaces. This study of residual spaces is conducted in the context of a neighborhood called Fremont in Seattle.

"Derelict land" (Doron, 2006)

According to Doron (2006), the term "derelict land" invokes a feeling of an unattractive piece of land. It is often that appearance or aesthetics is used as a factor to identify these spaces. These spaces are seen as harming the built environment due to their lack of designated function (Doron,2008).

"Vacant land" (Doron, 2006)

"Vacant land is land that is now vacant and could be redeveloped without treatment, where treatment includes any of the following: demolition, clearing of structures or foundations, and leveling."

Doron (2006) emphasizes the broadness and vagueness of the definition. Vacant land does not imply a vacant piece of land. It can also have structurally sound buildings, unlike the definition of open spaces provided earlier. The vacancy is temporal, which is neither 'physical nor

occupational.' While vacant land is not empty as such, it can be devoid of the presence of humans.

"Urban voids" (Abraham & Ariela, 2010)

According to Abraham & Ariela (2010), these spaces are found outside of common urban spaces, in other words - periphery. They can occur because of planned projects as a space left behind, unthought-of, or unaccounted for in the planning process.

"Leftover spaces" (Qamaruz-Zaman et al.,2012)

In this article, leftover spaces are explained as the spaces that occur next to planned development. These spaces could be along or below transport-related infrastructures such as highways or railways. These spaces are undeveloped and are commonly publicly owned or 'no man's land' such as abandoned old building yards and dockyards.

“Urban Voids” (Narayanan,2012)

Based on the definition of void meaning 'being without,' an urban void can be viewed as space without 'permeability' and 'public realm.' This refers to space not having any social or physical barriers.

"Brownfield sites" (Perović, S., & Kurtović-Folić, N.,2012), (Tanja, 2018, p. 216)

Brownfield was a term first used in the United States in 1992 (Perović et al., 2012). Its definitions vary, and it is shaped according to its context.

The definition from the United States- Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 1997:

"Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or under-utilized industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination." ( U.S. EPA.,2003)

"Terrain vague" (De Sola-Morales, 2013)

Terrain vague is defined by De Sola-Morales (2013) in Europe as undefined and empty spaces that have inherent potential.

"Liminal Spaces" (Shortt, 2015)

These spaces refer to the spaces at the edge or on the "border." Liminal space is characterized as space on the frontier, space 'in between.' It is also a space 'on the border of two prevalent spaces,' which is not part of either (Shortt, 2015) (Dale and Burrell, 2008: 238).

"Urban voids" (Jonas & Rahmann, 2015).

According to Jonas & Rahmann (2015), urban voids are both gaps and leftover buffer zones. They do not have any functions or boundaries. They are viewed as unsafe and are also home to illegal activities. Their study is based in Tokyo, Japan.

"Urban Voids" (Jeong, Hwangand & Lee, 2015)

Jeong, Hwangand & Lee(2015) use the term "urban voids" for these leftover spaces and state that these spaces in the city and, in particular, the ones in residential areas have the potential to be "recycled, re-powered, re-densified, reformed and integrated with green technologies." The definition provided in their article is- "unused, underused or currently used with potential for better use."

"Leftover spaces and In-between spaces" (Azhar and Gjerde,2016)

This article uses the definition from (Rahmann & Jonas, 2015) to explain leftover spaces - as an ephemeral object, a site, and a possible future.

"Interstitial spaces" (Wall, n.d)

Interstitial spaces are small, irregular spaces that are enclosed (Wall, n.d). They are typically found between, under, and over large infrastructural forms and are enclosed on at least one side by transportation, power, water, or communications-related infrastructure. Aesthetically interstitial spaces are unattractive and disconnected 'islands' in the city.

From the above introduction to the various definitions provided by research from around the world, it is evident that all these authors speak of the same type of space due to the synonymous adjectives. From all the definitions above, the authors describe this space through two perspectives - their usage and their spatial/physical qualities. Terms such as disused, misused, unused, underused, lack of function, vacant are all the terms that explain their usage. Terms such as irregular shapes, odd-shaped, no boundaries, ill-defined, border or periphery, residual unattractive, found under or between infrastructures speak of similar aesthetics.

3.3 Different categorization of leftover spaces

As a concept, typology is part of the urban studies realm (Foroughmand Araabi, 2016). While typology refers to the 'study and theory of types and classification systems' (Lang, 2005), it is said that the term 'typology' itself is vague (Foroughmand Araabi, 2016). However, a system of classification is meant to make sense of the proceedings of the world. Typology as a concept is highly relevant when studying similarities and differences between objects or phenomena. Due to this reason, this thesis suggests a typology of leftover spaces to group both similar types of spaces and separate the different ones.

Table 4. Different categorization from authors at a glance. Source: Author.

From the table, the following discussion will explain each categorization in some detail to show the contextual nature of these typologies.

TOADS (Greenberg, M. R., Popper, F. J., & West, B. M.,1990)

This research on TOADS suggested three types based on American cities- (1) Once productive and valued They were once productive and valued but become TOADS due to being abandoned. Examples include factories no longer in function such as paper mills, textile, furniture factories, and abandoned warehouses. (2) Once productive and not valued This refers to the structures that were in function but were disliked by the community. For example, a slaughterhouse or paper mill which leaves an odor. Their decline would not bother the community. (3) TOADS close to other TOADS This refers to pieces of land that are odd-shaped and have never been developed in any way. These TOADs are left on their own due to their proximity to other TOADs or landfills.

Residual Spaces In Fremont, Seattle (Winterbottom, 2000) 1. Non-Spaces These spaces are commonly present in the vicinity of mobility pathways such as median strips, right of way along highways and roads. 2. Leftover Spaces These spaces are disconnected from their surroundings. According to the author, they are "created by intrusions into a previously open space." They include the oddly shaped spaces by intersections, setbacks, frontages, underpasses, traffic islands. 3. Dual-Use Spaces These spaces typically have a single function and are used for this, and otherwise are not used. For example, parking lots that are empty after business hours.

Urban voids (Abraham & Ariela, 2010)

Abraham & Ariela (2010) use the narration of delineated green spaces to compare and contrast open voids with unplanned voids. With the birth of public spaces in Greek times, the agora and Roman forum, urban voids were defined. These spaces are thus called 'premeditated' voids, and along with them, unplanned urban voids exist as well. They are found on the periphery of urban spaces and usually are abandoned and undesigned. The authors propose three types of urban voids-

(1) Planned voids are born out of urban design such as premeditated voids; they are defined and designed, such as - streets, urban enclosures, and city squares. (2) Fortuitous or unplanned urban voids refers to the types of spaces that occur by chance or serendipity. They are 'recesses' or gaps between buildings. They are edges of parking lots, small yards no longer in use, alleys. (3) Contemptuous voids refer to urban decay, such as brownfields, derelict spaces, spaces in industrial areas.

Urban Voids (Narayanan, 2012)

1. Planning voids are created due to errors in planning practices, thus leaving these evident gaps in our cities. 2. Functional voids have lost their actual usage in the city, such as an underused park that could become a garden space for those in the vicinity. 3. Lastly, geographical voids are born due to geographical features such as rivers, hills, valleys, etc. He also mentions that extreme conditions like natural disasters or conflicts can also create urban voids.

Urban Voids in Seoul, South Korea (Jeong, Hwangand & Lee, 2015)

According to their scale, the researcher's classified urban voids start at the building scale, plot scale, block scale, neighborhood-scale, and community scale.

Leftover spaces in Wellington, New Zealand (Azhar and Gjerde, 2016; Azhar and Gjerde,2016A)

The typology is of six types- spaces between buildings, enclosed on three sides, behind buildings, front of and under, and on top of buildings.

These above different categorizations show the contextual approach to the typology study of leftover spaces. Each study described above is conducted in a different city, and hence the suggested typology is contextual. This is a critical aspect of this thesis, and this means that there is no typology to cross-reference the leftover spaces of Malmö with. Just as the above studies conducted their research based on theory, history, and field observations, a similar study is inspired for the case of Malmö.

3.3.1 Establishment of the term to be used

In the past few decades, many authors contributed to this realm by studying urban leftovers from different perspectives since the term's first appearance. Lopez-Pineiro (2020) published a book called 'A Glossary of Urban Voids,' which collects over two hundred terms from 'terrain vague' to 'buffer zone' and so on. In this book, the author reflects how different studies and terms have impacted the study of urban voids and alike. Firstly, based on the characteristics and applications, different terms have been brought to light. Secondly, different types of vacant spaces, rail lines, spaces between buildings, and urban wilds were identified based on the different physical characteristics. All these studies that have been outlined in the above sections viewed urban leftovers in their unique way, and hence most authors have introduced their term. With the addition of numerous detailed studies, the glossary that has resulted is 'extensive and haphazard.' Many academics have found that this is proof of the difficulty involved in defining these spaces. Lopez-Pineiro (2020) uses the term Urban voids through the book and describes how urban voids invoke a negative feeling. Lopez-Pineiro (2020) also explains that, in some cases, voids are leftovers. This thesis will use "urban leftovers" as the umbrella term to refer to these spaces in Malmö. This is due to the spaces that were found as a result of the research conducted, their

nature is of a aforementioned derived space. However, the definition of a derived space is most closest to the fundamental meaning of ‘leftover’i.e this space continues to exist and is dependent on a figural space.

The term yet again invokes a negative feeling. This is due to its meaning - 'unused or unwanted' or 'residual,' which can result in misunderstanding of the term. However, all the different terms, as seen, do not necessarily convey a positive feeling. According to the Webster dictionary, the fundamental meaning of leftover is 'still existing after the other parts are used.' This meaning is what the thesis wants to convey. Their position in the urban fabric allows these spaces to become an opportunity (environmental, social or ecological, etc.). This is not the case with other public spaces in a city, thus making urban leftovers unique. In conclusion, their unwantedness makes these empty spaces residual, and this residual nature gives the urban leftovers the potential that other urban spaces do not hold.

3.4. Brief history of leftover spaces

Automobiles are responsible for the transformed landscape of cities all around the world. Most urban land is used for either the storage or movement of automobiles (Trancik, 1986). As highways and rail lines cut through cities, they leave around them these unused spaces. With the progression in urban design, the need to change land use planning also resulted in relocation of functions (Trancik, 1986). The moving of industries and the dying of old transportation facilities also resulted in different types of wastelands. At the same time, urban design was very much centered around the building itself. This resulted in the neglect of open spaces, streets, and gardens (Trancik, 1986). He describes European development in the 20th century, where buildings are mere objects in isolation placed on a large land piece. Green spaces are used as a buffer, and hence there are vast grasslands interspersed between buildings. These spaces are used by few people and are unreasonably large; as criticisms grew, excessive planning resulted in new terms such as "planned wasteland" and "new urban desert" (Cybrisky, 1999).

Apart from the universal reasons for the occurrence of leftover spaces, some are bound to the type of city. This brings the discussion to post-industrial cities as they are also a site for leftover spaces. This is important due to Malmö being a post-industrial city. The decline of the industrial component of cities, suburbanization, and the decreasing population has led to the emergence of vacant lands (Accordino & Johnson, 2005).

"The industrial ruin is both a concrete place and because it has lost its identity, a hollow place that can engender and contain fantasy, desires, expectations."

(Doron, 2006).

The post-industrial scape is generally identified as these vacant or derelict lands due to their appearances. Post-industrial spaces, abandoned factories, unused harbors, abandoned train stations and yards, spaces at the peripheries of the city, zones between the city and suburbs, ruins from the industrial era are identified as the type of spaces that hold these qualities and appearances (Doron, 2006).

Doron (2006) captures the dual nature of an industrial ruin or, in other words - a leftover space. These industrial ruins or leftover spaces are a space that has no identity. However, it is one that appears wild and disconnected from the surroundings and hence can take any identity. As these spaces have lost their identities and are now free to take any identity, shape or form they can be molded by people as they feel fit. In some way, it represents the idea of the "Room of Requirement," an idea created by JK Rowling in her novels of the Harry Potter series. ( A 'Come and Go space' that appears to those in great need of something. This room can take on a function that is needed by the person.) While this is a description of a fantasy space, the spirit of this idea describes the opportunities held with leftover spaces.

Thus, it is seen that the birth and continued existence of leftover spaces and spaces alike is inevitable. It is due to the more prominent global mechanisms at play. In comparison, poor urban land management, lackluster decision-making processes, and oddly shaped parcels of land among the many reasons contributed to the accentuation of leftovers. Hence these spaces are also a sign of the times and not just a sub-product of policies and planning.

3.5 Uses of Leftover Spaces

Historically leftover spaces were seen as a problem that needed to be addressed or prevented. However, with time, they are now seen as a resource and a space for social and ecological transformation (Németh & Langhorst, 2014). This thesis's focus is not on preventing the occurrence of leftover spaces but instead on how to make it an asset in working towards sustainable development. From research and different projects from around the world, it has been seen that leftover spaces have been used in different ways (Németh & Langhorst, 2014). Broadly their uses range from being a community garden on a single plot to a small-scale urban agricultural project; they have also been subjected to adaptive reuse when there are buildings for business ventures and alike. Leftover spaces have also become social spaces that house community activities and take the role of civic infrastructure. Research has also found that in sites that were long abandoned, they have become a platform for ecological services. For example, cracks in pavement becoming stormwater infiltration enablers—vegetation serving

climate mitigation efforts such as improving air quality and plant life addressing soil contamination.

3.5.1 Formal Uses

Hamelin (2016) outlines approaches to uplifting urban voids. First, Artwork. Public art and installations are a simple tool that has been used worldwide as a tool in urban transformation. It uses mere color and creativity to transform an otherwise dull and uninviting space into one of expression. The second, Tactical urbanism. This tool is advocated by government actors, local actors, or community groups to transform a specific space or area that is usually for the good of a particular community or neighborhood. The strength of tactical urbanism is in its temporality and low-cost methods, thus ending up being real-world testbeds. Lydon & Garcia (2015) mention that tactical urbanism has little to no risk to the community. Commonly these projects are small in scale; it has usually involved makeshift seating along streets, appropriating empty parking lots to garden lots, changing roads into temporary green spaces, and street fairs (Voigt, 2015). It is also believed that the ideas behind tactical urbanism, "lighter, quicker, cheaper" help in the production of better spaces in cities (Project for Public Spaces, 2015). Third, permanent projects (Hamelin, 2016). This kind of approach comes with a higher budget and commonly does not involve extensive public participation. For example, the City of Calgary, Canada, developed underpass guidelines as part of an underpass revitalization project across the downtown. These guidelines formally recognize the need to integrate these neglected spaces into the urban fabric while serving their purpose of being zones of mobility (City of Calgary, 2010). As a result, in Toronto, the space below three overpasses is converted into a neighborhood park with a skatepark, flexible community space, and public art installations (Waterfront Toronto, 2015). These projects may not reflect the needs and wants or the expressions of the people due to their top down approach but end up creating long term permanent solutions. The fourth approach is a coordination of tactical urbanism and planned approaches. Hamelin (2016) presents a PPP (Pop-Up, Pilot, Permanent) framework as a beginning for works to come. Such a comprehensive approach is highly beneficial (Vogt, 2015).

3.5.2 Informal Uses

Leftover spaces are also home to informal activities (Laguerre, 1994). The spaces are generally outside the view of formal authorities. Despite the uninviting appearance of some of these spaces, they are used for different types of activities. Sometimes these uses can be conflicting to the community. They include homelessness, drinking, street art, drugs (Laguerre, 1994). The

users do not own the property and, in some way, appropriate the space to suit their needs at a certain point in time (Doron, 2006)

As we have seen, there is both a formal and informal dimension to reclaiming leftover spaces. The formal approach to revitalizing leftover spaces includes facilitation by the government, municipality, private investors. This includes community organizations, who use the space for activities either temporarily or permanently (Khalil & Eissa, 2013). As mentioned earlier, an informal intervention is an appropriation done by users who are not part of any formal organization or institution. This intervention is solely to serve the needs of this user. Németh & Langhorst (2014) found that many cities worldwide adopted strategies to deal with these unused land plots, some permanent and temporary. They also found that cities tended to adopt less permanent uses than temporary ones. This is due to institutional and financial reasons.

3.5.3 Temporary Use As identified before, leftover spaces house potential for new opportunities and new uses. Sometimes, when a space is abandoned, it is waiting to be acquired by a new owner. However, this process can be time-consuming, leaving this space in a continued state of disuse. In this period of waiting, these spaces can be opened for temporary uses. A space, which is now a leftover, could have served a function some time ago. Also a space, which is now serving a function, may become a leftover as time passes. This fluidity of spaces with time is the essence of cities. This is where the dimension of the temporality of spaces comes in. The temporariness of spaces is a challenging definition in architecture and planning due to its diverse qualities. Temporary uses can occur in residual spaces, or in spaces that can house multiple uses. It can be formal, informal, spontaneous, political, and illegal. Temporary use can also be intentional to bring out specific characteristics of unused or vacant space (Wesener, 2015). It is also low risk with a possible high reward and supports partnerships; it can be for a few hours, a few days, seasonal, and sometimes years. Temporary use has seen many benefits, and one such benefit is its use in leftover spaces (Bishop & Williams, 2012). An international research project with support from the European Union between 2001 and 2003 analyzed temporary use projects in different cities (Helsinki, Amsterdam, Berlin, Vienna, Naples). This project identified that temporary use-based projects provide the participation of all kinds of citizens. This encourages them to contribute to urban spaces and urban life. This project also revealed that urban voids or unused spaces are the sites for temporary uses and could thus result in their revitalization (Overmeyer, 2007) and urban regeneration (Chang, 2018). It has been found that this tool can also bring economic value in terms of increases in investment. Social value has been impacted positively from an increase in entrepreneurial aspects. However, these benefits and outcomes of temporary uses are site-dependent.

Temporary uses have been explored by people of cities and have commonly resulted in projects being cherished by the community and, soon enough – the city. This eventually has resulted in the projects becoming formalized and being driven by governments and other authorities. As a result, developers and planners are beginning to allocate space for temporary uses when working on projects (Verdelli, 2016). For example, a student initiative led by Fenix Miljöförening created a temporary urban garden on a site owned by the Swedish construction company Skanska in Malmö (Stadsodling Gruppen – n.d.). This piece of land does not have any built structure. As the company waits to begin construction, the site is now used temporarily for the student community of Malmö University as an urban garden. Such initiatives led by the local community for temporary uses have resulted in alternative ways of creating cities' urban life. This includes various interventions such as art installations, urban agriculture, food trucks, pop-up events, etc. Hence, when citizens develop a temporary function in an unused land piece, it becomes a part of bottom-up urbanism (Verdelli, 2016). As a result, this will change the perception of leftover spaces, which is essential for seeing its 'unused state,' not as a problem but a potential. It is now being understood that no single master plan could account for the needs of such an increasingly diverse population that are continually evolving in our urbanized world. This is because a single master plan could never achieve the flexibility and resiliency of a short-term experimental strategy (Németh & Langhorst, 2014). Cities have also seen that capitalistic development has been subjected to decline because built components have a shelf life of 25 to 50 years, and also the duration of the return on these investments is less than 15 years. On the other hand, short-term solutions or temporary uses of a plot of vacant land will offer immediate benefits dependent on its context (Németh & Langhorst, 2014). This would further support the urban transformation of a neighborhood or city. This thesis wants to suggest and study a more systematic inclusion of temporary uses into the planning system to harness the potential of leftover spaces for sustainable development.

Figure 4. Sustainable Development Goals at a glance.

Source: https://www.gcsrf.org/en/sustainable-development-goals/

3. 6 Global Emergence

Given the current status of climate change and its impact already being felt, there is an urgent need to seek successful sustainable development strategies across different social, geographical and temporal scales (Zavestoski & Swarnakar, 2017). As the years have gone by, more organizations, businesses, and governments are aligning their values with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs provide a framework encompassing and helpful when an organization would like to map out their potential to contribute to the Agenda 2030. Perhaps a particular organization is not impacting all the SDGs but has a significant possibility to contribute to a few. More companies, organizations, and municipalities are assessing their impact on a sustainability report. This report would help an organization assess their role in sustainable development and which SDG they could work towards achieving (The Sustainable Development Goals, n.d.) According to Zavestoski & Swarnakar (2017), neither a top-down nor bottom-up approach can single-handedly identify these successful strategies. They called this in-between approach 'middle-out.' This is similar to the idea discussed by Hamelin(2016); PPP. The Middle out approach is a system of information flow, where lessons learned from the community-based experiments are organized and shared with the top-down planners. They could further support strategies and the community/local actors. In this approach, actors at either end can learn from each other and offer support. This idea is in the spirit of the Agenda 2030, which promotes collaboration. So far, the thesis is building a link between leftover spaces and temporary uses and, thus, their impact on sustainable development. As leftover spaces remain open to new opportunities, the research found that temporary uses have proven to be the most beneficial strategy. However, due to the emergence of the Global Goals, these leftover spaces, if chosen, can impact sustainable development. This thesis would like to explore the possibility of using a more systematic approach to temporary uses that positively affect the SDGs. The term leftovers have also meant different things with time. Despite conveying a negative feeling, leftovers are now being approached in creative ways. For example, one can find many creative ways to make use of their food leftovers from a meal on the internet. Similarly, products in a production cycle are being given a second life or being reused, in other words they are being brought back into the loop. This idea sprung the concept of circularity in our world. With the new and creative ways of using leftovers, whether it is food or a by-product, these ideas have impacted the way companies sell food and products. This movement resulted in a shift from the linear to the circular cycle approach. Building, design construction materials and techniques also have begun to relook at the way they approach the construction cycle.This same spirit is being

applied to the idea of leftover spaces. As they continue to exist and are a derived space, they can be given a new use and be brought back into the loop and thus impact sustainable development and cities. Adopting sustainable practices, whether small or big, will have an impact in the long run.

The Brundtland Report in 1987 from the World Commission Environment and Development(UN) defined the idea 'sustainable development' as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This framework also suggests that progress is sustainable only when it simultaneously addresses the social, economic, and environmental aspects. Since this definition, there have been many attempts to define and shape sustainability, and there are 300 definitions of 'sustainable development' and 'sustainability' (Santillo, Everard, & Johnston, 2007). These definitions are in the realm of environmental management and its related disciplines. However, this thesis will use this definition as it does not limit the scope of sustainability. The critical aspect of sustainable development is integrating social, economic, and environmental aspects into all decision-making (Emas, n.d.). Sustainable development has moved from only addressing environmental issues to dealing with the global strategic issue (Shi, Han, Yang, & Gao, 2019, such as the introduction of the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit.

3.6.1 Agenda 2030

Cities are being identified as engines to achieve sustainable development due to the issues they house. Back in September 2000, the 'Millennium Development Goals' (MDGs) were born, where the commitment was made to achieve a set of 8 goals by September 2015 (United Nations (UN), 2018). As a continuation of the efforts, in September 2015, world leaders created a post-2015 - sustainable development goals, which include 17 goals and 169 targets aiming to end poverty, inequality, and fighting climate change by the year 2030. Therefore, Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development is seen as a plan of action for "people, the planet and prosperity." Seventeen goals were born to complete what the MDGs did not achieve (UN, 2015b). While many of the goals address inequalities, 7 out of the 17 goals address energy and environment. However, all the goals hold value for all types of urban areas around the world.

The achievement of all the SDGs by 2030 will be possible only through the participation of many stakeholders and governments, including the UN. Compared to the MDGs, the SDGs address ecological, social, economic, environmental aspects, hence being a broader framework (Koch & Krellenberg, 2018). The MDGs focused on developing countries while the SDGs have a global approach. Hence Agenda 2030 has a transformative nature and is an encompassing framework. The vital aspect of Agenda 2030 is the need to localize the SDGs. For example,

countries with numerous coastal towns and cities may house fishing industries and thus would focus on SDG 14 (Life below water) rather than countries or cities that are inland.

As stated in the problem formulation, not using or recognising leftover spaces in cities can result in social, economic, and environmental problems (Omar & Saeed, 2019). These problems fall under the realm of sustainable development and hence the Agenda 2030.

3.6.2 SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities) and synergies

This thesis is Malmö centric, and the discussion is urban related. When it comes to sustainable urbanization, SDG 11(Sustainable cities and communities) is the goal in question. In the summit in 2015, the relationships between cities, sustainable development, socioeconomic factors, human settlements, and natural resources were acknowledged. It was also noted that sustainable development could not be achieved without calling for a change in the way cities and urban spaces are designed, built. These ideas are embodied by SDG 11: 'Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.', to strengthen resilience and address climate impacts on resources (UN, 2015b). This goal places urbanization and territorial development at the heart of sustainable development. Along with this, regional, national, and sub-national level efforts are also underway to implement SDG 11 (Al-Zub'l and Vesela, 2019). While contributing to resource demand management and climate-related strategies, cities hold the opportunity for 'synergies' between sectors and collaboration between actors involved in planning, designing, adaptation, and mitigation responses and disaster warning. Many sustainability approaches have been tested recently and show their addition to the SDGs. Working towards and achieving SDG 11 will make cities and communities sustainable and also, at the same time, contribute to the other goals (Zoomers et al., 2017). Directly or indirectly, the targets of SDG 11 correspond to the targets of SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, and 17 (Al-Zub'i & Vesela, 2019). For example, sustainable urban water management is coherent with both SDG 11 and 6 ( Clean water and sanitation). Energy-efficient buildings that are designed for cities to be sustainable are again in coherence with SDG 11, SDG 7( Affordable and Clean Energy), and of course, SDG 13 (Climate action) (Patiño-Cambeiro, Armesto, Bastos, Prieto-López, & Patiño-Barbeito, 2019). Urban agriculture as green infrastructure holds the potential to nourish 30% of the global urban population, thus addressing SDG 2(Zero Hunger) (Kriewald et al., 2019).

3.6.3 Sustainable ways of using leftover spaces

This establishment of the Agenda 2030 resulted in many cities, businesses, practices shifting their values and goals to be in tune with the goals. Municipalities and city planning offices have

also been working on localizing the goals in their context—stores with upcycling products, circular fashion, climate-friendly products, etc. Architecture and planning have also been working towards sustainable means of construction, circular building materials. This shows the movement towards the Agenda 2030 in brief. Azhar & Gjerde (2016 A) outline a developmental strategy for providing services that cater to cities' social and ecological aspects by focusing on unused urban spaces. Azhar and Gjerde state the problem of dealing with the limited number of spaces in the cities due to the densification that most cities go through. Thus also identifying urban areas as the cause of the current environmental crisis. Azhar & Gjerde (2016A) list out the potentials of leftover spaces to address cities' environmental challenges. Carbon mitigation is one of the potential uses of leftover spaces. The authors have found enhancing carbon sinks in cities can be done with urban agriculture, along with climate-friendly livestock production. Energy gardens, solar panels on roofs, rainwater collection, and urban heat sinks are also listed as other potential uses. Lastly, the authors identify the tool of tactical urbanism with landscape ecology initiatives such as green infrastructure as a way of low-cost interventions that enhance the livability of a neighborhood. This supports SDG 11(Sustainable cities and communities) and, in particular, targets 11.6 (By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including paying particular attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management (Martin, n.d.). Leftover spaces can also be used to mitigate climate change, thus impacting SDG 13(Climate Action).

In summary, the theoretical background begins with the concepts of space and its types to establish the position of derived/negative and thus leftover spaces. Following this, different studies and their terminologies are summarised along with their definitions and categorisations. This helps establish the contextual approach to these spaces and the choice of the term. The different uses of leftover spaces such as formal, informal and temporary uses were discussed. The literature found most benefits from temporary approaches to leftover spaces. With the new creative perspective on ‘leftovers’, whether it is food or a manufacturing of a product, leftovers are now being seen as one that can be brought back into the loop. The ideas of circular economy and sustainability made our world align itself to these values, hence the use of leftover spaces could also be used to impact sustainable development positively. As shown researchers have also begun looking at leftover spaces through the lens of sustainable development, and hence this thesis wants to investigate a systematic approach to including temporary uses of leftover spaces that can contribute to the Agenda 2030.

4. Subject of the Study

4.1 Malmö

Malmö is the third-largest city in Sweden after Stockholm and Gothenburg. Malmö is in the south of the county Skåne. It lies on the coast and is part of the Øresund region. The Øresund bridge connects Sweden with the capital city of Denmark, Copenhagen. The city is a regional center with an estimated population of 322,379 as of 2020 (World Population Review, 2020). It is seated in the lap of extensive plains and nurtures some of the most arable fields in Scandinavia (Qviström & Saltzman, 2006). Malmö is known for being ambitious in sustainable development and planning and extremely ethnically diverse (Anderson, 2014).

Geographically, Malmö has undergone extensive transformation. In the 1970s, it had the world's most massive shipbuilding yard, but since industrial decline, urban planning has turned a new leaf for the city. Malmö is known as the city of 'two-faces' (Anderson, 2014). One face of the city is social challenges and socio-economic depression, while the other is that of a pioneer in sustainable development and innovation. These interesting contrasts have resulted in a city of surprises. In the discourses of the city of Malmö in the EU, it is known as an "eco-city" due to its planning efforts concerning urban climate and sustainability (Fitzgerald & Lenhart, 2016). Examples of such projects include Emporia, the shopping center, Malmö University's building Niagara, E-on building, Augustenborg, and Western Harbor, Hyllie. Malmö holds the sustainable, green, and innovative label due to its spatial planning (Delshamar & Melin, 2015).

Sweden's planning system is decentralized, and Municipalities take care of spatial planning (Qviström & Saltzman, 2006). A Comprehensive plan drafted by the Municipality is a proposal of the intended use of land and water for the next decades. A Detailed plan offers the legal rights to build or preserve an area. The former is not set in stone and provides an overview while the later is binding. According to the General Plan in the 50s/60s ( Malmö stads generalplanekommitté, 1969), Malmö was an expanding industrial city. As a result, there was a construction boom. The 1970s marked the industrial decline period, and inhabitants began to move to residential areas outside (Melchert, 2002). Together this left large pieces of land in the present-day inner-city waiting for urban expansion ( Malmö stadsbyggnadskontor, 2002). The Öresund Bridge marketed the entire region of Öresund as a growth pole in Northern Europe (Berg et al., 2000). The city's outer ring road was considered both a border and an area of future development ( Malmö stadsbyggnadskontor, 1981 1990). A border between city and suburbs and future development due to the corridor leading to Öresund Bridge and Copenhagen. The loss of Malmö s industrial position resulted in a planned program in 1995 (Mukhtar-Landgren, 2016). Using a place marketing strategy to reinvent itself, the city focused on (re)development of the waterfront, existing and new parks, squares, cemeteries. There is a

lack of available land for green infrastructure, and hence adapting and converting inter-spaces such as courtyards, alleys, streets, roofs into green spaces is a strategy (Green Plan of Malmö, 2003). This is relevant when thinking of leftover spaces as a possible entity as well.

The Agenda 2030 has led to restructuring in planning systems in cities. The Municipality in Malmö works towards the spirit of the Agenda 2030 rather than a specific goal (Hellsten & Lindström, 2020). This is important for this study as the goal of the thesis is to present the benefits of using leftover spaces that do not impact only a few SDGs, but the Agenda 2030 broadly. Malmö was the first to adopt the Agenda in Sweden, this spread awareness around the Municipality. The city has been required to work on long term goals rather than complete solutions (Hellsten & Lindström, 2020), thus highlighting the openness of the Municipality of working towards the spirit of the Agenda.

This sets the stage for Malmö as the subject of the study; following this, the different types of leftovers identified from the preliminary mapping will be detailed. Each discussion will draw on selected case studies to summarize possible strategies of reviving them. The section will conclude with the strategies and then move on to the findings of the thesis. The following image breaks down the types of leftovers in the city.

Figure 5. Representation of categories of Leftover Spaces in Malmö.

Source : Author With respect to the built structure, leftover spaces are within a built structure, on top of a built structure, under a built structure or amongst (in between) built structures.

4.2 Spaces Within

The preliminary mapping identifies three types of abandoned buildings in the city—first, industrial buildings in the harbor and along the rail line. Second, churches. Furthermore, lastly, buildings such as parking lots that are likely to lose their function. However, spaces "within" are not in the interest of the thesis. It is typical for industrial areas and industrial buildings to be chosen as a means for urban regeneration (Gavrilidis et al., 2011).

In the case of Churches in Malmö, one example is Caroli Church (Urbana Frirum, n.d.). This Church was converted into an indoor public space temporarily in the fall of 2018 as a test project by students at Malmö University. Such an example embodies the strategy of using a leftover space for the good of the city. Parking houses are identified here due to their possibility of being abandoned. It is vital to mention they are currently in use; however, following the trend of such structures, they are likely to be left behind (Berg, 2016). An example from Wichita in the United States shows a possible converted use of a parking house(Neglected Parking Garages Are Being Given New Purpose, n.d.) Broadway Autopark, once a garage, now has 44 one-bedroom apartments, every 700 sq ft along with a balcony. Half of the structure is still able to house cars, and the bottom of the building houses office space, clubhouse, gym, and a dog washing station.

Figure 6. Interior of the garage in Wichita, which is now apartments.

Source: Neglected Parking Garages Are Being Given New Purpose. (n.d.).

4.3 Spaces outside (Spaces on top of a built structure, Space under a built structure and Spaces among built structure)

In the preliminary mapping, there were morphologically and visually different types of leftover spaces outside, such as industrial harbor spaces, shipping related structures no longer in use, parking lots that are large, vast and informal green spaces, odd-shaped spaces between buildings, rooftops of buildings and other structures, rail lines no longer in use spaces under bridges or underpass, spaces under abandoned shipping ramps, spaces at the edges of harbors. Based on the morphological and visual aspects, these outdoor leftovers were categorized as spaces on top of, under, and amongst built structures.

4.3.1 Spaces on top: Living room in the sky

Rooftop Discussions:

Spaces on top refer to the unused roof spaces of buildings. Rooftops have been a space that is both forgotten and celebrated (Pomeroy, 2012). Roof space is seen as a structural entity, a space built for shelter and not as one to be used. Nevertheless, in recent years, rooftops have taken different forms across the world. When it comes to densification, rooftops usage has become an alternative social/recreational/environmentally friendly space. This idea is one that has been explored in recent times.

Current usage of roofs in Malmö

Before discussing how roofs are not being used in the city, it is important to note their present uses. In the case of Malmö, rooftop spaces of buildings are being used for energy (solar panels) and green roofs (Interviewee 2, 2020; Interviewee 1, 2020). Green roofs are typical of two types: extensive and intensive. Extensive green roofs (depth of 1.6-6 inches) are more suitable for residential buildings and places where people will not be walking over or spending time. On these roofs, the only persons walking are those responsible for its maintenance (Craig, D., 2010). This table in Appendix 5 identifies the various ways Green roofs contribute to the Agenda 2030. Moreover, this shows the positive impacts of the usage of green roofs on the SDGs. Malmö houses numerous older buildings with sloped roofs, but at the

same time, with the recent years of the building, there is an increasing number of flat roofs in the city not being used to their full potential. Malmö Stad does not impose any requirement of green roofs on private organizations (Almadani and Doneva, 2018). Toporova. (2018) has identified the challenges of successfully implementing intensive green roofs and urban agriculture (Al-Zu'bi & Mansour, 2017) on rooftops- 1. Lack of awareness among stakeholders 2. The specific requirement of constructions such as irrigation systems 3. Lack of policies and funding programs

Extensive green roofs weigh low and offer thermal comfort. Intensive green roofs are seen on commercial buildings, where owners can invest in plants of all sizes and shapes. These roofs have grass, shrubs, and trees known as rooftop gardens due to the park-like feeling in the sky. With the total area of roof spaces unknown, green roofs occupy 29652 sq mt and solar panels 8377 sq mt in Malmö (Amelie, 2020). However, there are many flat roofs in the city that are not being used now. With ample unused roof spaces in the city, there is potential to direct their usage towards sustainability in a holistic manner. Garages, sheds, and environmental houses usually have extensive green roofs, as seen in the images below. Hence, representing the idea of covering existing roofs with green as much as possible.

Figure 7. Uses of rooftops in Malmö.

These are the environmental houses in the city that use an extensive green roof made from sedum mats. Source: Author

P-hus or Parking House

The 'compact city' approach has resulted in investments in public transport services and expanding bike lands ( Malmö OP, 2012). On doing this there is an expected decrease in the number of cars and their ownership ( Malmö SMILE, 2009). Parking garages were built to accommodate the needs of cars (Hasse, 2007); this happened in Malmö in the 1960s ( Malmö Stadsbyggnadskontoret, 2002). The increasing vehicular concentration in the city's central parts is due to shopping and commercial infrastructure (Legeland & Hoffmann 2014). There is also a dearth in green-public spaces in the center (Kärrholm, 2009). Parking garages are identified as spaces of redevelopment and multi-purposes (Legeland & Hoffmann, 2014).

P- Malmö is the most popular parking space company in Malmö. Founded in 1976, they own nine parking facilities and manage over 45000 parking spaces (P- Malmö, 2020). The parking houses also charge a high fee by the hour as a strategy of discouraging the use of cars. The company is also aware of the need for a dual purpose to their parking structures (Legeland & Hoffmann, 2014). Currently, the parking structures are mono-functional and also have unused rooftops. There is a possibility of the use of the roof space as this would be left otherwise. Such an idea would impact Agenda 2030 in different ways. For example, a public space on this roof would reduce air pollution and improve air quality (SDG 11 and 13) while increasing its accessibility (SDG 11). Below is a map that collectively shows the parking houses in the city. All these 13 parking houses have a roof space that can be used. The map is followed by a bird's eye view of the parking house.

Figure 8. Map of Phus in Malmö as of 2020

(Source - Author, from QGIS).

Figure 9. Rooftops of P-hus in Malmö around the city

(source google maps)

Case Example: Park' n' Play by JAJA Architects (Park 'n' Play / JAJA Architects, 2017)

Located on the other side of the Øresund Bridge in Copenhagen, there is a playground on top of the car park. With a street-level staircase to the roof, the goal is to create a dual-use parking house.

Case Example: Houston Medical Center (Intexure Architects, n.d)

In Houston, Texas, a rooftop -'Zen garden' on the hospital's parking house becomes a space for patients and those who visit.

Both these projects showcase the impact of public spaces on the Agenda 2030 - namely SDG 3, SDG 8, SDG 11, and 13 (Public Open Spaces and Sustainable Development Goals – Cidco Smartcity, n.d.).

Figure 10. Example of use of the roof parking structure

Source: (Park 'n' Play / JAJA Architects, 2017)

Rooftops of Bus stops

The bus stops in Malmö are a simple, straightforward steel structure with glass as a protector from rain and wind. The shorter sides of the bus stop nowadays house television screens for advertisements. Even though the total roof space of a bus stop is small, it can be used either for solar energy or as a green roof. Such a roof space is not accessible by people, and hence using it for environmental and economic benefits is a sustainable strategy. There are 3046 bus stops in Malmö greater region (Skånetrafiken Bus routes), resulting in 25,220 sq m of bus stop roof space available for use sustainably. (Each bus stop is a minimum of 460cm by 180cm, resulting in a roof area of 8.28 sq m).

Case Example: Green and biodiversity-friendly bus stop in Utrecht

In the Netherlands, Utrecht covered 316 of its bus stops roofs with plants and 96 with solar panels in 2019 (Frost 2020). This eco-friendly solution is multi-purpose. It is a home for birds, bees, and insects, captures fine particulates in air pollution, collects rainwater, and keeps the space under cool. Such an idea reduces the urban heat island effect, improves air quality, and favors biodiversity and hence positively impacts SDG 11, SDG 13, and 15.

Figure 11. Typical bus stop in the city of Malmö with measurements.

Source: Own creation

Roof projects around in Scandinavia

Case Examples 1. Sodermalm, Stockholm (Sveriges Television AB, 2020)

Designed by architect Maria Axelsson in 2019, these apartments are built on the rooftop of an existing apartment building from the 1960s. A shared roof with green spaces, plants for bees and other species and biodiversity, sauna, and a park. This project shows the possibility of claiming a roof space for the inhabitants of the building.

Figure 12. Left: Sodermalm Apartments, Stockholm. Right Tak for Mat, Oslo

Source: (Sveriges Television AB, 2020; https://fr-fr.facebook.com/pg/Nabolagshager/posts/?ref=page_internal)

2. Tak for mat, Oslo (Gallis and Curtis, 2018) A rooftop garden project at the top of the office building was organized by the writers mentioned above in a gentrified neighborhood of downtown Oslo of 2017. A summer program for refugee youth offers a training camp and 30 raised beds, greenhouses, beehives, and fruit trees.

3. Kajodlingen, Gothenburg (Kajodlingen, 2020) Kajodlingen is the only self-sustaining urban rooftop farm in Gothenburg, Sweden (Toporova., J, 2018). It sells it’s produce to restaurants and individual customers. With 600 sqm of vegetable production established in 2015, it is one of the largest urban rooftop farms in Sweden.

Figure 13. Kajodlingen.

. Source (https://www.kajodlingen.se/)

4. BiodiverCity, a project in Malmö (IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 2015) Initiated by the Municipality in 2012-14, the project aims to create more biodiversity in areas such as yards, roof spaces, walls. Twenty plants were identified by SLU Alnarp Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences to survive the climate through the year.

5. . Urban Rigger, Copenhagen by BIG architects (Urban Rigger / BIG, 2016) An underused harbor in the heart of Copenhagen is a floating student housing project made using shipping containers. Centered around a courtyard, it offers 72 apartments. The roof spaces are used for solar panels, as a green roof and a social space. This project activated both an underused harbor and the water spaces

Figure 14. Urban Rigger in Copenhagen showing the three uses of roof space - solar, green, and social.

Source: (Urban Rigger / BIG, 2016)

6. 8 House, Copenhagen (8 House / BIG, 2010) Shaped like a bow tie, it houses residential and office spaces. A promenade and cycling path that begins at the street connects all the floors. This building uses the roof and a path to allow more interaction of people as one cycles past.

Figure 15. . Left: ØsterGro, Copenhagen Right : 8 House, Copenhagen

Source : (ØsterGRO, n.d.; 8 House / BIG, 2010)

9. ØsterGro, Copenhagen (ØsterGRO, n.d.). A 600 sq m rooftop farm on top of a previously known car auction house offers organic vegetables, fruits, varieties of greens and herbs, edible flowers, a greenhouse, a hen house, and a few beehives. The produce is sold to farms and members of ØsterGro and to the restaurant on the roof called Gro Spiseri. Such a space would impact many SDGs, such as SDG 2, 4, 8,9,11, 12, and 13.

The purpose of describing these case examples is to show the numerous possible ways of activating roof spaces in the Scandinavian context.

4.3.2 Spaces underneath Bridge spaces, underpasses, under shipping structures

Spaces underneath a built structure refer to the spaces such as the ones under bridges and other transportation-related overpasses. This kind of infrastructure is more present in older, bigger cities such as New York, Jakarta, Paris, Melbourne, etc. From the preliminary mapping, it is observed that spaces under elevated highways are almost nil, most common types are underpasses. In terms of appearances, these spaces are dark and unkempt. Below is a map showing the identified "spaces under."

Figure 16. Map of “Spaces underneath” in Malmö. Source: QGIS, Author

Figure 17. Leftover spaces: underneath (own)

Underpasses

Case Example 1. Tunnelen (The Tunnel), Ammerud - Norway ("Railway Underpass Transformed," 2019) A project in collaboration with the Oslo Municipality, Students of the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, and the Ammerud residents tackle this space. Together they converted a disused railway underpass into a creative exercise area with climbing wall, exercise area, story wall, and lights.

Figure 18. "Tunnelen" in Ammerud, Norway. A conversation of the disused underpass. Source: ("Railway Underpass Transformed," 2019)

2. Nobel Tunnel, Malmö (Malux, 2018) Another dark and gloomy underpass was transformed into an inviting space using public art. With the participation of local artists and students, this tunnel obtained a character of its own.

Figure 19. Nobel Tunnel in Malmö. Source: www.malux.se

3. Elsewhere, Malmö ("More Than Green Elsewhere," 2015)

Using the walls of the underground station, a Chilean Artist Tania Ruiz in 2010 created an illusion of being on a train and looking outside. This video art installation transforms an otherwise dull waiting period in the dark underground platforms.

Figure 20. Malmö Centralen Tunnel. Source: ("More Than Green Elsewhere," 2015)

Such interventions represent the sustainable ways of reviving a leftover space, such as the underpass. Such a space can house a variety of new features that can appeal to different types of people. Using local artists and designers to beautify the space supports SDG 8 for the local economy and growth. Converting this space into a free exercise space shows the accessibility at no cost, hence SDG 11 and SDG 3 for the wellbeing and health of inhabitants.

4.3.3. Spaces Amongst Rail lines, Parking lots, harbor peripheries, vast green spaces

Figure 21. Leftover spaces: "Spaces around" (Own), i.e., Harbor peripheries, spaces by rails

When one thinks of spaces between buildings, it is common to think of parking lots, alleys, pathways. There is minimal history due to the lack of attention and neglect of spaces outside the built structures. In Scandinavian cities, most in-between spaces are green spaces or parking lots. In the 1960s-70s, Swedish cities were built based on the functionalist idea. Greening of spaces has been a buffer instead of leaving a space undesigned. The map below points out the spaces that come under this category of spaces amongst built structures. The spaces have been identified as "amongst" due to their spatial nature. A selection criterion was followed to identify these spaces. First, the Space had to be outside a built structure. Second, this space was not under a

built structure or on the top of it. The aim was to identify spaces that could neither be categorized as spaces on top or underneath a structure.

Figure 22. Leftover spaces: "Spaces around "(Own), i.e., spaces outside buildings

From the preliminary mapping, vast green spaces, spaces outside buildings that are empty and unoccupied, abandoned rail lines, parking lots, spaces by the edges of the harbor were identified. These spaces were identified as per the criteria mentioned above. The following section discusses the different leftovers in these categories individually.

Rails and trails - railways to greenways

Malmö has many industrial buildings, rail lines from the past that are no longer in use. The establishment of high-speed rail made older rail lines move out of the urban structure of

post-industrial cities (Zhang, Dai & Xia, 2020). Railroad revival began in the United States in the 1960s. The earliest example of a "greenway" is the Prairie Path of 88 km. The birth of an NGO called RTC-Rails to Trails (Abandonend Rails., n.d) began in the States and spread to Australia, New Zealand, and Europe. They focus on reviving and protecting their history (Quattrone, Tomaselli, D'Emilio, Russo, 2018; European Greenways Association, 2012). The transformation involves creating a trail for trekking and biking. The project sizes have varied from country to country (Belgium converted 250 km, Spain - 2200km). In certain countries, it has been difficult to restore these rail tracks, such as Italy, owing to a lack of funds for the development of track areas (Senes, 2004). This opportunity for revival has been identified as a means for heritage preservation and sustainable development. This resulted in the issuing of new laws in Sicily.

From the preliminary mapping, rail lines are present in certain parts of the city, such as the center, harbor, the castle, Kirseberg, and some industrial neighborhoods. It was unable to distinguish between the unused and used rail lines in the city; however, their total length is 236 km (Source: Author, QGIS). However, abandoned rail lines have adverse effects (Zhang, Dai & Xia, 2020), such as impacts on land development, environment, and quality of life, low property values (Zhang, Dai & Xia, 2020; Wang, Xiang & Luo, 2010). Reviving rail lines is an urban regeneration strategy (Zhang et al., 2020) and these are the three ways- (1) Reusing rail lines as traffic facilities (Tramlines or light rail lines) Applicable where there is a need for more public transportation along existing routes (2) Tourism/Commerce driven zone Applicable when the rail line can be turned into a greenway or accommodate a local museum. (3) Public Space Applicable where there is a dearth in public green space.

Figure 23. Mapping of Existing rail lines in the city of Malmö. Source: Author, QGIS

Figure 24. Example of reusing railways in Taiwan. Hamasen Railway Cultural Park Source:http://scribblesbyjoelle.blogspot.com/2016/06/takao-railway-museum-hamasen-railway.h tml

Case Example

Hamasen Railway Cultural Park, Taiwan (Kaohsiung Travel, 2015, April 20).

With railways being preserved completely, this park has a museum and public space. With larger than life installations and art sculptures, an LED artist lights the tracks up at night. Creating a public space, as mentioned earlier, would address SDG 3, 8,11, and 13. A space of local Commerce - SDG 8 and reusing the rail lines for trams is developing and sustainably upgrading infrastructure, SDG 9.

Parking lots Parking lot or a "car lot" is a space cleared for car parking. These spaces usually are "unattractive" and sometimes in abundance (Mukhija and Shoup, 2006). In Malmö, there are many parking lots. Parking lots are a space "amongst" as they are more significant than required, lack design, or the possibility of dual use. These spaces are also mentioned in the interviews and questionnaires.

Figure 25. Map of parking lots on ground. Source - Author, from QGIS.

Figure 26. Parking lots in Malmö. Source: Author

Winterbottom (2000) describes a parking lot revival project in Fremont, Seattle. The parking lot was converted into the 20th-century typical and used as a dual space, i.e., a space for open-air markets. Similarly, in Malmö, parking spaces and traffic infrastructure are often partially or temporarily unused ( Malmö, Stadsbyggnadskontoret [2], 2010). There is awareness and consideration of possible uses of the spaces reserved for cars such as playgrounds, outdoor gyms from the Municipality. An example from Portland, Oregon, a non-profit organization called Depave, works towards removing 'impervious' surfaces such as pavements and parking lots (6 Ways, n.d.). This NGO has replaced 10000s of sq m of concrete/asphalt surfaces with trees, gardens, parklets. These initiatives have helped to divert rainwater from storm drains/sewers to the trees and gardens.

Harbor Peripheries

The harbor peripheries' current state is undesigned and left as they were in industrial times, such as Nyhamnen. Photo mapping shows this. These edges are where the city interacts with the water. These spaces appear rough and have the potential to appear more friendly and "soft." From the previously mentioned example of Kajodlingen in Gothenburg, this farm also started farming by the harbor in the city (Kajodlingen, 2020). Such an initiative restores a close connection to the harbor for the people.

Figure 27. Vast empty green spaces in Malmö. Source: Author.

Sweden is known for its ample green spaces in its cities that are accessible. Their quality may vary depending on location in the city. However, these spaces also tend to be empty and not as utilized as they could be.

Industrial areas

Figure. 28. Mapping analysis of Kirseberg. Source: Author.

1. Kirseberg

This neighborhood is geographically off from Malmö and primarily residential with a small central square and niche bars and restaurants. A rail line physically separates this neighborhood from the other parts of the city. On one side of the city rail line lies a large plot of land that is privately owned. This plot of land comprises old industrial and buildings of railway functions. One side of the site has a series of rail lines that lead up to a building. This converging space houses a food court. On the other side of the plot is a "Circus Hostel" behind an allotment plot. There are numerous industrial buildings, where the character has been retained while using the space inside for offices. On the other side of the rail line is an informal green space, called Ellstorps Hundgard. This is a space where trees and shrubs have grown naturally or ‘wildly’. With parking spaces and apartments on one side, a street on the other and the rail line of the third side, this site is now under development by the public housing company called MKB. This is an example of the loss of open and green spaces.

2. Nyhamnen

It is the name of the harbor geographically behind the central station of Malmö, and the transition of character from the city to the harbor is drastic. This neighborhood comprises shipping structures, parking lots, and industrial buildings and sits close to the center of the city but stands out due to its industrial appearance. The entire neighborhood makes one think of how Malmö appeared back in the industrial times; the structures and buildings that continue to exist are now empty and unused. There are many abandoned rail lines and a few shipping bridges. Each building is surrounded by empty spaces that are either unused or for parking. However, one of the tips is a green space where people congregate to fish. There is also a Malmö By Bike station in this space, thus linking the shared transport system.

Figure. 29. Mapping analysis of Nyhamnen. Source: Author.

Figure 30. Existing examples from the city of Malmö of uses of specific so-called 'leftover spaces.' Source (Own creation).

The sketch above summarizes the different ways of revitalizing previously known leftovers -

1. Spaces by rails, which are typically empty or unkempt. However, while conducting preliminary mapping of the city, an allotment plot (a plot for gardening and other activities can be acquired by waiting in a queue) is observed to present in one part along the rail line. 2. Harbor periphery- in Nyhamnen or the Harbor, the tip of one side houses a green space with a spot for fishing. Such a space appears more friendly and inviting. 3. Rooftops - Certain buildings in Malmö are home to an intensive green roof - park. For example, the shopping mall by the name Emporia. Some roofs are home to such a similar feature but are private. Another example is the extensive green roofs on top of the environmental houses. 4. Underpasses - Lastly, an example of Nobel Tunnel shows the use of artwork and lighting design to convert an otherwise dull and unsafe looking passageway into a bright and inviting space.

5. Empirical Analysis and Findings

The following section will organize the findings of the thesis according to each research question. Within each research, question findings will be structured according to the method used.

Leftover Spaces

5.1 What are the typologies of leftover spaces in Malmö?

The first research question is answered using three methods: the preliminary mapping, interviews, and the questionnaire. The preliminary mapping helped identify leftovers, and the interviews and questionnaire together confirm the identified spaces. The individual mind maps of each interview can be found in Appendix 1.

5.1.1 Preliminary mapping

Chapter four is primarily structured around the findings from the preliminary mapping, as seen. To summarize, the types of leftovers found in the city are represented in the table.

Inside | Outside

Inside On top In Between/Amongst Under

Buildings (public or Rooftops of any Rail lines Underpasses private) building

Factories Roof of Bus Stops Spaces between Spaces below buildings shipping ramps

Churches Top of surface of Spaces by rail lines shipping ramps

Rooftops of Parking Harbor peripheries houses

Industrial areas between residential areas

Spaces outside buildings

Parks

Vacant lots/Parking lots

Open spaces and squares

Table 5. Typology of Leftover Spaces in Malmö. Source: Own creation

5.1.2 Questionnaire:

Before asking participants to identify leftover spaces, they were asked how they would describe leftover spaces. Based on the adjectives used, they were classified under social, functional and visual themes.

Table 6. Categorization of terms used to describe leftover spaces by participants. Source: (own) from the questionnaire.

Participants were then provided with a cited definition and then asked to identify the spaces that come to their minds when thinking of leftover spaces. It is a two-part answer for the participants, both in the text and in the form of the map as needed. Below is the map that summarizes all participants' responses. (Appendix 6 for text sample). Based on the places identified by participants, the place type was noted. As the types of spaces were repeated in the coding, categories of leftover spaces were created, as seen in the table below.

Figure 31. Participant mapping from the questionnaire “leftover spaces” Source Author

Leftover types

Industrial area

Industrial buildings

Squares

Spaces behind buildings

Industrial harbor

Edges of the harbor

Spaces by rails

Spaces around buildings

Park

Parking Lot

Vast green areas

Table 7. List of the leftover types from the questionnaire. Source: Author.

The following are the findings from the participatory mapping - 1. Participants mapped areas in the proximity of the harbor and along the city rail line. 2. Participants associated industrial areas or industrial appearing areas as leftover spaces. 3. Participants also spoke repeatedly of open vast green spaces around buildings that are empty and not used. 4. Industrigatan (a street in Malmö) was the most mentioned industrial space as a leftover. 5. One out of the twenty mentioned rooftop as a leftover.

It is noted in the questionnaire that the rooftop is mentioned as a leftover only by one participant out of the twenty. It was necessary to ask further questions regarding why the rooftop was not recognized. Five participants were approached, all five admit to not thinking about rooftops as a leftover but agree they are underused. The reasons, in summary, are as follows - (1) The tendency to move on foot, bike, public transport, and more awareness of what is on the ground rather than what is on top. (2) An element of ownership and restrictions in transforming roof spaces. This is important to the thesis, to show the lack of recognition given to roof space as a leftover in the city.

Figure 32. Summary of all answers from interviewees for the first question. Each thread is a response from each interviewee. Source (own)

5.1.3 Interviews: Interviewees were also asked what they thought the leftovers in Malmö were, and some even discussed their nature in the past and their reasons for the occurrence. In the 1940s, the spaces that could not be used for production/consumption were leftovers then (Interviewee 5, 2020). These leftovers are the allotment plots of today (Allotment plot is a land meant for urban farming or community gardening; one can procure this plot by signing up for it). There are about 6000 of these with 300 sq m area. The present-day University spaces of Malmö were the edge of the city decades ago. These spaces were also considered leftovers due to their appearances (Interviewee 5, 2020). Today, however, it is the so-called 'downtown' of the city. Present-day leftover spaces are, however, as the result of the transport infrastructure (Interviewee 7, 2020). Another example is, Boltidenborg, an NGO in Malmö is currently using spaces set aside for future graveyards for gardening. The table below summarizes the leftover spaces identified by each interviewee. The following table summarizes the list of spaces identified by the interviewees. Each row is a response from a single interviewee.

Interview Leftovers identified

(Interviewee 1, 2020) Parking lots

(Interviewee 2, 2020) Parking lots

(Interviewee 3, 2020) Parking lots

((Interviewee 4, 2020) Rooftops

(Interviewee 5, 2020) Empty buildings, roads that lead nowhere, in between spaces, rooftops

(Interviewee 6, 2020) Green spaces, spaces along canals

(Interviewee 7, 2020). Vast unused green spaces (Lindhagen Lund by Katrintorp)

(Interviewee 8, 2020) Rooftops, industrial areas, green spaces

(Interviewee 9, 2020). parking lots, industrial areas, wastelands and rooftops

Table 8. Leftover spaces identified by interviewees. Source: Author.

Nyhamnen, as an industrial - leftover is also discussed by the interviewees. The Municipality acquired ownership of Nyhamnen from the Harbors only recently. Hence, it has been a leftover for not too long (Interviewee 3, 2020). There is a high chance that this part of the city will not be developed for a few years, and in the meanwhile, temporary uses can be explored. Nyhamnen is very close to the central part of the city, and there is a lack of green spaces and spaces that are child-friendly (Interviewee 6, 2020). While there is an effort to preserve Malmö 's culture (Interviewee 5, 2020), there are problems with dealing with such an area, due to the soil contamination and the proximity of existing industries. While it is not a problem to convert these industries, it is a long process (Interviewee 2, 2020). Hence there is a significant possibility of using Nyhamnen as a testbed for temporary activities (Interviewee 6, 2020).

Strategies on how to use leftover spaces

5.2: How can these leftover spaces be used in Malmö?

For this, the thesis uses the case study approach, the questionnaire to identify strategies that can be used for Malmö. The interviews are used to find the challenges of using leftover spaces in the city.

5.2.1 Case study approach:

Below is a table that summarizes relevant strategies found in the case examples in chapter four.

Table 9. Summary of strategies for leftover spaces in Malmö. Source: Author

5.2.2 Questionnaire

To attempt to collect public feedback, the questionnaire also asked the participants what their feelings were on their selected spaces and what they would change. Suggestions given by participants are broad and dependent on the spaces they identified in their maps and answers. The following table only categorizes the spaces mentioned by participants in the questionnaire. The coding visuals can be found in Appendix 3. Each row in the table represents an answer from one participant.

Table 10. Participant responses to thoughts on their identified leftover spaces. Source: Author

To simplify the strategies, they were needed to be categorized into three themes being - social, environmental, and economical. In retrospect, these themes also tie into the aim of the thesis to establish a link between sustainable development and leftover spaces. The suggestions (from table 6) are sorted into the three pillars of sustainability, as this table represents.

Table 11. Summary of strategies and types from participants. Source: Author.

5.2.3 Interviews: Leftovers and challenges

While space can be revitalized in many ways, as seen above, some different challenges and restrictions depend on the context. Hence without the professional insight, it is a challenge to be knowledgeable of the issues when it comes to 'seeing' and revitalizing these spaces. When space is not seen, it will not come to mind as a leftover (Interviewee 9, 2020) and the Municipality of Malmö does not "see" these leftovers (Interviewee 1, 2020) while at the same time seeking to save empty buildings and areas. Dealing with leftover spaces can be considered a luxurious problem (Interviewee 6, 2020). However, while the Municipality is trying to save abandoned spaces, they are also exploring temporary uses as a strategy to attract people (Interviewee 1, 2020). There is a presence of big parking lots in Malmö, and it is evident (Interviewee 2, 2020). They were born in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the planning policy that every household would own at least one car, as seen in the Rosengård and Lindängen neighborhoods (Interviewee 2, 2020).

Roof space has been identified as an untapped resource in Malmö; there are some challenges to using it. Despite the movement of using roof spaces, Sweden is behind countries like Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and England, Malmö is also behind Stockholm in this sense (Interviewee 4, 2020). Below are the reasons stated by professionals as to why roof space is not used.

● The lack of experience and knowledge of decision holders (Interviewee 4, 2020) ● It has not been in the Swedish building tradition or in "building DNA" to use roof spaces and access them (Interviewee 9, 2020); (Interviewee 3, 2020). ● The cultural mindset of people as a restriction along with companies and landowners not being open to ideas (Interviewee 6, 2020). ● Rules and regulations as a restriction which are a reflection of the society (Interviewee 6, 2020). ● The tradition to view a roof through an engineering or structural perspective, i.e., space meant only for shelter (Interviewee 5, 2020). Hence roofs are sloped as protection from rain and snow. ● The windy climate of Malmö (Interviewee 1, 2020). ● There is an abundance of green and accessible public spaces on the ground, so there is no need for more (Interviewee 8, 2020; Interviewee 3, 2020). ● Swedish society is more private and needs privacy (Interviewee 6, 2020). ● Focus on roofs' ecological purpose while neglecting the recreational aspect (Interviewee 4, 2020). ● Intensive roof design being more privatized (Interviewee 4, 2020).

● Private stakeholders own most buildings. Hence there is a lack of financial incentive to make the roof accessible (Interviewee 4, 2020), unlike Emporia(shopping mall), Niagara (University). ● Ownership issues when designing a park on top of a privately owned building such as the parking house. (Parks in Malmö are Municipality owned, hence asking the question who would own this park) (Interviewee 4, 2020).

When comparing the leftover rail line site to the case example from Taiwan -Hamasen railway cultural park, the city of Malmö may be the third-largest city in Sweden. However, it is yet small for such urban ideas and projects, as there would not be enough people to use and appreciate such a space (Interviewee 6, 2020).Nevertheless, there could be a possibility of retaining the rail lines and converting them into a tram line or personal transportation like a bike on rails (Interviewee 9, 2020). Due to the rules and regulations, Sweden can find it hard to make good use of spaces in general (Interviewee 6, 2020), and the use of green spaces as a buffer has been a strategy (Interviewee 8, 2020). However, the Municipality (Interviewee 1, 2020) feels leftover spaces can be used rather than losing present green spaces to tackle densification. Presently most of the unused spaces are in talks of being transformed (Interviewee 2, 2020). When these spaces are in the transition phase, it is essential to note that they are of different sizes and owners (Interviewee 3, 2020). It depends on the owners and their interests and whether they are open to using temporary uses to make their site attractive.

But for the possibility of the Municipality to acknowledge these spaces, there needs to be a call for rethinking existing urban structure, hence resulting in reinvestment and political support. This would bring the possibility to reassess spaces like rooftops (Interviewee 8, 2020).

Impact on Agenda 2030

5.3: How do their uses respond to Agenda 2030?

For the final research question, the summary of strategies found from the case examples is used as a basis. From each strategy, the benefits are listed out. Using the framework of the Agenda 2030, the benefits are matched to a goal or its targets.

Strategies List benefits

Culminate Refer framework of Agenda 2030

Figure 32. Method of creating the final table. Source: Author.

For example, the strategy of converting an abandoned rail line site into a public space has various benefits (Public Open Spaces, n.d.). These following points are the benefit and the goal and target its impacts, respectively. 1. Creating accessible public green spaces (SDG 3, target 3.4) 2. Creating public spaces that are close to homes (SDG 3, target 3.4) 3. Increase employment opportunities (SDG 8, Target 8.8) 4. Provide space for vendor activities and hence increase space for informal works (SDG 8, Target 8.8) 5. Improves air quality (SDG 13, 13.2) 6. Use of infrastructure sustainably (SDG 9, Target 9.1) A similar exercise was carried out for the other strategies to create the table summarizing the impacts of the strategies on the SDGs. Using the categorization of the SDGs provided in the cited paper (Vinuesa et al., 2020), this thesis analyzes the impact of the suggested strategies on Agenda 2030. It is presented in the tables after.

Figure 33. Categorization of the SDGs. Source: Vinuesa et al., 2020.

Table 12(a). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Social, SDG 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,11,16) Source: Author.

Table 12(b). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Economic, SDG 8,9,10,12,17) Source: Author.

Table 12(c). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Environmental, SDG 13,14,15) Source: Author.

Table 12 (d). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. Source: Author.

6. Discussion and Conclusions

This section will summarise the key findings of the theory and the research questions. It will discuss the implications of the findings and acknowledge the limitations of the study as well. In closing, it will share recommendations and suggestions for further research.

6.1: What are the typologies of leftover spaces in Malmö? Using the definition of derived spaces from Peterson(1980), the thesis has found that the typologies of leftovers are, in fact, born as a result of different figural spaces (such as parking lots, roof spaces, underpasses, industrial spaces). The categorization suggested is with respect to the built structure (as seen in the figure below). This is due to the dependence of leftover space on a figural space (built structure). Whether these leftovers are under a built structure (underpass), on top of the built structure (roof), among built structures (parking lots), or within, they are all formed due to the design of this figural/built space. The study also found spaces that reflect the nature and post-industrial characteristics of Malmö. As learned from the literature review, each typology from different authors reflected their study and their context. Again, due to no previous study of assessing leftover spaces in Malmö being done, this thesis presents this typology solely based on the empirical matter gathered. This typology may also change with time as the city of Malmö grows and changes. Hence this typology is valid under these limited conditions.

To summarise the findings.

Firstly, it is observed that the terms used by participants to describe leftover spaces are synonymous with academics' terms. Hence it is relevant to say that there is an understanding of what leftover spaces are amongst inhabitants and the professionals. The spaces identified are also unique to the character of Malmö. Second, it is also noted that the types of leftover spaces identified by the preliminary mapping, the questionnaire, and the interviews cross-reference one another. It is also interesting to note that most participants associated industrial spaces with leftovers. Also, roof spaces were not identified as leftovers by most participants. Thirdly, the suggested typology reflects all the findings from the three methods based on theory. The typology attempts to present an informed decision from three perspectives: the researcher's perspective, the professionals in the city, and the inhabitants. The typology presented here follows the same contextual approach as the other cited studies (Winterbottom, 2000; Azhar & Gjerde, 2016).

Fig 34. Type of Leftover spaces in Malmö Malmö Inside and Outside of a built structure (Top of a built structure, under a built structure and around/amongst/in-between built structures). (Source own).

In the case of Malmö, there is already one example of a loss of an open-green space. Ellstorps Hundgard was still a park left to grow on its own at the start of the study. As the months have gone by, as of August 2020, it is no longer a park that one can stroll through with their dogs. The public housing company has acquired it. Such a space is quite precious to dog owners and many others in the neighborhood, and the loss of a unique space such as this is one to be recognized.

The leftovers are identified for this purpose, to begin creating memorable spaces from now and preventing the loss of more. These spaces will become "desirable" (Trancik, 1986), as there is an increasing dearth of land and resources. Hence these spaces could be vital in revitalizing certain parts of the city and creating an identity for its neighborhood.

6.2: How can these leftover spaces be used in Malmö?

The thesis described different ways of leftover spaces being used, such as formal, informal, temporary, and sustainable uses. Each of these uses has a different approach and impact. However, before the uses of leftover spaces in Malmö could be suggested, the thesis combined both the case study approach and qualitative methods.

The qualitative method is per the 'middle out' approach(Zavestoski & Swarnakar, 2017). This method helped the thesis gather insights from actors on either end, thus collecting information that could help and support them. From the professionals working in the city, it is found that there is a particular interest in testing temporary uses in the leftover neighborhoods of Malmö, such as Nyhamnen and Kirserberg. These plots of land are owned by the Municipality and a private owner called Jernhusen, respectively. From interviewing people who work in the Municipality, architects, and academics, the thesis could also list the various challenges of working with specific spaces and finding the exciting ways that the city has used these spaces. Although limited in nature, it was able to gather a pool of suggestions of inhabitants of the city on leftover spaces they encounter every day from conducting the digital questionnaire. For example, some participants felt that squares in the city could become a leftover space at specific times. They suggest that this square needs more lighting and more benches to be used even at night. Another participant reflects on how the city lacks housing and suggests some unused parts of the city, such as Industrigatan, for housing. They suggest that these neighborhoods should not be directed towards becoming a Business Improvement District. Many participants also suggested for these spaces to become a green space or a multi-purpose space for local needs. Some participants identified abandoned factory buildings and suggested they either become housing, artistic hubs or markets, and public spaces. Participants also spoke of temporary uses to revive leftover spaces. Ellstorps Hundgard was a commonly identified leftover space due to its appearance, but participants spoke of ways of treating it like a park and providing lighting to make the space feel safe in the dark. A participant mapped some spaces in Sorgenfri and feel there is a local library missing in this neighborhood. Many participants discussed the possibility of using some spaces for food trucks, skateparks. All these suggestions reflected how they felt about these spaces they pass by every day. Participants reflected on functions missing in their neighborhood and suggested for leftover spaces to take these functions. All these function

suggestions for the leftover spaces in Malmö are also covered in the strategies found from case examples. Thus, it shows its positive impact on the SDGs.

These ideas from inhabitants could be useful to the Municipality and planners for understanding which function a leftover space could take when the time comes. This thesis does not aim to suggest how these ideas can become a reality. However, as learned from the middle out approach, there are more benefits when actors (planners and community) on either end collaborate as this will also positively impact the SDGs.

It is interesting to note that some participants felt that these spaces should be left and not changed. This reflection contradicts the core concept of this thesis. Control of spaces in the city is a challenging topic. This thesis does not want to present the idea of controlling all the spaces in the city. As mentioned in the problem formulation, the city will focus on inward densification and use otherwise unused or leftover spaces. Instead of these spaces only reflecting the Municipality plans, the thesis suggests using a middle-out approach together with inhabitants of the city to use these spaces. In such a case, only one actor does not hold the so-called control over a space and benefit them alone. It can benefit more than one actor and, in some cases, possibly many.

Thus the study identified the many different ways of using different leftover spaces in Malmö through different means. The thesis also suggests a way of implementing these uses. The case examples provided a contextual relatability and a tried and tested proof; the interviews with professionals gave a practical insight into the challenges of working with these spaces. The questionnaire /mapping with inhabitants provided a public voice. Together with the three help, the thesis suggests a balanced approach to revitalizing leftover spaces in the city of Malmö.

6.3: How do their uses respond to Agenda 2030?

The Global Emergence called for new ways of sustainable development approaches. Agenda 2030 brought an all-encompassing framework that could be applied to any aspect of our lives. Cities were identified as a means for achieving sustainable development, embodied by SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Architecture and Urban Planning also began to relook their approaches to practice and began aligning themselves with the framework of sustainable development. As leftovers are being approached in new ways to bring them back into the loop, academics also began investigating their role in sustainable development (Azhar & Gjerde,2016 A). All the strategies and uses that were discussed in the paper are relevant to the city of Malmö. The suggestions from participants also have social, environmental, and economic implications. The

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critical aspect of sustainable development is to address these three elements together (Emas, n.d.). This is also seen from the table that summarises the impacts of the strategies. Each strategy impacts a minimum of 2 goals under each aspect (social, environmental, and economic)(Table 12). The middle-out approach is also suggested as a top-down or bottom-up approach on its own would not be ideal. This approach encourages collaboration and participation; it could result in many benefits for the city. The idea of collaboration is also emphasized in the Agenda 2030 with SDG 17 (Partnership for Goals). While this thesis does not demonstrate how to design a leftover space sustainably, it suggests an approach that will positively impact sustainable development and benefit many actors. With a temporary use approach, a single piece of land can take up multiple functions at different points of time. Each function would impact or contribute to different SDGs in different ways and at different times. The Municipality of Malmo has incorporated the budget for the Agenda 2030 for this year, and in doing so, their interests in working towards sustainable development would be higher. As they aim to use inward densification for the city, such an assessment and approach to leftover spaces will positively contribute to the city's sustainable development.

6.4. Further research and recommendations

This research on the leftover spaces in Malmö adds to existing knowledge in many ways. The adjectives used by academics and inhabitants of a city are synonymous, showing a level of awareness of leftover spaces and their nature. This study adds Malmö and Sweden to the other studies done by authors, in the realm of leftover spaces.

While the thesis could act as a pre-study or an exploratory study for a city looking to address leftover spaces, it can also provide a basis for those who want to pursue further research on the same topic. Researchers who wish to take a step further and study another city through this lens can use a similar methodology. This study also provides a basis for researchers who wish to discuss a particular leftover type in detail, such as roof space or abandoned rail lines or harbor peripheries. This study is also relevant to academics who wish to discuss policies, rules, and regulations about using leftover spaces. Since this research paper is the first of its kind in this city on leftover spaces, the Municipality in Malmö would find it interesting. Other municipalities may also find this study relevant in Sweden should they wish to conduct a study such as this one.

Private stakeholders, such as firms working with urban planning, would find this research paper relevant if they work with a specific space type. Private developers and construction companies

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in Malmö, such as MKB, Ikano Bostad, Skanska, could use this lens in planning, for example, designing an accessible multi-purpose roof space.

In conclusion, this research paper would like to recommend using the 'middle-out' approach when working with leftover spaces after due study. Also, the ideas discussed in the thesis and the concept of using leftover spaces for the Agenda 2030, while being addressed on a local level - Malmö, is easily transferable and applicable to all contexts. The only difference is the nature of leftover spaces in question and the limitations defined by planning authorities. The goal is to change their perceptions of leftover spaces and the approaches used to revitalize them.

As a next step, for the SDSN -Youth network as part of a fellowship program, a project idea has been inspired for roof spaces in the city. Based on the empirical material, a proposal to use the roof space of schools is more feasible than working with residential buildings. Once the security and safety-related aspect is taken care of, the rooftop space can be used as an outdoor learning environment. Local grassroots initiatives for start-ups working towards sustainability could be invited to use this as a workshop space for students. This outdoor learning environment will introduce sustainability into the school curriculum and thus offer exposure to children. This strategy will support the SDGs in different ways and broadly Agenda 2030. This strategy is also applicable to other kinds of leftover spaces, depending on the context. While this proposal was not addressed in previous sections, it was discussed as a possible collaboration with the Municipality in the study interviews. Conversations with schools and start-ups are underway.

6.5. Limitations

The first and foremost limitation of this study is the relative understanding and perception of space. A leftover space for one may not be a leftover space for another. It is seen mostly in the questionnaire, where participants attempt to define leftover spaces—the terms used by each participant, although similar to one another, is also subjective. For example, one participant describes leftovers as a feeling "unsafe" and "ugly," while some used the word "wild." Some participants described this space as one of "no value," but at the same time, another participant uses the term "unexploited," highlighting the potential of this space. Hence the perceptions of space and leftovers are subjective.

Climate as a quotient also fuels the perception of leftovers in the city. In the case of Malmö, the perception of spaces changes with seasons. The winter brings the feeling of every space being empty and vacant due to vegetation's sparse growth. However, summer brings a vibrancy to an otherwise dull street or park because spaces are brimming with greenery.

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Another limitation is the lack of tools and information to calculate each type of leftover areas, which would help highlight spaces that call for action. It would also help understand how big a space is, hence discussing the possibilities of a significant leftover versus a small leftover. This thesis did not discuss the sizes of leftovers in question. However, the maps of each type of leftover show their presence and their number in the city.

There is a lack of theoretical studies available on this topic for Malmö. Hence due to this, the typology proposed cannot be cross-referenced with another study. It is highly likely that a similar study conducted by another academic may result in a different typology itself.

The number of participants in the questionnaire ideally should be more. Due to the lack of responses and the time quotient, it was necessary to stop sending the digital questionnaire and wait for responses. Thus, twenty participants' answers could be studied and analyzed in detail, hence allowing in-depth findings. The questionnaire should ideally be done in person and cover a broader cross-section of the population. Nevertheless, the pandemic posed restrictions on social interactions.

Due to the time constraint, it was impossible to cover the entire city in the study's scope. Hence the area is limited to the periphery of the city and along the rail line. Despite all the above limitations, the thesis hopes to begin a discussion of leftover spaces in the city.

6.6 Final Remarks

Malmö is a city of many faces, with its post industrial history, it is now one of the leading cities in sustainable development. From the different examples discussed in the study, it is evident that the city is conscious of its impact on sustainable development and its use of spaces. To recall, some of the examples discussed included using a plot of land for a student gardening project while waiting for its next use. Another example was the use of spaces by rail lines for community gardening, the roof for solar panels, and the use of future graves as a community garden. These examples show that the ideas of sustainable development are very much in the city's DNA. Besides the Municipalities' interest in sustainable development, inhabitants of the city are also very much involved in reclaiming spaces for community needs. As mentioned, the example of the student-led gardening project for the University explains this. Another example is Växtvärket, who opened an 'adventure park' called Guldängen in Sofielund. This park is an outdoor learning environment for school children where children's elements are designed and built by children. Guldängen occupies a part of a large green space that is otherwise not used. These examples show the bottom up spirit of the city in reclaiming otherwise unused spaces for the community's needs.

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With both the planners and inhabitants sharing an interest in broadly sustainable development, it is an aspect that can be used as a strength of the city. The shared interest would offer fulfilling collaborations and yield in more projects that benefit the city.

In this study, it is found that Malmö is home to various leftover spaces in a derived form. All these spaces exist due to a designed figured space and are hence dependent on them. However, as found, leftover is a concept that is now being creatively approached in different contexts, and similarly, a leftover space offers numerous possibilities. While a leftover may sound like a negative term, its newfound perspective reflects its potential. From the possible uses that academia and the case studies have shown, the leftover spaces' perspective is also changing. They are now being associated with people and reclamation.

With there being so much sustainable development spirit between the Municipality and the people living in Malmö, the shared values can be embodied in leftover spaces. These spaces offer a place for the Municipality and the people to work together using the 'middle-out' approach, to create something that reflects the community's needs and wants.

Finally, the goal of Agenda 2030 is to leave no one behind. It is also essential not to leave any space behind. On this note, the following poem is a summary of the essence of a leftover space-

I am seen as a space of no value and I am left behind,

I am born as a result of planning, but I am not designed.

I have many names, but I am tough to define,

Of my existence it is you, I want to remind.

I am neither with the past nor am I in the present, I am in between,

I can be molded to suit your needs, or you can choose me for something green,

For I am unused, underused and waiting for a better use before I am pushed over

I have much to offer, but until then I am just a leftover.

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8.Appendix

Appendix 1 : Semi structured questionnaire for interviews with professionals

Leftover Spaces

What do you think are the leftover spaces in Malmö? Why do you think these spaces have occurred? Malmö is such of post-industrial city, many remains of those times, Nyhamnen, disconnected, fishing park, city has plans to transform it at some point, how has the industrial nature left city with these spaces?> How do you think MalmöStad sees these spaces, in such a post-industrial space? With so many chunks of abandoned buildings, railways buildings, rail lines...how are these spaces seen?

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Temporary Use What do you think of temporality and these spaces? Are you saying that the appropriation of these spaces for informal uses is a better way to go than to identify them and use them for sustainable urban development?

Roof space as a leftover Have you been working with roof spaces for a long time? So like you mentioned working at the tree nursery drove you towards working here in some sense? Do you think roof space in an underrated one in Malmö? There is a study done claiming Malmö to be the “green roof capital” of Sweden. Is this true? Are there no intensive roofs in Malmö? I do not know if this is in your area of your interest, another potential leftover space is Roof spaces. Why do you think we don't use the roof spaces in Malmö? From India, where i am from we have access to roof spaces whether it looks pretty or not. I felt that was missing here, do you know why this is the case? Do you think it has potential to be used? As a community space/green space/? When i was thinking of my own reasoning as to why roofs are not used here in Malmö, i am aware it is due to the wind and the Scandinavian climate. But at the same time, we are living in an age where design can mitigate wind. In my opinion i feel there is a lot of room to still use this space. Right now, roofs in Malmö are being used as solar energy places and sedum roofs, do you think Malmö will see roof space as one for the community? It's so different from Cph, wind, similar context, do you think we could use this as inspiration with design? I was asking people from Malmö stad, why don't we use the roof spaces, i could understand they don't think of it, they think they are using it for solar and green but what about the social aspect. Roof is also a social space

Industrial Harbor In the case of Nyhamnen, there were so many leftover rail lines, I do not know if they will be part of the future plans of Nyhamnen, Park, fishing, you wouldn't think it would be used for fishing, but it is an anchor point, and that character is very different from the character in between. Which is not so inviting. What will happen here?

Rail lines Kirseberg, has a rail line, and there is this food court space, with such an interesting history behind there is so much potential to become a cultural space. With the example of a project in Taiwan, what do you think of the potential of such spaces in Malmö?

Sustainability How do you think sustainable design can be applied to leftover spaces?

How do you think landownership plays a role in using these spaces?

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What do you think of P-husets? We are going to end up with different leftover spaces in the future.

Appendix 1.1 : Respondent 1 : Åke Hesslekrans’s Interview Summary (Own creation).

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Appendix 1.2 Respondent 2 : Christian Röder’s Interview summary (Own Creation)

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Appendix 1.3 : Respondent 3 Gustav Nässlander’s interview summary (Own creation)

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Appendix 1.4 : Respondent 4 : Fredrik Björk interview summary (own creation)

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Appendix 1. 5 Respondent 5 : Jenny Grettve interview summary (own creation)

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Appendix 1.6 Respondent 6 : Gustav Aulin, interview summary (Own creation)

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Appendix 1.7 : Maria Hellström Reimer, Interview summary (Own creation)

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Appendix 1.8 : Elin Hassleberg interview summary (Own creation)

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Appendix 1.9 Veronika Hoffmann interview summary (Own Creation)

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Appendix 2. Digital questionnaire for participants.

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Appendix 3. Coding exercise in the questionnaire for “What spaces come to mind when you see the term leftover spaces?”

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Appendix 4. Coding exercise for questionnaire (What kinds of spaces are most likely to lose their present function?)

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Appendix 5. Benefits of green roofs and their impacts on SDGs. Contribution of Green Roofs to SDGs ( Al-Zu’bi & Mansour, 2017).

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Appendix 6 . Sample answers from the questionnaire. Source : Author.

Appendix 7 : Participant mapping of spaces that will lose their function.

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