Urban Leftovers: Identifying and Harnessing their potential for the Agenda 2030 in Malmö Divya Kasarabada Main field of study - Urban Studies Degree of Master of Sciences (120 credits) in Urban Studies (Two-Year) Master Thesis, 30 credits Spring semester 2020 Supervisor: Elnaz Sarkheyli Abstract The planning of cities and transformation of social, political and economic structures have resulted in space of three types (figural space, open space and derived space). Derived spaces or leftover spaces are born as a by-product of the design of figural spaces and are commonly unused roof tops, or space under a flyover that is vacant, or spaces behind a building that are unattractive or a parking lot that is empty on weekends. Their nature, appearance and qualities vary from context to context. Some cities are recognizing the untapped potential of these spaces and are working towards revitalizing them. The narrative of a city can change when these spaces are incorporated into the urban fabric of the city. Malmö, as a city with so much industrial history and one in the forefront of sustainable development, is also home to many leftover spaces. These spaces could be a test ground for working towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Leftover spaces are also already being recognized for different needs such as temporary uses, artworks, tactical urbanism, environmental design. This thesis maps the types of leftover spaces in the city using different methods and suggests a typology of spaces for the city. Case study examples from Scandinavia and strategies that were inferred from them form the basis of linking these spaces to the SDGs. These leftover spaces are not ‘seen’ by the city and pose various challenges such as ownership, funding and the building traditions of Sweden. This discussion will put Malmö, Sweden and broadly Scandinavia among the other studies done on the realm of leftover spaces. Keywords: Open spaces, leftover spaces, Malmö, Temporary use, Middle out Approach , Sustainable Development Goals, Agenda 2030 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Elnaz Sarkheyli for guiding me through the whole process and bearing with me through all my ups and downs. Thank you for giving me all your feedback even in the time when it was not expected. I would like to thank Karin Grundström and Fredrik Björk for their valuable feedback on Malmö and proceedings in the city. I would also like to thank Maria Olsbäck from the Municipality of Malmö for her constant support and helping me find an amazing network of professionals working in the city. I would also like to thank Jenny Grettve and Daniel Möller for being my unofficial mentors in my journey. I would also like to mention my friend Mihai Baicu who was always enthusiastic to discuss the challenges in my thesis. I would also like to thank Kevalin Saksiamkul for her guidance in the practicalities of the thesis. I would also like to Teerapong Sanglarpchorenkit who shares a passion for urban issues as well. I also want to thank all my questionnaire participants for taking the time to share insights on the city. A big thanks to all my interviewees, for taking the time to share professional insights and ideas. I must also thank all my friends who I live with, for being so understanding through my process and all my thesis mates for being a big source of motivation. A big thanks to Ridwan, Karen, Bibiana and Nneka. Last but not the least, I would also like to thank my family, who have been so supportive in my journey. A huge thanks to my mother and sister Priyanka Ivatury for being my unofficial co supervisors. I have had so much help in these past few months, and it would not have been possible without all these wonderful people in my life who have wanted nothing but the best for me. A heartfelt thanks to all of them. 2 Table of Contents Abstract 1 Acknowledgements 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Tables 6 List of Figures 6 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research Problem 2 1.3 Aim of Study 4 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Previous Research 5 1.6 Disposition 6 2. Methodology and Methods 8 2.1 Methodology 8 2.2 Research Approach 8 2.2.1 Case study approach 8 2.3 Research Design 9 2.3.1. Preliminary Mapping and Photo Mapping 9 2.3.2 Semi-structured Interviews 11 2.3.3 Questionnaire and participant mapping 12 2.4 Research Analysis 13 2.4.1 Thematic Analysis 13 3. Theoretical Background 14 3.1 Space 14 3.1.1 Derived Space 14 3.1.2 Space and urban life 15 3.2 Different terms and their definitions 16 3.3 Different categorization of leftover spaces 26 3.3.1 Establishment of the term to be used 30 3.4. Brief history of leftover spaces 31 3.5 Uses of Leftover Spaces 32 3.5.1 Formal Uses 33 3.5.2 Informal Uses 33 3.5.3 Temporary Use 34 3 3. 6 Global Emergence 37 3.6.1 Agenda 2030 38 3.6.2 SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities) and synergies 39 3.6.3 Sustainable ways of using leftover spaces 39 4. Subject of the Study 41 4.1 Malmö 41 4.2 Spaces Within 43 4.3 Spaces outside 45 4.3.1 Spaces on top: Living room in the sky 45 Rooftop Discussions: 45 Current usage of roofs in Malmö 45 P-hus or Parking House 47 Rooftops of Bus stops 50 Roof projects around in Scandinavia 51 4.3.2 Spaces underneath 56 Underpasses 57 4.3.3. Spaces Amongst 60 Rails and trails - railways to greenways 61 Parking lots 65 Harbor Peripheries 67 Industrial areas 68 5. Empirical Analysis and Findings 72 5.1 What are the typologies of leftover spaces in Malmö? 72 5.1.1 Preliminary mapping 72 5.1.2 Questionnaire: 73 5.1.3 Interviews: 77 5.2: How can these leftover spaces be used in Malmö? 79 5.2.1 Case study approach: 79 5.2.2 Questionnaire 81 5.2.3 Interviews: 87 5.3: How do their uses respond to Agenda 2030? 89 6. Discussion and Conclusions 98 6.1: What are the typologies of leftover spaces in Malmö? 98 6.2: How can these leftover spaces be used in Malmö? 100 6.3: How do their uses respond to Agenda 2030? 101 6.4. Further research and recommendations 102 6.5. Limitations 103 6.6 Final Remarks 104 7.References 106 4 8.Appendix 120 Appendix 1 : Semi structured questionnaire for interviews with professionals 120 Appendix 1.1 : Respondent 1 : Åke Hesslekrans’s Interview Summary (Own creation). 122 Appendix 1.2 Respondent 2 : Christian Röder’s Interview summary (Own Creation) 124 Appendix 1.3 : Respondent 3 Gustav Nässlander’s interview summary (Own creation) 125 : 126 Appendix 1.4 : Respondent 4 : Fredrik Björk interview summary (own creation) 127 Appendix 1. 5 Respondent 5 : Jenny Grettve interview summary (own creation) 128 Appendix 1.6 Respondent 6 : Gustav Aulin, interview summary (Own creation) 129 Appendix 1.7 : Maria Hellström Reimer, Interview summary (Own creation) 131 Appendix 1.8 : Elin Hassleberg interview summary (Own creation) 132 Appendix 1.9 Veronika Hoffmann interview summary (Own Creation) 133 Appendix 2. Digital questionnaire for participants. 134 Appendix 3. Coding exercise in the questionnaire for “What spaces come to mind when you see the term leftover spaces?” 137 Appendix 4. Coding exercise for questionnaire (What kinds of spaces are most likely to lose their present function?) 139 Appendix 5. Benefits of green roofs and their impacts on SDGs. 142 142 Appendix 6 . Sample answers from the questionnaire. Source : Author. 144 Appendix 7 : Participant mapping of spaces that will lose their function. 144 5 List of Tables Table 1. List of interviewees and their profiles. 11 Table 2. List of authors and the terms with their definitions and categorisation at a glance. 17 Table 3. List of adjectives and examples of spaces from Trancik (1986). 2 Table 4. Different categorization from authors at a glance. 25 Table 5. Typology of Leftover Spaces in Malmö 72 Table 6. Categorization of terms used to describe leftover spaces by participants. 73 Table 7. List of the leftover types from the questionnaire. 74 Table 8. Leftover spaces identified by interviewees. 77 Table 9. Summary of strategies for leftover spaces in Malmö 79 Table 10. Participant responses to thoughts on their identified leftover spaces. 81 Table.11. Summary of strategies and types from participants. 85 Table 12(a). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Social, SDG 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,11,16) 89 Table 12(b). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Economic, SDG 8,9,10,12,17) 92 Table 12(c). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. (Environmental, SDG 13,14,15) 94 Table 12 (d). Impact of strategies on the SDGs. 95 List of Figures Figure 1. Conceptual representation of problem formulation. 4 Figure 2: Maps of selected neighborhoods along railroads in Malmö. 8 Figure 3. Different terms used for this type of space at a glance. 16 Figure 4. Sustainable Development Goals at a glance. 38 6 Figure 5. Representation of categories of Leftover Spaces in Malmö. 42 Figure 6. Interior of the garage in Wichita, which is now apartments. 43 Figure 7. Uses of rooftops in Malmö. 46 Figure 8. Map of P-hus in Malmö as of 2020. 47 Figure 9. Rooftops of P-hus in Malmö around the city. 48 Figure 10. Example of use of the roof parking structure.