DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 14. Biting Flies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 14. Biting Flies 389 Chapter 14 Biting Flies (Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tabanidae) of the Prairies Ecozone Timothy J. Lysyk Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Station Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, T1J 4B1 Terry D. Galloway Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2 Abstract. This chapter lists 81 species of biting fl ies from the families Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae (genus Culicoides), and Tabanidae for the Canadian Prairies. Twenty-fi ve species of Culicidae are listed, including one species of Anophelinae and 25 species of Culicinae. Twenty-six species of Culicoides are listed. This group has been the least intensively studied in Canadian grasslands, and this is undoubtedly an underestimate of the number of species present. Thirty species of Tabanidae are listed, including seven species of Chrysopsinae and 23 species of Tabaninae. All three families are readily captured using a variety of trapping methods. Identifi cation of the Culicidae and Tabanidae is facilitated by the availability of excellent identifi cation resources. Identifi cation of the genus Culicoides is hampered by the lack of a unifi ed key for western Canada. Despite this, there are many opportunities for investigators to increase knowledge of these groups in Canadian grasslands. Résumé. Ce chapitre présente une liste des 81 espèces de mouches piqueuses appartenent aux familles des culicidés, des cératopogonidés (genre Culicoides) et des tabanidés présentes dans les prairies canadiennes. Cette liste renferme 25 espèces de culicidés, y compris une espèce de la sous-famille des anophélinés et 25 espèces de la sous-famille des culicinés, ainsi que 26 espèces du genre Culicoides. Ces diptères forment le groupe le moins étudié des prairies canadiennes, et la liste proposée sous-estime donc sans doute le nombre réel d’espèces présentes dans cette région. La liste compte 30 espèces de tabanidés, y compris sept espèces de chrysopsinés et 23 espèces de tabaninés. Tous ces insectes sont faciles à recenser à l’aide de diverses méthodes de capture. Les ressources documentaires disponibles facilitent l’identifi cation des culicidés et des tabanidés. Par contre, l’identifi cation des espèces du genre Culicoides est compliquée par l’absence d’une clé unifi ée pour l’ouest du Canada. Malgré tout, les chercheurs jouissent de nombreuses occasions pour approfondir leur connaissance des diptères appartenant à ces groupes dans les prairies canadiennes. Introduction Biting fl ies are notorious for their impact on human health and welfare, and on the fi tness and performance of domestic animals and wildlife. Canada is renowned for its diversity of species of biting fl ies, representing four families and including mosquitoes, no-see-ums, black fl ies, horse fl ies, and deer fl ies. All species of these families in Canada rely upon the availability of aquatic habitats for their success. Although grasslands are better known for their terrestrial ecosystems, there is considerable variety in aquatic habitats interspersed throughout the Prairies Ecozone (Shorthouse 2010; Wrubleski and Ross 2011), which are essential components for most of these biting fl ies. Many species have very specifi c Lysyk, T. J. and T. D. Galloway. 2014. Biting Flies (Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tabanidae) of the Prairies Ecozone. In Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 3): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 1. Edited by H. A. Cárcamo and D. J. Giberson. Biological Survey of Canada. pp. 389-398. © 2014 Biological Survey of Canada. ISBN 978-0-9689321-6-2 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3752/9780968932162.ch14 390 T. J. Lysyk and T. D. Galloway habitat requirements. Black fl y larvae and pupae are found only in running water and, although they are an important element in many areas of grasslands in Canada, they are considered elsewhere in this volume (see Chapter 13). We focus on mosquitoes (Culicidae), no-see-ums (Ceratopogonidae), deer fl ies, and horse fl ies (Tabanidae) known to inhabit aquatic or moist organic habitats in prairie grasslands in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Mosquito larvae and pupae are specialists found only in standing water, often in temporary aquatic habitats (Wood et al. 1979). Larvae of no-see-ums (Culicoides spp.) inhabit a wide variety of wetland or moist organic habitats (Kettle 1977). Most species of deer fl ies and horse fl ies in prairie grasslands inhabit permanent and semi-permanent wetlands, but some are found in running water (Teskey 1990). Given the impact of these biting fl ies on livestock production as a nuisance and as vectors of disease-causing agents, it is surprising that so little attention has been paid to them on the Prairies. Our objective is to highlight biting fl y species that inhabit the Canadian prairie grasslands and to identify gaps in our knowledge about these groups. Criteria for Inclusion We have chosen to include those species of Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, and Tabanidae that are known to reproduce and are established in the Canadian prairie grassland regions of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (region identifi ed in Shorthouse and Larson 2010). Some species are restricted to these grassland regions, while others are habitat generalists and have extensive ranges that happen to include prairie grasslands. Some species of biting fl ies might have considerable dispersal capacity, carried on strong southerly winds, for example, from distant locations. Unless there is evidence that a species is a permanent resident of our selected study area, it is not included here. Family Culicidae Species records were extracted from a variety of published sources, including Rempel (1950, 1953), Wood et al. (1979), and regional studies of mosquitoes associated with particular grassland habitats (Shemanchuk 1959, 1969; Shemanchuk et al. 1963; Scholefi eld et al. 1981; Lysyk 2010). Three subfamilies are represented in the Culicidae, of which two, the Anophelinae and Culicinae, occur in the Prairie region. Anopheles earlei is the only representative of the Anophelinae that occurs in the Prairies Ecozone. This species is widespread but relatively rare in grasslands (Rempel 1950). Adult females overwinter in subterranean environments such as mammal burrows (Shemanchuk 1965). Adults emerge from burrows in the spring and lay eggs singly on standing water (Anderson and Gallaway 1988). The subfamily Culicinae has three tribes with representatives in Canadian grasslands. The tribe Culicini is represented by one species, Culex tarsalis. This species also overwinters as adult females in mammalian burrows (Shemanchuk 1965) and lays eggs in rafts on grassy pools of permanent and semi-permanent standing water. Culex tarsalis is common in grasslands and feeds readily on birds, large mammals, and humans. It is the principal vector of Western equine encephalitis virus (Shemanchuk and Morgante 1968) and West Nile virus (Turell et al. 2005) in western North America. The tribe Culisetini includes two representatives in the Canadian grasslands. Culiseta alaskaensis has been reported in grasslands (Strickland 1938; Shemanchuk 1959; Lysyk 2010) but is relatively uncommon; this species tends to be more abundant farther north. Culiseta inornata is widely distributed Biting Flies (Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tabanidae) of the Prairies Ecozone 391 and may be among the most abundant mosquito species near areas inhabited by livestock (Lysyk 2010). It feeds preferentially on large mammals such as cattle and horses, and has been implicated as a vector of a variety of pathogens (Shemanchuk and Morgante 1968). Both of these Culiseta species also overwinter as adults and lay eggs as rafts on the surface of standing water. Larvae of Cs. inornata do best at lower temperatures (Brust and Hanec 1967), and egg rafts are more often laid in shaded pools. The tribe Aedini in the prairie grasslands, represented by the genera Ochlerotatus, Aedes, Coquillettidia, and Psorophora, includes at least 21 species, most of which oviposit on the soil and organic matter on the margins of temporary aquatic habitats (except Coquillettidia; see below). The eggs are the overwintering stage and hatch under suitable conditions when submerged by snowmelt or summer fl ood water (Dixon and Brust 1972). Most of these species are univoltine, their only generation developing in snowmelt pools in the spring, while some (e.g., Oc. spencerii, Oc. sticticus, Ae. cinereus) produce batches of mixed diapausing and non-diapausing eggs (Brust 1968), or are multivoltine (e.g., Oc. campestris, Oc. dorsalis, Oc. melanimon, Ae. vexans) (Tauthong and Brust 1977; Wood et al. 1979). Aedes vexans is a multivoltine fl ood-water species, which, under ideal conditions, can produce many generations in a summer, emerging in extraordinary numbers and causing severe stress to humans and other animals. These Ochlerotatus and Aedes species are well adapted to grassland habitats where drought is a common phenomenon; their eggs may lay dormant for many years in the absence of suffi cient snowmelt water or rainfall (e.g., Gjullin et al. 1950). The most common aedine species in grasslands are Ae. vexans, Oc. dorsalis, Oc. campestris, Oc. melanimon, Oc. spencerii, Oc. fl avescens, and Oc. nigromaculis (Shemanchuk 1959; Lysyk 2010). Ochlerotatus sticticus occurs sporadically on the Prairies but can be abundant. It oviposits in wooded areas along the fl ood plains near large rivers (Trpis et al. 1973) and occurs in large numbers during years of heavy rainfall (Lysyk 2010). The remaining 11 species occur sporadically in grassland areas; they live more typically on the periphery of true grassland habitats, being considered primarily woodland, parkland, or northern species. Some are rarely collected species throughout their range and their status in grasslands remains to be confi rmed. Ochlerotatus euedes and Oc. implicatus are widespread (Scholefi eld et al. 1981), but were not detected in recent surveys in grasslands in Alberta (Lysyk 2010). Ochlerotatus fi tchii, Oc. increpitus, and Oc. cataphylla were considered ubiquitous in southern Alberta by Scholefi eld et al. (1981), but as woodland species by Rempel (1950). Ochlerotatus cataphylla was collected in grasslands by Shemanchuk (1959, 1969) and Lysyk (2010), although in low numbers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thompson-Nicola Regional District Nuisance Mosquito
    THOMPSON-NICOLA REGIONAL DISTRICT NUISANCE MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAM 2011 YEAR-END REPORT Prepared by: ___________________________ Burke Phippen, BSc., RPBio. Project Manager ___________________________ Cheryl Phippen, BSc., RN Field Coordinator NOVEMBER, 2011 BWP CONSULTING INC. 6211 Meadowland C res S, Kamloops, BC V2C 6X3 2011 Thompson-Nicola Regional District Mosquito Control Program Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3 1.1. RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR MOSQUITO CONTROL PROGRAM ................................. 5 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ......................................................................................... 5 2.1. SNOW PACK .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1. TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION .......................................................................... 7 2.2. FLOW LEVELS ............................................................................................................ 9 3.0 LARVICIDING PROGRAM ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of Mosquitoes
    Chapter 2 Biology of Mosquitoes Regarding their special adaptational mechanisms, as rain-water drums, tyres, cemetery vases, small clay mosquitoes are capable of thriving in a variety of envi- pots, etc. ronments. There is hardly any aquatic habitat anywhere Furthermore, their capacity to adapt to various in the world that does not lend itself as a breeding site climatic factors or changing environmental conditions for mosquitoes. They colonise the temporary and per- is fascinating. For instance, Ae. albopictus, the Asian manent, highly polluted as well as clean, large and tiger mosquito is originally a tropical species. In the small water bodies; even the smallest accumulations course of a climate-related evolutionary adaption it such as water-filled buckets, flower vases, tyres, hoof developed a photoperiodic sensitivity. When days are prints and leaf axes are potential sources. shorter, the photoperiodically sensitive female inhabit- In temporarily flooded areas, along rivers or lakes ing a temperate climate, lays eggs that are different with water fluctuations, floodwater mosquitoes such as from the eggs that she lays when days are longer. Eggs Aedes vexans or Ochlerotatus sticticus develop in large laid during shorter days, are dormant and do not hatch numbers and with a flight range of several miles, until the following season, ensuring the species’ sur- become a tremendous nuisance even in places located vival through the winter. far away from their breeding sites (Mohrig 1969; This ability to adapt to moderate climatic condi- Becker and Ludwig 1981; Schäfer et al. 1997). tions and the fact that the eggs are resistant to desic- In swampy woodlands, snow-melt mosquitoes such cation and survive for more than a year, including the as Oc.
    [Show full text]
  • P2699 Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi
    Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi es Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi By Wendy C. Varnado, Jerome Goddard, and Bruce Harrison Cover photo by Dr. Blake Layton, Mississippi State University Extension Service. Preface Entomology, and Plant Pathology at Mississippi State University, provided helpful comments and Mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit are in- other supportIdentification for publication and ofGeographical this book. Most Distri- creasing in frequency and geographic distribution. butionfigures of used the inMosquitoes this book of are North from America, Darsie, R. North F. and As many as 1,000 people were exposed recently ofWard, Mexico R. A., to dengue fever during an outbreak in the Florida Mos- Keys. “New” mosquito-borne diseases such as quitoes of, NorthUniversity America Press of Florida, Gainesville, West Nile and Chikungunya have increased pub- FL, 2005, and Carpenter, S. and LaCasse, W., lic awareness about disease potential from these , University of California notorious pests. Press, Berkeley, CA, 1955. None of these figures are This book was written to provide citizens, protected under current copyrights. public health workers, school teachers, and other Introduction interested parties with a hands-on, user-friendly guide to Mississippi mosquitoes. The book’s util- and Background ity may vary with each user group, and that’s OK; some will want or need more detail than others. Nonetheless, the information provided will allow There has never been a systematic, statewide you to identify mosquitoes found in Mississippi study of mosquitoes in Mississippi. Various au- with a fair degree of accuracy. For more informa- thors have reported mosquito collection records tion about mosquito species occurring in the state as a result of surveys of military installations in and diseases they may transmit, contact the ento- the state and/or public health malaria inspec- mology staff at the Mississippi State Department of tions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multi-Level Analysis of the Interactions Between Vectors, Hosts, and Habitats of EEEV by Laura Kristin Estep a Dissertation S
    A Multi-level Analysis of the Interactions between Vectors, Hosts, and Habitats of EEEV by Laura Kristin Estep A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama May 9, 2011 Key words: dispersal kernel, forage ratio, arbovirus, mosquito, avian reservoir host, GIS Copyright 2011 by Laura Kristin Estep Approved by Geoffrey E. Hill, Chair, Professor of Biological Sciences Thomas R. Unnasch, Professor of Global Health, University of South Florida Bertram Zinner, Associate Professor of Mathematics and Statistics F. Stephen Dobson, Professor of Biological Sciences Arthur G. Appel, Professor of Entomology and Plant Pathology Abstract Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a rare and dangerous mosquito-borne pathogen with an elusive pattern of occurrence across its range in North America. The primary basis of our understanding of its transmission cycle between the vector Cs. melanura and avian reservoir hosts stems from studies in the northeastern United States. In this dissertation, I draw upon a range of innovative statistical approaches to study the transmission of EEEV in the southeastern United States in relation the ecology of EEEV vectors and avian reservoir hosts. I estimate the dispersal distance of Culex. erraticus, a mosquito species potentially involved in transmission of the virus, using a novel approach rooted in Bayesian statistics and borrowed from the seed dispersal literature. I also consider the distribution of avian reservoir hosts of the virus and their habitat associations, with the goal of estimating rates of utilization of avian host species by EEEV mosquito vectors.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Range Dispersal Behaviour and Spatial Distribution Modelling of Adult Mosquitoes in the Winnipeg Region
    LONG-RANGE DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION MODELLING OF ADULT MOSQUITOES IN THE WINNIPEG REGION BY MARTINE ELYSE BALCAEN The University of Winnipeg Department of Biological Sciences Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science in Bioscience, Technology and Public Policy December 2020 Copyright © 2020 Martine Elyse Balcaen i ABSTRACT Mosquitoes are present in virtually every nation worldwide, acting as both a vector for many serious pathogens, and as a nuisance because of their blood-feeding behaviours. As a principle of Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM), pre-emptive rather than reactive mosquito control measures are recommended and have been shown to be effective in suppressing mosquito populations. However, pre-emptive actions require insight into the spatial dynamics of mosquitoes to be effective, as mosquito dispersal behaviour is broadly influenced by local environmental conditions and species physiology. This research project was designed to investigate the dispersal behaviour and landscape ecology of adult mosquitoes in the Winnipeg region in central Canada. In Manitoba, mosquitoes primarily present an annoyance rather than a public health risk, though a risk of exposure to several mosquito-borne diseases persists in southern Manitoba. As part of the Winnipeg’s long-standing IMM program, the city maintains a mosquito control buffer zone extending approximately 10 km beyond the city limits. Within this zone, a surveillance program is implemented for adult and larval mosquitoes and larviciding operations occur when necessary. However, there is a lack of local evidence to justify the size of this zone, and literature addressing the establishment of effective buffer zones for mosquito control is nearly non-existent.
    [Show full text]
  • European Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Mosquito Populations
    Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 4869-4895; doi:10.3390/ijerph10104869 The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Review European Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Mosquito Populations Olivier Engler 1, Giovanni Savini 2, Anna Papa 3, Jordi Figuerola 4, Martin H. Groschup 5, Helge Kampen 5, Jolyon Medlock 6, Alexander Vaux 6, Anthony J. Wilson 7, Doreen Werner 8, Hanna Jöst 9, Maria Goffredo 2, Gioia Capelli 10, Valentina Federici 2, Mauro Tonolla 11, Nicola Patocchi 12, Eleonora Flacio 12, Jasmine Portmann 1, Anya Rossi-Pedruzzi 12, Spiros Mourelatos 13, Santiago Ruiz 14, Ana Vázquez 15, Mattia Calzolari 16, Paolo Bonilauri 16, Michele Dottori 16, Francis Schaffner 17, Alexander Mathis 17 and Nicholas Johnson 18,* 1 Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, Spiez 3700, Switzerland; E-Mails: [email protected] (O.E.); [email protected] (J.P.) 2 Zooprofilactic Institute Abruzzo and Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, Teramo 64100, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (G.S.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (V.F.) 3 Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avda.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogeny and Evolutionary
    MORPHOLOGY,SYSTEMATICS,EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogeny and Evolutionary Relationships Among Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Northeastern United States Based on Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) Sequences 1 JOHN J. SHEPARD, THEODORE G. ANDREADIS, AND CHARLES R. VOSSBRINCK Department of Soil and Water, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504 J. Med. Entomol. 43(3): 443Ð454 (2006) ABSTRACT The phylogenetic relationships of Culicidae native to the northeastern United States were investigated by analyzing small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences obtained from 39 species representing nine genera. Molecular phylogenies were consistent with traditional classi- Þcations based on morphological characters except for the placements of Psorophora Robineau- Desvoidy and Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga. In our analyses, 1) Anopheles Meigen was strongly supported as the sister taxon to the remaining Culicidae; 2) Toxorhynchites Theobald was represented as a distinct monophyletic sister group to the Culicinae; 3) Psorophora formed a basal clade to Culiseta Felt, Coquillettidia Dyar, and Culex L. but also was shown as a sister taxon to Aedes Meigen and Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga; 4) Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) seems to be a sister group to Culiseta; 5) placement of Uranotaenia was inconclusive and seemed to be either a sister group to the Aedes and Ochlerotatus or a basal taxon to all other culicines; and 6) Aedes and Ochlerotatus formed two separate and distinct clades, providing phylogenetic data consistent with the recent elevation of Ochlerotatus to the generic level as proposed by Reinert (2000). The utility of 18S rDNA for evaluating phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among mosquito taxa was demonstrated at the genus and species levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Vectors of Equine Arboviruses in the UK
    Downloaded from http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/ on October 5, 2016 - Published by group.bmj.com Paper Paper Potential vectors of equine arboviruses in the UK G. E. Chapman, D. Archer, S. Torr, T. Solomon, M. Baylis There is growing concern about the increasing risk of disease outbreaks caused by arthropod- borne viruses (arboviruses) in both human beings and animals. There are several mosquito- borne viral diseases that cause varying levels of morbidity and mortality in horses and that can have substantial welfare and economic ramifications. While none has been recorded in the UK, vector species for some of these viruses are present, suggesting that UK equines may be at risk. The authors undertook, therefore, the first study of mosquito species on equine premises in the UK. Mosquito magnet traps and red-box traps were used to sample adults, and larvae were collected from water sources such as tyres, buckets, ditches and pools. Several species that are known to be capable of transmitting important equine infectious arboviruses were trapped. The most abundant, with a maximum catch of 173 in 72 hours, was Ochlerotatus detritus, a competent vector of some flaviviruses; the highest densities were found near saltmarsh habitats. The most widespread species, recorded at >75 per cent of sites, was Culiseta annulata. This study demonstrates that potential mosquito vectors of arboviruses, including those known to be capable of infecting horses, are present and may be abundant on equine premises in the UK. Globally, there is increasing concern over emerging infectious dis- MacKenzie-Impoinvil and others 2015)andalsohavethepotential eases, particularly arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) affecting to increase the geographical range of mosquitoes (Elbers and others human beings and livestock (Kilpatrick and Randolph 2012, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Possible Ecology and Epidemiology of Medically Important Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in Great Britain
    Epidemiol. Infect. (2007), 135, 466–482. f 2006 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0950268806007047 Printed in the United Kingdom Possible ecology and epidemiology of medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses in Great Britain J. M. MEDLOCK 1*, K. R. SNOW 2 AND S. LEACH1 1 Health Protection Agency, Centre for Emergency Preparedness & Response, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK 2 School of Health & Bioscience, University of East London, London, UK (Accepted 30 May 2006; first published online 8 August 2006) SUMMARY Nine different arboviruses are known to be transmitted by, or associated with, mosquitoes in Europe, and several (West Nile, Sindbis and Tahyna viruses) are reported to cause outbreaks of human disease. Although there have been no reported human cases in Great Britain (GB), there have been no published in-depth serological surveys for evidence of human infection. This paper investigates the ecological and entomological factors that could influence or restrict transmission of these viruses in GB, suggesting that in addition to West Nile virus, Sindbis and Tahyna viruses could exist in enzootic cycles, and that certain ecological factors could facilitate transmission to humans. However, the level of transmission is likely to be lower than in endemic foci elsewhere in Europe due to key ecological differences related to spatial and temporal dynamics of putative mosquito vectors and presence of key reservoir hosts. Knowledge of the potential GB-specific disease ecology can aid assessments of risk from mosquito-borne arboviruses. INTRODUCTION endemic in Europe [1–3], with suggestions that they may occur enzootically in the United Kingdom (UK) There is currently considered to be no transmission [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Freshwater Species Richness, Endemism, and Vulnerability in California
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Patterns of Freshwater Species Richness, Endemism, and Vulnerability in California Jeanette K. Howard1☯*, Kirk R. Klausmeyer1☯, Kurt A. Fesenmyer2☯, Joseph Furnish3, Thomas Gardali4, Ted Grantham5, Jacob V. E. Katz5, Sarah Kupferberg6, Patrick McIntyre7, Peter B. Moyle5, Peter R. Ode8, Ryan Peek5, Rebecca M. Quiñones5, Andrew C. Rehn7, Nick Santos5, Steve Schoenig7, Larry Serpa1, Jackson D. Shedd1, Joe Slusark7, Joshua H. Viers9, Amber Wright10, Scott A. Morrison1 1 The Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Trout Unlimited, Boise, Idaho, United States of America, 3 USDA Forest Service, Vallejo, California, United States of America, 4 Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California, United States of America, 5 Center for Watershed Sciences and Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America, 6 Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America, 7 Biogeographic Data Branch, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, California, United States of America, 8 Aquatic Bioassessment Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America, 9 School of Engineering, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America, 10 Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America ☯ OPEN ACCESS These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] Citation: Howard JK, Klausmeyer KR, Fesenmyer KA, Furnish J, Gardali T, Grantham T, et al. (2015) Patterns of Freshwater Species Richness, Abstract Endemism, and Vulnerability in California. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0130710. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130710 The ranges and abundances of species that depend on freshwater habitats are declining Editor: Brian Gratwicke, Smithsonian's National worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • (Insecta: Diptera) in the National Park Donau-Auen 1-80
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Nationalpark Donauauen - Wissenschaftliche Reihe Jahr/Year: 2013 Band/Volume: 28 Autor(en)/Author(s): Zittra Carina Artikel/Article: Species inventory, ecology and seasonal distribution patterns of Culicidae (Insecta: Diptera) in the National Park Donau-Auen 1-80 ©Nationalpark Donau-Auen GmbH, download www.biologiezentrum.at Heft 28/2013 Species inventory, ecology and seasonal distribution patterns of Culicidae (Insecta: Diptera) in the National Park Donau-Auen Die Stechmückenfauna (Culicidae) des Augebietes bei Orth an der Donau wurde 2011 erhoben um die ökologischen Ansprüche der Stechmücken an ihre Bruthabitate zu untersuchen und die Lebenszyklen der abundanten Arten zu rekon- struieren. Carina Zittra ©Nationalpark Donau-Auen GmbH, download www.biologiezentrum.at 1 Table of contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Material and Methods ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Study area ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Sampling sites ................................................................................................................................ 6 2.2.1. Fadenbach
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Vectors of Equine Arboviruses in the UK
    Paper Paper Potential vectors of equine arboviruses in the UK G. E. Chapman, D. Archer, S. Torr, T. Solomon, M. Baylis There is growing concern about the increasing risk of disease outbreaks caused by arthropod- borne viruses (arboviruses) in both human beings and animals. There are several mosquito- borne viral diseases that cause varying levels of morbidity and mortality in horses and that can have substantial welfare and economic ramifications. While none has been recorded in the UK, vector species for some of these viruses are present, suggesting that UK equines may be at risk. The authors undertook, therefore, the first study of mosquito species on equine premises in the UK. Mosquito magnet traps and red-box traps were used to sample adults, and larvae were collected from water sources such as tyres, buckets, ditches and pools. Several species that are known to be capable of transmitting important equine infectious arboviruses were trapped. The most abundant, with a maximum catch of 173 in 72 hours, was Ochlerotatus detritus, a competent vector of some flaviviruses; the highest densities were found near saltmarsh habitats. The most widespread species, recorded at >75 per cent of sites, was Culiseta annulata. This study demonstrates that potential mosquito vectors of arboviruses, including those known to be capable of infecting horses, are present and may be abundant on equine premises in the UK. Globally, there is increasing concern over emerging infectious dis- MacKenzie-Impoinvil and others 2015)andalsohavethepotential eases, particularly arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) affecting to increase the geographical range of mosquitoes (Elbers and others human beings and livestock (Kilpatrick and Randolph 2012, 2015).
    [Show full text]